劳动经济学(不含论述)
劳动经济学—需求

(三)劳动力需求弹性的决定因素
※ 希克斯—马歇尔派生需求法则 ◆在生产过程中用其他投入代替劳动的 容易程度 ◆其他投入的供给弹性 ◆最终产品的需求弹性 ◆在总生产成本中劳动成本的比重
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四、短期需求与长期需求比较
W DS2
DS1
W1 W0
c
b a DL
O
L2
L1 L0
L
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小结:
当工资率提高时,长期与短期相比,劳 动力需求下降得更多;反之,工资率下降时, 长期与短期相比,劳动力需求增加得越多。即 长期劳动力需求比短期劳动力需求的弹性大。
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(二)成本最小化与劳动力需求
等产量线
等成本线
最佳生产方法
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为 什 么 不 换 一 种 思 路 ?
成本最9
特别提示:
技术系数是指企业 生产一定量某种产品所 需要的要素投入的组合 比例;技术系数分为可 变与固定两类。 当资本和劳动力的 搭配系数固定时,企业 的劳动力需求根本上取 决于产出水平,如右图所 示。
※完全竞争的产品市场的边际收入
边际收入=产品的边际生产力×产品价格 (边际生产力是指如果其它条件不变,每增加一个单位的生产要素的投 入所增加的产量)
※卖方垄断的产品市场的边际收入
边际收入=产品的边际生产力×产品原价格-供给量×价格降低的部分
(2)边际成本
指每单位产量增加时的总成本的增加部分(Δ C/Δ X) 例题
★技术进步对劳动需求的影响
技术进步对劳动力需求量如何发挥影响,取决于:(1)在生产 等量产品时劳动与资本可以获得何种程度的节约;(2)通过下调产 品价格,以及企业利润、劳动者收入的变化,能在多大程度上增加 产品需求。 技术进步对劳动力需求的影响表现在:一是使企业能以较少 的劳动投入生产既定的产品产量,减少劳动力需求量;二是使生产 成本降低,产品价格下降,产品销量上升,产出规模扩大,从而使劳 动力需求量增加。 在单个企业中或范围较小的经济体中,技术的进步有可能导 致劳动力需求量的减少,但在范围较大的经济体中,技术进步则很 有可能通过收入的增加,带来对商品和服务消费的增长,从而创造 出为提供新增消费而产生的劳动力需求。
200劳动经济学(第五版) 胡学勤

(四) 人力资源是当今社会第一资源
如果说农业社会主要是依靠自然资源和人的 简单劳动创造财富的社会,工业社会主要 是依靠资本投资和技术创造财富的社会, 那么当今社会主要是依靠人力资源的开发 与利用创造财富的社会。也即在自然资源 、资本资源(物质资本和金融资本)和人 力资源中,社会经济的发展最重要的是人 力资源。对此可用以下四种理论解说。
按其繁重程度 ➢ 重劳动、轻劳动 按其复杂程度 ➢ 简单劳动、复杂劳动 按劳动者熟练程度 ➢ 熟练劳动、非熟练劳动 德国学者L.拉佩(1999) ➢ 自我劳动 ➢ 谋生劳动(职业劳动) ➢ 社会劳动(有益集体的劳动) 我国社会保障部劳动工资研究所课
题组(三类四种)
➢ 三类:创新劳动、重复劳动、 混合劳动
(一)孕育阶段
古希腊和古罗马时期——17世纪,一些 学者提出相关的劳动经济思想及理论观点。
1.古希腊和古罗马时期的劳动经济思想 2.欧洲中世纪的劳动经济思想 3.重商主义的劳动经济思想
在劳动经济学的孕育阶段,尽管 许多学者提出了不少的劳动经济观 点,但是,他们的论述还是质朴的、 零散的、没有形成独立的思想体系。
(二)形成阶段
17世纪——20世纪20年代,劳动经济学进入 了形成阶段,成为经济科学和管理科学的重要组 成部分。
其形成主要表现在:
1.古典经济学为劳动经济学形成奠定了基础 2.历史和制度学派对劳动力市场理论形成提 供了制度研究方法
3.新古典经济学为劳动经济学的形成提供了 新的分析方法和理论
理论界对人力资源概念的表述有三种:
①指在业的人力,即指以合法劳动创造社会财 富和提供劳务的人;
②指劳动力资源,即指具有劳动能力的劳动者 的总称;
劳动经济学课程复习知识点

(三)企业目标对劳动需求的影响:在生产技术既定的条件下,企业的劳动需求
还受到企业目标的影响。(1)企业以利润最大化作为其目标。(2)企业以就业作为目标。(3)企业以管理效用最大化和销售收入最大化作为目标。
劳动经济学课程复习知识点
一、名词解释
1、劳动:在有些情况下,劳动是指“劳动力”。而在其他情况下,它可能指劳动过程或一种有目的的工作或活动。
2、劳动力:劳动力又特指在一定的年龄范围内,具有劳动能力和劳动要求,愿意参加付酬的市场性劳动的全部人口。没有就业意愿或就业要求的人口不属于劳动力的范畴。
3、劳动需求的工资弹性:劳动需求的工资弹性是指当工资率变化一个百分率所引起的劳动需求变化的百分率的比值。
三、论述题
1.效率工资理论的内容(结合高薪养廉)
(1)一个员工的劳动生产率,因为人力资本所导致的能力不同而产生了不同的生产率。组织对员工的激励影响生产率的浮动。报酬制度的设计的焦点是员工激励目标及其实现手段的研究。
(2)一个员工在不同时间或不同工作环境下的生产率是可变的,这取决于对其的激励机制。对人的管理其要点在于发挥其主观能动性。这取决于管理的技巧和行之有效的报酬激励制度。
自由市场模式:政府培训项目涉及人数极少,主要目的在于帮助最困难的劳动力就业。其他项目都是由私营部门提供的。
9、失业的类型
(一)摩擦性失业。产生原因:因为职业市场的信息是不完全的,有职位空缺的雇主和寻找工作的人互相之间,需要花时间去寻找,产生了在工作和进出劳动力之间的持续流动过程。减少摩擦失业的公共政策:在劳动力市场上增大工作信息的流动。
《劳动经济学》(作者Borjas)第五章习题答案

CHAPTER 55-1. Suppose the labor supply curve is upward sloping and the labor demand curve is downward sloping. The study of economic trends over a particular time period reveals that the wage recently fell while employment levels rose. Which curve must have shifted and in which direction to produce this effect?If the supply curve does not shift, all wage and employment movements must occur along the supply curve, so that the wage rate and the employment level must move in the same direction. Because the wage went down while employment went up in the situation described in the question, it must have been the case that the supply curve shifted outwards (to the right). We do not have enough information to determine whether the demand curve shifted as well.5-2. It takes time to produce a new economist, and prospective economists base their career decision by looking only at current wages across various professions. Further, the labor supply curve of economists is much more elastic than the labor demand curve. Suppose the market is now in equilibrium, but that the demand for economists suddenly rises because a new activist government in Washington wants to initiate many new programs that require the input of economists. Illustrate the trend in the employment and wages of economists as the market adjusts to this increase in demand.Initially, the market is in equilibrium at a wage w0 and an employment level of E0. The increase the demand for economists results in a new equilibrium wage of w1 and a new equilibrium employment level of E1. However, the demand for economists in the short-run is inelastic at E0, so the demand increase simply leads to a rise in the wage of economists (as indicated by point 1). In the next period, students believe this wage will persist and oversupply the market so that the cobweb leads to a new wage at point 2. In the next period, students undersupply (because the wage is too low) and the cobweb leads to a new wage at point 3, and so on. Because of the relative elasticities of supply and demand (as drawn), the cobweb is exploding and will never converge to a stable equilibrium.5-3. Suppose the supply curve of physicists is given by w = 10 + 5E , while the demand curve is given by w = 50 – 3E . Calculate the equilibrium wage and employment level. Suppose now that the demand for physicists increases and the new demand curve is given by w = 70 – 3E . Assume this market is subject to cobwebs. Calculate the wage and employment level in each round as the wage and employment levels adjust to the demand shock. (Recall that each round occurs on the demand curve – when the firm posts a wage and hires workers). What is the new equilibrium wage and employment level?The initial equilibrium is given by 10 + 5E = 50 – 3E . Solving these two equations simultaneously implies that w = $35 and E S = E D = 5. When demand increases to w = 70 – 3E , the new equilibrium wage is $47.5 and the equilibrium level of employment is 7.5.Round Wage Employment1 $55.0 52 $43.0 93 $50.2 6.64 $45.9 8.05 $48.4 7.26 $46.9 7.77 $47.8 7.48 $47.2 7.6The table gives the values for the wage and employment levels in each round. The values in the table are calculated by noting that in any given period the number of physicists is inelastically supplied, so that the wage is determined by the demand curve. Given this wage, the number of economists available in the next period is calculated. By round 7, the market wage rate is within 30 cents of the new equilibrium.01 w 1w 0W age5-4. The 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) made it illegal for employers in the United States to knowingly hire illegal aliens. The legislation, however, has not reduced the flow of illegal aliens into the country. As a result, it has been proposed that the penalties against employers who break the law be increased substantially. Suppose that illegal aliens, who tend to be less skilled workers, are complements with native workers. What will happen to the wage of native workers if the penalties for hiring illegal aliens increase?A substantial increase in the penalties associated with hiring illegal aliens will likely reduce the number of illegal aliens entering the United States. The effect of this shift in the size of the illegal alien flow on the marginal product (and hence the demand curve) of native workers hinges on whether illegal aliens are substitutes or complements with natives. As it is assumed that natives and illegal aliens are complements, a cut in the number of illegal aliens reduces the value of the marginal product of natives, shifting down the demand for native labor, and decreasing native wages and employment.5-5. Suppose a firm is a perfectly discriminating monopsonist. The government imposes a minimum wage on this market. What happens to wages and employment?A perfectly discriminating monopsonist faces a marginal cost of labor curve that is identical to the supply curve. As a result, the employment level of a perfectly discriminating monopsonist equals theemployment level that would be observed in a competitive market (at E *) The imposition of a minimum wage at w MIN leads to the same result as in a competitive market: the firm will only want to hire E D workers as w MIN is now the marginal cost of labor, but E S workers will want to find work at the minimum wage. Thus, the wage increases, but employment falls.DollarsE w w *S D5-6. What happens to wages and employment if the government imposes a payroll tax on amonopsonist? Compare the response in the monopsonistic market to the response that would have been observed in a competitive labor market.Initially, the monopsonist hires E M workers at a wage of w M . The imposition of a payroll tax shifts the demand curve to VMP ′, and lowers employment to E ′ and the wage to w ′. Thus, the effect of imposing a payroll tax on a monopsonist is qualitatively the same as imposing a payroll tax in a competitive labor market: lower wages and employment. (It is interesting to note that the same result comes about if the payroll tax is placed on workers, so that the labor supply and marginal cost of labor curves shift as opposed to labor demand.)5-7. An economy consists of two regions, the North and the South. The short-run elasticity of labor demand in each region is –0.5. The within-region labor supply is perfectly inelastic. The labormarket is initially in an economy-wide equilibrium, with 600,000 people employed in the North and 400,000 in the South at the wage of $15 per hour. Suddenly, 20,000 people immigrate from abroad and initially settle in the South. They possess the same skills as the native residents and also supply their labor inelastically.(a) What will be the effect of this immigration on wages in each of the regions in the short run (before any migration between the North and the South occurs)?There will be no effect on the North’s labor supply in the short run, so the wage rate will not change there. In the South, labor supply will have increased by 5 percent, so the wage rate must fall by 5/(0.5) = 10 percent (recall that the elasticity of labor demand is -0.5, so a one percent decrease in wages would have been generated by a 0.5 percent expansion of the labor supply). The new hourly wage in the South, therefore, is $13.50 and total employment in the South is 420,000.DollarsEmploymentw M w ′(b) Suppose 1,000 native-born persons per year migrate from the South to the North in response to every dollar differential in the hourly wage between the two regions. What will be the ratio of wages in the two regions after the first year native labor responds to the entry of the immigrants?After the initial migration, we have seen that wages in the South are $13.50 while wages in the North are $15. This difference leads 1,500 natives migrating from the South to the North in the first year. Employment in the North after one year, therefore is 601,500. Moreover, as the elasticity of labor demand in the North is -0.5 and employment has increased by 0.25 percent, the Northern wage falls by 0.5 percent to roughly $14.93. Likewise, employment in the South after one year is 418,500. As the elasticity of labor demand is -0.5 and employment has decreased by 0.3571 percent, the Southern wage increases by0.71428 percent to roughly $13.60. Thus, the ratio of the Northern to Southern wage after one year is1.09779.(c) What will be the effect of this immigration on wages and employment in each of the regions in the long run (after native workers respond by moving across regions to take advantage of whatever wage differentials may exist)? Assume labor demand does not change in either region.In the long run, people must move from the South to the North to equalize the wage rates in the two regions. Since the wages were equal in the two regions before the influx of immigrants, and they also must be equal after things settle down, the proportional decrease in the wage rate should be the same in the North and in the South. Because the elasticity of labor demand is the same in the two regions, this last observation implies that the percentage increase in employment in the North must be the same as the percentage increase in employment in the South. Thus, as 60 percent of the original workers were employed in the North, 60 percent of the 20,000 increase in Southern employment will eventually migrate to the North. In the long run, therefore, total Northern employment will be 612,000 while total Southern employment will be 408,000. (Note: there is no presumption that only immigrants further migrate to the North.) In each region, therefore, employment increases by 2 percent in the long run, i.e., 12,000 is 2 percent of 600,000 and 8,000 is 2 percent of 400,000. (This can also be seen immediately as 20,000 is 2 percent of the 1 million workers.) Now, given that the elasticity of labor demand is -0.5, the 2 percent increase in employment will cause the wage rate to fall by 4 percent. Hence, the long-run equilibrium hourly wage will be $14.40.5-8. Chicken Hut faces perfectly elastic demand for chicken dinners at a price of $6 per dinner. The Hut also faces an upward sloped labor supply curve ofE = 20w – 120,where E is the number of workers hired each hour and w is the hourly wage rate. Thus, the Hut faces an upward sloped marginal cost of labor curve ofMC E = 6 + 0.1E.Each hour of labor produces 5 dinners. (The cost of each chicken is $0 as the Hut receives two-day old chickens from Hormel for free.) How many workers should Chicken Hut hire each hour to maximize profits? What wage will Chicken Hut pay? What are Chicken Hut’s hourly profits?First, solve for the labor demand curve: VMP E = P x MP E = $6 x 5 = $30. Thus, every worker is valued at $30 per hour by Chicken Hut. Now, setting VMP E = MC E yields 30 = 6 + .1E which implies E* = 240. Thus, Chicken Hut will hire 240 workers every hour. Further, according to the labor supply curve, 240 workers can be hired at an hourly wage of $18. Finally, Chicken Hut’s profits are Π = 240(5)($6) –240($18) = $2,880.5-9. Polly’s Pet Store has a local monopoly on the grooming of dogs. The daily inverse demand curve for pet grooming is:P = 20 – 0.1Qwhere P is the price of each grooming and Q is the number of groomings given each day. This implies that Polly’s marginal revenue is:MR = 20 – 0.2Q.Each worker Polly hires can groom 20 dogs each day. What is Polly’s labor demand curve as a function of w, the daily wage that Polly takes as given?As each worker can groom 20 dogs each day, and using Q = 20E, we have thatVMP E = MR x MP E = ( 20 – 0.2Q ) (20) = (20 – 4E)(20) = 400 – 80E.Thus, as Polly’s demand for labor satisfies VMP E = w, we have that her labor demand curve isE = 5 – 0.0125w.5-10. The Key West Parrot Shop has a monopoly on the sale of parrot souvenir caps in Key West. The inverse demand curve for caps is:P = 30 – 0.4 Qwhere P is the price of a cap and Q is the number of caps sold per hour. Thus, the marginal revenue for the Parrot Shop is:MR = 30 – 0.8Q.The Parrot Shop is the only employer in town, and faces an hourly supply of labor given by:w = 0.9E + 5where w is the hourly wage rate and E is the number of workers hired each hour. The marginal cost associated with hiring E workers, therefore, is:MC E = 1.8E + 5.Each worker produces two caps per hour. How many workers should the Parrot Shop hire each hour to maximize its profit? What wage will it pay? How much will it charge for each cap?First, as Q = 2E, the labor demand curve isVMP E = MR x MP E = (30 – 0.8Q)(2) = 60 – 1.6Q = 60 – 3.2E.Setting VMP E equal to MC E and solving for E yields E = 11. Eleven workers can be hired at a wage of.9(11) + 5 = $14.99 per hour. The 11 workers make 22 caps each hour, and the 22 caps can be sold at a price of 30 – 0.4(22) = $21.20 each.5-11. Ann owns a lawn mowing company. She has 400 lawns she needs to cut each week. Her weekly revenue from these 400 lawns is $20,000. If given an 18-inch deck push mower, a low-skill worker can cut each lawn in two hours. If given a 60-inch deck riding mower, a low-skill worker can cut the lawn in 30 minutes. Low-skilled labor is supplied inelastically at $5.00 per hour. Each laborer works 8 hours a day and 5 days each week.(a) If Ann decides to have her workers use push mowers, how many push mowers will Ann rent and how many workers will she hire?As each worker can cut a lawn in 2 hours, it follows that each worker can cut 4 lawns in a day or 20 lawns in a week. Therefore, Ann would need to rent 20 push mowers and hire 20 workers in order to cut all 400 lawns each week.(b) If she decides to have her workers use riding mowers, how many riding mowers will Ann rent and how many workers will she hire?As each worker can cut a lawn in 30 minutes, it follows that each worker can cut 16 lawns in a day or 80 lawns in a week. Therefore, Ann would need to rent 5 riding mowers and hire 5 workers in order to cut all 400 lawns each week.(c) Suppose the weekly rental cost (including gas and maintenance) for each push mower is $250 and the weekly rental cost (including gas and maintenance) of each riding mower is $1,800. What equipment will Ann rent? How many workers will she employ? How much profit will she earn?If Ann uses push mowers, her weekly cost of mowers is $250(20) = $5,000 while her weekly labor cost is $5(20)(40) = $4,000. Under this scenario, her weekly profit is $11,000. If Ann uses riding mowers, her weekly cost of mowers is $1,800(5) = $9,000 while her weekly labor cost is $5(5)(40) = $1,000. Thus, under this scenario, her weekly profit is $10,000. Therefore, under these conditions, Ann will rent 20 push mowers and employ 20 low-skill workers.(d) Suppose the government imposes a 20 percent payroll tax (paid by employers) on all labor and offers a 20 percent subsidy on the rental cost of capital. What equipment will Ann rent? How many workers will she employ? How much profit will she earn?Under these conditions, the cost of labor has increased to $6.00 per hour, while the rental costs for a push mower and a riding mower have decreased to $200 and $1,440 respectively. Ann’s profits under the two options, therefore, arePush-Profit = $20,000 – $200(20) – $6(20)(40) = $11,200.Rider-Profit = $20,000 – $1,440(5) – $6(5)(40) = $11,600.Thus, under these conditions, Ann rents riding mowers, hires 5 low-skill workers, and earns a weekly profit of $11,600.5-12. In the United States, some medical procedures can only be administered to a patient by a doctor while other procedures can be administered by a doctor, nurse, or lab technician. What might be the medical reasons for this? What might be the economic reasons for this?The American Medical Association might argue that doctors have more training and experience than nurses, and therefore, are the only professionals who can make certain decisions or perform certain procedures.Economically, the AMA has an incentive to restrict the number of people who can practice medicine (or perform certain procedures) in order to keep doctor wages high. If nurses were allowed to do everything they were capable of, fewer doctors would be demanded, and doctor wages would fall. From an economic viewpoint, therefore, the AMA restricts the supply of doctors, which keeps doctor wages artificially high.WageW restW unrestRestricted Supply ofDoctorsUnrestricted Supplyof DoctorsL rest L unrest Services Provided by DoctorsLabor Market For Medical Services Provided by Doctors。
《劳动经济学》

聊城大学管理学院函授《劳动经济学》习题一一、名词解释1. 劳动力市场2. 派生需求3.基本工资4.一般培训5.菲利浦斯曲线二、单项选择题1.一般来说,人口总量增多,则劳动力资源()。
A.增加 B.减少 C.不变 D.不确定2.新古典学派的()提出了创立关于劳动力需求和供给的关键性理论概念。
A.马歇尔 B.舒尔茨 C.亚当·斯密 D.希克斯3.两种劳动力间为总互补关系时,其交叉工资弹性为()。
A.正 B.负 C.零 D.任意值4.我国实行的最低工资制度是()。
A.统一数额的最低工资标准 B.不同行业中规定不同的最低工资标准C.只在某些部门中实行最低工资标准 D.按地区规定不同的最低工资标准5.实行计件工资制,工人低生产率的风险主要由()承担。
A.企业 B.工人 C.政府 D.社会6.一般培训的成本通常由()来支付。
A.企业 B.员工C.政府D.社会7.集体谈判的双方为()。
A.雇主和员工 B.雇主和工会C.雇主和政府D.政府和工会8.现代社会保障制度是工业社会的产物,发源于()。
A.英国 B.德国C.法国D.美国9.劳动资源的稀缺性,是( )。
A.相对的 B.绝对的C.既不相对也不绝对的 D.既相对也绝对的10.下列关于无差异曲线的论述,不正确的是( )。
A.无差异曲线随主体偏好不同而具有不同的形状B.同一主体的无差异曲线绝对不能相交C.离原点越远的无差异曲线所代表的效用越低D.无差异曲线的斜率恒为负值三、判断题1.劳动力就是指人的劳动能力。
()2.在劳动力供给假设中,劳动者追求收入最大化。
()3.在长期中,所有的生产要素都可以进行变动。
()4.最低工资立法维持了公认的基本生活需要,增加了社会就业数量。
()5.工会的作用主要体现在它是工人经济利益的代表。
()6.充分就业是指一个国家或社会的就业率达到了100%。
()7.目前世界各国普遍采取投保资助模式的养老保险,费用由国家、企业、个人三方共同承担。
《劳动经济学》第六章考点手册

《劳动经济学》第六章工资理论考点32 工资的演变历史和工资的本质(★三级考点,选择、填空、简答)1.工资的演变历史:工资的概念经历了从实物工资,到货币工资;从货币工资,再演化为工资和薪水的区分;从纯粹意义上的工资制度,发展到今天包含非货币福利和延期支付的薪酬或报酬,这样一个逐渐演变的历史过程。
2.工资的本质:(1)工资是雇佣劳动的报酬。
这一表达强调了工资与“雇佣”联系的本质特性。
工资制度起源于古代,它是从古代的军队里发展起来的。
(2)工资概念的外延:①【工资】被定义为根据雇员是否达到某种事先建立的标准、个人或团队目标或公司收入标准而浮动的报酬。
②薪酬,即雇员作为雇佣关系中的一方所得到的各种货币收入,以及各种具体的服务和福利。
包括基本工资、奖金、股票期权、企业股份所带来的收益以及雇主为雇员缴纳的养老基金等。
3.工资和薪水的区别(3点)【选择、简答】(1)支付方式不同。
工资通常则是雇主以现金的方式直接支付给雇员一种报酬形式,而薪水通常是雇主通过银行再转移支付给雇员的报酬形式。
(2)支付时间不同。
薪水通常是以月或年作单位,定期支付给雇员;而工资则以日或周,对雇员劳动或者服务的一种支付。
(3)支付对象不同。
一般而言,将以工作品质要求为主的报酬支付称为薪水,而以工作数量要求为主的报酬支付称为工资。
换言之,劳心者的收入为薪水,而劳力者的收入为工资。
考点33 影响工资确定的因素(★★★一级考点,选择、填空、简答、论述)1.总体而言,影响工资确定的因素可分为内在因素和外在因素两大类。
(一)内在要素所谓影响工资确定的内在因素是指与工作特性及状况有关的因素。
(1)员工的劳动和工作努力程度(2)职务高低与权力大小(3)技术和训练水平(4)工作的时间性(5)劳动条件,特别是工作的危险性(6)附加福利(7)风俗习惯(8)年龄和工龄(二)外在要素影响工资确定的外在因素是指与工作特性及状况无关,但又同时构成对工资本身确定具有重大影响的一些市场经济因素。
劳动经济学劳动力供给曲线
劳动力市场上的收入效应
纯收入效应:在工资率保持不变的情况 下,个人收入变动引起的工作时间的变化。 用公式表示如下:收入效应=△H/△I。
工资率上升→实际收入水平提高→增加闲暇消费→ 减少工作时间
供给曲线:表示价格与供给量之间关系的 曲线。
用需求理论推导:(推导的可能性?)
需求:一定时期内消费者在每一个价格水平 下愿意而且能够购买的商品和劳务的数量。
需求规律:在影响需求的其他因素不变的情 况下,某种商品的需求量与这种商品的价 格之间存在着反向变动关系。
需求曲线:表示价格与需求量之间关系的曲 线。
来源是享受闲暇和享受物品和劳务
闲暇时间、市场工作时间
理论扩展分析模型中是市场工作时间和非市 场工作时间。
关于劳动力计量:
个人
工时:每日(周、月、年)工时 工日:每周日、每月工作日、每年工作日 工年:一生工作年(职业生涯)
企业 人数:每日(周、月、年)人数
社会 人数:每日(周、月、季度、年)人数
(二)个人劳动力供给曲线推导
第二章 劳动力供给分析
第一节 劳动力供给曲线 第二节 劳动力供给行为
劳动力供给是指在一定的市场工资率的条件下, 劳动力供给的决策主体(家庭或个人)愿意并能 够提供的劳动时间。
劳动力供给者提供一定量劳动时间所愿意接受的 工资率称之为劳动力供给价格。
在市场经济中,劳动力供给的决策主体是劳动者 家庭或个人。
企业、行业所面临的劳动力供给曲线
(一)劳动力供给弹性
定义:因工资率变化而引起的劳动力供 给的相应变动率。其计算公式是劳动力供 给量变动的百分比与工资率变动百分比的 比值。
劳动经济学重要简答题
劳动经济学重要简答题
劳动经济学是研究劳动市场和劳动力供求关系的经济学分支。
下面是劳动经济学中的一些重要简答题。
1. 什么是劳动经济学?
劳动经济学是研究劳动力供求、劳动市场和劳动条件等与劳动有关的经济现象和问题的学科。
2. 劳动力供给和劳动力需求的影响因素有哪些?
劳动力供给的影响因素包括人口数量和结构、教育水平、技能水平、劳动力参与率等。
劳动力需求的影响因素包括经济增长、企业生产规模、技术进步、资本投资和就业成本等。
3. 什么是劳动力市场?
劳动力市场是劳动力供给和劳动力需求相互作用的市场。
在劳动力市场上,个体劳动者将劳动力提供给企业或雇主,而企业或雇主则支付工资以获取所需的劳动力。
4. 劳动力市场的主要特征有哪些?
劳动力市场的主要特征包括供需关系、工资率、就业率、失业率和劳动力流动性等。
5. 什么是劳动力参与率和失业率?
劳动力参与率是指劳动年龄人口中参与劳动力市场的比例。
失业率则是指劳动力市场上愿意工作但找不到工作的人口比例。
6. 技术进步对劳动市场的影响是什么?
技术进步会改变劳动力需求的结构。
某些工作可能因为技术的替代而消失,而其他领域则可能因为技术的进步而出现新的就业机会。
7. 某个国家的劳动力市场怎样影响其经济发展?
劳动力市场的稳定和高效运行对于经济发展至关重要。
一个有良好就业机会、合理工资水平、高就业率的劳动力市场有利于经济增长和社会稳定。
以上是劳动经济学中的一些重要简答题,希望对你的学习有所帮助。
如有更多问题,请继续提问。
(完整word版)劳动经济学课后答案
名词解释:1、派生需求:是由阿弗里德·马歇尔在其《经济学原理》一书中首次提出的经济概念,是指对生产要素的需求,意味着它是由对该要素参与生产的产品的需求派生出来的,又称“引致需求”。
对一种生产要素的需求来自(派生自)对另一种产品的需求。
其中该生产要素对这一最终产品会作贡献,如对轮胎的需求派生自对汽车运输的需求。
1.短期:在短期内可变的生产要素只有劳动力,技术和资本都是不变生产要素。
2.长期:在长期内,劳动力和技术是可变生产要素,只有资本是不变生产要素。
3.卖方垄断企业:指企业在产品市场上市垄断者,但在劳动市场上市完全竞争。
4.买方垄断企业:是指企业劳动力市场是垄断者,而在产品市场上是完全竞争者。
5.替代效应:劳动使用量从LA降低到LB,资本使用量从KA上升到KB,即企业用资本代替了劳动。
6.规模效应:由于工资率的提高,企业使用劳动的边际成本将上升,从而导致企业生产更少的数量,产量的下降将会导致使用劳动数量的下降,图中变现为从B点到C点的移动,劳动数量随之下降。
7.互补性生产要素:当生产要素A的价格下降,数量增加时,对生产要素B的需求上升,则称生产要素A与生产要素B是互补。
8.替代性生产要素:当生产要素A的价格下降,数量增加时,生产要素B的数量下降,则生产要素A是生产要素B的替代性生产要素。
9.劳动需求的工资弹性:a)劳动需求的工资弹性是指当工资率变化一个百分率所引起的劳动需求变化的百分率的比值。
b)公式:ed =-(△L/L)/(△W/W)=-(△L/△W)/(W/L)1.ed为劳动需求的工资弹性,△L和△W分别是劳动需求数量L和工资率W的变动量。
10、劳动的边际产品价值:VMP=MP•P,指的是增加额外一单位劳动要素的投入所带来的收益。
(三)1.劳动力:是人的劳动能力,即人在劳动过程中所运用的体力和智力的总和。
在现代劳动经济学体系中,劳动力又特指在一定年龄范围内,具有劳动能力和劳动要求。
劳动经济学(鲍哈斯版)重点复习题总结
1.论述一个存在着两部门的经济中,最低工资对被覆盖的部门和未被覆盖的部门的影响。(P175)
答:(P154)(图)
如果到最低工资仅仅在被覆盖部门的工作岗位上推行,那么被替代的工作者也许就会移动到未被覆盖的部门,以至供给曲线会向右移动,减少为被覆盖部门的工资。如果获得最低工资工作岗位是容易的,那么在未被覆盖部门工作的工作者也许就会辞去他们的工作,在被覆盖的部门等待,直到一个工作岗位出现,将未被覆盖部门的供给曲线移动到左边,并且提高未被覆盖部门的工资。
第三章
1.什么是新增工作者效应?什么是受阻工作者效应?(P107)
答:
(1)新增工作者效应:指在经济衰退时期由于家中主要劳动力失去工作(家庭收入下降),次级劳动者不得不寻找工作弥补家庭收入损失。因此新增工作者效应意味着次级劳动力参与率具有一种逆(反)周期趋势。
(2)受阻工作者效应:a.指很多失业者在衰退时期感觉找不到工作,于是干脆放弃了(暂时退出);b.隐性失业者——存在受阻工作者效应的结果是劳动参与率具有一种顺应周期趋势。
第十章
1.劳动力市场歧视(论述题):(P444)
答:
Ⅰ.个人偏好性歧视:
构成
利润
雇佣人数
雇主歧视
纯(黑白分明)
↓
↓
雇员歧视
纯(黑白分明)
不变
↓
顾客歧视
①能藏:不分
不变
不变
②不可藏:纯白人
不变
不变
Ⅱ.统计性歧视:来自于群体
素质越高,越遭歧视;反之—
2.请推倒瓦哈卡歧视测度方法。这种统计方法真的能测度歧视对受影响群体的相对工资的影响吗?(P444)(计算题)
(1)女性真实工资的明显提高;
(2)生育行为的变化:①生育观念变化(不愿生);②市场工资的提高也使得抚养孩子成为一种昂贵的家庭活动,因而成为家中孩子数减少的原因之一——③致使妇女的保留工资的下降,更愿意进入劳动力市场;
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一章导论
1劳动经济学:一门研究在市场经济条件下,劳动力资源的合理配置和有效利用的学科。
2劳动力是一种社会稀缺的资源;其原因有三:
①就量而言:小而言之,企业在进行生产活动中,所能控制和使用的劳动力是有限的。
不论是支付能力与支付意愿的限制,企业所实际获得的劳动力资源相对于企业希望获得的劳动力资源总是稀缺的;大而言之,社会劳动力资源是稀缺与过剩并存的。
社会总需求是增长的、变化的,因而从长期看,劳动力资源是稀缺的。
②就质而言:相对于低质的劳动力,高质量的劳动力资源是稀缺的;相对于现在的产业结构,配置给高新技术产业的劳动力资源是稀缺的。
③就某个具体试点看来,出于对劳动效率的追求,以及由于劳动力资源方面需求方的支付能力和支付意愿的限制,劳动力资源在劳动力市场上可能表现出“过剩”的状况。
3劳动经济学的研究对象:
①劳动力的市场运行和结果;
②劳动力资源的投入与产出机理;
③研究劳动关系及其运动规律;
④研究与劳动相关的问题。
4劳动力市场:①劳动力供求双方双向选择和进行劳动力交换的场所(狭义);②运用市场机制调节劳动力供求关系的组织形式。
5劳动经济学的研究方法:
①一般方法:实证研究法;规范研究法;
②具体方法:社会调查法;实验法;定性分析与定量分析相结合;比较分析法;统计法。
6劳动经济学代表人人物及其观点:
①大卫〃李嘉图:
②希克斯:
7劳动力市场寻访理论:重点在于通过工作寻访理论模型的实证研究,寻访市场的均衡特征,及其对宏观政策调整的启示等——知识性失业的成因分析:
①供给过剩;①寻访预期好,愿意投资;
②供求不匹配,结构性失业;导致:②一般背景好,能承受投资;
③劳动寻访导致等待性失业;③成本大,工作讯号效应。
④教育性镐效应扭曲;
⑤制度性其他原因。
8我国目前较为突出的劳动经济问题
①就业与失业问题:失业与再就业;政府在就业中的地位与作用;经济发展战略与劳动就业问题城市化进程中的新就业问题。
②工资分配与社会保障问题;
③建立完善的劳动力市场问题;
④建立人力资本的投资体制与制度问题。
二章 劳动力供给
1劳动力的一般界定:
①人的劳动能力,是人在劳动过程中所运用的的体力治理的总和。
②有劳动能力、从事劳动活动的人,即劳动者。
③一国或一地区、一部门的劳动者总和。
2劳动力资源:一国或以地区在一定时期内,劳动者群体所具有的认识和改造世界的能力,有体力与智力两部分组成。
3劳动力供给:一定的市场工资率下,劳动力供给决策主体愿意并且能够提供的劳动时间。
4劳动参与率的生命周期:劳动者参与劳动的时间比率,随着年龄的增长呈周期性变化。
5经济景气变动影响劳动参与率:
经济繁荣时由于就业者工资率上升。
家庭收入增加会给家庭劳动参与率造成负面影响,而当经济衰退时会给家庭劳动参与率造成正面影响。
6社会劳动力供给的客观基础:①人口规模;②人口自然结构;③个体身体条件。
7社会劳动力供给的影响因素:
①宏观经济状况:包括宏观经济形势;宏观产业结构;
②国家的社会经济政策:生育政策;
③劳动适应人口规模:
④国家的教育事业发展和受不同教育程度的工资率差距;
⑤人们的商品意识程度与社会分工程度的深浅;
⑥劳动、工资与社会保障制度。
⑦其他因素:社会文化、风俗习惯等。
8劳动参与率=
%100⨯+潜在劳动力资源人数
失业人口数就业人口率
三章劳动力需求
1劳动力需求:社会再生产吸收和容纳劳动力的能力和容量。
四章劳动力市场
1劳动力市场的构成要素:①劳动力;②用人单位;③工资;④劳动力市场组织者。
2劳动力市场的特征:
①劳动者只能被雇佣或租借,劳动者本身不能被买卖;
②劳动者对劳动力拥有不可动摇的所有权;
③劳动力市场的交易活动受多重因素影响;
④劳动者在市场上往往处于不利地位;
⑤劳动力市场存在各种歧视。
3政府爱劳动力市场中的作用(弥补市场失灵):
①硬环境建设:交易场所、信息网络、技能培训基地等的投资建设;
②软环境建设:法律法规等建设;
③直接需求者:政府在劳动力市场上直接雇佣,或增加公共投资间接扩大就业。
五章劳动力流动
1劳动力流动:具有劳动梦里的劳动者为了与生产资料结合的需要,在生产过程之外,在不同的地理区域范围和不同的工作岗位间的迁移和流动。
2劳动力流动的条件:
①劳动力个人所有权的实现;
②不同地区和工作之间存在着经济福利方面的差别(动力);
③社会对劳动者就业的保障程度;
④社会分工造成劳动技巧和工作能力的专门化。
3劳动力流动的形式:
①农业部门→非农部门;②第一、第二产业→第三产业;③体力劳动→脑力劳动;
④农村劳动力→城市劳动力。
4影响劳动力流动的影响因素:
①年龄因素;②教育程度;③迁移距离;④职业与技术等级;
5国际人力资本流动的现状与趋势:
①人力资本主要从发展中国家流向发达国家;
②国际人力资本流动主体的素质较高;
③国际人力资本流动中的不可持续性(马太效应)。
六章人力资本投资
1人力资本:体现在劳动者身上的,以劳动者的数量与质量表示的非物质资本,表现为劳动者在一定之间内所具有一定的健康体魄、操作技能和劳动熟练程度。
2人力资本的投资渠道:①各级正规教育;②在职培训;③健康保健;④劳动力流动。
3人力资本理论的政策意义:
①人力资本的投资是一种生产性投资;
②教育投资应该实行国家、社会和个人三结合模式;
③教育投资应以市场供求关系为依据,艺人李价格的浮动为信号;
④改善人力资本投资结构;
⑤及时充分发挥人力资本的潜能;
⑥建立统一的劳动力市场,优化配置人力资本,提高人力资本投资收益水平。
4中国人力资本投资评价:
中国人力资本总体现状:①总量巨大;
②人才结构性短缺严重;
③人力资源难以向人力资本转变;
④人力资本配置与社会经济发展存在一定脱节。
中国人力资本投资存在的问题:①国家人力资本投入总量不够且投资效率不高;
②人力资本投资结构性短缺;
③企业的人力资本投资不足。