12月英语四级长篇阅读匹配试题
2019年12月英语四级长篇阅读匹配练习题(5)
2019年12月英语四级长篇阅读匹配练习题(5)Being Objective on Climate Changest week，Craig Rucker,a climate-change skeptic and the executive director of a nonprofit organization called the Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow(CFACT)，tweeted a quotation supposedly taken from a 1922 edition of the Washington Post：“Within a fe w years it is predicted due to ice melt the sea will rise＆make most coastal cities uninhabitable．”The intent，of course，was to poke fun at current headlines about climate change．B.Rucker’s organization is a member ofthe Cooler Heads Coalition，an umbrella organization operated by the Competitive Enterprise Institute，a nonprofit that prides itself on its opposition to environmental ists．Rucker himself is part of a network of bloggers，op-cd writers，and policy-shop executives who argue that climate change iseither a hoax or all example of left-wing hysteria．Surfacing old newspaper clips is one of their favorite games．They also make substantive arguments about climate policy,but the sniping may be more effective．There is no strongerrhetorical tool than ridicule．C.In this case，Ruckcr’s ridicule seems misplaced．After spending a few minutes poking around online，1 was able to find both the Washington Post article and the longer SourCe material that it came from—a weather report issued by the U．S．consul in Bergen，Norway,and sent to the State Department on october 1 0，1 922．The report didn’t say anything about coasts being inundated．This isn’tsurprising．Scientists wete smart back then，too,and they knew that melting sea ice wouldn’t appreciably raise sea levels．any more than a melting ice cube raises the level of water in a glass．D.Rucker ultimately corrected his tweet once commenters pointed out the misquote．Through Twitter,he informed me that he had taken the line from a Washington Times op—ed by Richard Rahn，a senior fellow at the Cato Institute．When I contacted Rahn’s office．a press representative acknowledged that Rahn had copied the quote from other bloggers and columnists；the fabricated sentence appears in articles at reason．corn and texasgopvote．corn．The fabricated line seems to have been inserted around 2011．but the original article has been circulating online since 2007．E. The statement about rising sea levels aside，1 922 really was a strange period in the Svalbard archipelago．the area described by the weather report．The islands lie halfway between Norway and the North Pole,at a latitude that puts them several hundred miles farther north thanBarrow,alaska．“The Arctic seems to be warming up．”the report read．In August of that year,a geologist near the island of Spitsbergen sailed as far north as eighty-one degrees．twenty．nine minutes in ice-free water．This was highly unusual．The previous several summers had likewise been warrn．Seal populations had moved farther north，and formerly unseen stretches of coast were now accessible．F.What are we to take from this historical evidence?A central tenet for Rucker and his colleagues is mat today’s sea．ice retreat。
12月大学英语四级考试阅读匹配习题
12月大学英语四级考试阅读匹配习题12月大学英语四级考试阅读匹配习题英语四级阅读是一个考验理解能力的部分，但是又是最容易涨分的一个部分，只要童鞋们平时多做练习多记一些常用词汇或者多掌握一些技巧，就可以取得高分啦。
以下是yjbys网店铺整理的关于大学英语四级考试阅读匹配习题，供大家备考。
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter.长篇阅读Paper--More than Meets the EyeA) We are surrounded by so much paper and card that it is easy to forget just how complex it is. There are many varieties and grades of paper materials, and whilst it is fairly easy to spot the varieties, it is far more difficult to spot the grades.B) It needs to be understood that most paper and card is manufactured for a specific purpose, so that whilst the corn-flake packet may look smart, it is clearly not something destined for the archives. It is made to look good, but only needs a limited life span. It is also much cheaper to manufacture than high grade card.C) Paper can be made from an almost endless variety of cellulose-based material which will include many woods, cottons and grasses or which papyrus is an example and from where we get the word "paper". Many of these are very specialized, but the preponderance of paper making has been from soft wood andcotton or rags, with the bulk being wood-based.Paper from WoodD) In order to make wood into paper it needs to be broken down into fine strands. Firstly by powerful machinery and then boiled with strong alkalies such as caustic soda, until a fine pulp of cellulose fibers is produced. It is from this pulp that the final product is made, relying on the bonding together of the cellulose into layers. That, in a very small nutshell, is the essence of paper making from wood. However, the reality is rather more complicated. In order to give us our white paper and card, the makers will add bleach and other materials such as china clay and additional chemicals.E) A further problem with wood is that it contains a material that is not cellulose. Something called lignin. This is essential for the tree since it holds the cellulose fibres together, but if it is incorporated into the manufactured paper it presents archivists with a problem. Lignin eventually breaks down and releases acid products into the paper. This will weaken the bond between the cellulose fibers and the paper will become brittle and look rather brown and careworn. We have all seen this in old newspapers and cheap paperback books. It has been estimated that most paper back books will have a life of not greater than fifty years. Not what we need for our archives.F) Since the lignin can be removed from the paper pulp during manufacture, the obvious question is "why is it left in the paper?" The answer lies in the fact that lignin makes up a considerable part of the tree. By leaving the lignin in the pulp a papermaker can increase his paper yield from a tree to some 95%. Removing it means a yield of only 35%. It is clearly uneconomic to remove the lignin for many paper and card applications.G) It also means, of course, that lignin-free paper is going to be more expensive, but that is nevertheless what the archivist must look for in his supplies. There is no point whatsoever in carefully placing our valuable artifacts in paper or card that is going to hasten their demise. Acid is particularly harmful to photographic materials, causing them to fade and is some cases simply vanish!H) So, how do we tell a piece of suitable paper or card from one that is unsuitable? You cannot do it by simply looking, and rather disappointingly, you cannot always rely on the label. "Acid-free" might be true inasmuch as a test on the paper may indicate that it is a neutral material at this time. But lignin can take years before it starts the inevitable process of breaking down, and in the right conditions it will speed up enormously.I) Added to this, as I have indicated earlier, paper may also contain other materials added during manufacture such as bleach, china clay, chemical whiteners and size. This looks like a bleak picture, and it would be but for the fact that there are suppliers who will guarantee the material that they sell. If you want to be absolutely sure that you are storing in, or printing on, the correct material then this is probably the only way.J) Incidentally, acids can migrate from material to material. Lining old shoe boxes with good quality acid-free paper will do little to guard the contents. The acid will get there in the end.Paper from RagK) Paper is also commonly made from cotton and rag waste. This has the advantage of being lignin-free, but because there is much less cotton and rag than trees, it also tends to be much more expensive than wood pulp paper. You will still need to purchase from a reliable source though, since even rag paper andcard can contain undesirable additives.L) A reliable source for quality rag papers is a recognized art stockiest. Many water color artists insist on using only fine quality rag paper and board.M) The main lesson to learn from this information is that you cannot rely on purchasing archival materials from the high street. The only safe solution is to purchase from specialist suppliers. It may cost rather more, but in the end you will know that your important and valuable data and images have the best home possible.1. The corn-flake packet is cheaper than high grade card.2. There are a lot of materials which can be used for making paper, but the superiority ones are soft wood, cotton and rags.3. During the whole manufacturing process, the final product is made from a pulp of cellulose fibres.4. In order to make white paper and card, the makers will add bleach.5. Liguin is essential for the tree but it will make paper easy to break.6. Many paper producers will preserve lignin during manufacture, because leaving the lignin will make more paper from a tree.7. Acid is particularly harmful to photographic materials.8. If the lignin is removed from the paper, the paper will be more expensive.9. Although free of lignin, paper made from cotton and rag waste can also cost more money than wood pulp paper because there is much less cotton and rag than trees.10. What we can learn from "Paper from Rag" is that you had better buy archival materials from specialist suppliers.文章精要：本文主要介绍了我们平常所见所用的纸的复杂性，通过介绍用木头和破布料造纸的过程，使我们对纸的类别、属性有了更深入的'了解。
2019年12月英语四级长篇阅读匹配练习题(4)
2019年12月英语四级长篇阅读匹配练习题(4)Here’s the Totally Amazing Wonder Material That Could Revolutionize TechnologyA.In the technology industry,every new product or service seems to come with the promise that it is an innovation with the potential to change theworld．Graphene(石墨烯)，a form of carbon，might actually do just that．B.“Graphene is a wonderful material，”Jeanie Lau，a professor of physics at the University of California at Riverside，told Fortune．“It conducts heat 10 times better than copper and electricity 100 times better than silicon，is transparent like plastic，extremely lightweight,extremely strong,yet flexible and elastic．In the past decade，it has taken the scientific and technology communities by storm，and has become the most promising electronic material to supplement or replace silicon．”C.Graphene has already found its way into a number of compelling applications，Lau said．For instance，“since itis both transparent and electrically conductive—two attributes rarely found in the same material in nature—it has tremendous potential as the transparent electrode in monitors．displays；solar cells，and touch screens，”she explained．“Companies such as Samsung that invest heavily in this area have already secured patents，produced prototypes，and are expected to bring products to market in a few years．”Wearable electronic devices，aviation components，broadband photodetectors(光电检测器)，radiation-resistantcoatings，sensors，and energy storage are among numerous other areas of active research．Lau said．D.For many researchers and investors，the ultimate application is graphene-based transistors，the building blocks of modem electronics．But getting there may take some time．A child of graphiteE.First produced in a lab back in 2004，graphene is essentially a single layer of pure carbon atoms bonded together in a honeycomb lattice so thin it’s actually considered two-dimensional．“We generally regard anything less than 10 layers of graphene as graphene；otherwise，it’s graphite，”said Aravind Vijayaraghavan，a lecturer in nanomaterials at the University of Manchester．F.Even“graphene”is a bit of an umbrella term．“To oversimplify,there are two major types of graphene，”Michael Patterson，CEO of Graphene Frontiers，said．The first：“Nanoplatelets，”which are powders or flakes made from graphite．These have been around for a while and are“not really super-sexy,”Patterson said．“You mix them into polymers(聚合物)or inks or rubbers to make them conductive．”In flake form，graphene is already on its way to becoming a commodity,Patterson added．The other type—in sheet or film form—is where graphene’s biggest promise lies．Graphene sheets have“incredibl e potential for electronics，”Patterson said．In the near term，that potential may manifest in situations where the quantity requirements are“not that great”and where quality or conductivity doesn’t have to be as high，such as in basictouch-screen applications，he said．Products that use graphene in this way could arrive to market in the next six to 1 2 months．G.Looking a little further out，graphene can be employed in membranes used for water desalination．Lockheed-Martin already has a patented product known as Perforene．“It’s real and it works，but it won’t be economically viable until the product reaches an industrial scale where the cost is measured in pennies per square inch”rather than dollars or tens of dollars per square inch，Patterson explained．“That’s where we’re working today．”‘It’s expensive and low-capacity’H. But use of graphene in semiconductors—the technology’s Holy Grail—is likely a decade away．“Many of the challenges presented by graphene are common to most new materials，”Paul Smith,a patent associate with the Intellectual Property Law Group at Fenwick & West，told Fortune．“The trick is figuring out how to synthesize graphene in a way that first is manufacturable beyond lab scale；second，preserves the desirable properties of the material；and third，can be integrated into a product or technology．”I.Synthesizing graphene in sheet form is considerably more expensive and time-consuming than producing graphene flakes．Whereas the latter typically involves a“quick and dirty”process by which bul k graphite is disassembled into millions of tiny pieces，Lau explained，large sheets of。
2021年12月大学英语四级阅读理解新题型匹配题(附答案和解析)
2021年12月大学英语四级阅读理解新题型匹配题(附答案和解析)Reading prehension (40 minutes)Section B(原快速阅读理解调整为长篇阅读理解，篇章长度和难度不变。
篇章后附有10个句子，每句一题。
每句所含的信息出自篇章的某一段落，要求考生找出与每句所含信息相匹配的段落。
)Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it、 Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs、 Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived、 You may choose a paragraph more than once、 Each paragraph is marked with a letter、Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet2、How to Make Peace with Your Workload[A] Swed (忙碌的),under the gun, just struggling to stay above water、、、; whatever office cliche you employ to depict it, we"ve all been in that situation where wefeel like we might be swallowed up by our workload、Noheless many a way may be used to manage your to-do list to prevent feeling overwhelmed、 How to make peace with your workload once and for all goes as follows、[B] Get organized、“Clear the deadwood out of your desk and keep your office in shape, which enhances your capability to handle other tasks and raises the probability that you’ll retrieve the items you do needin a faster and easier fashion,” says Jeff Davidson who works as a work/life expert and writer of more than50 books on workplace issues、“When something can be disposed, let it go, given in reality most of what you retain is replaceable、” Joel Rudy, vice president of operations for Photographic Solutions, with better than thirty years of business management experience, believes that keeping organized is a must、“ Messy work areas are nonproductive in some measure、 Provided that you can"t locate a document or report easily because it’s lost in a pile of mess, then you have a problematic situation,” he says、“Thereby you a re supposed to take the time to tidy up your work areas and keep yourimportant files, manuals and reports in an accessible location, which will maximize your efficiencies、”[C] Make a to-do list, then cover it up、 It may sound weird, but it works, says Jessica Carlson, an account executive at Bluefish Design Studio which is an advertising consulting firm、 Carlson urges her team to utilize to-do lists to stay on track and highlight items that are a priority、“Cover up the list, with the exception of one high-priority task at one time,” she suggests、“This will allow you to focus better on the task at hand; otherwise, it will be easy to get overwhelmed if you’re reading through a to-do list that spans an entire page、 Concentrating on a single itemwill make y our tasks appear like they are more doable,” Carlson says、[D] Stop multitasking、 Despite what you may consider multitasking, it’s counterproductive、Unless you’re drinking coffee while scanning your morning e-mails, you’re not saving any time by attemptin g to do ten things at once、“If you find yourself getting tangledin too many things, it may be of much necessity of you to re-evaluate your involvement,” Rudy says、“Your mindwill wander from one topic to another and you may end up never acplishing a thing、” Rudy remends the best way to stop multitasking is to create priority lists with deadlines、“When applicable, plete one project before you move further on to the next one,” he says、[E ] Set time limits、 Deborah Chaddock-Brown, awork-at-home single pa rent, says she’s frequently overwhelmed by the demands of maintaining order in her residence and running her own business、 Still, she manages to “do it all” by setting a time limit for each task、“I have the type of personality that flits (轻轻地掠过)from thing to thing because I do have so much on my plate,” Brown says、“As a consequence I assign time slots: For the next15 minutes I will participate insocial media for the purpose of marketing my business (not sending photos or playing Farmville)and that is the only thing I am about to do for the next15 minutes、 When the time is up, I move on to the next task、That way, at night I don’t end up with apile of tasks to acplish even though I felt busy all day、”[F ] Talk to your manager、“Quite often, people are working on things that are no longer a top priority, but someone forgot to tell them (that they’re no longer important)、 There are usually clear priorities in the manager’s head; he or she has just not done a great job municating those with the employee,” s ays Holly Green, CEO of The Human Factor、Green’s suggestion unfolds in this manner: “If you find yourself confronted with too many responsibilities, sit down, note the significant things you are in charge of, and go to your manager to have a conversation to discuss priorities, trade-offs, time mitments and interdependencies required to do each thing well, and then ask what you should stop working on or work on less so you can get the right things done、” Green says managers should be willing to help sort out priorities, so long as employees have a can-do approach and aren’t just plaining about their workload、[G ] Eliminate time wasters、“If interruptions are keeping you from your responsibilities, learn how to deal with them accordingly,” says Eileen Roth, author of Organizing for Dummies、 Roth proposes the following suggestions to bat disruptions: “Use voice mail to cutdown on telephone interruptions, turn off the alert that says ‘You’ve got an e-mail; and give staff members a set time to visit you、” Justi n Gramm, president of Globella Buyers Realty, exemplifies Roth’s point、“E-mail had been a big time waster for me in the past because it was a constant interruption, causing me to lose focus on the task at hand,” he says、 Since determined to check his e-mails only twice a day, Gramm says he has bee much more efficient、“If people want to get more work done, they need to stop checking e-mails and get down to business,” he says、[H] Assess your workload before taking on new tasks、“The paradox of today’s work environment is that the more you do, the more that’s expected of you,” Davidson says、 In order to better assess your workload, Davidson suggests asking yourself the following questions before agreeing to undertake new responsibilities: Is the task aligned (使一致)with your priorities and goals; Are you likely to be as prone to saying yes to such a request tomorrow or next week; What else could you do that would be more rewarding; What other pressing tasks and responsibilities are you likely to face; Does the otherparty have options other than you; Will he or she be crushed if you say no?[I] Want to know more? Most of our experts remended books for additional tips on how to maximize efficiency, but one book was mentioned time and again、 Check out The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People、46、“The more you do, the more you are expected to do” has been a paradox in today’s work environment、47、 As long as employees have a can-do attitude and do not just plain about their workload, the managers would like to help them decide what to do first、48、 As a single parent, Deborah Chaddock-Brown finds it difficult to make a balance between business and housework、49、 There are many useful methods of preventing people from feeling overwhelmed by workload、50、 Messy work areas are nonproductive to some extent, so you are supposed to keep your work areas tidy and important files at hand、51、To know more about how to maximize efficiency, The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People is remended、52、 In Organizing for Dummies, using voice mail to cut down on telephone interruptions and turning off thee-mail notice are suggested in bating interruptions、53、 According to Rudy, the best way to stop multitasking is to make a list of priorities and set deadlines for each task、54、 Focusing on a single matter will make your tasks appear more possible to be done、55、 In fact, most of what people retain is substitutable, so dispose the things that are disposable、答案与解析Section B46、[H]。
2019年12月英语四级长篇阅读匹配练习题(3).doc
2019 年12 月英语四级长篇阅读匹配练习题(3) World Must Adapt to Unknown Climate FutureA.There is still great uncertainty about the impacts ofclimate change ，according to the latest report from theIntefgovernmental Panel on Climate Change ，released today ．Soif we are to survive and prosper, rather than trying to fendoff specific threats like cyclones ，we must build flexibleand resilient( 有弹性的)societies ．B.Today’s report is the second of three instalments( 分期连载)of the IPCC ’s fifth assessment of climate change ．Thefirst instalment ，released last year,covered the physicalscience of climate change ．It stated with increased certaintythat climate change is happenin9 ，and that it is the resultof humanity ’s greenhouse gas emissions ．The new reportfocuses on the impacts of climate change and how to adapt tothem．The third instalment ，on how to cut greenhouse gasemissions ，comes out in April ．C.The latest report backs off from some of thepredictions made in the previous IPCC report ，in 2007 ．Duringthe final editing process ．the authors also retreated frommany of the more confident projections from the final draft ，leaked last year ．The IPCC now says it often cannot predictwhich specific impacts of climate change —such as droughts ，storms or floods ——will hit particular places ．D.Instead ，the IPCC focuses on how people call adapt inthe face of uncertainty,arguing that we must become resilientagainst diverse changes in the climate ．“The natural humantendency is to want things to be clear and simple ．”says thereport ’s co -chair Chris Field of the Carnegie Institutionfor Science in Stanford ，Califomia ．“And one of the messagesthat doesn ’t just come from the IPCC ，it comes fromhistory,is that the future doesn ’t ever turn out the way youthink it will be ．”That means，Field adds ，that ‘'being prepared for a wide range of possible futures is iust alwayssmart ”．E.Here New Scientist breaks down what is new in thereport ，and what it means for humanity ’s efforts to copewith a changing climate ．A companion article ，“How climate change will affect where you live ”，highlights some of thekey impacts that different regions are facing ．What has changed in the new IPCC report?F.In essence ，the predictions are intentionallyvaguer ．Much of the firlner language from the 2007 reportabout exactly what kind of weather to expect ，and how changes witl affect people ，has been replaced with more cautious statements ．The scale and timing of many regional impacts ，and even the form of some ，now appear uncertain ．G.For example ，the 2007 report predicted that theintensity of cyclones over Asia would increase by 10to 20 percent ．The new report makes no such claim ．Similarly,the lastreport estimated that climate change would force up to aquarter of a billion Africans into water shortage by the endof this decade ．The new report avoids using such firm numbers ．H.The report has even watered down many of the moreconfident predictions that appeared in the lcakeddrafts ．References to “hundreds of millions ”of people being affected by rising sea levels have been removed from thesummary,as have statements about the impact of warmertemperatures on crops ．“I think it's gone back a bit ，”says Jean Palutikof of Griffith University in Brisbane ，Queensland，Australia ，who worked on the 2007 report ．“That may be agood thing ．In the fourth [climate assessment]we tried to dothings that weren ’t really possible and the fifth has sortof rebalanced the whole thing ．”So do we know less than we did before?I.Not really,says Andy Pitman of the University of NewSouth Wales in Sydney,Australia ．It is just more rigorouslanguage ．“Pointing to the sign of the change ，rather thanthe precise magnitude of the change ，is scientifically more defensible ，”he says ．J.We also know more about what we don ’t know,says David Karoly at the University of Melbourne ．“There is now abetter understanding of uncertainties in regional climateproj ections at decadal timescales( 时标) ．”Are we less confident about all the impacts of climate change?K.Not quite ．There are still plenty of confidentpredictions of impacts in the reponv —at least in the draft chapters that were lcaked last year,and which are expected tobe roughly the same when they are released later thisweek．These include more rain in parts ofAfrica ，more heatwaves in southem Europe ，and more frequent droughts inAustralia(see “How climate change will affect where youlive ”) ．It also remains clear that the seas are rising ．How do we prepare in cases in which there is low confidence aboutthe effects of climate change?L.That ’s exactly what this report deals with ．In many cases，the uncertainty is a matter of magnitude ，so the choices are not hard ．“It doesn ’t really matter if the carhits the wall at 70 or 80 kilometres an hour, ”saysKaroly ．“You should still wear your seat belt ．”So when it comes to sea ．1evel rise or heatwaves ，the uncertainty doesnot change what we need to do ：build sea walls ，use efficient cooling and so forth ．M.But in some cases ——such as African rainfall ，which could go up or down ——the models are not giving us greatadvice ．so all we know is that things will change ．“We are not certain about the precise nature of regional change ，but we are absolutely certain there are going to be profoundchanges in many regions ，”says Pitman ．Even then ，there are things we can do that will always help ．A big one is getting people out of poverty ．The report says poverty makes other impacts worse and many suggested adaptations are aboutalleviating it ．The IPCC suggests giving disadvantaged groups more of a voice ，helping them move when they need to and strengthening social safety nets ．N.What’s more，all countries should diversify their economies，rather than relying on a few main sources ofincome that could flood or blow ovel Countries should alsofind ways to become less vulnerable to the current climatevariability ．That means improving the way they govemresources like water,the report says ．O.In short ，we must become more resilient ．That would be wise even if the climate was stable ．Our current infrastructure often cannot deal with the current climate ，says Karoly,pointing to events like the recent UKfloods ．“We don’t have a resilient system now,even in extremely well developed countries ．”46 ．Focusing on the clue of climate change instead of theseverity of climate effects is scientifically more reasonable ．47．IPCC’s new report has removed some of the predictionsthat appeared in the former one released in2007 ．48．One of the lessons both IPCC and history has taught us isthat future never appears as you expect it to be ．49．The IPCC’s latest report has weakened many firmerprojections written in the leaked drafts ．50．The first of IPCC ’s three instalmen ts has focused on the current climate conditions and the main reason for thoseconditions ．51．The most important thing for us to do is to get peoplerich ．52．Sometimes the uncertainty is just about the extent ofclimate effects ，thus the choices ．of what we shoulddoisquite easy ．53．Countries must make their economies varied and improvethe way of controlling the recourses in order to beRer dealwith climate change ．54．The new IPCC report has replaced some more confidentstatements from the 2007 report with more careful expressions ．55．There are still many of firm statements about the climateeffects in the new report ，which are generally the same asthey were in the draft chapters ．4 6．Focusing on the clue of climate change instead of theseverity of climate effects is scientifically morereasonable ．主要集中于气候变化的迹象而不是气候变化带来的影响的严重性，在科学上更有说服力。
2019年12月英语四级长篇阅读匹配练习题(3)
2019年12月英语四级长篇阅读匹配练习题(3)World Must Adapt to Unknown Climate FutureA.There is still great uncertainty about the impacts of climate change，according to the latest report from the Intefgovernmental Panel on Climate Change，released today．So if we are to survive and prosper, rather than trying to fend off specific threats like cyclones，we must build flexible and resilient(有弹性的)societies．B.Today’s report is the second of three instalments(分期连载)of the IPCC’s fifth assessment of climate change．The first instalment，released last year,covered the physical science of climate change．It stated with increased certainty that climate change is happenin9，and that it is the result of humanity’s greenhouse gas emissions．The new report focuses on the impacts of climate change and how to adapt to them．The third instalment，on how to cut greenhouse gas emissions，comes out in April．C.The latest report backs off from some of thepredictions made in the previous IPCC report，in 2007．During the final editing process．the authors also retreated from many of the more confident projections from the final draft，leaked last year．The IPCC now says it often cannot predict which specific impacts of climate change—such as droughts，storms or floods——will hit particular places．D.Instead，the IPCC focuses on how people call adapt in the face of uncertainty,arguing that we must become resilient against diverse changes in the climate．“The natural human tendency is to want things to be clear and simple．”says thereport’s co-chair Chris Field of the Carnegie Institutionfor Science in Stanford，Califomia．“And one of the messages that doesn’t just come from the IPCC，it comes fromhistory,is that the future doesn’t ever turn out the way you think it will be．”That means，Field adds，that‘'being prepared for a wide range of possible futures is iust always smart”．E.Here New Scientist breaks down what is new in the report，and what it means for humanity’s efforts to copewith a changing climate．A companion article，“How climate change will affect where you live”，highlights some of thekey impacts that different regions are facing．What has changed in the new IPCC report?F.In essence，the predictions are intentionally vaguer．Much of the firlner language from the 2007 report about exactly what kind of weather to expect，and how changes witl affect people，has been replaced with more cautious statements．The scale and timing of many regional impacts，and even the form of some，now appear uncertain．G.For example，the 2007 report predicted that theintensity of cyclones over Asia would increase by 10to 20 per cent．The new report makes no such claim．Similarly,the last report estimated that climate change would force up to a quarter of a billion Africans into water shortage by the endof this decade．The new report avoids using such firm numbers．H.The report has even watered down many of the more confident predictions that appeared in the lcaked drafts．References to“hundreds of millions”of people being affected by rising sea levels have been removed from thesummary,as have statements about the impact of warmer temperatures on crops．“I think it's gone back a bit，”says Jean Palutikof of Griffith University in Brisbane，Queensland，Australia，who worked on the 2007 report．“That may be agood thing．In the fourth [climate assessment]we tried to do things that weren’t really possible and the fifth has sortof rebalanced the whole thing．”So do we know less than we did before?I.Not really,says Andy Pitman of the University of New South Wales in Sydney,Australia．It is just more rigorous language．“Pointing to the sign of the change，rather thanthe precise magnitude of the change，is scientifically more defensible，”he says．J.We also know more about what we don’t know,says David Karoly at the University of Melbourne．“There is now abetter understanding of uncertainties in regional climateproj ections at decadal timescales(时标)．”Are we less confident about all the impacts of climate change?K.Not quite．There are still plenty of confident predictions of impacts in the reponv—at least in the draft chapters that were lcaked last year,and which are expected to be roughly the same when they are released later this week．These include more rain in parts ofAfrica，more heatwaves in southem Europe，and more frequent droughts in Australia(see“How climate change will affect where you live”)．It also remains clear that the seas are rising．Howdo we prepare in cases in which there is low confidence about the effects of climate change?。
英语四级长篇阅读匹配试题及答案
英语四级长篇阅读匹配试题及答案英语四级长篇阅读匹配试题及答案 1There are three kinds of goals: short-term,medium-range and long-term goals. Short-range goals are those that usually deal with current activities,which we can apply on a daily basis.Such goals can be achieved in a week or less,or two weeks,or possible months.It should be remembered that just as a building is no stronger than its foundation ,out long-term goals cannot amount to very munch without the achievement of solid short-term goals.Upon completing our short-term goals,we should date the occasion and then add new short-term goals that will build on those that have been completed. The intermediate goals bukld on the foundation of the short-range goals.They might deal with just one term of school or the entire school year,or they could even extend for several years.Any time you move a step at a time,you should never allow yourself to become discouraged or overwhelmed. As you complete each step,you will enforce the belief in your ability to grow adn succeed.And as your list of completion dates grow,your motivation and desire will increase.Long-range goals may be related to our dreams of the future. They might cover five years or more. Life is not a static thing.We should never allow a long-term goal to limit us or our course of action. 1.Our long-term goals mean a lot______.A.if we complete our short-range goalsB.if we cannot reach solid short-term goalsC.if we write down the datesD.if we put forward some plans2.New short-term goals are bulid upon______.A.two yearsB.long-term goalsC.current activitiesD.the goals that have been completed3.When we complete each step of our goals ,______.A.we will win final successB.we are overwhelmedC.we should build up confidence of successD.we should strong desire for setting new goals 4.Once our goals are drawn up,_______.A.we should stick to them until we complete themB.we may change our goals as we have new ideas and opportunitiesC.we had better wait for the exciting news of successD.we have made great decision5.It is implied but not stated in the passage that ______.A.those who habe long-term goals will succeedB.writing down the dates may discourage youC.the goal is only a guide for us to reach our desinationD.every should have a goal答案：adcbc英语四级长篇阅读匹配试题及答案 2If the population of the earth goes on increasing at its present rate, there will eventually not be enough resources left to sustain life on the planet.By the middle of the 21st century,if present trends continue, we will have used up all the oil that drives our cars,for example.Even if scientists develop new ways of feeding the human race,the crowded conditions on earth will make it necessary for lus to look for open space somewhere else. But none of the other planets in our solar system are capable of supporting life at present. One possible solution to the problem, however,has recently been suggested by American scientist, Professor Carl Sagan. Sagan believes that before the earths resources are compleetely exhausted it will be possible to change the atmophere of Venus and so create a new world almost as large as earth itself. The difficult is that Venus is much hotter than the earth and there is only a tiny amount of water there. Sagan proposes that algae organisms that can live in extremely hot or cold atmospheres and at the same time produce oxygen,should be bred in condition similar to those on Venus.As soon as this has been done, the algae will be placed in small rockets. Spaceship will then fly to Venus and fire the rockets into the atmosphere .In a fairly short time, the alge will break down the carbon dioxide into oxygen andcarbon. When the algae have done theri work, the atmosphere will become cooler,but befor man can set foot on Venus it will be neccessary for the oxygen to produce rain. The surface of the planet will still be too hot for man to land on it but the rain will eventually fall and in a few years something like earth will be reproduced on Venus. -1.Inte long run, the most insoluble problem caused by population growth on earth will probably be the lack of ______.a.foodb.oilc.spaced.resources2.Carl Sagan believes that Venus might be colonized from earth because _____ a.it might be possible to change its atmosphere b.its atmosphere is the same as the earthsc.there is a good supply of water on Venusd.the days on Venus are long enough3.On Venus there is a lot of ________.a.waterb.carbon dioxidec.carbon monoxided.oxygen4.Algae are plants that can____.a.live in very hot temperaturesb.live in very cold temperaturesc.manufacture oxygend.all of the above5. Man can land on Venus only when_______. a.the algae have done their work -b.the atmosphere becomes coolerc.thereis oxygend.it rains there答案：cabdd英语四级长篇阅读匹配试题及答案 3Like a needle climbing up a bathroom scale, the number keeps rising. In 1991, 15% of Americans were obese(肥胖的); by 1999, that proportion had grown to 27%. Youngsters, who should have age and activity on their side, are growing larger as well: 19% of Americans under 17 are obese. Waistbands have been popping in other western countries too, as physical activity has declined and diets have expanded. By and large, people in the rich world seem to have lost the fight against flab(松弛).Meanwhile, poorer nations have enjoyed some success in their battles against malnutrition and famine. But, according to research presented at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, it is more a case of being out of the frying pan and into the fire. The most striking example actually in the poor world comes from the Pacific islands, home of the world’s most obese communities. In 1966, 14% of the men on this island were obese while 100% of men under the age of 30 in 1996 were obese.This increase in weight has been uneven as well as fast. As a result, undernourished and over-nourished people frequently live cheek by jowl(面颊). The mix can even occur within a single household. A study of families in Indonesia found that nearly 10% contained both the hungry and the fat. This is a mysterious phenomenon, but might have something to do with people of different ages being given different amounts of food to eat.The prospect of heading off these problems is bleak. In many affected countries there are cultural factorsto contend with, such as an emphasis on eating large meals together, or on food as a form. ofhospitality.Moreover, there is a good measure of disbelief on the part of policymakers that such a problem Could existin their countries. Add to that reluctance on the part of governments to spend resources on promoting dietand exercise while starvation is still a real threat, and the result is a recipe for inaction. Unless something is done soon, it might not be possible to turn the clock back.英语四级阅读模拟试题：Choose correct answers to the question:1.The first sentence of the passage most probably implies that ______.A.many Americans are obsessed with the rising temperature in their bathroomB.more people are overweighed in the United StatesC.people are doing more physical exercises with the help of scalesD.youngsters become taller and healthier thanks to more activities2.As physical exercise declines and diet expands, ______.A.other western countries has been defeated by fatB.obesity has become an epidemic(流行病)of the rich worldC.waistbands begin to be popular in other western countriesD.western countries can no longer fight against obesity3.Which is NOT the point of the example of the Pacific Islands?A.The poor community has shaken off poverty and people are well-fed now.B.Obesity is becoming a problem in the developing world too.C.Excessive weight increase will cause no less harm than the food shortage.D.The problem of overweight emerges very fast.4.Of tackling obesity in the poor world, we can learn from the passage that____A.the matter is so complex as to go beyond our capacityB.no matter what we do, the prospect will always be bleakC.it is starvation, the real threat, that needs to be solvedD.we should take immediate actions before it becomes incurable5.What is the main idea of this passage?A.Obesity is now a global problem that needs tackling.B.The weights increase fast throughout the whole world.C.Obesity and starvation are two main problems in the poor world.D.Obesity has shifted from the rich world to the poor world.英语四级阅读参考答案1.[B] 推理判断题。
2019年12月英语四级长篇阅读匹配练习题(6)
2019年12月英语四级长篇阅读匹配练习题(6)Has a tech entrepreneur come up with a product to replaceour meA.s?A.In December of 2012，three young men were living in a claustrophobic(患幽闭恐惧症的)apartment in San Francisco’s Tenderloin district，working on a technology startup．Theyhad received a hundred and seventy thousand dollars from the incubator Y Combinator．but their project—a plan to make inexpensive cell-phone towers——had failed．Down to theirlast seventy thousand dollars．they resolved to keep tryingout new software ideas until they ran out of money．But howto make the funds last?Rent was a sunk cost．Since they were working frantically,they already had no social life．As they examined their budget，one big problem remained：food．B.They had been living mostly on ramen，com dogs，and Costco frozen quesadillas——supplemented by Vitamin C tablets，to stave ofr scurvy(坏血病)——but the grocery bills were still adding up．Rob Rhinehart，one of the entrepreneurs，began to resent the fact that he had to eat at all．“Foodwas such a large burden，”he told me recently．“It was also the time and the hassle．We had a very small kitchen，and no dishwasher．”He tried out his own version of“Super Size Me．”living on McDonald’s dollar meals and five．dollar pizzas from Little Caesars．But after a week．he said,“Ifelt like l was going to die．”Kale was all the rage——and cheap——so next he tried an all．kale diet．But that did not work，either．“I was starving，”he said．C.Rhinehart，who is twenty-five，studied electrical engineering at Georgia Tech，and he began to consider food as an engineering problem．“You need amino acids(氨基酸)and lipids，not milk itself,”h e said．“You needcarbohydrates(碳水化合物)，not bread．”Fruits and vegetables provide essential Vitamins and minerals．but they’re“mostly water．”He began to think that food was an inefficient way：of geRing what he needed to survive．“It iust seemed like a system th at’s too complex and too expensive and too fragile，”he told me．D.What if he went straight to the law chemical components?He took a break from experimenting with software and studied textbooks on nutrifional biochemistry and the Web sites ofthe F.D．A．,the U．S．D．A．，and the Institute of Medicine．Eventually,Rhinehan compiled a list of thirty-five nutrients required for survival．Then，instead of heading to the grocery store，he ordered them ofr the Intemet--mostlyin powder or pill form——and poured everything into ablender'with some water．The result．a slurry of chemicals，looked like gooey lemonade．Then，he told me，“I started living on it．”E.Rhinehart called his potion Soylent，which，for most people，evokes the 1973 science-fiction film“Soylent Green．”starring Ch arlton Heston．The movie is set in a dystopian future where，because ofoverpopulation and pollution，people live on mysterious wafers called Soylent Green．The film ends with the ghastly revelation that Soylent Green is made from human flesh．F.Rhinehart’s r oommates were skeptical．One told me，“It seemed pretty weird．”They kept shopping at Costco．After a month，Rhinehart published the results of his experiment in a blog post，titled“How I Stopped Eating Food．”The post has a“Eureka!”tone．The chemical potion，Rhinehart reported，was“delicious!I felt like l’d just had the best breakfast of my life．”Drinking Soylent was saving him time and money：his food costs had dropped from four hundred and seventy dollars a month to fifty．Andphysically,he wrote，“I feel like the si x million dollar mail．My physique has noticeably improved，my skin is clearer,my teeth whiter,my hair thicker and my dandruff gone．”He concluded．“I haven’t eaten a bite of food in thirty days，and it's changed my lifc．”In a fcw weeks，his blog post was at the top of Hacker News——a water cooler for the tech industry．Reactions were polarized．“RIP Rob，”a comment on Rhinehart’s blog read．But other people asked for his formula，which，in the spirit of the“opensource”movement，he posted online．G.One of Silicon Vall ey’s cultural exports in the past ten years has been the concept of“life hacking”：devising tricks to streamline the obligations of daily life．thereby freeing yourself up for whateveryou’d rather be doing．Rhinehart’s“future food”seemed a clever work．around．Lifehackers everywherebegan to test it out，and then to make their own versions．Soon commenters on Reddit were sparring about the appropriate dose of calcium-magnesium powder．Atier three months，Rhinehart said，he realized that his mixture had the makings of a company：“It provided more value to my life than any app．”He and his roommates put。
2014年12月大学英语四级考试备考资料《阅读理解-长篇阅读(匹配)》最新练习题及答案
2014年12月大学英语四级考试备考资料《阅读理解-长篇阅读（匹配）》最新练习题及答案Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section B(原快速阅读理解调整为长篇阅读理解，篇章长度和难度不变。
篇章后附有10个句子，每句一题。
每句所含的信息出自篇章的某一段落，要求考生找出与每句所含信息相匹配的段落。
有的段落可能对应两题，有的段落可能不对应任何一题。
)Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Beauty and Body Image in the Media[A] Images of female bodies are everywhere. Women—and their body parts —sell everything from food to cars. Popular film and television actresses are becoming younger, taller and thinner. Some have even been known to faint on the set from lack of food. Women’s magazines are full of articles urging that if they can just lose those last twenty pounds, they’ll have it all—the perfect marriage, loving children, great sex, and a rewarding career.[B] Why are standards of beauty being imposed on women, the majority of whom are naturally larger and more mature than any of the models? The roots, some analysts say, are economic. By presenting an ideal difficult to achieve and maintain, the cosmetic and diet product industries are assured of growth and profits. And it’s 6no accident that youth is increasingly promoted, along with thinness, as an essential criterion of beauty. If not all women need to lose weight,for sure they’re all aging, says the Quebec Action Network for Women’s Health in its 2001 report. And, according to the industry, age is a disaster that needs to be dealt with.[C] The stakes are huge. On the one hand, women who are insecure about their bodies are more likely to buy beauty products, new clothes, and diet aids. It is estimated that the diet industry alone is worth anywhere between 40 to 100 billion (U.S.) a year selling temporary weight loss (90% to 95% of dieters regain the lost weight). On the other hand, research indicates that exposure to images of thin, young, air-brushed female bodies is linked to depression, loss of self-esteem and the development of unhealthy eating habits in women and girls.[D ] The American research group Anorexia Nervosa & Related Eating Disorders, Inc. says that one out of every four college-aged women uses unhealthy methods of weight control—including fasting, skipping meals, excessive exercise, laxative (泻药)abuse, and self-induced vomiting. The pressure to be thin is also affecting young girls: the Canadian Women’s Health Network warns that weight control measures are now being taken by girls as young as 5 and 6. American statistics are similar. Several studies, such as one conducted by Marika Tiggemann and Levina Clark in 2006 titled “Appearance Culture in 9- to 12-Year-Old Girls: Media and Peer Influences on Body Dissatisfaction,” indicate that nearly half of all preadolescent girls wish to be thinner, and as a result have engaged in a diet or are aware of the concept of dieting. In 2003, Teen magazine reported that 35 percent of girls 6 to 12 years old have been on at least one diet, and that 50 to 70 percent of normal weight girls believe they are overweight. Overall research indicates that 90% of women are dissatisfied with their appearance in some way. Media activist Jean Kilbourne concludes that, “Women are sold to the diet industry by the magazines we read and the television programs we watch, almost all of whichmake us feel anxious about our weight.”[ E] Perhaps the most disturbing is the fact that media images of female beauty are unattainable for all but a very small number of women. Researchers generating a computer model of a woman with Barbie-doll proportions, for example, found that her back would be too weak to support the weight of her upper body, and her body would be too narrow to contain more than half a liver and a few centimeters of bowel.A real woman built that way would suffer from chronic diarrhea (慢性腹泻)and eventually die from malnutrition. Jill Barad, President of Mattel (whichmanufactures Barbie), estimated that 99% of girls aged 3 to 10 years old own at least one Barbie doll. Still, the number of real life women and girls who seek a similarlyunderweight body is epidemic, and they can suffer equally devastating health consequences. In 2006 it was estimated that up to 450, 000 Canadian women were affected by an eating disorder.[F ] Researchers report that women’s magazines have ten and one-half times more ads and articles promoting weight loss than men’s magazines do, and overthree-quarters of the covers of women’s magazines include at least one message about how to change a woman’s bodily appearance—by diet, exercise or cosmetic surgery. Television and movies reinforce the importance of a thin body as a measure of a woman’s worth. Canadian researcher Gregory Fouts reports that over three-quarters of the female characters in TV situation comedies are underweight, and only one in twenty are above average in size. Heavier actresses tend to receive negative comments from male characters about their bodies (“How about wearing a sack?，，)，and 80 percent of these negative comments are followed by canned audience laughter.[G] There have been efforts in the magazine industry to buck (才氐制，反抗)the trend. For several years the Quebec magazine Coup de Pouce has consistently included full-sized women in their fashion pages and Chatelaine has pledged not to touch up photos and not to include models less than 25 years of age. In Madrid, one of the world’s biggest fashion capitals, ultra-thin models were banned from the runway in 2006. Furthermore Spain has recently undergone a project with the aim to standardize clothing sizes through using a unique process in which a laser beam is used to measure real life women’s bodies in order to find the most true to life measurement.[ H] Another issue is the representation of ethnically diverse women in the media.A 2008 study conducted by Juanita Covert and Travis Dixon titled “A Changing View: Representation and Effects of the Portrayal of Women of Color in Mainstream Women’s Magazines” found that although there was an increase in the representation of women of colour, overall white women were overrepresented in mainstream women’s magazines from 1999 to 2004.[I] The barrage of messages about thinness, dieting and beauty tells“ordinary” women that they are always in need of adjustment—and that the female body is an object to be perfected. Jean Kilbourne argues that the overwhelming presence of media images of painfully thin women means that real women’s bodies have become invisible in the mass media. The real tragedy, Kilbourne concludes, is that many women internalize these stereotypes, and judge themselves by the beauty industry’s standards. Women learn to compare themselves toother women, and to compete with them for male attention. This focus on beauty and desirability “effectively destroys any awareness and action that might help to change that climate.”46. A report in Teen magazine showed that 50% to 70% girls with normal weight think that they need to lose weight.47. On the whole, for 6 years white women had been occupying much more space in mainstream women’s magazines since 1999.48. Some negative effects such as depression and unhealthy eating habits in females are related to their being exposed to images of thin and young female bodies.49. The mass media has helped boost the cosmetic and the diet industries.50. It is reported that there is at least one message about the methods for women to change their bodily appearance on more than three-quarters of the covers of women’s magazines.51. Some film and television actresses even faint on the scene due to eating too little.52. Too much concern with appearance makes it impossible to change such abnormal trend.53. Researchers found that a real woman with Barbie-doll proportions would eventually die from malnutrition.54. The Quebec magazine Coup (e Pouce resists the trend by consistently including full-sized women in their fashion pages for several years.5 5. According to some analysts, the fundamental reason of imposing standards of beauty on women is economic profits.PartⅢ Reading ComprehensionSection B46. [D]47. [H]48. [C]49. [B]50. [F]51. [A]52. [I]53. [E]54. [G]55. [B]A: Pizza Hut was started in 1958, by two brothers in Wichita, Kansas. Frank and Dan Carney had the idea to open a pizza parlor. They borrowed $600 from their mother, and opened the very first Pizza Hut. In 1959, the first franchise unit opened in Topeka, Kansas. Almost a decade later, Pizza Hut would be serving one million customers a week in their 310 locations. In 1970, Pizza Hut was put on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol PIZ.B: In 1986, Pizza Hut introduced delivery service, something no other restaurant was doing. By the 1990's Pizza Hut sales had reached $4 billion worldwide. In 1998, Pizza Hut celebrated their 40th anniversary, and launched their famous campaign "The Best Pizzas Under One Roof." In 1996, Pizza Hut sales in the United States were over $5 million. Out of all the existing pizza chains, Pizza Hut had the largest market share, 46.4%. However, Pizza Hut's market share has slowly eroded because of intense competition from their rivals Domino's, Little Caesar's and newcomer Papa John's. Home delivery was a driving force for success, especially for Pizza Hut and Domino's.C: However, this forced competitors to look for new methods of increasing their customer bases. Many pizza chains decided to diversify and offer new non-pizza items such as buffalo wings, and Italian cheese bread. The current trend in pizza chains today is the same. They all try to come up with some newer, bigger, better, pizza for a low price. Offering special promotions and new pizza variations are popular today as well. For example, chicken is now a common topping found on pizzas.D: In the past, Pizza Hut has always had the first mover advantage. Their marketing strategy in the past has always been to be first. One of their main strategies that they still follow today is the diversification of the products they offer. Pizza Hut is always adding something new to their menu, trying to reach new markets. For example, in 1992 the famous buffet was launched in Pizza Hut restaurants worldwide. They were trying to offer many different food items for customers who didn't necessarily want pizza.E: Another strategy they used in the past and are still using is the diversification of their pizzas. Pizza Hut is always trying to come up with some innovative way to make a pizza into something slightly different - different enough that customers will think it’s a whole new product. For example, let's look at some of the pizzas Pizza Hut has marketed in the past. In 1983, Pizza Hut introduced their Pan Pizza, which had a guarantee of being ready to eat in 5 minutes when dining at Pizza Hut restaurants. In 1993, they introduced the "BigFoot," which was two square feet of pizza cut into 21 slices. In 1995, they introduced "Stuffed Crust Pizza," where the crust would be filled with cheese. In 1997, they marketed "The Edge," which had cheese and toppings all the way to the edge of the pizza. Currently, they are marketing "The Big NewYorker," trying to bringthe famous New York style pizza to the whole country.F: Another opportunity that Pizza Hut has is their new ordering online system. Anyone with Internet access can order whatever they wish and get it delivered to their house without even speaking to someone. This program has just been started, so we do not have any numbers to support whether or not it will be a success.G: Lastly, Pizza Hut has always valued customer service and satisfaction. In 1995, Pizza Hut began two customer satisfaction programs: a 1-800 number customer hotline, and a customer call-back program. These were implemented to make sure their customers were happy, and always wanted to return. In our plan, we will first give a situation analysis of current and relevant environmental conditions that affect our plan. Next, we will give a brief analysis of the current fast food industry, and any trends or changes that might occur in the future.H: However, the fact that Pizza Hut does have a restaurant to run is also a weakness. Pizza Hut has higher overhead costs, due to the restaurant that other competitors don't have to deal with. Another result of higher overhead costs is higher prices Pizza Hut must charge. Obviously, Pizza Hut is not the low cost producer. They rely on their quality pizza and good service to account for their higher prices.I: An indirect weakness that Pizza Hut has is that they have lost a lot of their customers and market share due to such intense competition with competitors. Pizza Hut's opportunities are almost endless. They can increase revenue with their new innovative pizzas, and increase brand loyalty with good customer service.J: Pizza Hut's number one threats are from their competitors. Currently, their closest competitor is Domino's Pizza. Domino's main competitive advantage over Pizza Hut is their price. It is generally lower than Pizza Hut. Also, Domino's was very profitable when they ran the promotional deal of delivering a pizza within 30 minutes. However, many lawsuits have been filed against Domino's in the past for reckless driving by their drivers, so Domino's withdrew the promotion. Little Caesar's is another one of Pizza Hut's competitors, right behind Domino's in market share. Little Caesar's is famous for offering large quantities of pizza for less money. Other competitors include Papa John's, Sbarro, and Pizza Inn.K: A problem facing all of the pizza chains is that each of their individual competitive advantages are pretty much everyone's competitive advantages. Most if not all the top pizza chains offer free delivery, and always have some sort of promotional deal offering large pizzas at reduced prices. Other competitors to take into consideration are frozen pizzas and make-it-yourself pizzas that are purchased in grocery stores. Some examples of these are Tombstone Pizzas, Boboli, and Di'Gornio pizzas.1. Pizza Hut expanded its business into many parts of the country by the time of 1969.2. Pizza Hut has not always dominated the market.3. buffalo wings, and Italian cheese bread are now commonly served at pizza restaurants.4. The diversification strategy is not to be the first mover.5. In Pizza Hut, a Pan Pizza was guaranteed to serve in 5 minutes.6. If you want a pizza from Pizza Hut delivered directly to your house, you have to have Internet access in the first place.7. In order to make sure their customers were happy, Pizza Hutintroduced two customer satisfaction programs.8. The higher overhead costs of Pizza Hut obviously accounted for higher prices of their pizzas.9. The reason why Domino’s withdrew their promotion was that they suffered legally from reckless driving by their drivers.10. Major pizza makers have to face the problem that their competitive advantages are the same.答案：1.A2. B3. C4. D5. E6. F7. G8. H9. J10. KHow to Make Attractive and Effective PowerPoint PresentationsA) Microsoft PowerPoint has dramatically changed the way in which academic and business presentations are made. This article outlines few tips on making more effective and attractive PowerPoint presentations.The TextB) Keep the wording clear and simple. Use active, visual language. Cut unnecessary words—a good rule of thumb is to cut paragraphs down to sentences, sentences into phrases, and phrases into key words.Limit the number of words and lines per slide. Try the Rule of Five-five words per line, five lines per slide. If too much text appears on one slide, use the AutoFit feature to split it between two slides. Click within the placeholder to display the AutoFit Options button (its symbol is two horizontal lines with arrows above and below), then click on the button and choose Split Text between Two Slides from the submenu.C) Font size for titles should be at least 36 to 40, while the text body should not be smaller than e only two font styles per slide —one for the title and the other for the text. Choose two fonts that visually contrast with each other. Garamond Medium Condensed and Impactare good for titles, while Garamond or Tempus Sans can be used for the text body.D) Embed the fonts in your presentation, if you are not sure whether the fonts used in the presentation are present in the computer that will be used for the presentation. To embed the fonts: (1) On the File menu, click Save As. (2) On the toolbar, click Tools, click Save Options, select the Embed TrueType Fonts check box, and then select Embed characters in use only.E) Use colors sparingly; two to three at most. You may use one color for all the titles and another for the text body. Be consistent from slide to slide. Choose a font color that contrasts well with the background.F) Capitalizing the first letter of each word is good for the title of slides and suggests a more formal situation than having just the first letter of the first word capitalized. In bullet point lines, capitalize the first word and no other words unless they normally appear capped. Upper and lower case lettering is more readable than all capital letters. Moreover, current styles indicate that using all capital letters means you are shouting. If you have text that is in the wrong case, select the text, and then click Shift+F3 until it changes to the case style that you like. Clicking Shift+F3 toggles the text case between ALL CAPS, lower case, and Initial Capital styles.G) Use bold or italic typeface for emphasis. Avoid underlining, it clutters up the presentation.Don’t center bulleted lists or text. It is confusing to read. Left align unless you have a good reason not to. Run ‚spell check‛ on your show when finished.The BackgroundH) Keep the background consistent. Simple, light textured backgrounds work well. Complicated textures make the content hard to read. If you are planning to use many clips in your slides, select a white background. Ifthe venue of your presentation is not adequately light-proof, select a dark-colored background and use any light color for text. Minimize the use of ‚bells and whistles‛ such as sound effects, ‚flying words‛ and multiple transitions. Don’t use red in any fonts or backgrounds. It is an emotionally overwhelming color that is difficult to see and read.The ClipsI) Animations are best used subtly; too much flash and motion can distract and annoy viewers. Do not rely too heavily on those images that were originally loaded on your computer with the rest of Office. You can easily find appropriate clips on any topic through Google Images. While searching for images, do not use long search phrases as is usually done while searching the web-use specific words.J) When importing pictures, make sure that they are smaller than two megabytes and are in a .jpg format. Larger files can slow down your show. Keep graphs, charts and diagrams simple, if possible. Use bar graphs and pie charts instead of tables of data. The audience can then immediately pick up the relationships.The PresentationK) If you want your presentation to directly open in the slide show view, save it as a slide show file using the following steps. Open the presentation you want to save as a slide show. On the File menu, click Save As. In the Save as type list, click PowerPoint Show. Your slide show file will be saved with a ppt file extension. When you double-click on this file, it will automatically start your presentation in slide show view. When you’re done, PowerPoint automatically closes and you return to the desktop. If you want to edit the slide show file, you can always open it from PowerPoint by clicking Open on the File menu.L) Look at the audience, not at the slides, whenever possible. If using a laser pointer, don’t move it too fast. For example, if circling a numberon the slide, do it slowly. Never point the laser at the audience. Black out the screen (use ‚B‛ on the keyboard) after the point has been made, to put the focus on you. Press the key again to continue your presentation.M) You can use the shortcut command [Ctrl]P to access the Pen tool during a slide show. Click with your mouse and drag to use the Pen tool to draw during your slide show. To erase everything you’ve drawn, press the E key. To turn off the Pen tool, press [Esc] once.MiscellaneousN) Master Slide Set-Up: The ‚master slide‛ will allow you to make changes that are reflected on every slide in your presentation. You can change fonts, colors, backgrounds, headers, and footers at the ‚master slide‛ level. First, go to the ‚View‛ menu. Pull down the ‚Master‛menu. Select the ‚slide master‛ menu. You may now make changes at this level that meet your presentation needs.1. The ways in which academic and business presentations are made have been changed by Microsoft PowerPoint.2. When making the PowerPoint, the wording of the text should not be complicated.3. In each slide, the font styles for the title and the text should contrast with each other.4. A more formal situation is capitalizing the first letter of the first word.5. Centering bulleted lists or text can not help to read.6. Sound effects should be used as less frequently as possible.7. When importing pictures, make sure that they are smaller than two megabytes.8. When making the presentation, you should look at the audience as possible as you can.9. Pressing the E key can help you to erase everything you've drawn.10. In order to meet your presentation needs, you can make changes at the ‚slide master‛ level.答案：1.A2.B3.C4.F5.G6.H7.J8.L9.M10.NPaper--More than Meets the EyeA)We are surrounded by so much paper and card that it is easy to forget just how complex it is. There are many varieties and grades of paper materials, and whilst it is fairly easy to spot the varieties, it is far more difficult to spot the grades.B)It needs to be understood that most paper and card is manufactured for a specific purpose, so that whilst the corn-flake packet may look smart, it is clearly not something destined for the archives. It is made to look good, but only needs a limited life span. It is also much cheaper to manufacture than high grade card.C)Paper can be made from an almost endless variety of cellulose-based material which will include many woods, cottons and grasses or which papyrus is an example and from where we get the word "paper". Many of theseare very specialized, but the preponderance of paper making has been from soft wood and cotton or rags, with the bulk being wood-based.Paper from WoodD) In order to make wood into paper it needs to be broken down into fine strands. Firstly by powerful machinery and then boiled with strong alkalies such as caustic soda, until a fine pulp of cellulose fibers is produced. It is from this pulp that the final product is made, relying on the bonding together of the cellulose into layers. That, in a very small nutshell, is the essence of paper making from wood. However, the reality is rather more complicated. In order to give us our white paper and card, the makers will add bleach and other materials such as china clay and additional chemicals.E) A further problem with wood is that it contains a material that is not cellulose. Something called lignin. This is essential for the tree since it holds the cellulose fibres together, but if it is incorporated into the manufactured paper it presents archivists with a problem. Lignin eventually breaks down and releases acid products into the paper. This will weaken the bond between the cellulose fibers and the paper will become brittle and look rather brown and careworn. We have all seen this in old newspapers and cheap paperback books. It has been estimated that most paper back books will have a life of not greater than fifty years. Not what we need for our archives.F)Since the lignin can be removed from the paper pulp during manufacture, the obvious question is "why is it left in the paper?" The answer lies in the fact that lignin makes up a considerable part of the tree. By leaving the lignin in the pulp a papermaker can increase his paper yield from a tree to some 95%. Removing it means a yield of only 35%. It is clearly uneconomic to remove the lignin for many paper and card applications.G) It also means, of course, that lignin-free paper is going to be more expensive, but that is nevertheless what the archivist must look for in his supplies. There is no point whatsoever in carefully placing our valuable artifacts in paper or card that is going to hasten their demise. Acid is particularly harmful to photographic materials, causing them to fade and is some cases simply vanish!H)So, how do we tell a piece of suitable paper or card from one that is unsuitable? You cannot do it by simply looking, and rather disappointingly, you cannot always rely on the label. "Acid-free" might be true inasmuch as a test on the paper may indicate that it is a neutral material at this time. But lignin can take years before it starts the inevitable process of breaking down, and in the right conditions it will speed up enormously.I)Added to this, as I have indicated earlier, paper may also contain other materials added during manufacture such as bleach, china clay, chemical whiteners and size. This looks like a bleak picture, and it would be but for the fact that there are suppliers who will guarantee the material that they sell. If you want to be absolutely sure that you are storing in, or printing on, the correct material then this is probably the only way.J)Incidentally, acids can migrate from material to material. Lining old shoe boxes with good quality acid-free paper will do little to guard the contents. The acid will get there in the end.Paper from RagK) Paper is also commonly made from cotton and rag waste. This has the advantage of being lignin-free, but because there is much less cotton and rag than trees, it also tends to be much more expensive than wood pulp paper. You will still need to purchase from a reliable source though, since even rag paper and card can contain undesirable additives.L) A reliable source for quality rag papers is a recognized art stockiest. Many water color artists insist on using only fine quality rag paper and board.M) The main lesson to learn from this information is that you cannot rely on purchasing archival materials from the high street. The only safe solution is to purchase from specialist suppliers. It may cost rather more, but in the end you will know that your important and valuable data and images have the best home possible.1. The corn-flake packet is cheaper than high grade card.2. There are a lot of materials which can be used for making paper, but the superiority ones are soft wood, cotton and rags.3. During the whole manufacturing process, the final product is made from a pulp of cellulose fibres.4. In order to make white paper and card, the makers will add bleach.5. Liguin is essential for the tree but it will make paper easy to break.6. Many paper producers will preserve lignin during manufacture, because leaving the lignin will make more paper from a tree.7. Acid is particularly harmful to photographic materials.8. If the lignin is removed from the paper, the paper will be more。
2019年12月英语四级阅读段落信息匹配训练及答案(4)
2019年12月英语四级阅读段落信息匹配训练及答案(4)段落信息匹配题是四六级改革之后的新题型，很多同学还不是很熟悉，以下是小编为同学们整理的英语四级长篇阅读段落信息匹配题练习，希望对各位有所协助。
A Grassroots RemedyA) Most of us spend our lives seeking the natural world. To this end, we walk the dog, play golf, go fishing, sit in the garden, drink outside rather than inside the pub, have a picnic, live in the suburbs, go to the seaside, buy a weekend place in the country. The most popular leisure activity in Britain is going for a walk. And when joggers (慢跑者) jog, they don't run the streets. Every one of the minstinctively heads to the park or the river. It is my profound belief that not only do we all need nature, but we all seek nature, whether we know we are doing so or not.B) But despite this, our children are growing up nature-deprived ( 丧失) , I spent my boyhood climbing trees on Stratham Common, south London. These days, children are robbed of these an cientfreedoms, due to problems like crime, traffic, the loss of the open spaces and odd new perceptions about what is best for children, that is to say, things that can be bought, rather than things that can be found.C) The truth is to be found elsewhere. A study in the U.S. families had moved to better housing and the children were assessed for ADHD -- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( 多动症) .Those whose accommodation had morenatural views showed an improvement of 19%; those who had the same improvement in material surroundings but no nice view improved just 4%.D) A study in Sweden indicated that kindergartenchildren who could play in a natural environment had less illness and greater physical ability than children used only to a normal playground. A U.S. study suggested that when a school gave children access to a natural environment, academic levels were raised across the entire school.E) Another study found that children play differently in a natural environment. In playgrounds, children create a hierarchy (等级) based on physical abilities, with the tough ones taking the lead. But when a grassy area was planted with bushes, the children got much more into fantasy play, and the social hierarchy was now based on imagination and creativity.F) Most bullying (持枪凌弱) is found in schools where there is a tarmac (柏油碎石) play ground; the least bullying is in a natural area that the children are encouraged to explore. This reminds mean pleasantly of Sunny hill School in Stratham, with its harsh tarmac, where I used to hang about incomers fantasizing about wildlife. The children are frequently discouraged from involvement with natural spaces, for health and safety reasons, for fear that they might get dirty or that they might cause damage. So, instead, the damage is done to the children themselves： not to their bodies but to their souls.G) One of the great problems of modem childhood is ADHD, now increasingly and expensively treated with drugs. Yet one study after another indicates that contact with nature giveshuge benefits to ADHD children. However, we spend money on drugs rather than on green places.H) The life of old people is measurably better when they have access to nature. The increasing emphasis for thegrowing population of old people is in quality rather than quantity of years. And study after study finds that a gardenis the single most important thing in finding that quality.I) In wider and more difficult areas of life, there is evidence to indicate that natural surroundingsim prove all kinds of things. Even problems with crime and aggressive behavior are reduced when there is contact with the natural world. Dr. William Bird, researcher from the Royal Societyfor the Protection of birds, states in his study, "A natural environment can reduce violent behavior because itsrestorative process helps reduce anger and impulsive behavior." Wild places need encouraging for this reason, no matter how small their contribution.J) We tend to look on nature conservation as some kindof favor that human beings are granting to the natural world. The error here is far too deep： not only do humans neednature for themselves, but the very idea that humanity andthe natural world are separable things is profoundly damaging. Human beings are a species of mammals (哺乳动物) . For seven million years they lived on the planet as part of nature. Our ancestral selves miss the natural world and long for contact with nonhuman life. Anyone who has patted a dog, stoked a cat, sat under a tree with a pint of beer, given or received a bunch of flowers or chosen to walk through the park on a nice day, understands that. We need the wild world. It isessential to our well-being, our health, our happiness.Without the wild world we are not more but less civilized. Without other living things around us we are less than human.K) Five Ways to Find Harmony with the Natural World Walk：Break the rhythm of permanently being under a roof. Get off a stop earlier, make a circuit of the park at lunchtime, walkthe child to and from school, get a dog, feel yourself moving in moving air, look, listen, absorb.Sit： Take a moment, every now and then, to be still inan open space. In the garden, anywhere that's not in the office, anywhere out of the house, away from the routine. Sit under a tree, look at water, feel refreshed, ever so slightly renewed.Drink： The best way to enjoy the natural world is by oneself; the second best way is in company. Take a drink outside with a good person, a good gathering： talk with the sun and the wind with bird-song for background.Learn： Expand your boundaries. Leam five species of bird, five butterflies, five trees, five bird songs. That way, you see and hear more： and your mind responds gratefully to the greater amount of wildness in your life.Travel： The places you always wanted to visit： by the seaside, in the country, in the hills. Take a week-end break, a day-trip, get out these and do it： for the scenery, forthe way through the woods, for the birds, for the bees. Go somewhere special and bring specialness home. It lasts forever, after all.46. The study in Sweden shows that more access to nature makes children less likely to fall ill.47. The author's profound belief is that people instinctively seek nature in different ways.48. It can be very helpful to provide more green spaces for children with ADHD.49. Elderly people will enjoy a life of better quality when they contact more with nature.50. Nowadays, people think things that can be bought are best for children, rather than things that can be found.51. Dr. William Bird suggests in his study that access to nature contributes to the reduction of violence.52. According to a study in the U. S. Children with ADHD whose accommodation had more natural views showed much better improvement.53. Children who have chances to explore natural areas are less likely to be involved in bullying.54. We can find harmony with the natural world in various ways, among which there are walking, sitting, drinking, learning and traveling.55. It is extremely harmful to think that humanity and the natural world can be separated.大自然疗法A)【47】我们中的绝大部分人都套花时间寻求与大自然亲近。
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12月英语四级长篇阅读匹配试题2016年12月英语四级长篇阅读匹配试题BeingObjectiveonClimateChangestweek，CraigRucker,aclimate-changeskepticandtheexecutivedirectorofanonprofitorganizatio ncalledtheCommitteeforaConstructiveTomorrow(CFACT)，tweetedaquotationsupposedlytakenfroma1922editionoftheWashin gtonPost：“Withinafewyearsitispredictedduetoicemeltthese awillrise&ma kemostcoastalcitiesuninhabitable.”Theintent，ofcourse，wastopokefunatcurrentheadlinesaboutclimatechange.B.Rucker’sorganizationisamemberoftheCoolerHeadsCoalitio n，anumbrellaorganizationoperatedbytheCompetitiveEnterpriseIns titute，anonprofitthatpridesitselfonitsoppositiontoenvironmentalist s.Ruckerhimselfispartofanetworkofbloggers，op-cdwriters，andpolicy-shopexecutiveswhoarguethatclimatechangeiseitherahoaxorallex ampleofleft-winghysteria.Surfacingoldnewspaperclipsisoneoftheirfavorite games.Theyalsomakesubstantiveargumentsaboutclimatepolicy,bu tthesnipingmaybemoreeffective.Thereisnostrongerrhetoricalto olthanridicule.C.Inthiscase，Ruckcr’sridiculeseemsmisplaced.Afterspendingafewminutespok ingaroundonline，1wasabletofindboththeWashingtonPostarticleandthelongerSourC ematerialthatitcamefrom—aweatherreportissuedbytheU.S.consulinBergen，Norway,andsenttotheStateDepartmentonoctober10，1922.Thereportdidn’tsayanythingaboutcoastsbeinginundated.T hisisn’tsurprising.Scientistswetesmartbackthen，too,andtheyknewthatmeltingseaicew ouldn’tappreciablyraisese alevels.anymorethanameltingicecuberaisesthelevelofwaterinag lass.D.Ruckerultimatelycorrectedhistweetoncecommenterspointed outthemisquote.ThroughTwitter,heinformedmethathehadtakenthe linefromaWashingtonTimesop—edbyRichardRahn，aseniorf ellowattheCatoInstitute.WhenIcontactedRahn’soffice .apressrepresentativeacknowledgedthatRahnhadcopiedthequotef romotherbloggersandcolumnists;thefabricatedsentenceappearsi narticlesatreason.cornandtexasgopvote.corn.Thefabricatedlin eseemstohavebeeninsertedaround2011.buttheoriginalarticlehas beencirculatingonlinesince2007.E.Thestatementaboutrisingsealevelsaside，1922reallywasastrangeperiodintheSvalbardarchipelago.thearea describedbytheweatherreport.TheislandsliehalfwaybetweenNorw ayandtheNorthPole,atalatitudethatputsthemseveralhundredmile sfarthernorththanBarrow,alaska.“TheArcticseemstobewarmingu p.”thereportread.InAugustofthatyear,ageologistneartheislan dofSpitsbergensailedasfarnorthaseighty-onedegrees.twenty.nineminutesinice-freewater.Thiswashighlyunusual.Thepreviousseveralsummershad likewisebeenwarrn.Sealpopulationshadmovedfarthernorth，andformerlyunseenstretchesofcoastwerenowaccessible.F.Whatarewetotakefromthishistoricalevidence?Acentraltene tforRuckerandhiscolleaguesismattoday’ssea.iceretreat。
warmingsurfacetemperatures，andsimilarobservationsareshort-livedanomaliesofakindthatoftenhappenedinthepast—andthatoverzealousscientistsandgulliblemediaarequicktodrumu pcriseswherenoneexist.Favoriteexamplesincludenumerousnewspa perarticlesfromthenineteen.seventiesthatpredictedtheadvento fanewiceage.Infact.it'spossibletofindarticlesfromnearlyever ydecadeofthepastcenturythatseemtoimplyinformationaboutthecl imatethatturnedouttobeprematureorwrong.G.The1922articlehasbeenquotedrepeatedlybyRucker’scomrad es-in-armssinceits2007rebirthintheWashingtonTimes.Fornearlythatlo ng，scientistshavebeenobjecting.GavinSchmidt，aclimatemodelerandthedeputydirectoroftheNASAGoddardInstitut eforSpaceStudies，pointsoutthatwhatwasananomalyin1922isnowthenorm：thewatersnearSpitsbergenareclearoficeattheendofeverysummer. Moreimportant，long-termtemperatureandsea-icerecordsindicatethatthedramaticsea-iceretreatintheearlynineteen.twentieswasshort-lived.Italsooccurredlocallyaroundsvalbard—theunusualconditionsdidn’tevenencompassthewholeNorwegianSe a，letalonetherestoftheArctic.H.0vertheweekend，afterretractinghisprevioustweet，Ruckerpostedalinktoablogitemaboutadifferentarticle.thisonea 1932NewYorkTimesstory.Theeighty-year-oldheadlinereads，“TheNextGreatDelugeForecastByScience：MeltingPolarIceCapstoRaisetheLeveloftheSeasandFloodtheConti nents.”Thatonesoundedjuicy,and，indeed，thistimethetextwascorrect：thatreallyiswhattheheadlinesaid.Ironically,thelcadresearche rcitedinthepiecewasaGermanscientistnamedAlfredWegener,whoha ssometimesbeenconsideredaheroofclimate-changedeniersforacompletelydifferentreason.WegenerisknownforproposingthephenomenonofcontinentaldriftstartingaroundtheF irstWbridWar,Theideawasridiculedbeforegainingacceptanceinth enineteen-sixties，onceampleevidencehadbeenamassed.Wegener’slifcstory,then，isusedtosupporttheideathatthesmallnumberofresearchersinthef ieldwhodownplaytheriskofanthropogenicclimatechangewilloneda yprevail.I.Inreality,thepotentialforanthropogenicglobalwarmingwas beingdiscussedearlierthancontinentaldrift.andtookevenlonger togainwideacceptance.TheversatileProfessorWegenerwasageophy sicistandpolarresearcherwhospentmuchofhiscareerstudyingmete orologyinGreenland，andtryingtounlockthesecretsoftheEarth’spast.Hiselevatedpla ceinthecurrentclimate-changedebateisabstractedfromhistory.J.Inanycase，it’snotclearthatthebloggerslinkingtothe1932art iclereadmuch beyondtheheadline.Thcarticledoesdiscussacollapseoftheiceshe etsthatwouldraisesealevelsbymorethanahundredfeet—butitsaysthateventliesthirtytofortythousandyearsinthefuture .There’snothingwrongwithexaminingoldnewspaperarticlesforcl uesaboutclimateconditionsinthepast.Legitimateclimateresearc herslookathistoricaldocumentsofallkinds.However,agood-faithefforttoarriveatthetruthwouldnotrelyoncherry-pickingcatchyheadlines.Itwouldrequireconsideringthecontexta ndlookingatalltheevidence.Attheveryleast.itwouldn’tal lowfo rdeliberatedistortions.Apredictionthattheicecapsmightmeltby theyear42，000ishardlyallexampleofclimatealarmism.46.Unlikemeltingiceintheglass，themeltingseaicecannoteasilyraisesealevel.47.Ruckermaintainsthattheclimate.changeisjustaterriblefa ntasyoftheleft-wingorevenatotallydistrustfulmatter.48.Itisfairtosearchforeverypieceofevidencetoapproachthet ruthwithoutdistortion.49.AsforRucker,theclearpurposeoftweetingthisquotationist olaughatthearticlesaboutclimatechange.50.Thevariousunusualphenomenaaboutclimatechangearemerely non-existalarmsclaimedbythescientistsandmedia，wouldbeshort-lived.51.Thedrasticsea-icemeltoccurredaroundSvalbardwasonlylocalandlimited.52.Itisnormalforthewatersatnorthernlatitude81degrees，29minutestobecoveredwithice.53.Itisembracedthatthenumberofclimate-changeresearcherswillbemultipliedoneday.54.Itisironicfortheleadingfigureofclimate-changeopponentstoquotethispiece.55.Inreality,theuniversalinformationinarticlesaboutclima techangeiseventuallyprovedtobeunbelievable.46.Unlikemeltingiceintheglass，themeltingseaicecannoteasilyraisesealevel.与杯中的融冰不同，海中的融冰不会使海面快速升高。