wafer technology
半导体名词解释
1. 何谓PIE PIE的主要工作是什幺答：Process Integration Engineer(工艺整合工程师), 主要工作是整合各部门的资源, 对工艺持续进行改善, 确保产品的良率（yield）稳定良好。
2. 200mm，300mm Wafer 代表何意义答：8吋硅片(wafer)直径为200mm , 直径为300mm硅片即12吋.3. 目前中芯国际现有的三个工厂采用多少mm的硅片(wafer)工艺未来北京的Fab4(四厂)采用多少mm的wafer工艺答：当前1~3厂为200mm(8英寸)的wafer, 工艺水平已达工艺。
未来北京厂工艺wafer将使用300mm(12英寸)。
4. 我们为何需要300mm答：wafer size 变大，单一wafer 上的芯片数(chip)变多，单位成本降低200→300 面积增加倍,芯片数目约增加倍5. 所谓的um 的工艺能力(technology)代表的是什幺意义答：是指工厂的工艺能力可以达到um的栅极线宽。
当栅极的线宽做的越小时，整个器件就可以变的越小，工作速度也越快。
6. 从>>>> 的technology改变又代表的是什幺意义答：栅极线的宽（该尺寸的大小代表半导体工艺水平的高低）做的越小时，工艺的难度便相对提高。
从-> -> -> -> 代表着每一个阶段工艺能力的提升。
7. 一般的硅片(wafer)基材(substrate)可区分为N,P两种类型（type）,何谓N, P-type wafer答：N-type wafer 是指掺杂negative元素(5价电荷元素，例如：P、As)的硅片, P-type 的wafer 是指掺杂positive 元素(3价电荷元素, 例如：B、In)的硅片。
8. 工厂中硅片（wafer）的制造过程可分哪几个工艺过程(module)答：主要有四个部分：DIFF（扩散）、TF(薄膜)、PHOTO（光刻）、ETCH（刻蚀）。
半导体工艺英语
半导体工艺英语Semiconductor manufacturing is a complex process that involves the precise etching of circuits onto silicon wafers. It's a field that requires meticulous attention to detail and advanced technology.The process begins with the creation of a wafer, which is then coated with a photoresist layer. This layer is exposed to light through a mask, transferring the circuit pattern onto the wafer, a technique known as photolithography.Next, the wafer undergoes a series of etching steps to remove the unwanted material, leaving behind the intricate circuit design. This is followed by doping, where impurities are added to alter the electrical properties of the silicon.The fabrication continues with the addition of various layers, such as metal interconnects, to create the complete semiconductor device. Each layer must be perfectly aligned with the previous one, a task that demands high precision.Quality control is a critical aspect of semiconductor manufacturing. Every stage is monitored to ensure that the final product meets the stringent specifications required for modern electronic devices.The advancement in semiconductor technology has led to the miniaturization of devices, enabling the creation offaster and more efficient chips. This progress is a testament to the innovation and expertise within the industry.As we look to the future, the demand for more powerful and energy-efficient semiconductors continues to grow. This drive for improvement is fueling ongoing research and development within the field, pushing the boundaries ofwhat's possible with silicon-based technologies.。
硅片工艺技术
硅片工艺技术硅片工艺技术（Silicon Wafer Technology）硅片是半导体器件的基础材料，也是现代电子技术发展不可或缺的一部分。
硅片工艺技术是指通过一系列的工艺步骤，将硅原料加工成高质量、高纯度的硅片，以供半导体器件制造使用。
下面将介绍硅片工艺技术的主要过程和关键步骤。
硅片工艺技术的第一步是原料准备。
常用的原料是高纯度的多晶硅块。
首先需要将多晶硅块进行去除杂质的处理，以使得硅片的成品质量得到保证。
然后将多晶硅块通过电熔法或气相法进行熔化，得到硅溶液。
第二步是晶棒拉拔。
将硅溶液放入拉晶炉中，通过拉拔机械将硅溶液拉拔成硅棒。
这个过程需要控制好温度、拉拔速度和拉拔方向等参数，以确保硅棒的质量均匀和直度良好。
第三步是硅棒切割。
通过专用的切割机将硅棒切割成硅片。
切割机通常采用钻石线或者离心刀来切割硅棒，切割后的硅片通常有一个方形结构。
第四步是研磨和抛光。
切割后的硅片表面通常不光滑，需要通过研磨和抛光来提高表面质量。
研磨和抛光之后，硅片的表面应该是光滑、平坦并且无损伤的。
第五步是清洗和清理。
经过上述步骤处理后的硅片仍然可能残留有杂质和控制性能，需要进行清洗和清理，以确保硅片的纯净度和电气性能。
第六步是检验和排序。
经过工艺处理后的硅片需要经过严格的检验和测试，以确保其质量符合标准。
合格的硅片会按照不同的参数进行分类和排序，以供不同种类的半导体器件制造使用。
总结来说，硅片工艺技术是一门与发达电子技术密切相关的高技术工艺。
通过一系列的步骤和控制参数，将硅原料加工成高质量的硅片。
硅片作为半导体器件的基础材料，其质量和性能直接影响着半导体器件的品质和性能。
随着电子技术的不断发展，硅片工艺技术也在不断提高和创新，以满足不断增长的电子市场需求。
半导体制造技术
Semiconductor Manufacturing Technology半导体制造技术Instructor’s ManualMichael QuirkJulian SerdaCopyright Prentice HallTable of Contents目录OverviewI. Chapter1. Semiconductor industry overview2. Semiconductor materials3. Device technologies—IC families4. Silicon and wafer preparation5. Chemicals in the industry6. Contamination control7. Process metrology8. Process gas controls9. IC fabrication overview10. Oxidation11. Deposition12. Metallization13. Photoresist14. Exposure15. Develop16. Etch17. Ion implant18. Polish19. Test20. Assembly and packagingII. Answers to End-of-Chapter Review QuestionsIII. Test Bank (supplied on diskette)IV. Chapter illustrations, tables, bulleted lists and major topics (supplied on CD-ROM)Notes to Instructors:1)The chapter overview provides a concise summary of the main topics in each chapter.2)The correct answer for each test bank question is highlighted in bold. Test bankquestions are based on the end-of-chapter questions. If a student studies the end-of-chapter questions (which are linked to the italicized words in each chapter), then they will be successful on the test bank questions.2Chapter 1Introduction to the Semiconductor Industry Die:管芯 defective:有缺陷的Development of an Industry•The roots of the electronic industry are based on the vacuum tube and early use of silicon for signal transmission prior to World War II. The first electronic computer, the ENIAC, wasdeveloped at the University of Pennsylvania during World War II.•William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain invented the solid-state transistor at Bell Telephone Laboratories on December 16, 1947. The semiconductor industry grew rapidly in the 1950s to commercialize the new transistor technology, with many early pioneers working inSilicon Valley in Northern California.Circuit Integration•The first integrated circuit, or IC, was independently co-invented by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor in 1959. An IC integrates multiple electronic components on one substrate of silicon.•Circuit integration eras are: small scale integration (SSI) with 2 - 50 components, medium scale integration (MSI) with 50 – 5k components, large scale integration (LSI) with 5k to 100kcomponents, very large scale integration (VLSI) with 100k to 1M components, and ultra large scale integration (ULSI) with > 1M components.1IC Fabrication•Chips (or die) are fabricated on a thin slice of silicon, known as a wafer (or substrate). Wafers are fabricated in a facility known as a wafer fab, or simply fab.•The five stages of IC fabrication are:Wafer preparation: silicon is purified and prepared into wafers.Wafer fabrication: microchips are fabricated in a wafer fab by either a merchant chip supplier, captive chip producer, fabless company or foundry.Wafer test: Each individual die is probed and electrically tested to sort for good or bad chips.Assembly and packaging: Each individual die is assembled into its electronic package.Final test: Each packaged IC undergoes final electrical test.•Key semiconductor trends are:Increase in chip performance through reduced critical dimensions (CD), more components per chip (Moore’s law, which predicts the doubling of components every 18-24 months) andreduced power consumption.Increase in chip reliability during usage.Reduction in chip price, with an estimated price reduction of 100 million times for the 50 years prior to 1996.The Electronic Era•The 1950s saw the development of many different types of transistor technology, and lead to the development of the silicon age.•The 1960s were an era of process development to begin the integration of ICs, with many new chip-manufacturing companies.•The 1970s were the era of medium-scale integration and saw increased competition in the industry, the development of the microprocessor and the development of equipment technology. •The 1980s introduced automation into the wafer fab and improvements in manufacturing efficiency and product quality.•The 1990s were the ULSI integration era with the volume production of a wide range of ICs with sub-micron geometries.Career paths•There are a wide range of career paths in semiconductor manufacturing, including technician, engineer and management.2Chapter 2 Characteristics of Semiconductor MaterialsAtomic Structure•The atomic model has three types of particles: neutral neutrons（不带电的中子）, positively charged protons（带正电的质子）in the nucleus and negatively charged electrons（带负电的核外电子） that orbit the nucleus. Outermost electrons are in the valence shell, and influence the chemical and physical properties of the atom. Ions form when an atom gains or loses one or more electrons.The Periodic Table•The periodic table lists all known elements. The group number of the periodic table represents the number of valence shell electrons of the element. We are primarily concerned with group numbers IA through VIIIA.•Ionic bonds are formed when valence shell electrons are transferred from the atoms of one element to another. Unstable atoms (e.g., group VIIIA atoms because they lack one electron) easily form ionic bonds.•Covalent bonds have atoms of different elements that share valence shell electrons.3Classifying Materials•There are three difference classes of materials:ConductorsInsulatorsSemiconductors•Conductor materials have low resistance to current flow, such as copper. Insulators have high resistance to current flow. Capacitance is the storage of electrical charge on two conductive plates separated by a dielectric material. The quality of the insulation material between the plates is the dielectric constant. Semiconductor materials can function as either a conductor or insulator.Silicon•Silicon is an elemental semiconductor material because of four valence shell electrons. It occurs in nature as silica and is refined and purified to make wafers.•Pure silicon is intrinsic silicon. The silicon atoms bond together in covalent bonds, which defines many of silicon’s properties. Silicon atoms bond together in set, repeatable patterns, referred to asa crystal.•Germanium was the first semiconductor material used to make chips, but it was soon replaced by silicon. The reasons for this change are:Abundance of siliconHigher melting temperature for wider processing rangeWide temperature range during semiconductor usageNatural growth of silicon dioxide•Silicon dioxide (SiO2) is a high quality, stable electrical insulator material that also serves as a good chemical barrier to protect silicon from external contaminants. The ability to grow stable, thin SiO2 is fundamental to the fabrication of Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) devices. •Doping increases silicon conductivity by adding small amounts of other elements. Common dopant elements are from trivalent, p-type Group IIIA (boron) and pentavalent, n-type Group VA (phosphorus, arsenic and antimony).•It is the junction between the n-type and p-type doped regions (referred to as a pn junction) that permit silicon to function as a semiconductor.4Alternative Semiconductor Materials•The alternative semiconductor materials are primarily the compound semiconductors. They are formed from Group IIIA and Group VA (referred to as III-V compounds). An example is gallium arsenide (GaAs).•Some alternative semiconductors come from Group IIA and VIA, referred to as II-VI compounds. •GaAs is the most common III-V compound semiconductor material. GaAs ICs have greater electron mobility, and therefore are faster than ICs made with silicon. GaAs ICs also have higher radiation hardness than silicon, which is better for space and military applications. The primary disadvantage of GaAs is the lack of a natural oxide.5Chapter 3Device TechnologiesCircuit Types•There are two basic types of circuits: analog and digital. Analog circuits have electrical data that varies continuously over a range of voltage, current and power values. Digital circuits have operating signals that vary about two distinct voltage levels – a high and a low.Passive Component Structures•Passive components such as resistors and capacitors conduct electrical current regardless of how the component is connected. IC resistors are a passive component. They can have unwanted resistance known as parasitic resistance. IC capacitor structures can also have unintentional capacitanceActive Component Structures•Active components, such as diodes and transistors can be used to control the direction of current flow. PN junction diodes are formed when there is a region of n-type semiconductor adjacent to a region of p-type semiconductor. A difference in charge at the pn junction creates a depletion region that results in a barrier voltage that must be overcome before a diode can be operated. A bias voltage can be configured to have a reverse bias, with little or no conduction through the diode, or with a forward bias, which permits current flow.•The bipolar junction transistor (BJT) has three electrodes and two pn junctions. A BJT is configured as an npn or pnp transistor and biased for conduction mode. It is a current-amplifying device.6• A schottky diode is formed when metal is brought in contact with a lightly doped n-type semiconductor material. This diode is used in faster and more power efficient BJT circuits.•The field-effect transistor (FET), a voltage-amplifying device, is more compact and power efficient than BJT devices. A thin gate oxide located between the other two electrodes of the transistor insulates the gate on the MOSFET. There are two categories of MOSFETs, nMOS (n-channel) and pMOS (p-channel), each which is defined by its majority current carriers. There is a biasing scheme for operating each type of MOSFET in conduction mode.•For many years, nMOS transistors have been the choice of most IC manufacturers. CMOS, with both nMOS and pMOS transistors in the same IC, has been the most popular device technology since the early 1980s.•BiCMOS technology makes use of the best features of both CMOS and bipolar technology in the same IC device.•Another way to categorize FETs is in terms of enhancement mode and depletion mode. The major different is in the way the channels are doped: enhancement-mode channels are doped opposite in polarity to the source and drain regions, whereas depletion mode channels are doped the same as their respective source and drain regions.Latchup in CMOS Devices•Parasitic transistors can create a latchup condition(???????) in CMOS ICs that causes transistors to unintentionally（无心的） turn on. To control latchup, an epitaxial layer is grown on the wafer surface and an isolation barrier（隔离阻障）is placed between the transistors. An isolation layer can also be buried deep below the transistors.Integrated Circuit Productsz There are a wide range of semiconductor ICs found in electrical and electronic products. This includes the linear IC family, which operates primarily with anal3og circuit applications, and the digital IC family, which includes devices that operate with binary bits of data signals.7Chapter 4Silicon and Wafer Preparation8z Semiconductor-Grade Silicon•The highly refined silicon used for wafer fabrication is termed semiconductor-grade silicon (SGS), and sometimes referred to as electronic-grade silicon. The ultra-high purity of semiconductor-grade silicon is obtained from a multi-step process referred to as the Siemens process.Crystal Structure• A crystal is a solid material with an ordered, 3-dimensional pattern over a long range. This is different from an amorphous material that lacks a repetitive structure.•The unit cell is the most fundamental entity for the long-range order found in crystals. The silicon unit cell is a face-centered cubic diamond structure. Unit cells can be organized in a non-regular arrangement, known as a polycrystal. A monocrystal are neatly arranged unit cells.Crystal Orientation•The orientation of unit cells in a crystal is described by a set of numbers known as Miller indices.The most common crystal planes on a wafer are (100), (110), and (111). Wafers with a (100) crystal plane orientation are most common for MOS devices, whereas (111) is most common for bipolar devices.Monocrystal Silicon Growth•Silicon monocrystal ingots are grown with the Czochralski (CZ) method to achieve the correct crystal orientation and doping. A CZ crystal puller is used to grow the silicon ingots. Chunks of silicon are heated in a crucible in the furnace of the puller, while a perfect silicon crystal seed is used to start the new crystal structure.• A pull process serves to precisely replicate the seed structure. The main parameters during the ingot growth are pull rate and crystal rotation. More homogeneous crystals are achieved with a magnetic field around the silicon melt, known as magnetic CZ.•Dopant material is added to the melt to dope the silicon ingot to the desired electrical resistivity.Impurities are controlled during ingot growth. A float-zone crystal growth method is used toachieve high-purity silicon with lower oxygen content.•Large-diameter ingots are grown today, with a transition underway to produce 300-mm ingot diameters. There are cost benefits for larger diameter wafers, including more die produced on a single wafer.Crystal Defects in Silicon•Crystal defects are interruptions in the repetitive nature of the unit cell. Defect density is the number of defects per square centimeter of wafer surface.•Three general types of crystal defects are: 1) point defects, 2) dislocations, and 3) gross defects.Point defects are vacancies (or voids), interstitial (an atom located in a void) and Frenkel defects, where an atom leaves its lattice site and positions itself in a void. A form of dislocation is astacking fault, which is due to layer stacking errors. Oxygen-induced stacking faults are induced following thermal oxidation. Gross defects are related to the crystal structure (often occurring during crystal growth).Wafer Preparation•The cylindrical, single-crystal ingot undergoes a series of process steps to create wafers, including machining operations, chemical operations, surface polishing and quality checks.•The first wafer preparation steps are the shaping operations: end removal, diameter grinding, and wafer flat or notch. Once these are complete, the ingot undergoes wafer slicing, followed by wafer lapping to remove mechanical damage and an edge contour. Wafer etching is done to chemically remove damage and contamination, followed by polishing. The final steps are cleaning, wafer evaluation and packaging.Quality Measures•Wafer suppliers must produce wafers to stringent quality requirements, including: Physical dimensions: actual dimensions of the wafer (e.g., thickness, etc.).Flatness: linear thickness variation across the wafer.Microroughness: peaks and valleys found on the wafer surface.Oxygen content: excessive oxygen can affect mechanical and electrical properties.Crystal defects: must be minimized for optimum wafer quality.Particles: controlled to minimize yield loss during wafer fabrication.Bulk resistivity(电阻系数): uniform resistivity from doping during crystal growth is critical. Epitaxial Layer•An epitaxial layer (or epi layer) is grown on the wafer surface to achieve the same single crystal structure of the wafer with control over doping type of the epi layer. Epitaxy minimizes latch-up problems as device geometries continue to shrink.Chapter 5Chemicals in Semiconductor FabricationEquipment Service Chase Production BayChemical Supply Room Chemical Distribution Center Holding tank Chemical drumsProcess equipmentControl unit Pump Filter Raised and perforated floorElectronic control cablesSupply air ductDual-wall piping for leak confinement PumpFilterChemical control and leak detection Valve boxes for leak containment Exhaust air ductStates of Matter• Matter in the universe exists in 3 basic states (宇宙万物存在着三种基本形态): solid, liquid andgas. A fourth state is plasma.Properties of Materials• Material properties are the physical and chemical characteristics that describe its unique identity.• Different properties for chemicals in semiconductor manufacturing are: temperature, pressure andvacuum, condensation, vapor pressure, sublimation and deposition, density, surface tension, thermal expansion and stress.Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold a substance is relative to another substance. Pressure is the force exerted per unit area. Vacuum is the removal of gas molecules.Condensation is the process of changing a gas into a liquid. Vaporization is changing a liquidinto a gas.Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by a vapor in a closed container at equilibrium.Sublimation is the process of changing a solid directly into a gas. Deposition is changing a gas into a solid.Density is the mass of a substance divided by its volume.Surface tension of a liquid is the energy required to increase the surface area of contact.Thermal expansion is the increase in an object’s dimension due to heating.Stress occurs when an object is exposed to a force.Process Chemicals•Semiconductor manufacturing requires extensive chemicals.• A chemical solution is a chemical mixture. The solvent is the component of the solution present in larger amount. The dissolved substances are the solutes.•Acids are solutions that contain hydrogen and dissociate in water to yield hydronium ions. A base is a substance that contains the OH chemical group and dissociates in water to yield the hydroxide ion, OH-.•The pH scale is used to assess the strength of a solution as an acid or base. The pH scale varies from 0 to 14, with 7 being the neutral point. Acids have pH below 7 and bases have pH values above 7.• A solvent is a substance capable of dissolving another substance to form a solution.• A bulk chemical distribution (BCD) system is often used to deliver liquid chemicals to the process tools. Some chemicals are not suitable for BCD and instead use point-of-use (POU) delivery, which means they are stored and used at the process station.•Gases are generally categorized as bulk gases or specialty gases. Bulk gases are the relatively simple gases to manufacture and are traditionally oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, helium and argon.The specialty gases, or process gases, are other important gases used in a wafer fab, and usually supplied in low volume.•Specialty gases are usually transported to the fab in metal cylinders.•The local gas distribution system requires a gas purge to flush out undesirable residual gas. Gas delivery systems have special piping and connections systems. A gas stick controls the incoming gas at the process tool.•Specialty gases may be classified as hydrides, fluorinated compounds or acid gases.Chapter 6Contamination Control in Wafer FabsIntroduction•Modern semiconductor manufacturing is performed in a cleanroom, isolated from the outside environment and contaminants.Types of contamination•Cleanroom contamination has five categories: particles, metallic impurities, organic contamination, native oxides and electrostatic discharge. Killer defects are those causes of failure where the chip fails during electrical test.Particles: objects that adhere to a wafer surface and cause yield loss. A particle is a killer defect if it is greater than one-half the minimum device feature size.Metallic impurities: the alkali metals found in common chemicals. Metallic ions are highly mobile and referred to as mobile ionic contaminants (MICs).Organic contamination: contains carbon, such as lubricants and bacteria.Native oxides: thin layer of oxide growth on the wafer surface due to exposure to air.Electrostatic discharge (ESD): uncontrolled transfer of static charge that can damage the microchip.Sources and Control of Contamination•The sources of contamination in a wafer fab are: air, humans, facility, water, process chemicals, process gases and production equipment.Air: class number designates the air quality inside a cleanroom by defining the particle size and density.Humans: a human is a particle generator. Humans wear a cleanroom garment and follow cleanroom protocol to minimize contamination.Facility: the layout is generally done as a ballroom (open space) or bay and chase design.Laminar airflow with air filtering is used to minimize particles. Electrostatic discharge iscontrolled by static-dissipative materials, grounding and air ionization.Ultrapure deiniozed (DI) water: Unacceptable contaminants are removed from DI water through filtration to maintain a resistivity of 18 megohm-cm. The zeta potential represents a charge on fine particles in water, which are trapped by a special filter. UV lamps are used for bacterial sterilization.Process chemicals: filtered to be free of contamination, either by particle filtration, microfiltration (membrane filter), ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis (or hyperfiltration).Process gases: filtered to achieve ultraclean gas.Production equipment: a significant source of particles in a fab.Workstation design: a common layout is bulkhead equipment, where the major equipment is located behind the production bay in the service chase. Wafer handling is done with robotic wafer handlers. A minienvironment is a localized environment where wafers are transferred on a pod and isolated from contamination.Wafer Wet Cleaning•The predominant wafer surface cleaning process is with wet chemistry. The industry standard wet-clean process is the RCA clean, consisting of standard clean 1 (SC-1) and standard clean 2 (SC-2).•SC-1 is a mixture of ammonium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide and DI water and capable of removing particles and organic materials. For particles, removal is primarily through oxidation of the particle or electric repulsion.•SC-2 is a mixture of hydrochloric acid, hydrogen peroxide and DI water and used to remove metals from the wafer surface.•RCA clean has been modified with diluted cleaning chemistries. The piranha cleaning mixture combines sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide to remove organic and metallic impurities. Many cleaning steps include an HF last step to remove native oxide.•Megasonics(兆声清洗) is widely used for wet cleaning. It has ultrasonic energy with frequencies near 1 MHz. Spray cleaning will spray wet-cleaning chemicals onto the wafer. Scrubbing is an effective method for removing particles from the wafer surface.•Wafer rinse is done with overflow rinse, dump rinse and spray rinse. Wafer drying is done with spin dryer or IPA(异丙醇) vapor dry (isopropyl alcohol).•Some alternatives to RCA clean are dry cleaning, such as with plasma-based cleaning, ozone and cryogenic aerosol cleaning.Chapter 7Metrology and Defect InspectionIC Metrology•In a wafer fab, metrology refers to the techniques and procedures for determining physical and electrical properties of the wafer.•In-process data has traditionally been collected on monitor wafers. Measurement equipment is either stand-alone or integrated.•Yield is the percent of good parts produced out of the total group of parts started. It is an indicator of the health of the fabrication process.Quality Measures•Semiconductor quality measures define the requirements for specific aspects of wafer fabrication to ensure acceptable device performance.•Film thickness is generally divided into the measurement of opaque film or transparent film. Sheet resistance measured with a four-point probe is a common method of measuring opaque films (e.g., metal film). A contour map shows sheet resistance deviations across the wafer surface.•Ellipsometry is a nondestructive, noncontact measurement technique for transparent films. It works based on linearly polarized light that reflects off the sample and is elliptically polarized.•Reflectometry is used to measure a film thickness based on how light reflects off the top and bottom surface of the film layer. X-ray and photoacoustic technology are also used to measure film thickness.•Film stress is measured by analyzing changes in the radius of curvature of the wafer. Variations in the refractive index are used to highlight contamination in the film.•Dopant concentration is traditionally measured with a four-point probe. The latest technology is the thermal-wave system, which measures the lattice damage in the implanted wafer after ion implantation. Another method for measuring dopant concentration is spreading resistance probe. •Brightfield detection is the traditional light source for microscope equipment. An optical microscope uses light reflection to detect surface defects. Darkfield detection examines light scattered off defects on the wafer surface. Light scattering uses darkfield detection to detectsurface particles by illuminating the surface with laser light and then using optical imaging.•Critical dimensions (CDs) are measured to achieve precise control over feature size dimensions.The scanning electron microscope is often used to measure CDs.•Conformal step coverage is measured with a surface profiler that has a stylus tip.•Overlay registration measures the ability to accurately print photoresist patterns over a previously etched pattern.•Capacitance-voltage (C-V) test is used to verify acceptable charge conditions and cleanliness at the gate structure in a MOS device.Analytical Equipment•The secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is a method of eroding a wafer surface with accelerated ions in a magnetic field to analyze the surface material composition.•The atomic force microscope (AFM) is a surface profiler that scans a small, counterbalanced tip probe over the wafer to create a 3-D surface map.•Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) measures composition on the wafer surface by measuring the energy of the auger electrons. It identifies elements to a depth of about 2 nm. Another instrument used to identify surface chemical species is X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).•Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) uses a beam of electrons that is transmitted through a thin slice of the wafer. It is capable of quantifying very small features on a wafer, such as silicon crystal point defects.•Energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDX) is a widely used X-ray detection method for identifying elements. It is often used in conjunction with the SEM.• A focused ion beam (FIB) system is a destructive technique that focuses a beam of ions on the wafer to carve a thin cross section from any wafer area. This permits analysis of the wafermaterial.Chapter 8Gas Control in Process ChambersEtch process chambers••The process chamber is a controlled vacuum environment where intended chemical reactions take place under controlled conditions. Process chambers are often configured as a cluster tool. Vacuum•Vacuum ranges are low (rough) vacuum, medium vacuum, high vacuum and ultrahigh vacuum (UHV). When pressure is lowered in a vacuum, the mean free path(平均自由行程) increases, which is important for how gases flow through the system and for creating a plasma.Vacuum Pumps•Roughing pumps are used to achieve a low to medium vacuum and to exhaust a high vacuum pump. High vacuum pumps achieve a high to ultrahigh vacuum.•Roughing pumps are dry mechanical pumps or a blower pump (also referred to as a booster). Two common high vacuum pumps are a turbomolecular (turbo) pump and cryopump. The turbo pump is a reliable, clean pump that works on the principle of mechanical compression. The cryopump isa capture pump that removes gases from the process chamber by freezing them.。
半导体常用英语词汇
MFG 常用英文单字Semiconductor半导体导体、绝缘体和半导体主要依据导电系数的大小，决定了电子的移动速度。
导体：金、银、铜、铁、人、水……导电系数大，传导绝缘体：塑料、木头、皮革、纸……导电系数小、传导不半导体：硅中加锗、砷、镓、磷……平时不导电加特定电压后导电Wafer 芯片或晶圆：原意为法国的松饼，饼干上有格子状的饰纹，与FAB内生产的芯片图形类Lot 批；一批芯片中最多可以有25片，最少可以只有一片。
ID Identification的缩写。
用以辨识各个独立的个体，就像公司内每一个人有自己的识别证。
Wafer ID 每一片芯片有自己的芯片刻号，叫Wafer ID。
Lot ID 每一批芯片有自己的批号，叫Lot ID。
Part ID 各个独立的批号可以共享一个型号，叫Part ID。
WIP Work In Process，在制品。
从芯片投入到芯片产品，FAB内各站积存了相当数量的芯片，统称为FAB内的WIP 。
一整个制程又可细分为数百个Stage和Step，每一个Stage所堆积的芯片，称为Stage WIP。
Lot Priority 每一批产品在加工的过程中在WIP中被选择进机台的优先级。
Super Hot Run的优先级为1，视为等级最高，必要时，当Lo上一站加工时，本站便要空着机台等待Super Hot RuHot Run的优先级为2，紧急程度比Super Hot Run次一级。
Normal的优先级为3，视为正常的等级，按正常的派货原则视常班向生产指令而Cycle time 生产周期，FAB Cycle Time 定义为：从芯片投入到芯片产生的这一段时间。
Stage Cycle Time：Lot从进站等候开始到当站加工后出货时间点截Spec. 规格Specification的缩写。
产品在机台加工过程中，每一站均设定规格。
机台加工后，产品或控片经由量测机台量测，该产品加工后，是否在规格内。
半导体常用英语词汇
MFG 常用英文单字Semiconductor半导体导体、绝缘体和半导体主要依据导电系数的大小，决定了电子的移动速度。
导体：金、银、铜、铁、人、水……导电系数大，传导容易绝缘体：塑料、木头、皮革、纸……导电系数小、传导不容易半导体：硅中加锗、砷、镓、磷……平时不导电加特定电压后导电Wafer 芯片或晶圆：原意为法国的松饼，饼干上有格子状的饰纹，与FAB内生产的芯片图形类似。
Lot 批；一批芯片中最多可以有25片，最少可以只有一片。
ID Identification的缩写。
用以辨识各个独立的个体，就像公司内每一个人有自己的识别证。
Wafer ID 每一片芯片有自己的芯片刻号，叫Wafer ID。
Lot ID 每一批芯片有自己的批号，叫Lot ID。
Part ID 各个独立的批号可以共享一个型号，叫Part ID。
WIP Work In Process，在制品。
从芯片投入到芯片产品，FAB内各站积存了相当数量的芯片，统称为FAB内的WIP 。
一整个制程又可细分为数百个Stage和Step，每一个Stage所堆积的芯片，称为Stage WIP。
Lot Priority 每一批产品在加工的过程中在WIP中被选择进机台的优先级。
Super Hot Run的优先级为1，视为等级最高，必要时，当Lot在上一站加工时，本站便要空着机台等待Super Hot Run。
Hot Run的优先级为2，紧急程度比Super Hot Run次一级。
Normal的优先级为3，视为正常的等级，按正常的派货原则，或视常班向生产指令而定。
Cycle time 生产周期，FAB Cycle Time 定义为：从芯片投入到芯片产生的这一段时间。
Stage Cycle Time：Lot从进站等候开始到当站加工后出货时间点截止。
Spec. 规格Specification的缩写。
产品在机台加工过程中，每一站均设定规格。
机台加工后，产品或控片经由量测机台量测，该产品加工后，是否在规格内。
半导体行业专业知识-wafer知识
半导体行业专业知识 - Wafer 知识在半导体行业中，晶圆（Wafer）是一种重要的概念。
晶圆是半导体工厂生产芯片的基础，它通过光刻技术在上面刻出芯片上的电路和电子元器件。
本文将介绍一些关于晶圆的基础知识，以及与晶圆相关的工艺流程。
晶圆的基础知识晶圆又被称为衬底，它是由单晶硅材料制成，并且表面非常平整。
在制造晶圆时，首先需要采用化学气相沉积等技术将硅石及硅片中的多晶硅转化为单晶硅，然后通过超细磨片技术将硅块加工成薄而平整的圆盘，这就是晶圆。
晶圆的尺寸通常是指直径，主要有6英寸、8英寸、12英寸等几种规格，现在逐渐向更大的尺寸发展，如14英寸、18英寸等。
硅晶圆的制造工艺中还要注意晶圆表面的净化、去除有机污染物、消除缺陷等问题，以保证芯片的质量。
晶圆与半导体工艺晶圆在半导体工艺中起着至关重要的作用，通过晶圆衬底上的光阻和掩膜，施加光照、刻蚀等工艺，形成电路和元器件。
晶圆工艺的步骤如下：前处理前处理是指在晶圆上形成光阻和其他掩膜准备工作。
这个过程主要分为清洗、干燥、回流、涂敷、曝光等步骤，这些过程保证了晶圆表面的平整和光阻的黏附性，以及涂敷的厚度和误差。
离子注入离子注入通常是指将外界材料掺入晶圆内部，以改变晶圆中的电子元器件的性质。
这个过程中要注意注入能量、保证注入的均匀性等问题。
薄膜沉积薄膜沉积是指在晶圆表面上沉积一层新的材料，如金属、氧化物，以增加芯片的实用性。
这个过程包括物理气相沉积、化学气相沉积等技术。
集成电路制造集成电路的制造是指将电子器件和电路的制造过程，与晶圆上的光阻和掩膜相结合，对晶圆表面进行刻蚀、沉积等工艺，最终制成电子元器件。
本文简单介绍了晶圆在半导体工艺中的重要作用，以及晶圆的基础知识和工艺流程。
虽然前沿技术的发展迅速，但是晶圆作为半导体工厂的基础，仍然是半导体行业中至关重要的一环。
半导体行业的英单词和术语
半导体行业的英单词和术语1. Semiconductor（半导体）：指一种导电性能介于导体和绝缘体之间的材料，广泛应用于电子器件中。
3. Integrated Circuit（集成电路）：简称IC，将大量的微小电子元件（如晶体管、电阻、电容等）集成在一块半导体芯片上。
4. Transistor（晶体管）：一种半导体器件，具有放大信号和开关功能，是现代电子设备的基础组件。
5. Diode（二极管）：一种具有单向导通特性的半导体器件，常用于整流、稳压等电路。
6. MOSFET（金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管）：一种常见的晶体管类型，广泛应用于放大器和开关电路。
7. CMOS（互补金属氧化物半导体）：一种集成电路技术，采用NMOS和PMOS晶体管组合，具有低功耗、高集成度等优点。
8. Wafer（晶圆）：指经过切割、抛光等工艺处理的半导体材料，用于制造集成电路。
9. Photolithography（光刻）：在半导体制造过程中，利用光刻技术将电路图案转移到晶圆上的过程。
10. Etching（刻蚀）：在半导体制造过程中，通过化学反应或物理方法去除晶圆表面不需要的材料。
11.掺杂（Doping）：在半导体材料中引入其他元素，以改变其导电性能。
12. Chip（芯片）：指经过封装的集成电路，是电子设备的核心组成部分。
13. PCB（印刷电路板）：一种用于支撑和连接电子元件的板材，上面布满了导电线路。
14. Moore's Law（摩尔定律）：指集成电路上可容纳的晶体管数量大约每两年翻一番，预测了半导体行业的发展趋势。
15. EDA（电子设计自动化）：指利用计算机软件辅助设计电子系统，包括电路设计、仿真、验证等环节。
16. Foundry（代工厂）：专门为其他公司生产半导体芯片的企业。
17. Semiconductor Equipment Manufacturer（半导体设备制造商）：为半导体行业提供生产设备的公司。