(完整版)中国文化概况_chapter_11
中国文化概要
填空选择：从秦汉到隋代，大体实行‘郡县制’。
秦始皇统一中国后，将天下分为三十六郡。
从唐宋到xx，主要实行‘道路制’。
元、明、清三代基本实行‘行省制’。
辛亥革命以后，大体上实行省、专、县三级体制。
1865年5月在云南省发现的元谋猿人，距今170万年是在我国境内最在的人类。
蓝田猿人生活年份约在八十万年以前。
北京猿人，距今也在六十万年左右。
最能反映母系氏族公社文化的是广泛分布在黄河流域的仰韶文化，又称彩陶文化。
父系氏族社会，具有代表性的是龙山文化，又称黑陶文化。
四大流域说：一，黄河流域文化区二，长江流域文化区三，珠江流域文化区四，北方和东北文化区，代表性文化是红山文化。
商代，共传30王，国家五胜五衰，六次迁都，自公元前1384年盘庚迁都于殷，故上朝又称殷商。
商朝灭亡后，殷都遭到很大破坏，故称为殷墟。
北魏孝文帝迁都洛阳，推行汉化政策，学习汉族王朝的各种礼仪，规定鲜卑族使用汉姓，鼓励鲜卑族与汉族通婚。
明末抗清将领郑成功于1662年收复了台湾，直到康熙皇帝时郑氏后裔宣布归降，台湾重又与大陆统一。
周代，晋、鲁不能通婚，因为都姓姬；但秦晋两国却可通婚，因为秦国姓嬴，成语有秦晋之好。
姓氏的一，以姓为氏二，以国邑为氏三，以官职位姓四，以祖父或父亲的名或字为氏五，以排行此地为氏名与字的关系：一，名与字意义相同二，名与字意义相关三，名与字意义相反四，名与字的意义取自五行相生五，以伯仲叔季排行为字名词解释：三纲五常：出自论语·为政。
三纲即君为臣纲、父为子纲、夫为妻纲：要求为臣、为子、为妻的必须绝对服从于君、父、夫，同时也要求君、父、夫为臣、子、妻作出表率。
五常是指仁、义、礼、智、信：是用以调整、规范君臣、父子、兄弟、夫妇、朋友等人伦关系的行为准则。
甲骨文：所谓甲骨文就是可在龟甲和兽骨上的文字，是我国现存最早的文字之一。
清光绪二十五年有清朝金石学家王懿荣等首先发现。
P63xx：是中国文化史上的第一学说，创始人为孔子和孟子。
中国文化概要（中英对照）
and linked by channels through which blood and qi(vital energy) circulate. If there is a blockage in either jing and luo, the blood and vital energy cannot pass through. To clear the blockage and ensure the free flow of blood and vital energy is the first and fundamental step in curing a disease.
Lecture One
the Mongoloid Race . The period of making and using these chipped stone 琢石 implements the Old Stone Age (the Paleolithic Period), and the age of making and using ground stone implements the New Stone Age (the Neolithic Period). Archaeologists divided them into the Huaxia Group, the Eastern Tribe Group, and the Southern Tribe Group. The Yellow Emperor (2698-2598 B.C.) "descendants of Yandi and the Yellow Emperor" When Yu died, his son Qi 启 seized power and founded Xia, the first dynasty in China, thus beginning the hereditary system in Chinese history. People at that time believed that the land they lived on was the center of the world, and called their state the “Middle Kingdom”(中国), thus giving China its country name. The ethnic group of the Xia Dynasty is the Hua Xia nationality(华夏族). That’s why the Chinese people are also called the Hua People in other parts of the world.
中国文化概况
082832017 陈彩霞① Give an outline of the philosophy in Pre-Qin times, that is, what are the most influential schools and their main doctrines respectively?The philosophy in Pre-Qin of most influential school were Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism and Legalism.Confucianism: It advcates the benevolence and justice, alleginance and forbearance the doctrine of the golden moan and values the realations of men.The school takes theteachings of Confucius as its core of thought and regards the words and deeds of behavior. Mohism: Base on the teaching of Mozi, the school cherishes universal love which states that if all the people in the world loved one another, the will be on hatred, calanities and hostilities.In politics and ethics,Mohism proposes honoring virtuous people, opposing fatalism and aggressive wars, and upholding thriftiness and simple funerals.Taoism:Founded by lao zi and zhuang zi,the school advocates the doctrine the Dao is the course, the principle,the substance, and the standard of all thing to which all of them must conform.Legalism: Legalism, begun by Hanfeizi, espouses laying down laws to unify the thought of people, promoting agriculture to achie ve affluence, waging wara to gain strength andpower.Stress on spiritual existence, stress on practice, stress onmorality, stress on harmony, stress on intuition.② What Features of Chinese Food are emphasized generally? Among the Chinese “Eight Regional Cuisines”, which one do you like most? Why?The Features of Chinese Food are color ,aroma,taste. Color refers not only to the beautiful color of the food, but also to the layout and design. Aroma refers to the fragrant and appetising smell of the dishes, served on the table before eating. Taste is not only associated with tasting the food itself ,but also with the approciation of seasing and texture. Among the Chinese “Eight Regional Cuisines”, I like Zhejiang Cuisine most.Because Zhejiang cuisine has a bright, delicious Huanen, crisp refreshing soft, small and exquisite cuisine, Kiyotoshi beautiful features. It stewed, fried, braised, steamed known for heavy authentic. Zhejiang cuisine features : First, fine finish, taking materials to make dishes to elegant fine part of the superior. Second, withspecialty dishes obvious local characteristics.Third, the emphasis on fresh, pure taste dishes. Fourth, the pursuit of fresh, crisp, refreshing dishes.③ Please describe briefly the Origin of Chinese Double Seven festival.Chinese Double Seven festivalfirst comes from the people of nature worship. From historical documents, at least, three thousand years ago, as people's understanding of astronomy and the generation of textile technology. People far more than the worship of the stars is Altair and Vega, they think things have seven representatives of North-South orientation of the stars, collectively known as Ershibasu, the brightest of which the Big Dipper, to identify the direction for the night.The Legend of Chinese Double Seven festival:Niulang’s parents died young, and has often been Gesao abuse, accompanied by only one ox. One day a cow gave him a trick, to marry a wife Weaver. By then, people have turned to a beautiful fairy Galaxy bathing, and playing in the water. Then hidden in the reeds suddenly ran out of the Cowherd and Weaver took the clothes. Panic-stricken maidens, dressed hurriedly ashore clothes flew off, Weaver left alone. In the Legend of the plea, the Weaver promised to do hiswife. Weaver, and Weaver married thing was heaven, the Jade Emperor, and the Queen Mother knew, they rage, and ordered the lower bound gods recaptured Weaver. Cowboy god while not at home when captured Weaver. Seeing that we should catch up, the Queen Mother a heart emergency, unplug the head Jinzan a plan to the Galaxy, the Milky Way Yisha between old clean and shallow turbid waves become monstrous, never make life difficult for a Cowboy. Since then, Legend of Love can only tears Ying Ying, across the river, forever, the Jade Emperor and the Queen Mother also fail to beat the sincere feelings between them, allowing them to meet once every year on July 7, according to legend, every seventh day in July, would human magpie fly overhead, and go ride in the Milky Way for the Legend of Love Magpie Bridge meet.④ China has had 33 sites added to the World Heritage List by UNESCO,please list as many as you know so far. While being proud of our ancient civilization, we still worry about the overexploitation of some heritage sites. Please give some good suggestions to deal with possible problems.1.China2.Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang3.Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor4.Mogao Caves5.Mount Taishan6.Peking Man Site atZhoukoudian 7.The Great Wall 8.Mount Huangshan9.Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area10.Jiuzhaigou Valley Scenic and Historic Interest Area11.Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area12.Ancient Building Complex in the Wudang Mountains13.Historic Ensemble of the Potala Palace, Lhasa 714.Mountain Resort and its Outlying Temples, Chengde15.Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu 16.Lushan National Park17.Mount Emei Scenic Area, including Leshan Giant Buddha Scenic Area 18.Ancient City of Ping Yao 19.Classical Gardens of Suzhou 20.Old Town of Lijiang21.Summer Palace, an Imperial Garden in Beijing22.Temple of Heaven: an Imperial Sacrificial Altar in Beijing23.Dazu Rock Carvings 24.Mount Wuyi25.Ancient Villages in Southern Anhui – Xidi and Hongcun26.Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties27.Longmen Grottoes 28.Mount Qingcheng and the Dujiangyan Irrigation System 29.Yungang Grottoes30.Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas31.Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom32.Historic Centre of Macao33.Sichua n Giant Panda Sanctuaries - Wolong, Mt Siguniang and Jiajin MountainsMy suggestions: China should focus on the following lines to class or category of cultural heritage cultural heritage line: 〈1〉 As a priority, and immediately start the Silk Road and a handful of representative, the study has shown outsdanding value of the overall production of the cultural line, pre-registration and key sections of the world heritage application feasibility studies. In particular, the Grand Canal, in the context of the South project, its overall protection, whether from the perspective of cultural heritage or landscape ecology from the point of view, are imminent. 〈2〉Focus on the cultural significance and ecological values are more prominent in the regional cultural heritage corridor line or the integrity protection, such as the Yangtze River, Yellow River and other important cultural heritage of dense, prominent part of the section of cultural significance; through these Heritage Corridor building, forming the backbone of a regional network of green channel. 〈3〉 Protection of important cultural significance of some local cultural lines. Encourage the building of local ecological and cultural values of both the Heritage Corridor.。
中国文化概况廖华英中英对照版
中国文化概况廖华英中英对照版中国是一个拥有悠久历史和丰富文化的国家。
中国文化源远流长，包含着众多的传统价值观和习俗。
本文将以中英对照的形式介绍中国文化的概况。
一、传统价值观中国文化的传统价值观有着深远的影响力。
其中，儒家思想是中国文化的基石之一，强调仁爱、孝道、忠诚、礼仪等美德。
另外，道家思想强调天人合一、自然无为；佛教思想强调慈悲、舍己为人。
这些思想对中国人的行为和价值观产生了深远的影响。
Traditional ValuesChinese culture is deeply rooted in history and rich in traditions. It embodies numerous traditional values and customs. This article will provide an overview of Chinese culture in both Chinese and English.1. Traditional ValuesChinese culture is built upon traditional values that have a profound influence. Confucianism, one of the key pillars of Chinese culture, emphasizes virtues such as benevolence, filial piety, loyalty, and etiquette. Taoism emphasizes the harmony between man and nature and the principle of "non-action".Buddhism emphasizes compassion and self-sacrifice. These philosophies have greatly shaped the behavior and values of the Chinese people.二、艺术与文学中国文化以其丰富多样的艺术形式而闻名。
中国文化概况
中国文化概况
【课程内容】
课程分为12章节，主要包括中国概况、中国哲学与宗教、中国文学、中国艺术、中国教育、中国科技、中国体育、中国节日、中国饮食、中国服饰、中国建筑、中国旅游等。
课时总长371分钟。
本课程旨在使学生全面掌握中国文化基本概况，基本文化术语，由表及里地理解中国文化，并能用英文加以正确表达。
【成绩组成】
满分：视频观看30% 课堂讨论30% 期末考试30% 章节作业10%=100%
附加：小组/个人展示作品，最高加10%
【往期成果】
自2016年上线两年来，已有累计2万多国内外学习者受益，海外学习者覆盖91个国家和地区。
2017年该慕课课程作为江西省首批校际互认学分课程，学生人数多达2561人，跨越省内多所本科高校，访问量达到884346人次。
【课程教材】
《中国文化概况》（英修订版）廖华英外语教学与研究出版社2015.3
【参考书目】
1.《中国价值观:中国传统文化与中国当代价值》(英)，曹雅欣，外文出版社，2018.1
2.《中国文化讲座》(英)，王路江，北京语言大学出版社，2011.9
3.《中国历史人物》(英)，张慈赟，上海译文出版社， 2015.7
4.《多彩中国文化》(英)，杨福玲, 邹雅莉, Rita Pokol Poimbeau,
天津大学出版社，2014.6
5.《中国文化概要》(英)，任增强，北京大学出版社，2018.5。
中国文化内容课件
二、中国传统文化的研究范围
中国传统文化是指在氏族社会晚期、至少是 周秦以来到五四时期所形成和发展起来的，以 汉族为主体、包括其境内56个民族长期创造的 精神财富，即中华民族共同创造的华夏文化。 它以封建文化为主导，以儒学文化为主干。
第二节 中国传统文化的流变和分期
一、原始文化──传统文化的孕育期
第二节 儒家思想的第一次改造
──两汉经学神学化
一、董仲舒的神学思想和三纲五常伦理观
儒学由先秦百家争鸣的一家变为“独尊儒术”，
由民间学说变为官方意识，经过了董仲舒的改造。 他以奉天法古为旗号，先王之道为楷模，宣扬王权神授，建构 了天人感应为核心、阴阳五行为骨架的神学体系。他写《春秋 繁露》，为三纲五常的始作俑者。他以君为臣纲、父为子纲、 夫为妻纲，仁、义、礼、智、信等道德规范，作为建立法度、 化民成俗的根本，为封建专制提供了理论根据，为以儒为宗的 文化提供了蓝本。其理论以父子夫妻的家庭关系为依据，以封 建宗法制为基础，以君亲、忠孝为纽带，以移孝作忠为目的， 实现家族政治化和国家家族化。在义利上，他提倡“正其谊不 谋其利，明其道不计其功”，维护统治阶级的整体利益。在政 治上，他主张礼乐教化、德政为主、刑罚为辅。在思想文化上， 他主张罢黜百家，独尊儒术，完成了统一思想的最后一道工序。
三、荀子的隆礼重法和性恶论
荀子（荀况）将先秦儒学发展 到新阶段，不仅承认事物发展有客 观规律，而且强调主体能动作用。 这种对社会历史责任感的弘扬，是 中华民族刚健进取精神的反映。他 从“性本恶”出发，认为经过学习 和教化，“人皆可以为尧舜”。他 主张“隆礼重法”，强调礼在为人、 做事、治国方面的作用，礼是法的 根据，法的总纲；法是礼的体现， 礼的确认。只讲礼义，不讲法度； 只重教化，不重刑罚，不足以维护 x x 统治。
中国及中国文化概况中英双语_OK
➢ 闯关东是以山东和直隶人为主，目的地是东三省一带；走西口是以山 西、陕西人为主，目的地是蒙古草原；下南洋是以广东和福建人为主， 目的地是东南亚一带。
➢ C is maily Shandong people and Zhili People, they moved to Northeast part of China; Immigration to the west is maily Shanxi, Shaanxi people, moved to I nner Mongolia grassland; Immigration to the south China sea maily Guangdon g and Fujian people, they moved to southeast asia areas.
12
National emblem
2021/10/7
13
National treasure Giant panda
2021/10/7
14
National flower
Mudan
2021/10/7
15
National bird
Red-crowned Cr ane
1500
East Asia, China, Japan, Russia, N orth Korea and South Korea
第三次大移民：发生在12世纪中期，大批移民走到了广东、广西、福建， 甚至海南岛等更靠南的地方。
Third immigration: In the mid 12th century, a large immigration moved to Guan gdong, Fujian, even Hainan island in the very south.
大二英语 中国文化概况 中国文化概况期末资料
Chapter 1 A General Introduction to Chinese CultureWords and Expressions:the descendants of Yan and Huang 炎黄子孙porcelain 瓷器The appellation of ChinaChinese history began with two legendary figures—Emperor Huang and Emperor Yan, who, together with their tribes, inhabited the drainage area along the middle reaches（中游）of the Yellow River. By the time of Xia Dynasty, after centuries of living side by side, these two tribes had gradually merged into（合并，融合）one. Consequently, the Chinese people usually call themselves “the descendants of Yan and Huang”.People at that time believed that the land they lived on was the center of the world, and called their state the "Middle Kingdom"(中国), thus giving China its country name.China is the appellation of our country given by foreigners. The porcelain china is the transliteration of the place name Changnan(昌南), which was the old name for Jingdezhen（景德镇）. The porcelain made in Changnan was smooth and bright, and earned another name of artificial jade. It became famous both home and abroad and was exported to Europe in large quantities.In Europe, people regarded Changnan porcelain as something precious and delicate and would take pride in possessing one. As time passed, people in Europe forgot the meaning of Changnan and switched the original meaning of porcelain of the word “china” to the place of its origin.Chapter 2 Chinese Philosophy and ReligionPart 1 Chinese Thoughts and PhilosophyWords and Expressions:Confucianism 儒家Taoism 道家The Analects 《论语》benevolence 仁慈，善行ritual礼制，仪式，惯例filial piety 孝，孝心The Development of Ancient Chinese PhilosophyThe philosophy in Pre-Qin times (先秦子学)The orthodox philosophy during the Han Dynasty (两汉经学)Metaphysics during the Wei and Jin dynasties (魏晋玄学)The buddhist philosophy during the Sui and Tang dynasties (隋唐佛学)Neo-confucianism in Song and Ming dynasties (宋明理学)Application philosophy in the Ming and Qing dynasties (明清实学)The philosophy in Pre-Qin times (先秦子学)The philosophy in Pre-Qin times was marked by the emergence of various ancient philosophical views.The most influential schools were Confucianism (儒家), Taoism (道家), Mohism (墨家) and Legalism (法家)1.ConfucianismConfucianism is a school of thought represented by Confucius and Mencius. Confucianism has influenced the Chinese for thousands of years and is deeply rooted in Chinese culture. It is an integration of intellectual, political, and religious tradition with the focus on the individual morality and ethics in daily life and the proper exercise of political power.Who is Confucius?Family name: Kong; Given name: Qiu; courtesy name: ZhongniHe is a great thinker, an educator, a statesman, a philosopher, the founder of the Confucian school and Confucianism.The landmark of Confucianism is the Analects, which was written by his disciples after his death. The core of Confucius’s philosophy are the concepts ofRen (benevolence)Ren(仁): Confucius defines it as “Airen”(爱人），that is , to love others.The Chinese character “仁”（benevolence) consists of “a person （人）” on the left and “two(二)” on the right indicating the relationship between people.Li (ritual)Li （ritual-礼）refers to the rules of human conduct and moral norms such as politeness, courtesy, propriety, proper etiquette and good manners ranging from speech and behavior to the performance of rituals which are usually codified and treated as an all-embracing system of socialnorms.Xiao (filial piety)Xiao(孝）refers to the filial piety, which was regarded as one of the greatest of virtues in Chinese tradition, denoting the respect and obedience that the children should show to their parents. Zhong (loyalty)Zhong(loyalty-忠）is a great virtue, which emphasizes the obligations and duties to the superior, to friends, family, and spouse.2. TaoismFounded by Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi, the school advocates the doctrine that the Dao is the course, the principle, the substance, and the standard of all things, to which all of them must conform. Based on the work of Dao De Jing, Taoism promotes the belief that a person should live a simple life, not to strive for wealth, fame or power, which will only give one worries and trouble. The school favours the political principle of “achieving good government through non-action”(无为而治)3. MohismBase on the teaching of Mozi, the school cherishes universal love which states that if all the people in the world loved one another, there will be no hatred, calamities, and hostilities.In politics and ethics, Mohism proposes honoring virtuous people, opposing fatalism (宿命论) and aggressive wars, and upholding thriftiness(节俭).4. LegalismLegalism, begun by Hanfeizi, espouses (主张) laying down laws to unify the thought of people, promoting agriculture to achieve affluence (富裕), waging (进行) wars to gain strength and power, and establishing a system of bureaucracy (官僚制度).The orthodox philosophy during the Han Dynasty (两汉经学)In the Han Dynasty, Emperor Wudi instituted the campaign of “banning all schools of thought except Confucianism(罢黜百家，独尊儒术)”. He chose officials from th ose who were steeped in Confucianism only. Consequently, Confucianism became an orthodox school that served as the ideological foundation of the feudal rule throughout the dynasties in China.Traditional Chinese ethicsTraditional Chinese ethics includes both good and bad elements. Some reflect the high standard ofmoral pursuit of the Chinese people, while others seem less relevant in modern society. For example, the three obediences and four virtues (三从四德) and the three basic rules and five constant virtues (三纲五常) have long been abandoned by the Chinese people.The traditional ideal of a woman is that she is a dependant being whose behavior is governed by “three obediences” (to father before marriage, to husband after marriage, and to son after becoming a widow: 未嫁从父, 既嫁从夫, 夫死从子) and four “virtues” (morality, pro per speech, modest manner, and diligence: 品德、言语、仪态、女工).These were the social norms prescribed by feudal morality.The three basic rules: a king should rule over his subjects; a father, his son; a husband, his wife (君为臣纲、父为子纲、夫为妻纲).The five constant virtues: benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, and fidelity (仁、义、礼、智、信).Part 2 Religions and BeliefsWords and Expressions:Heaven worship 祭天Ancestor worship 祭祖Confucianism 儒教The Confucian Temple 孔庙Taoism 道教The Five Elements 五行Buddhism 佛教Buddha 佛像，佛祖，佛陀nirvana涅盘Heaven worshipThe heaven worship was the bureaucratic(官僚的) belief system adopted by most dynasties of China until the overthrow(推翻) of the Qing Dynasty.Heaven was believed to manifest itself through the powers of the weather and natural disasters. Heaven was seen as a judge of humans.The emperors are Sons of Heaven(天子), and their power are authorized by heaven. Such beliefs actually consolidated(巩固) the authority of the Emperor.Ancestor worshipChinese worship of ancestors dates back to the prehistory. Chinese culture, Confucianism, and Chinese Buddhism all value filial piety as a top virtue, and the act is a continued display of piety and respect towards departed ancestors.Confucianism儒教Confucianism is not a real religion, it is just an ethical(伦理道德的) and philosophical system, which developed from?Confucius’ thoughts and later was treated as a kind of belief to educate common people(教化大众).The Taoist ReligionA General Introduction of TaoismTaoism is the indigenous (土生土长的) religion in China.The Taoist religion evolved out of witchcraft (巫术), necromancy（方术) and self-cultivation techniques. Its highest belief is called “Dao”, its bible is called “Dao De Jing”. It had great impact on the thinking of the Chinese people, as well as on the political, economic and cultural life of the country.BeliefsYin-yang TheoryYin-yang are opposing, Yin-yang are mutually rooted, Yin-yang mutually transform, Yin-yang mutually wax and waneThe Five Elements/Wuxing“五行”The relationship between the five elements:The Generating CycleWood feeds Fire; Fire creates Earth; Earth bears Metal; Metal carries Water; Water nourishes Wood.The Overcoming CycleWood parts Earth; Earth absorbs Water; Water quenches Fire; Fire melts Metal; Metal chops Wood.BuddhismBuddhism is the most important religion in China. It is generally believed that it was spread to China in 67 AD during the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220) from Hotan（和田）in Xinjiang to Central China. During its development in China, it has a profound （深远的）influence on traditionalChinese culture and thoughts, and has become one of the most important religions in China at that time.Its Deity is Sakyamuni(释迦牟尼);Its doctrine is based on transmigration(轮回).What is the fundamental cause of all suffering?Desire!What did the Buddha teach?The doctrine of Four Noble Truths (四谛)⏹life is suffering,⏹the cause of suffering is desire,⏹the answer is to quench (抑制) desire,⏹the way to this end is to follow the Eight-Fold Path (八正道).What do Buddhists believe?Nirvana is a peaceful, detached state of mind.Achieving Nirvana means escape from the cycle of rebirth.Buddhism in China has developed into three sections, namely the Han, Tibetan and Southern Buddhism.Chapter 3 Chinese Characters, Calligraphy and PaintingWords and Expressions:Chinese Characters 汉字calligraphy书法calligrapher书法家Oracle bone script甲骨文The regular Script 楷书Four Treasures of the Study 文房四宝brush 毛笔ink stick 墨ink stone 砚台The origin of the Chinese characters1.Keep records by tying knots (结绳说）2.The Eight Diagrams (八卦说)3.Cang Jie created the characters(仓颉造字说)The evolution of Chinese characters font(汉字的字体演变)Oracle bone scriptIt refers to incised(雕刻的) ancient Chinese characters found on oracle bones, which are animal bones or turtle shells used in divination(预言) in ancient China.Bronze ware script金文It refers to characters found engraved on bronze vessels, utensils, weapons etc.The Seal Characters (篆书)Soft lines of strokes and upright rectangular shape keep the seal form characters more close to pictography (象形文字). Each of the characters has a balanced and symmetrical (对称的) pattern. The Official Script(隶书)It was the turning point in the evolution of Chinese scripts and is the foundation of the later script forms. It turned the remaining curved and round strokes of the seal form into linear (直线的) and flat square (扁方形) shapes.The regular Script (楷书)It is still today’s standard writ ing. It is square in form, and non-cursive in strokes.The running Script (行书)The running form is somewhere between the regular and the cursive forms allowing simpler and faster writing.The Cursive/Grass Character(草书)This style of calligraphy is smooth and lively with strokes flowing and characters linking together.The characters are often joined, with the last stroke of one merging into the initial stroke of the next. It is executed freely and rapidly so that parts of the characters appear exaggerated (夸张的).CalligraphyPlaying musical instruments, playing chess, calligraphy and painting were considered as the four essential skills for a learned scholar.The Chinese saying “The handwriting reveals the person” (字如其人), is directly related to calligraphy.Four Treasures of the Study 文房四宝brush毛笔ink stick墨paper 纸ink stone砚Famous Chinese Calligraphers in HistoryWang Xizhi —the sage of Chinese calligraphyZhang Xu (张旭）——the “sage of the cursive hand””草圣”Yan Zhenqing——the four greatest masters of Regular script.Liu Gongquan——a master of Regular Script and Running-cursive(行草)PaintingPaintingChinese Traditional Painting refers to ink - wash painting (水墨画) .Traditional Chinese paintings are not “purely” paintings. T hey combine fine art, poetry, calligraphy, and seal engraving to achieve an artistic unison (一致). Human figures, landscapes, flowers, birds, and pavilions are the most important themes of traditional Chinese painting.The classification of Chinese paintingAccording to subject matterFigure paintingLandscape paintingBird-and-flower paintingAccording to the techniqueThe xie yi schoolThe gong bi schoolChapter 4 LiteratureWords and ExpressionsCelestial Poet (诗仙)Saint Poet (诗圣)Romance of the Three Kingdoms 《三国演义》Water Margin《水浒传》Journey to the West《西游记》Dream of the Red Mansions《红楼梦》The Tang PoemThe Tang Dynasty saw the continued development of Chinese poetry. The Complete Anthology of Tang Poems (《全唐诗》), edited in the early Qing Dynasty, is the biggest-ever collection of Chinese poetry. It contains 48,977 poems by 2,208 poets who wrote in different styles.The development of poetry in the Tang Dynasty can be classified into four stages, namely Early Tang, High Tang, Mid Tang, and Late Tang (初唐，盛唐，中唐，晚唐）Early TangThe Four Literary Eminences(初唐四杰)Wang Bo, Yang Jiong, Luo Binwang, and Lu ZhaolinHigh TangA whole generation of literary giants appeared during the High Tang period when society enjoyed prosperity and stability. Li Bai and Du Fu are regarded as the twin master poets of the Tang Dynasty.Li Bai,the “Celestial Poet (诗仙)”, has long been regarded the greatest romantic poet in Chinese literature. In his poems, imagination, exaggeration, diction and sonorous rhythms are blended effortlessly.Du Fu, the “Saint Poet (诗圣)”, has been considered as the greatest realistic poet in Chinese literature. A mirror of the times, his poems faithfully and profoundly reflect the social realities of Tang Dynasty in decline, like a poetic historical account. Because he reached perfection in developing a depressing literary style, his works have been considered as the classics of realism. The other poets in this period can be grouped into two categories: frontier poets (边塞诗人）represented by Gao Shi and Cen Shen, and pastoral poets (田园诗人）represented by Meng Haoran and Wang Wei.Mid-TangThe outstanding poet Bai Juyi succeeded Du Fu with poems reflecting the reality of society.Late TangWith the deterioration of the government in the late Tang Dynasty, the poems reflected, more and more, the hopeless and helpless feelings of the people. Poets turned to the theme of nostalgia (怀旧) for the former splendor (辉煌)of old times. The most talented of these were Li Shangyin and Du Mu, who were often called “Young Li Bai and Du Fu”.Fiction in the Ming and Qing DynastyIn the Song Dynasty, huaben (话本), the earliest novels written in colloquial language started to appear. By the Ming and Qing dynasties, novels grew rapidly as a lively and free literary form. The language of the novels was simple, easy to understand, and welcomed by the public.Four famous Chinese classical novelsRomance of the Three Kingdoms 《三国演义》Water Margin《水浒传》Journey to the West《西游记》Dream of the Red Mansions《红楼梦》Winner of the Noble Prize in Literature, Mo YanOn 11 October 2012, the Swedish Academy announced that Mo Yan had received the Nobel Prize in Literature for his work . Aged 57 at the time of the announcement, he was the 109th recipient of the award and the first ever resident of mainland China to receive it .Mo Yan has written 11 novels, and several novellas and short story collections.《红高粱家族》Red Sorghum, 《天堂蒜薹之歌》The Garlic Ballads, 《十三步》Thirteen Step,《食草家族》The Herbivorous Family, 《丰乳肥臀》Big Breasts and Wide Hips, 《酒国》The Republic of Wine: A Novel,《红树林》Red Forest, 《檀香刑》Sandalwood Death, 《生死疲劳》Life and Death Are Wearing Me Out, 《四十一炮》Pow!, 《蛙》FrogChapter 5 EducationWords and ExpressionsPrivate Schools私塾Official Schools官学the Four Books and the Five Classics四书五经Imperial Examination 科举Nine-year Compulsory Education 九年制义务教育V ocational Education 职业教育College Entrance Examination 高考Bachelor’s degree学士学位Master’s degree 硕士学位Doctor’s degree 博士学位Confucius Institute孔子学院Private SchoolsA private school refers to a school set up by a family, clan, or teacher that generally had just one teacher who gave individual tuition, and that had no set textbooks and no specified time span of study.In the Spring and Autumn Period, private schools prevailed and many scholars of different schoolsof thought spread their teaching in this way. Among them, the private school run by Confucius was the largest and most influential.Confucius’ private school:3000ciples(弟子); 72 virtuous and talented studentsConfucius’ educational ideas:“Education should be for all, irrespective of their social status.”（有教无类）“Six arts”: ritual, music, archery, chariot-riding, writing, and arithmetic.（六艺：礼、乐、射、御、书、数）Official SchoolsOfficial schools began during the Western Zhou Dynasty, and were sponsored by the official constitution called Xiangxue .Only children of nobles were admitted.The teaching materials were centered on the Four Books and the Five Classics(四书五经). Imperial Examination System (科举)Imperial Examination System in China began in the Sui Dynasty and lasted more than 1,300 years until the last examination was held during the Qing Dynasty.It was conducted at two levels: xiangshi(乡试) and huishi(会试)During the Ming and Qing Dynasty, the examination was designed to select jinshi(进士). It featured writing ,which involved the writing of an Eight-part Essay(八股文).After the Opium War in 1840 with the spread of the Western ideology and technology in China , it was under attack by people. It was abolished in 1905.Nine-year Compulsory EducationThe law of compulsory education came into effect on July 1, 1986, requiring each child to have nine years of formal education.China’s Nine-year Compulsory Education is composed of two parts: six-years in primary school and three-years in junior high school.In 1989, China launched two ambitious projects: Project Hope (希望工程) and the Spring Bud Project (春蕾计划) These two projects have helped children, especially girls, in poor areas to attend schools.The National College Entrance Examination is an academic examination held annually in China aimed to select high-school graduates for college admissions.Higher EducationMore than two thousand universities, colleges, and institutes in China offer four or five-year programs. Students who have earned Bachelor of Arts or Science degrees may apply for Master of Arts or Science programs and then three-year Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) programs. Confucius InstituteConfucius Institute is not a general sense of the university, but the promotion and dissemination （传播）of Chinese culture and Chinese language education.Chapter 6 Dress and Adornment CultureWords and Expressionsattire/ costume/trappings 服装、服饰The Silk Road 丝绸之路The Maritime Silk Road海上丝绸之路embroidery/im‘br?id?ri /刺绣;刺绣品Li Brocade 黎锦The Intangible Cultural Heritage 非物质文化遗产China has many ethnic groups with a long history. For thousands of years, generations of clothing designers have devoted themselves to building the Kingdom of Clothes, making the garments that cover the human body into an important component of Chinese culture.Cheong-sam(Qi Pao)Cheong-sam came from Qizhuang of manchu women’s costume. The cheongsam is easy and comfortable to wear, snugly fitting the female Chinese figure. Its neckline is high, collar closed, and its sleeves may be short, med ium or full length, depending on the season or the wearer’s taste. The dress is buttoned on the right side, with a loose bodice, a fitted waist, and side-slits to the hem, all of which combine to set off the beauty of the female’s figure.Chinese tunic suit (Zhongshan suit /Mao suit)The modern Chinese tunic suit is a style of male attire known in China as the Zhongshan suit, and known in the West as the Mao suit (after Mao Zedong). Sun Zhongshan introduced the style shortly after the founding of the Republic of China as a form of national dress although with a distinctly political and later governmental implication.Tang CostumesA tang costumes (literally: "Chinese suit" ) is a Chinese jacket that originated at the end of the Qing Dynasty. The tangzhuang evolved from the magua (Chinese: 马褂), which the Han Chinese were forced to wear it during the Qing Dynasty. In modern times it has been adopted by common people. They are often worn by men, although women wear them as well.In Chinese communities, the Zhongshan suit, the western suit, and the Tang suit are the main forms of formal dress for men on many occasions.The Silk RoadThe Silk Road refers to the ancient trade route connecting Asia Continent and European Continent, usually it can be classified into Northern Silk Road on the land, and the Maritime Silk Road. Embroidery (刺绣)Embroidery is a traditional Chinese handicraft featuring flowers, birds and scenery on silk or other cloth in colored silk threads. Chinese embroidery dates back over 3,000 years. It has distinct regional and ethnic characteristics.Embroidery in China includes:Shu Embroidery (蜀绣) from Sichuan,Su Embroidery (苏绣) from SuzhouSu embroidery enjoys a good reputation of the first of the Top-four embroidery in China.Xiang Embroidery (湘绣) from HunanYue Embroidery (粤绣) from Guangdong.Li BrocadeAcclaimed as a "living fossil" of Chinese textiles, the Li-style brocade was chosen in the first batch of items for the Intangible Cultural Heritage list released by UNESCO in 2009. The Li brocade has been part of China's national cultural heritage, but as few people nowadays have the skills necessary to weave the special brocades, the practice is in danger of becoming extinct.Chapter 7 Part 1Food CultureWords and Expressionsfoodie 吃货culinary厨房的，烹饪的;烹调用的cuisine烹饪，烹调法;菜肴main food主食,主粮（staple food ）aroma芳香，香味seasonings调味品、调料A general introduction of Chinese foodChinese cuisine(菜肴)is widely seen as representing one of the richest and most diverseculinary(烹饪的) cuisines and heritages in the world.A meal in Chinese culture is typically seen as consisting of two or more general components: Zhushi (main food)---typically rice, noodles, or mantou (steamed bun), and accompanying dishes of vegetables, meat, fish, or other items, known as cai (dish) in the Chinese language. This cultural conceptualization is in some ways in contrast to cuisines of Northern Europe and the USA, where meat or animal protein(蛋白质) is often considered the main food(主食).Chinese cuisine is a complete presence of color, aroma(芳香，香味) and taste. (色香味俱全)In China, we have eight branches of cuisine.Shandong Cuisine山东菜系(鲁菜)Guangdong Cuisine广东菜系(粤菜)Sichuan Cuisine四川菜系(川菜)Hunan Cuisine湖南菜系(湘菜)Jiangsu Cuisine淮扬菜系(苏菜)Zhejiang Cuisine浙江菜系(浙菜)Fujian Cuisine福建菜系(闽菜)Anhui Cuisine安徽菜系(徽菜)Hainan CuisineHainan is noted for its "Four Best Known Dishes" -- Wenchang Chicken, Jiaji Duck, Dongshan Mutton东山羊and Hele Crab和乐蟹.Chapter 7 Part 2 Tea and Wine CultureA Brief Introduction to Tea CultureTea (茶) commonly denotes the drink made from steeping(浸泡）the processed leaves, buds（芽）, or twigs of the tea bush (茶树) in water.On both casual and formal Chinese occasions, tea is consumed regularly. In addition to being a drink, Chinese tea is used in Traditional Chinese medicine and in Chinese cuisine.It is universally acknowledged that China is the original tea-growing area, as well as the firstcountry to grow, produce and drink tea.At the end of the sixteenth century, the Dutch(荷兰人) brought word to Europe that there was a kind of magic leaf in the east, from which tasty drinks could be made, and this was the first time that Europeans heard of tea.In 1610, the East India Company(东印度公司) was the first to sell tea to Europe, after which the habit of drinking tea took root there. Britain is famous for its tea drinking.The Classifications of Chinese TeaGreen tea绿茶Black tea红茶Oolong tea乌龙茶Yellow tea黄茶White tea 白茶Scented tea花茶Compressed tea砖茶Unique customs of taking tea in different regions:Guangdong Morning teaFujian Kongfu teaSichuan “Covered-bowl tea”Tibetan Buttered tea(酥油茶)Inner Mongolia Milk teaHainan Laoba TeaHainan Laoba Tea“Laoba tea”(La oba means father) is a special scene in Haikou, a pot of tea with some snacks, people sit around an old table,for killing time and strengthening the relationship with theirs friends, it hasn’t the limitation of time or place. Most of places of traditional Laoba tea are barely furnished, the prices of food and tea there are cheap. The teahouse of Laoba tea is a little world of society, a mirror of the traditional life in Hainan.The Functions of Offering TeaTo show respectTo apologizeTo express thanks to the elders on one’s wedding dayTea EtiquetteServing a cup of tea is more than mere politeness.When offered tea, it is considered polite to at least take a sip.When you pour tea, the rule of “full cup for wine and half cup for tea”should be observed. Chinese Wine CultureThe Origin of Chinese WineChinese wine, as a special form of culture, has a history of more than five thousand years . Chinese wine making can be traced back as far as 4000 BC, to the early period of the Neolithic Yangshao Culture (新石器时代的仰韶文化). During its long development, Chinese wine has developed distinctive characteristics.Types of Chinese WineHuangjiu (yellow rice wine)Huangjiu is one of three dominated brewed wines (beer and grape wine) in the world. Huang Jiu predates all the other liquors, with a history of several thousand years. Among these liquors the Shaoxing Rice Wine is the most famous.Baijiu(white wine)Being made from sorghum, corn, barley or wheatFruit WineFermented alcoholic beverages made from a variety of base ingredients (other than grapes); May also have additional flavors taken from fruits, flowers, and herbs.Red WineA type of wine made from dark-coloured (black) grape varieties. The actual colour of the wine can range from intense violet, typical of young wines, through to brick red for mature wines and brown for older red wines.BeerToast etiquetteChinese Drinking Etiquette(礼仪)The Chinese people care more about the people we drink with.That is Chinese drinking etiquette reflects the respect of the drinkersThe host and guests have their own seat and order of toast(敬酒顺序)When toast,the host come first,and firstly,they should toast the most honored guest.The wine vessel must be full.The younger should toast the elder and drink all of the wine.(先干为敬)Western Drinking EtiquetteThe drinking etiquette of west show the respect of wine.To distinguish wine we need to watch its color, smell its fragrance, taste its taste(观其色、闻其香、品其味). They drink for enjoying, so sometimes they drink themselves. They do not encourage others to drink, neither do they consider letting other drunk is a way to show their etiquette.Chapter 4 Traditional Festivals and CustomsWords and ExpressionsLegal holiday/ official holiday 法定节假日Solar calendar阳历Lunar calendar 阴历/ Agricultural calendar 农历Spring Festival （春节）Lantern Festival (元宵节）Tomb-sweeping Festival/ Qing Ming Festival (清明节）Dragon Boat Festival（端午节）Mid-autumn Festival （中秋节）Double Ninth Festival （重阳节）Intangible Cultural Heritage非物质文化遗产Spring Festival （春节）China’s most important festival falls on the 1st day of the 1st lunar month each year. Family members gather just as they do for Christmas in the West.CustomsSpring CleaningWrite and paste couplets(对联) on doorsSet off fireworksReceive Gift MoneyGreet each otherLantern Festival (元宵节）The Lantern Festival, celebrated on the 15th day of the first lunar month, is closely related to the Spring Festival. It marks the end of the New Year celebrations, following which life returns to normal. The most prominent activity of the Lantern Festival is the grand display of beautiful。
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Gray-tiled roofs: for those who are nonimperial , including those of nobles and rich landlords.
Why ancient Chinese placed animal figures on roof ridges?
Because it was believed that immoral beings and various beats served to protect sacred(神圣的) buildings and keep evil spirits away.
The building materials
Wooden ancient Chinese buildings and structures were the most common but some were built with either red or grey bricks.
Although the timber were transportable, it was easy to be attracted by the fire, so the ancient Chinese also used bricks and tiles(瓦片，瓷砖).
As we all know, the color of the roof tiles indicated the status of the residents. Now, who can tell us about it in detail?
Blue tiles: used for the prince’s residences.
Plain, flexible and
beautiful layout
Chinese structures are based on the principle of balance and symmetry （对称）. The main structure is the axis(轴 线). The secondary structures are positioned as two wings on either side to form the main room aof design
Ancient buildings tend to have huge roofs with extended eaves（屋檐）. This was to ensure enough lighting and avoid the dampening of the walls.
Although, modern architectures are usually adopt to western architectural styles, the ancient architectural unique application of wood structure still have a deep influence to modern construction.
Ancient Chinese architecture featured timber framework as the supporting structure. Walls were not load bearing; they were only used to separate spaces. The timber frame supported most of the weight of the house. The framework was resistant to earthquakes while possessing the advantages of flexibility and adaptability.
A Glimpse of Chinese Culture
Chapter 11
Architecture Group 12
Teaching Assignments
Architecture in ancient Chinese and famous styles of ancient Chinese architecture. (Cao Lihua )
Timber（木材） framework Plain, flexible and beautiful layout(布局) The building materials The artistic roof design The colorful decorations
Timber framework
What’s the relationship between architecture in ancient China and modern China?
From my perspective, ancient buildings reflect the respect for the environment, and adhere to(遵循) the environmental characteristics and geographical features.
Typical Chinese Structures and ornament. (An Yaping)
Chinese bridges. (Zou Dawei)
Part One
Cao Lihua
Architecture in Ancient China
The Characteristics of Chinese Ancient Architecture