材料成型及控制工程专业英语及翻译
材料成型及控制工程专业英语--4.PLASTIC--FORMING---PROCESSES--AND--DIES解析
As the phenomenon of superplasticity moves from the laboratory into the industrial arena, as in the case of a number of engineering metals, the need for quality and process control during superplastic forming becomes increasingly important.▪Translation Skill —Semantic Extension▪（翻译技巧——常见多功能词的译法）▪多功能词as，it，that，what在科技文章中广泛使用，出现频率很高，有必要提出来重点讨论。
➢as的译法；➢it的译法；➢that的译法；➢what的译法。
as的译法▪1.as 作为介词的译法●as 作为介词可引出主语补足语、宾语补足语、状语、同位语等，可译为“作为”、“为”、“以”、“是”、“当作”等。
●Fire protection engineers define the term explosion as an “effect”produced by a sudden violent expansion of gases.●We take steel as the leading engineering materials.译：消防工程师把爆炸定义为气体瞬时剧烈膨胀的效应。
译：我们把钢作为主要的工程材料。
▪2.as 作为关系代词的译法●as 作为关系代词可以单独使用，也可以与such ，the same等词搭配使用，引导定语从句。
●as单独使用，引导定语从句或省略定语从句时，可译为“正如”或“这”、“这样”等，有时as可略去不译。
●As known to us, inertia(惯性)is an absolute quality possessed by all bodies.●As have been found there are more than a hundred elements. 译：正如我们所知，惯性是所有物体都具有的一种绝对属性。
材料成型及控制工程专业毕业设计(论文)外文翻译
中文2500字本科毕业设计翻译学生姓名：*****班级：*****班学号：*****学院：材料科学与工程学院专业：材料成型及控制工程指导教师：***** 副教授2011年3月25日Section 4 – Die Design and Construction Guidelines for HSS Dies General Guidelines for Die Design and ConstructionDraw DiesHigher than normal binder pressure and press tonnage is necessary with H.S.S. in order to maintain process control and to minimize buckles on the binder. Dies must be designed for proper press type and size. In some cases, a double action press or hydraulic press cushion may be required toachieve the necessary binder forces and control. Air cushions or nitrogen cylinders may not provide the required force for setting of draw beads or maintaining binder closure if H.S.S. is of higher strength or thickness.Draw beads for H.S.S. should not extend around corners of the draw die. This will result in locking out the metal flow and cause splitting in corners of stamping. D raw beads should “run out” at the tangent of the corner radius to minimize metal compression in corners, as shown in figure 16 on page 47. Better grades of die material may be necessary depending on the characteristics of the HSS, the severity of the part geometry, and the production volume. A draw die surface treatment, such as chrome plating, may be recommended for outer panel applications.Form and Flange DiesPart setup in form and flange dies must allow for proper overbend on all flanges for springback compensation. Springback allowance must be increased as material strength increases; 3 degrees for mild steels, but 6 degrees or morefor HSS.Punch radii must be fairly sharp. 1t for lower strength steels. Higher strength steels may require larger radii, but keeping them as small as practical will reduce springback in the sidewalls.Flange steel die clearance must be held to no more than one metal thickness clearance to reduce springback and sidewall curl.Form and flange steels should be keyed or pocketed in the casting to avoid flexing.Flange steels should be designed to wrap over and coin the flange break in order to set the break and reduce springback. See figure 17 on page 48.Die strength must not be compromised with light-weight die construction. High strength steel will require a stiffer die to resist flexing and the resultant part distortions, especially for channel or “hat-section” parts. This type of part can also cause serious die damage if double blanks occur.Cutting DiesTo reduce press tonnage requirements and extend die life, a minimum shear of four to six times metal thickness in twelve inches of trim steel length is recommended.To reduce die maintenance, maximum trim angles should be about 5° to 10°less than those used for mild steel. Trim steels should be keyed or pocketed in casting to avoid flexing. Die clearance should be 7 to 10% of metal thickness.Drawbead TypesConventional Drawbeads Run-out Drawbeads For H.S.S.Lock Beads for Stretch-Form DieFigure 161. Providing a vertical step in the flange stiffens and straightens the flange, stopping sidewall curl as well as springback.2. The addition of stiffening darts helps maintain a 90-degree flange.3. By adding a horizontal step along the flange, the flange is stiffened, resulting in reduced springback.4. Back relief on the upper flange steel allows for extra pressure to be applied futher out on the formed radius.Section 5 – Die Tryout Guidelines for High Strength Steel DiesGeneral Guidelines for Die TryoutDraw DiesHigher draw die binder pressure and press tonnage will be necessary in order to maintain process control and draw parts without buckles. A double action press or a press with hydraulic cushion may be required in some cases to achieve the required binder forces.HSS draw die operations will require sheet steel lubricants that are formulated for extreme pressures. Mill oils will not provide sufficient lubricity for most applications. Pre-lubes or dry film lubricants may be necessary for process control.Die plan view punchline corner radii should be larger than with mild steels to avoid buckling in the corners of the binder.Stretch Form DiesLock beads may require modification to avoid cracking or tearing with higher strength grades of HSS. Opening side walls of beads and enlarging corner radii will avoid cracking of high strength sheet steel. Lock beads should be continuous around the punchline for stretch form dies.For large panels from stretch-form dies, such as a roof panel or hood outer, elastic recovery may result in a shrunken panel that does not fit well on the male die member of the trim or flange dies. This problem is corrected by adding a “plus” factor to the overall part dimensions of the draw die or stretc hform die punch. This “plus” is usually no more than 2.5 mm at the center of the sides and the front, tapering to 0.0mm at the corners of the part profile on the punch. Finish part profile is defined, and plus is removed, in the main flange die.Form and Flange DiesThe punch radius should be fairly sharp with 1 or 2t used for lower strength steel. HSS may require larger radii, but as small as practical to reduce springback of sidewalls.The flange steel radius affects sidewall curl and springback on any offset flanges. This radius should also be small to reduce springback of side flanges. Overbend for springback compensation must be increased as tensile strength increases: 3 degrees is standard for mild steels, but 6 degrees or more will be required for HSS.Flange steel die clearance should be tight, maintaining no more than one metal thickness clearance to reduce springback and sidewall curl.Cutting DiesTo reduce press tonnage requirements and extend die life, a minimum shear of four to six times metal thickness in twelve inches of trim steel length is required.Die clearance should be 7 to 10% of metal thickness for HSS.To reduce trim steel maintenance, reduce maximum trim angles by about 5° to 10° from those used for mild steel. Trim steels should be keyed or pocketed in the casting to avoid flexing.Die Tryout When Using Bake Hardenable SteelIn order to obtain the maximum benefits of BHS, tryout of the dies should be performed as follows: Circle grid analysis must be performed on a panel before any die rework is attempted. With the gridded panel as a reference, the die can be modified to provide a minimum biaxial stretch of 2.0%. Stretch-form or draw dies are best for this material.For rough or functional tryout, it is possible to use mild steel with a 6% to 8% gauge increase to perform the normal process of die preparation. This alleviates complications when the BHS strengthens between each die being tried out. The reason for this is the time lag that normally occurs between a panel being formed and its use in the next operation.When the entire line of dies is ready for approval, all dies must be set in line. Panels should be run through all the die operations consecutively. This will avoid some of the strengthening effects of time delays between stamping operations that can cause variation in panels. Dimensional approval of the panel will be most difficult if this procedure is not followed.The strengthening reaction in the BHS can cause dimensional variation in flanges since springback will vary with time as the strength increases. This is why running the panel through all die operations consecutively is crucial to a successful buyoff.Part BuyoffTo reduce the part buyoff time and eliminate many hours of tryout time, the benefits of functional build must be considered. This procedure has beenproven to save time and money by concentrating on an acceptable sub-assembly rather than making each stamping to part specifications. Those parts that are easiest to change are revised to suit the sub-assembly dimensional targets. Those parts that do not affect the sub-assembly quality are not changed, but the detail part specifications are revised. The functional build process will eliminate excessive tryout hours if used for part buyoff on HSS stampings.In addition to saving tryout time and die rework costs with functional build, lower part variation can also be realized. Two dimensional challenges faced by the die maker when first trying out dies are to reduce the dimensional variation from nominal specifications, and to reduce the short term variationfrom part to part. The typical priority is to first minimize part-to-part variation and later address nominal deviation. A strong argument for this strategy is that the deviation from nominal is not precisely known until a dimensionally consistent part can be evaluated. The results are a dimensionally consistent part even though a number of checkpoints may deviate from nominal, and perhaps even be out of tolerance. In many situations when dimensions on the die are reworked to shift them closer to nominal, they become less stable and result in higher part-to-part variation. The functional build philosophy evaluates the acceptability of the part after it becomes stable, and before minor dimensional shifts are made. Large deviant or critical dimensions may be identified for rework even with functional build. There are dimensions that can often be spared rework based on a functional build approach. In these cases, the part remains more stable and the die more robust because less rework occurs while attempting to shift dimensions.For more information on functional build, refer to the Auto/Steel Partnership publication. “Event-Based Functional Build: An Integrated Approach to Body Development”.第四节-高强度钢模具设计和制造指南对模具设计和制造的一般准则拉深模具为了控制高强度钢的成形并减少板料边缘的弯曲，高强度钢成型时的压力和吨位高于一般情况是必要的。
材料成型及控制工程专业英语--1.MATERIALS-AND-THEIR-PROPERTIES
1.1 Metals and Non-metalsWords and termsdefinite－确定的、明确的defect－缺陷plastic deformation塑性变形stress concentrator 应力集中点self-strengthening自强化the tip of a crock裂纹尖端☐Among numerous properties possessed by materials，their mechanical properties，in the majority of cases，are the most essential and therefore，they will be given much consideration in the book．☐在一些主要应用场合，机械性能是材料的各种性能中最重要的性能，因此，本书中将重点讨论。
▪consideration 考虑，需要考虑的事项，报酬☐All critical parts and elements，of which a high reliability （可靠性）is required，are made of metals, rather than of glass，plastics or stone.☐由于各种关键零部件的可靠性要求高，均用金属而不是玻璃、塑料或石头制造。
▪is required 翻译时将英文中的被动语态，改译为汉语中的主动语态。
▪rather than 而不是☐As has been given in Sec.1-1，metals are characterized by the metallic bond（金属键），where positive ions （正离子）occupy the sites of the crystal lattice （晶格）and are surrounded by electron gas（电子云）．☐正如Sec1-1中所说，金属主要由金属键组成（其特征主要……）。
材料成型及控制工程专业外文翻译--利用辊型的改变来改善冷轧厂的带钢平直度
中文译文：利用辊型的改变来改善冷轧厂的带钢平直度1 介绍在冷轧和退火过程后，变形减少的最低限度（0.5%~3%）应用在了带钢的生产中，这个变形过程的目标是达到优选机械性能，同时消除在钢的应力曲线上静止区域的冷轧，冷轧常常可以获得一个清晰地被设定的板料表面结构，达到更进一步的处理和改正可能的扁平瑕疵，从那个过程开始，冷轧是保证产品的完成的质量，同时也是最后的重要过程，增加对板带形状控制的能力对冷轧厂来说是头等重要的。
2 冶炼厂特殊形状控制冶炼厂有和其他一般冷轧厂同样的框架和几何结构，它前面的板带控制设备是常规控制器：合适的工作辊和支承辊顶端，工作辊的正反弯曲的灵巧像液压压下螺丝系统一样，但是，由于微量的减少和柔软的特殊性质的材料，作为轧辊，那必须是形状控制上的一些轧制和冷轧之间的区别，当前问题是冷轧厂的带材的质量能不能维持在一个稳定的水平上，哪个导致的废品率较高或较多的可修复的产品（必须再轧制的带材）归结于轧辊的扁平度，这样的系统研究由理论分析和实验性调查来完成，但是为了找到形状控制的特点除了在冷轧厂还要在独立的轧制车间。
2.1工作辊的安装和修整根据形状理论，影响辊形的主要因素是辊形的控制和辊系统在轧辊轧制时的弹性变形，辊轻微变形是由于小的轧制力，因此，改变辊缝的形状主要依靠工作辊外形，辊的作用与三个方面因素的关系：（1）计算出最合适的辊的中间部位，辊的最初的中间部位和磨辊的实际操作是依靠许多因素，包括工厂的位置环境，合适的材料和工厂技术条件等。
（2）辊的挠度研磨的精度，一般地，在新的轧制周期开始时，当支承辊的10~14d 时为轧制作准备不超出2~3h（或5~10卷），，因而，要求工作辊修整是紧配合。
（3）轧辊外形形状的改变，在轧制过程中，最终的辊外形是反弯曲辊、轧机机座和安装的部分的组合，所以，辊的安装热散失在为辊的形状做准备时通过一个滚动周期必须考虑在内，工作辊的弯曲是正值20微米并且和支承辊平行的抛物面，这就是早先辊形的改变情况，它的好处是促进研磨的支承辊是平的，尽管如此，二次方和四次方板带缺陷经常发生在轧制期间内。
材料成型及控制工程专业英语及翻译解读
最新消息1-2the benefits of civilization which we enjoy today are essentiallydue to the improved quality of products available to us .文明的好处我们享受今天本质上是由于改进质量的产品提供给我们。
the improvement in the quality of goods can be achieved with proper design that takes into consideration the functional requirement as well as its manufacturing aspects. 提高商品的质量可以达到与适当的设计,考虑了功能要求以及其制造方面。
The design process that would take proper care of the manufacturing process as well would be the ideal one. This would ensure a better product being made available at an economical cost.设计过程中,将采取适当的照顾的生产过程将是理想的一个。
这将确保更好的产品被使可得到一个经济成本。
Manufacturing is involved in turning raw materials to finished products to be used for some purpose. 制造业是参与将原材料到成品用于某些目的。
In the present age there have been increasing demands on the product performance by way of desirable exotic properties such as resistance to high temperatures, higher speeds and extra loads.在现在的时代已经有越来越多的产品性能要求的理想的异国情调的性能如耐高温,更高的速度和额外的负载These in turn would require a variety of new materials and its associated processing.这些反过来需要各种新材料及其相关的处理Also, exacting working conditions that are desired in the modern industrial operations make large demands on the manufacturing industry.这些反过来需要各种新材料及其相关的处理。
材料成型及控制工程专业的专业英语翻译
polystyrene (PS) 聚苯乙烯；poly-tetra-fluoro-ethylene （PTFE）聚四氟乙烯；vacuum forming吸塑；ram injection moulding machine柱塞式注射成型机；计算机辅助设计computer aided design；热塑性塑料thermoplastics；ram injection moulding machines；模具维持费用；聚合物分子的几何形状the geometrical form of polymer molecule；模具设计die design；注射成型机injection moulding；热处理heart treatment；抗拉强度tensile serength；对焊buttwelding；自由锻open die forging；粉末冶金powder metalurgy；注射模塑injection molding；线状聚合物linear polymer；球化spheroidzing；正火normalizing；回火tempering；临界温度critical temperature。
1. The time has probably come to adapt a new name more worthy of the exciting range of polymer materials with many different properties which are available to engineers.目前塑料定义已可能迎来新的术语，以阐述具有不同属性可用于工程领域的聚合物材料。
2.It should be noticed that compression moulding would be impracticable for thermoplastics which have no curing stage during which a chemical reaction take place; because the mould would require cooling each cycle in order to allow the component to harden sufficiently for extraction. 需要指出的是，热塑性塑料压缩成型是不可行的。
材料成型及控制工程专业英语
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CHAPTER 3 PRINCIPLES OF PLASTIC FORMING
In order to be able to apply these principles to commercial working processes, we require answers to two main questions: (a) how long does recrystallization take place after a deformation pass; and (b) what grain size is produced by recrystallization and grain growth?
▪Translation Skill — Semantic Extension
（翻译技巧——长句的译法）
▪ 长句常见的翻译方法主要有以下四种：
➢ 化整为零，分译法； ➢ 纲举目张，变序法； ➢ 逆流而上，逆序法； ➢ 逆序而下，顺序法。
-0-
▪化整为零，分译法
▪原句包含多层意思，而汉语习惯一个小句表达一层意思。为 了使行文简洁，将整个长句译成几个独立的句子，顺序基本 不变，保持前后的连贯。
▪[初译] 通常在炼铁的地方就炼钢，所以现代炼钢厂从运进原材料到 生产供送往其他工厂进一步加工处理并制成如工字钢及其他商品钢材 的成品而形成一整套的联合企业。
▪[改译] 通常在炼铁的地方也炼钢。因此，现代炼钢厂是一个配套的 整体，从步加工处理，有的就制成成品，如工字钢及其他一些型材。
这些问题的答案决定了材料在进入下一个和随后的加工过程 时的结构，从而影响材料的流动应力和所需要的作用力。并 最终确定的热加工产品的结构和性能。
各专业英文翻译
法学 Law Study英语 English日语 Japanese信息与计算科学 Information and Computation Science应用物理学 Applied Physics冶金工程 Metallurgical Engineering金属材料工程 Metallic Materials Engineering无机非金属材料 Inorganic Nonmetallic Materials材料成型及控制工程 Material Formation and controlEngineering高分子材料与工程 Multimolecular Materials and Engineering工业设计 Industrial Disign建筑学 Architecture城市规划 City Planning艺术设计 Artistical Disign包装工程 Packaging Engineering机械设计制造及自动化Machine Disign,Manufacturing,and Automation热能与动力工程 Thermal and Power Engineering水利水电工程 WaterConservance and Electro-power Engineering测控技术与仪器 Technique and Instrumentation of Measurements电气工程及其自动化 Electric Engineering and its Automation自动化 Automation通信工程 Communication Engineering电子信息科学与技术 Sience and Technology of Electronic Information 计算机科学与技术 Computer Sience and Technology土木工程 Civil Engineering工程管理 Project Management给水排水工程 Water Supply and Sewage Engineering建筑环境与设备工程 Constructional Environment and Equipment Engineering 过程装备与控制工程 Processing Units and Control Engineering环境工程 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合肥工业大学各学院、专业名称及其英文翻译
47、信息管理与信息系统 Information Management & System
48、旅游管理 Tourism Management
49、市场营销 Marketing
人文经济学院 School of Humanities and Economics
55、英语 English
56、法学 Law
57、社会工作 Social Work
生物与食品工程学院 School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering
58、生物工程 Bioengineering
16、自动化 Automation
计算机与信息学院 School of Computer and Information
17、计算机科学与技术 Computer Science & Technology
18、电子信息工程 Electronic Information Engineering
4、工业工程 Industrial Engineering
5、工业设计 Industry Design
6、过程装备与控制工程 Process Equipment & Control Engineering
7、机械设计制造及其自动化 Machine Design & Manufacture & Its Automation
50、财政学 Finance
51、广告学 Advertisement
52、国际经济与贸易 International Economy & Trade
材料成型及控制工程专业英语--1.MATERIALS-AND-THEIR-PROPERTIES解析
1.1 Metals and Non-metalsWords and termsdefinite－确定的、明确的defect－缺陷plastic deformation塑性变形stress concentrator 应力集中点self-strengthening自强化the tip of a crock裂纹尖端☐Among numerous properties possessed by materials，their mechanical properties，in the majority of cases，are the most essential and therefore，they will be given much consideration in the book．☐在一些主要应用场合，机械性能是材料的各种性能中最重要的性能，因此，本书中将重点讨论。
▪consideration 考虑，需要考虑的事项，报酬☐All critical parts and elements，of which a high reliability （可靠性）is required，are made of metals, rather than of glass，plastics or stone.☐由于各种关键零部件的可靠性要求高，均用金属而不是玻璃、塑料或石头制造。
▪is required 翻译时将英文中的被动语态，改译为汉语中的主动语态。
▪rather than 而不是☐As has been given in Sec.1-1，metals are characterized by the metallic bond（金属键），where positive ions （正离子）occupy the sites of the crystal lattice （晶格）and are surrounded by electron gas（电子云）．☐正如Sec1-1中所说，金属主要由金属键组成（其特征主要……）。
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最新消息1-2the benefits of civilization which we enjoy today are essentiallydue to the improved quality of products available to us .文明的好处我们享受今天本质上是由于改进质量的产品提供给我们。
the improvement in the quality of goods can be achieved with proper design that takes into consideration the functional requirement as well as its manufacturing aspects. 提高商品的质量可以达到与适当的设计,考虑了功能要求以及其制造方面。
The design process that would take proper care of the manufacturing process as well would be the ideal one. This would ensure a better product being made available at an economical cost.设计过程中,将采取适当的照顾的生产过程将是理想的一个。
这将确保更好的产品被使可得到一个经济成本。
Manufacturing is involved in turning raw materials to finished products to be used for some purpose. 制造业是参与将原材料到成品用于某些目的。
In the present age there have been increasing demands on the product performance by way of desirable exotic properties such as resistance to high temperatures, higher speeds and extra loads.在现在的时代已经有越来越多的产品性能要求的理想的异国情调的性能如耐高温,更高的速度和额外的负载These in turn would require a variety of new materials and its associated processing.这些反过来需要各种新材料及其相关的处理Also, exacting working conditions that are desired in the modern industrial operations make large demands on the manufacturing industry.这些反过来需要各种新材料及其相关的处理。
同时,严格的工作环境,需要在现代工业操作使大型制造业的需求.Further, the economics of the manufacturing operation is a very important consideration. 此外,经济学的生产操作是一个非常重要的考虑因素。
To be viable in the modern environment, a product has to be competitively priced besides having the functional and aesthetic appeal.是可行的在现代环境中,一个产品必须具有价格竞争力除了具有功能性和审美情趣。
Therefore, it is necessary for the engineer to give a proper thought to various aspects of manufacturing.因此,它是必要的让工程师给适当的认为制造业的各个方面。
Manufacturing processes is a very fundamental subject since it is of interest not only to mechanical engineers but also to those from practically every discipline of engineering. 制造过程是一个非常基本的主题,因为它是有趣的,不仅机械工程师但同样从几乎每个学科的工程。
It is so because engineering as a whole is meant for providing various materials for human consumption.它是如此因为工程作为一个整体是用来提供各种材料供人类食用For various products such as plant machinery required for chemical, civil, electrical, electronic, textile, etc., the manufacturing process forms a vital ingredient.对于不同的产品,如植物机械所需的化工、土木、电气、电子、纺织等,生产过程形成一个至关重要的因素.A detailed understanding of the manufacturing processes is thus essential for every engineer. 详细了解生产流程是必不可少的每个工程师这样。
This helps him appreciate the capabilities, advantages and also the limitations of the various manufacturing processes.这有助于他欣赏能力、优势和局限性,各生产工序。
This in turn helps in the proper design of any product required for him.这反过来有助于正确的设计的任何产品需要他。
Firstly, he would be able to assess the feasibility of manufacturing from his designs.首先,他将能够评估制造的可行性从他的设计。
He may also find out that there more than one process available for manufacturing a particular product and so he can make a proper choice of the process which would require the lowest manufacturing cost and would deliver the product of desired quality. 他可能也发现有超过一种过程用于生产特定的产品,所以他可以使一个适当的选择过程,需要最低的制造成本和交付产品的期望质量。
He may also modify his design slightly to suit the particular manufacturing process he chooses.也可以修改自己的设计稍微适应特定的制造过程他选择.Manufacturing is defined by the Merriam Webster online dictionary as to make into a product suitable to use. 制造业是梅里厄姆-韦伯斯特词典定义的在线词典使成一个产品适合使用。
Manufacturing remained as a craft till the first industrial revolution towards the end of the 18th century with low volumes and single-piece productions.制造业仍然作为一个工艺直到第一次工业革命对18世纪末的低量和单件生产。
It required highly skilled craftsmen to individually produce the pieces and fit them when the assembly was required. 它需要高度熟练的工匠来单独生产件和适合他们的需要时组装。
This was a slow and expensive process , but in the absence of any machines, that was the only thing that was possible.这是一个缓慢而昂贵的过程,但在缺乏任何机器,这是唯一可能的。
The availability of the steam engine and coal-fire furnaces made the invention of a number of steam-power driven machinery to greatly increase the manufacturing capacity. 蒸汽引擎的可用性和煤火熔炉使发明一种数量的全局驱动机械制造能力大大增加。
A large number of inventions related to machine tools took place during this period and continued into the 19th century. 大量的发明与机床发生在这一时期,持续到19世纪。
对十九世纪末的发明电力和更好的工程材料、生产操作变得更有效率。
Towards the end of the 19th century with the invention of electricity and better engineering materials, manufacturing operations became more productive. The developments in the automobiles at the beginning of the 20th century are instrumental in the growth of a variety of manufacturing methods and practices.对十九世纪末的发明电力和更好的工程材料、生产操作变得更有效率。