车载无线传感器网络监测系统设计(外文原文+中文翻译)
基于无线传感器网络的智能交通监控系统设计
基于无线传感器网络的智能交通监控系统设计1. 引言智能交通系统是信息技术与交通管理相结合的典型应用范例之一。
而无线传感器网络（Wireless Sensor Network，WSN）作为一种新兴的通信网络技术，为智能交通系统的监控与管理提供了更加便捷、高效的解决方案。
本文将针对基于无线传感器网络的智能交通监控系统的设计进行探讨。
2. 无线传感器网络的特点无线传感器网络是由大量分布式传感器节点组成的，这些节点可以采集并处理环境中的信息。
无线传感器网络具有以下特点：2.1 无线通信：传感器节点之间通过无线通信进行数据传输，避免了布线成本高昂的问题。
2.2 分布式处理：传感器节点具备一定的数据处理能力，在传感器节点上完成数据处理，减轻中心节点的负担。
2.3 节能设计：传感器节点通常采用低功耗设计，以延长其使用寿命。
2.4 自组织网络：传感器节点可以自主决策，自组织成网络，实现信息的自动采集与传输。
2.5 地理位置敏感：传感器节点通常具备位置感知能力，可以进行地理位置相关的信息处理。
3. 智能交通监控系统设计的基本架构基于无线传感器网络的智能交通监控系统主要由传感器节点、路由节点和监控中心组成。
传感器节点负责采集路况信息，并通过无线传感器网络传输给路由节点。
路由节点将采集到的数据进行处理和过滤，并将有用的信息传输到监控中心。
监控中心负责数据的接收、处理和显示。
该系统的基本架构如图1所示。
（图1：智能交通监控系统的基本架构）4. 传感器节点设计传感器节点是智能交通监控系统中最基本的组成单元。
传感器节点通常由传感器、嵌入式处理器、无线通信模块和电源模块构成。
4.1 传感器：传感器节点根据交通监控系统的需求选择合适的传感器，如光强传感器、声音传感器、温度传感器等，实时采集路况信息。
4.2 嵌入式处理器：传感器节点中的嵌入式处理器负责传感器数据的处理和分析，将处理后的数据发送给路由节点。
4.3 无线通信模块：传感器节点通过无线通信模块将采集到的数据发送给路由节点，可以选择 ZigBee、Wi-Fi、LoRa等通信协议。
机械毕业设计英文外文翻译51采煤工作面无线传感器网络物理层设计UWB技术
翻译部分英文原文Coal Face Wireless Sensor Network Physical Layer Design BasedOn UWB TechnologyAbstractIn order to guarantee the safety of coal face production, it is necessary to monitor and surveillance face Shearer, scraper transport planes, hydraulic support, transport machines, broken machines etc . At present, it is difficult for the cable transmission mode to adapt to changes in the work site of the coal face. Transmission lines are often damaged and snapped for various factors, we use wireless sensor network (WSN), which is flexible to be placed and extensible, to resolve this problem. This paper discuss the design of the WSN transceiver for coal face with UWB technology. This kind of transceiver has some useful advantage such as low cost, low power consumption, simple structure, easy to implement the design of the hardware, no need to estimate the coal face Channel characteristics. However, detection efficiency is slightly lower, but the error rate can meet the requirement.1.IntroductionCoal face must face the complicated geological conditions and poor working conditions. In order to ensure the safety of production in the coal face, it is necessary to monitor real-time the face Shearer, scraper transport machine, hydraulic support, reprint machine, broken machines and other large equipments. In addition, we must monitor the ground pressure, gas, carbon monoxide, dust and other environmental parameters. At the same time, mobile voice and image communications is required. At present, the signal monitored and derived from the coal face is transmitted by cable. As the face is moving constantly and the going of the coal mining process, all kinds of large-scale iron and steel equipments in the coal face need to be boosted circularly and continually. The shape of the space is constantly changing with the change of the relative position of the equipments. Correspondingly, communication in cable is difficult to be applicable with the working scene changing, so transmission lines is damaged or snapped frequently ,and the coal face mobile voice and image communication is impossible .All these issues cause many latent trouble to the Safety of theproduction. We think wireless sensor network (WSN) is feasible to implement monitoring and surveillance to the coal face, for it has some useful characters of placing flexibly, expanding simply, moving easily and self-organization.2.WSN architecture in the coal faceThe sensor network system structure of the mining Coal face is shown in Figure 1. In this Figure, the sensor nodes send the information of acquistion through one or more jumps to the cluster node, the base station (sink node) is responsible for the collection of data, and transmit them to task management node through up-slot network, task management Node is responsible for the integrated process the data and also issued instruction to sensor networks. The tunnel of coal face is a limited space. Bracket, shearer, transport and other large metal equipments are layout and coal, rocks and other media is a non-uniform restricted space, which all make the transmission channel more complex, fading and multi-path phenomena more serious in the transmission of wireless sensor nodes signal. These are different from sensor networks on the ground. Therefore,the design of transceiver node of it isparticularly important. At present,there are three main technologies ofthe physical layer in wireless sensornetworks: narrow-band modulationtechnology, spread spectrumtechnology and ultra-wideband(UWB) technology. While UWB technology possesses some attractive advantages such as low power spectrum density, low-complexity system, Low sensitivity to the channel fading, better security and so on. Considering the advantages and the characteristics of coal face naturally, we have adopted Impulse radio ultra-wide band (IR-UWB) technology, and the reasons are followed: 1) UWB technology consumes lower power and has lower power spectrum. Low power consumption, low-cost and small size are the most important feature of wireless sensor network nodes. Narrow-band modulation technology, spread spectrum modulation technology generally use sine carrier , IF and RF circuits exist in the systems, so consuming more power than the UWB technology with no carrier.Transmission medium in the coal face is non-uniform, which leading to more transmission loss than wireless communications systems on the ground. Therefore low power consumption becomes particularly important. In the coal face, as WSN node presents zonal distribution, nodes just need to communicate with neighbor-nodes. The WSN system based on UWB, consuming lower transmission power, can meet the requirements and avoid the interference with each other in the narrow-band communications node. In addition, the low power consumption and high penetrating power help to design safe equipment and transmit disaster relief signal. 2) Strong anti-interference ability. In the coal face, electrical and mechanical equipment has narrow distribution. When equipment starts or stop, electrical sparkle may cause a lot of electromagnetic interference. So good anti-interference capability is strongly required in the wireless communication. 3) Good Anti-interference to multi-path ability. Coal face has some inherent characters, such as narrow space, more types of media, a multi-path intensive channel, while IR-UWB can be applied to this complicated environment with its advantages: narrow Pulse width, small pulse duration ratio, high multi-path resolution, strong anti-multi-path and fading Capacity. 4) Simple structure. The characters of IR-UWB, such as no modulation and up/down conversing frequency, simple transmitter structure, lower power consumption, make it more acceptable. According to the complexity of the node and power consumption into considerations, IR-UWB technology is very applicable to the design of the wireless sensor network physical layer. Therefore, compared to narrow-band modulation technology, spread spectrum technology, the wireless communication system based on the UWB technology present a good performance on the energy consumption, robustness, anti-multi-path and anti-noise, and so on.The modulation of IR-UWB are mainly PAM (OOK), PPM and BPM (Bi-Phase Modulation), but the presence of lines spectrum in PAM and PPM not only make ultra-wideband pulse signal difficult to meet a certain spectrum Requirements, but also reduce the power utilization, thereby it increases energy consumption. Several IR-UWB signals in the frequency spectrum are shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3 . As WSN system requires low power consumption, PAM modulation often use OOK method, which has simple structure. But OOK has poor performance on the BER(Bit Error Rate), anti-noise performance of BPMmodulation such as anti-Jitter noise is better. ISI would be intensified if we adopted PPM under the conditions of intensive multi-path environment in the coal face. Therefore, we use BPM forms in the transceiver system of the coal face.A. The design of transmitting systemThe transmitter which adopts BPM forms is shown in Figure 4. The signal distortion, interference and noise brought by the special environment in coal face need encoded protection through channel coding interweave module. Data rate of the original information is lower, which make it difficult to meet the requirements of FCC in the absence of modulation. We need to use spread spectrum code transform the original information which has a larger duration ratio into a smaller duration ratio (nanosecond). Then we can generate BPM pulse signal through the pulse formation circuit, which can meet the requirement of FCC. Finally use filters to optimize BPM signal further to enlarge the spectrum and send it out from the antenna.The system uses Gaussian pulse to be the form of UWB signal. If a wave transmitted is the first order derivative Rayleigh pulse, the signal after sending out through the antenna is transformed to be the second order derivative of the Gaussian pulse in ideal circumstances. In addition, the lower the order of the Gaussian pulse is, the farther the signal can be sent under the same data rate. Here we select the Gaussian doublet, whose hardware circuit is relatively easy to implement and consume lower energy. Although interference of narrow-band communication system is exist in the ground wireless communications, the higher order of the Gaussian is , the better Gaussian narrow pulse shape. But we do not need to consider interference to the other narrow-band communications in the coal face, for so far, wireless communications systems is basically non-existent in the mine's coal face. A second Gaussian pulse shape can be expressed as:()()222222214t t d t t P e dt παπα-⎛⎫==- ⎪⎝⎭ Here,α is used to express the pulse width, Suppose that the input signal is {}k α , each bit is expressed by i a and its cycle is f T .After the channel encoder, every bit of the sequence {}k α kare repeated by N times. The code durationtime is s T , so each bit is composed by N pulse width. If we suppose thepseudo-random sequence of sensors node k is (){}k j C , the length of thesequence is N, the duration of the code slice is The sequence of (){}k j C can bereplaced by ()()()(){}12,,,,k k k k m N C C C C Λ and the ()1k j C =±.The time coordinate of i-th bit in the frame date stream sent by sensor node k is i t .()f k i s c t =t -i T -j T -τ()()()()()()()()()N *k k k m j s c i =-j =1N k k m j s c i=-j=1St =p t d C δt-iT -jT -τ=d C p t-iT -jT -τ∞∞∞∞∑∑∑∑ 21,m i d a =- when 0,1,i m a d ==-when 1,1i m a d ==.We can thinks f c f T =NT ,T =T in practical application.When N=1, the UWB waves and waveform sent are shown in the Figure 5. Waveform in the Figure from the top to the end is the UWB waveform (the waveform of code “0” and the waveform “1”); the waveform generated whenseveral code are send out; UWB waveform when get through band-pass filter.B. The design of receiver systemThe recerver structure is shown in figure 6. The signal received through the receiving antenna will go through the low noise amplifier and filter. Then the amplitude of the signal will be detected using tunnel diodes peak detector. Then we can get a pulse waveform which own longer code duration time when the signal detected after passing through high-pass filter and pulse stretch circuit. The last step is sample and judge.In this design, we make use of the characters of the negative resistance region of tunnel diode. In this region, the current decreases as the voltage is increased. This negative resistance results in a very fast switching time. After detected by the tunnel and passed through high-pass filter and comparator, the signal can be stretched and delayed by RS latch. We can directly sampling and judge the signal, for the width of the signal we get is wider than we first received .The kind of the receiver is different from the method we previously used. Such as, literature 555 tell the technology about relevant receiver. As we know, the general complexity of the relevant receiver, which own integrator circuit and need precision clock, is much higher. Sometimes, general relevant receiver need matching filter according to channel model parameters, which can be required by channel estimation. Because channel characteristics under the mine well are extremely complex, the possibility to use channel estimation is small. In addition, the receiver does not need ADC conversion devices, for the comparator has fixed the position of the code “0”and”1”.Furthermore, the code stretched has a relative longer duration time, which do not need higher judgment pulse precision. Therefore, in the whole, the receiver does not need complicated channel estimation and ADC conversion devices, which make the energy-consumption and complexity much lower. But we can not ignore the disadvantage of this kindof receiver; it has bigger signal fading, lower detection efficiency.C. Anti-noise performance of BPMThe propagation environment of the coal face belongs to dense multi-path. And the theoretical channel model we referred to is proposed by combining Saleh-Valenzu channel model, which is the foundation, and the characteristic of the coal face under the mine. Suppose the discrete pulse response is()h t, r(t) isir t=s t*h t.the signal received by one node. Then , ()()()iThe distance between receiver and transmitter is about 5-8 meters, which can satisfy the requirement of the distribution of the nodes in the coal face. The code duration time is 25ns, the duration time of GASSION waves is80ps. Under this conditions , we can get the curve, just as shown in the Figure 8.In fact, when we carried out the experiment of BER test, the performance shown in Figure 8 is not easy to be seen because of the complexity of the channel character. According to the research result, the performance of anti-noise became abnormal, such as the fading of the signal is not in proportion to the distance and the amount of the path increase and decrease in a large scale. Because the relevant coefficient of transmitted waves of the BPM is passive relevance when we adopted relevant receiver, the performance of anti-noise ofBPM in relevant receiver is superior to PPM and OOK. Take the structure simplification of the receiver and the special character of the coal face into consideration, BPM is preferable in the whole，ever if the receiver we discussed in this paper is not superior to the relevant receiver on the anti-noise performance.3.ConclusionBecause of the limited space of a non-uniform medium and the complicated channel character in the coal face, the choice of the model we send and receive the signal is extremely important. Taking into account that BPM do not have discrete spectrum when “0” and ”1” emerged in a same probability, if not, the amount of discrete spectrum is small, which is attractive to WSN system, for the low energy consumption is strongly required. Therefore, the communication mode can be used in the coal face. The Gaussian doublet, which can meet the requirement of FCC, is used to send the source signal. Take the complexity of the transmission channels, the receiver use non-coherent receiving method, use tunnel diode to detect signal, execute sampling and judgment after the signal go through the comparator and stretch circuit. This Method does not need channel estimation and ADC circuits, higher pulse sampling accuracy, which together decides the probability to simplify the structure of the receiver greatly. However, the method of receiving has a greater attenuation and bad anti-noise performance than the traditional relevant receiver. But let’s takes every important fac tor into consideration, the receiving method is suitable for the special environment of the coal face.中文译文采煤工作面无线传感器网络物理层设计UWB技术摘要为了保证安全生产的工作面，监测和监视采煤机，刮板运输机，液压支架，运输机械，破碎机等是必要的。
Connecting Wireless Sensornets with TCPIP Networks 翻译
基于TCP/IP网络的无线传感网连接Adam Dunkels1, Juan Alonso1, Thiemo Voigt1, Hartmut Ritter, Jochen SchillerSICS Technical Report T2003: 20ISSN 1100-3154ISRN:SICS-T--2003/20-SE摘要：无线传感器网络是由许多小的无线传感器节点共同组成的，该网络内的各个小节点共同收集信息。
通常这样的网络不能完全孤立地运作，必须连接到外部网络，进行监测和控制连接。
在TCP/IP协议中，该互联网协议组合，已用于标准的大型网络，而且传感器网络能够连接到TCP/IP 网络中。
在本文中，我们讨论三种方式用于连接TCP/IP网络的传感器网络：代理服务器体系结构、容迟网络和TCP/IP传感器网络。
最后我们得出结论，该方法在某种程度上的正交和组合是可行的。
但对于TCP / IP传感器网络，除了目前有些问题仍需要进一步研究之外，TCP/IP网络是一个可行的协议传感器网络。
一. 引言无线传感器网络是一种基于多个小型无线传感器节点共同组成的信息采集模式。
这种传感器节点，体积小而且价格低廉，通常由一个或多个传感器、短程无线电收发器和一个小的微控制器组成，在电池供电的情况下就可以工作。
传感器网络部署设计方案都比较大，其中每个网络由数百甚至数千个传感器节点组成。
在这种部署方案中，每个传感器单独配置节点通常是不可行的，因此节点的自身配置是很重要的。
节能也很关键，尤其是在几乎很难更换传感器电池的情况下。
因此电池的保养也很重要，应该尽量避免更换电池。
大多数传感器网络程序的目标是监测或检测异常现象。
比如建筑环境控制、野生生物栖息地监测[17]和森林火灾监测[ 24 ]。
对于这样的应用，传感器网络不能在完全隔离的环境中工作，必须有一个监测实体的方式，以获得所产生的数据的传感器网络。
通过连接传感器网络现有的网络基础设施，如全球互联网，局域网，或私人网络，远程访问的传感器网络可以实现。
智能小车无线环境监测系统设计
智能小车无线环境监测系统设计彭倩;吴祎【摘要】Temperature and humidity,light intensity and smoke data playsan important role in industrial production workshop and warehouse cargo maintenance,aiming at the high operating costs and information feedback lag of traditional wired monitoring method,this paper designs a intelligent car wireless environment monitoring system based on LabVIEW.TheSTM32F103RCT6 controller can upload the multi-channel environmental data and transfer the data via the wireless communication moduleNRF24L01,the system switches automatic tracking and manual control mode of intelligent car in the host computer through virtual instrument software,the intelligent car system can be autonomous and high efficiency forward,backward,left and right and obstacle avoidance,While the host computer monitoring interface collects sensor data through the wireless communication module,it also has function for each datadisplay,storage,alarm and so on.Test results show that,the system can effectively and accurately reflect the change in environmental data,which can facilitate a long data collection,transmission and analysis,at the same time can effectively improve the level of real-time monitoring on workshop and warehouse,and has a certain practical and promotional value.%温湿度、光强及烟雾数据的监测在工业生产车间、仓库货物维护中尤为重要,针对传统有线监测方式运行成本高及信息反馈滞后等不足,设计一种基于LabVIEW的智能小车无线监测系统;由下位机STM32F103RCT6控制器对多路环境参数进行数据采集,通过NRF24L01无线通信模块对数据进行传输,利用LabVIEW虚拟仪器软件在上位机对智能小车进行自动寻迹和手动控制模式切换,可实现智能小车高效率的前进、后退、左转及右转,自主避障等动作,同时通过无线通信模块将小车上的各个传感器数据采集到上位机监测界面,实现显示、存储、报警等功能.测试结果表明,系统能有效准确地反映环境数据变化,便于长时间实时的对环境数据进行采集、传输与分析,可有效提高对车间、仓库的实时监测水平,具有一定的实用推广价值.【期刊名称】《计算机测量与控制》【年(卷),期】2018(026)006【总页数】4页(P35-37,116)【关键词】智能小车;环境监测;虚拟仪器;无线通信【作者】彭倩;吴祎【作者单位】西安科技大学电气与控制工程学院,西安710054;中国移动通信集团设计院有限公司陕西分公司,西安710065【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TP2420 引言近几年我国工业的迅速发展对工业生产车间和仓库中的环境信息监测提出了更高的要求。
传感器外文翻译
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译院系：光电与通信工程年级专业：12电子信息工程姓名：刘燊学号：1106012133附件：Advances in Sensor Technology Development指导老师评语：指导教师签名：年月日——摘自夏伟强，樊尚春传感器技术的的新发展仪器仪表学报传感器技术的新进展传感器技术是新技术革命和信息社会的重要技术基础，是一门多学科交叉的科学技术，被公认为现代信息技术的源头。
近些年，传感器技术发展很快，取得了许多新进展，尤其在气体传感器、生物传感器、视觉传感器等方面取得了很多进展。
美国麻省理工学院华人科学家张曙光领导的研究小组借助一种特殊溶液，成功地找到了大规模制造嗅觉感受器的办法；同样是麻省理工学院的研究人员利用气相色谱-质谱技术感受识别气体分子，研制出一种能对微量有毒气体做出强烈反应的微型传感器；俄罗斯科学家以从一种普通蘑菇中提取的混合物为原料，与压电石英晶振构成谐振式传感器，能够探测空气中含量极低的酚成分；日本科学家研制出能快速识别流感病毒纳米传感器，有望以纳米技术为快速识别流感病毒、乙型肝炎病毒、疯牛病病原体和残留农药等物质提供新手段；西班牙巴塞罗那自治大学研制出新型缩微DNA分析传感器，这种传感器能将分析 DNA链的时间缩短到几分钟或几小时，智能仪器与传感器技术、空间生物智能传感技术。
可以在亲子鉴定到检测遗传修饰食物的一系列化验中应用，此外还能确定新药的遗传毒性；美国国家标准与技术研究院研发出一种超灵敏微型核磁共振（NMR)传感器，该微型传感器与微流体通道并列置于一个硅芯片之上，这项技术将核磁共振的探测灵敏度提升到一个新的台阶，将在化学分析中具有广泛的应用前景。
我国传感器技术虽然与国外相比还有很大差距，但近两年也取得了一些进展和突破，诞生了一些新产品，有些在国家重大型号工程中获得应用。
如资源环境技术领域中的环境监测及环境风险评价技术、大气复合污染关键气态污染物的快速在线监测技术和大气细粒子和超细粒子的快速在线监测技术，海洋技术领域中的海洋水质污染综合参数在线监测技术和海洋金属污染物现场和在线监测技术等。
车载导航监控终端无线上网的设计与实现
Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：Ｔｈｉｓ ｐａｐｅｒ ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｓ Ｎｕｖｏｔｏｎ Ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ Ｍ０５１６ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｒ ａｓ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｒｅ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｇｅｎｅｒａｌ ｐａｃｋｅｔ ｒａｄｉｏ ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅ （ＧＰＲＳ）ｍｏｄｕｌｅ ＳＩＭ９００ｃｏｍｐｏｓｅｄ ｏｆ ｗｉｒｅｌｅｓｓ Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ ａｃｃｅｓｓ ｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ．Ｗｉｔｈ ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｌｉｎｇ ＳＩＭ９００ ｍｏｄｕｌｅ ｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅ ｃａｒ ｎａｖｉｇａｔｉｏｎ ｍｏｎｉｔｏｒ ｔｅｒｍｉｎａｌ ｗｉｔｈ ａｎ Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ ｃｏｎｎｅｃｔｉｏｎ ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ ＡＴ ｃｏｍｍａｎｄｓ，ｔｈｅ ｖｅｈｉｃｌｅ ｔｅｒｍｉｎａｌ ｅｘｃｈａｎｇｅ ｉｎｆｏｒｍａ－ ｔｉｏｎ ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｅ ｓｅｒｖｅｒ．Ｕｓｅｒｓ ｃａｎ ｂｅ ｃｏｎｖｅｎｉｅｎｔｌｙ ａｎｄ ｓｍｏｏｔｈｌｙ ｃｈｅｃｋ ｖｅｈｉｃｌｅ ｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ ｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎ ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ，ｔｈｅ ｓｅｒｖｅｒ ｃａｎ ａｌｓｏ ｍｏｎｉｔｏｒ ｉｍｐｒｏｐｅｒ ｄｒｉｖｉｎｇ ｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｖｅｈｉｃｌｅ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ａｌａｒｍ ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ，ｒｅａｌｉｚｉｎｇ ｔｈｅ ｖｅｈｉｃｌｅ ｎａｖｉｇａｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ ｓｕｒｖｅｉｌｌａｎｃｅ ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ． Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ：ｖｅｈｉｃｌｅ ｔｅｒｍｉｎａｌ；Ｍ０５１６；ＧＰＲＳ；ＡＴ ｃｏｍｍａｎｄ
— ４４ —
中国科技核心期刊
ＴＣＰ／ＩＰ 协议，使得 无 线 数 据 的 传 输 变 得 更 加 轻 松，更 容 易扩展功能。
１ 车 载 导 航 监 控 系 统 总 体 及 通 信 通 道
车 载 导 航 监 控 管 理 系 统 包 括 监 控 中 心 服 务 器 、用 户 查 询命令终端、车载 终 端 组 成。 各 个 部 分 以 服 务 器 为 中 心， 通过 ＧＳＭ／ＧＰＲＳ网络以及Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ网络组织起来配合工 作，完成车辆实时导航监控管理等功能。系统 总 体 结构框 图如图１所示。
面向智能城市的无线传感器网络监测与管理系统设计
面向智能城市的无线传感器网络监测与管理系统设计智能城市是指通过信息技术与物联网技术的应用，使城市基础设施更加智能化、高效化和可持续发展的一种城市发展模式。
无线传感器网络（Wireless Sensor Networks，WSN）作为智能城市中的重要组成部分，具有广阔的应用前景和市场潜力。
因此，设计一套面向智能城市的无线传感器网络监测与管理系统是非常必要和重要的任务。
一、系统概述无线传感器网络监测与管理系统（Wireless Sensor Network Monitoring and Management System）的设计旨在实现对智能城市中的无线传感器网络的监测、管理和优化。
该系统主要包括传感器节点、网络通信系统、监测与管理中心以及数据分析与处理模块。
传感器节点是系统的基本组成单元，负责感知环境信息、采集和处理数据，并通过无线通信技术将数据传输给监测与管理中心。
传感器节点需要具备较低的功耗、高的传输距离和稳定的通信信号，以适应复杂多变的城市环境。
网络通信系统是传感器节点之间和节点与监测与管理中心之间数据传输的桥梁。
对于智能城市来说，网络通信系统需要具备宽带、高速和安全的特点，以保证传感器网络的实时性和可靠性。
监测与管理中心是整个系统的控制中枢，负责对传感器网络进行实时监测、管理和控制。
监测与管理中心需要具备大数据处理和分析能力，以及自动化控制和决策的能力，为智能城市的运行提供有力支持。
数据分析与处理模块使用先进的数据挖掘和人工智能算法，对传感器节点采集到的大量数据进行分析和处理。
通过数据分析与处理模块的应用，可以实现对智能城市环境的预测、评估和优化，为城市发展提供科学依据。
二、系统设计要点1. 传感器网络布局和部署无线传感器网络的布局和部署是系统设计的关键环节。
根据智能城市的特点和需求，需要合理规划传感器节点的数量、分布密度和布放位置。
同时还需要考虑传感器节点的能耗和通信距离，合理设计网络拓扑结构，以实现全面、高效的城市环境监测。
无线传感器网络中的监测与控制系统设计
无线传感器网络中的监测与控制系统设计一、概述无线传感器网络（Wireless Sensor Network, WSN）是由大量分布式、自治、无线互联的节点组成的，被广泛应用于环境监测、智能家居、车联网、工业自动化等领域。
监测与控制系统是WSN的一个重要应用，主要用于采集环境信息，并根据信息反馈进行相关控制操作。
本文将从监测与控制系统的设计入手，介绍WSN中监测与控制系统的原理、组成结构以及设计要点。
二、监测与控制系统原理1. 工作原理WSN的监测与控制系统由若干个节点组成，每个节点都具有自己的处理器和传感器，主要工作流程如下：首先，传感器采集环境信息，并将数据传输到本地节点；其次，本地节点将数据传输给监测中心，监测中心进行数据处理并反馈控制命令；最后，控制命令被传递给本地节点，从而实现对环境进行控制操作。
2. 监测与控制系统组成WSN的监测与控制系统主要由三个部分组成：传感器节点、本地节点和监测中心。
其中，传感器节点是WSN中最基本的组成部分，用于采集环境信息；本地节点是传感器节点的控制中心，用于对采集到的信息进行处理和分析，并将数据传递到监测中心；监测中心是WSN的数据管理中心，用于接收和处理传感器节点上传的信息，并生成控制命令。
三、监测与控制系统设计要点1. 传感器选择与部署传感器的选择和部署是WSN中监测与控制系统设计的关键环节。
在选择传感器时，需考虑传感器的精度、准确度、稳定性和耐用性等因素，并根据实际需求进行选择。
在部署传感器时，应考虑传感器节点的密度、分布范围、通讯距离等因素，以达到最佳监测效果。
2. 网络拓扑网络拓扑是指节点之间的布局方式，主要包括星型、树型、网状等拓扑结构。
在WSN中，星型拓扑结构是最常见的拓扑结构，功能简单、易于维护，适用于小规模网络。
网状拓扑结构适用于大规模网络，但节点间通讯路径比较复杂。
3. 通讯协议通讯协议是WSN中监测与控制系统设计的另一个重要环节。
通讯协议应根据应用需求进行选择，一般包括物理层、MAC层和网络层。
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Wireless sensor network monitoring system designKang yi-mei,Zhao lei,Hu jiang,Yang en-bo(Study on Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics)Summary: A car wireless sensor network monitoring system based on IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee standards. With universal wireless sensor networks, expansion of the scope of monitoring and monitoring functions for in-car system, car data acquisition and condition monitoring of equipment status and the necessary equipment control, topology control, topology query functions. Keywords: wireless sensor networks; monitoring systemIntroductionIn order to satisfy the people to car safety, handling and comfort requirements, vehicle integrated with more and more electronic system .At present, car electronic equipment is widely used 16 or 32-bit microprocessor control. Creating in-vehicle monitoring system based on IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee standard for wireless sensor networks, designed to achieve a more optimized wireless sensor networks, the progressive realization of the network of automotive systems, intelligent and controllable to provide high-Car System security.System designIn this paper, the existing vehicle system, the data transmission mode is extended to the wireless transmission mode, the realization of a star network data acquisition system. And can place each data acquisition node of the acquired data is transmitted to the gateway, the gateway through the serial port to upload data to the host computer, in the host data real-time waveform display, and method of database to preserve, for the follow-up data processing. The application of system object is composed of a temperature sensor, pressure sensor, speed sensor, speed sensor, a current sensor, pressure sensor, sensor subsystem. The purpose of this design is to use a monitoring host machine end to the detection of multiple target environment, taking into account the access data throughput and software system complexity, using time-division multiplexing way, one by one on the net terminal collecting point of control and data acquisition.As shown in Figure 1, the system is divided into 3 parts: Vehicle Monitoring Center, gateway and mobile sensor node. Gateway is the whole vehicle system core, and all vehicular sensor node communication. Vehicle monitoring center to the gateway sends a control command by the gateway, the control command is converted to an RF signal and sent to the vehicle sensor node. When the vehicle sensor nodes to transmit data, gateway into the data reception state, and upload data to the monitoring center for further processing. In addition, car between sensor nodes cannot communicate with each other. The monitoring center of the monitoring software and gateway in RS232standard interface for communication.Vehicle sensor node life cycle is active and dormant periods. Nodes in the active phase of the completion of data acquisition, data sent to the gateway, receiving andexecuting gateway command; in the dormant period off the wireless RF module in order to save energy, until the next active period. System through this mechanism of dormancy to reduce energy consumption, extend the time span of the system as a whole.The system used PC as the control center, PC machine monitoring software in VB development environment, is a dialog based application software. In order to improve the communication module of the intelligent level, in the design, its function is not limited to the real-time data display, all of the data collection by the monitoring software by sending a request signal to the trigger. Considering the original data for subsequent processing and in-depth analysis of the vehicle system, can accurately judge, software has also added data preservation of the document and data file display function.Generally speaking, the whole network are controlled by the host monitoring software, the working process of every node of the network is the need of human participation.2 hardware system design2.1application chip introductionMC13192with IEEE802.15.4 standard, the operating frequency is2.405～2.480 GHz, data transmission rate of 250kbps, using 0-QPSK debugging mode. This feature-rich two-way 2.4GHz transceiver with a data modem which can be in the ZigBee technology application. It also has an optimized digital core, helps to reduce the MCU processing power, shorten the cycle of execution.The main control MCU choose HCS08series of low power, high performance microprocessor MC9S08GB60. The processor has a 60Application of KB programmable Flash、4 KB RAM,10 ADC,8 channel2 asynchronous serial communication interface ( SCI ),1 synchronous serial interface ( SPI ) and I2C bus module, can fully meet the requirement of vehicle gateway and node processor requirements.2.2 MCl3192and MC9S08GB60hardware connectionMC13192and MC9S08GB60 hardware connection diagram as shown in figure 2. The MC13192control and data transmission on 4 wire serial peripheral interface ( SPI ) is completed, the4interface signals were MOS-I, MISO,, SPICLK. The main control MCU through the control signal exiting sleep mode or hibernation mode, through to reset the transceiver, through the RXTXEN to control the data sending and receiving, or force the transceiver into idle mode. The sensor output analog signal through MCU 8 Channel10 bit ADC conversion input to MCU. MCU via SPI MC13192to read and write operation, and the sensor to collect the signal processed by MC13192launch out. The MC13192 interrupt IRQ interrupt register through the pins and to judge the type of interrupt. MC908GB60 pin to control the MC13192 into a different mode of operation .Control of the sensor signal from the MC13192receiving antenna in, transmitted via SPI to MCU, after MCU judgment after processingthrough the GPIO port is transmitted to the sensor, complete control of the sensor. At the same time, MCU MC13192transceiver control and the MAC layer operation. The 3system software design3.1of overall software designThe software design is the design of the core, the key lies in the overall framework of software and data structure design. An important factor to consider is a efficiency, another is to design the clarity.System software consists of the gateway node and the sensor node is composed of two parts, the two parts are needed to complete the SMAC protocol transplantation, and according to the different needs for the upper communication applications with API interface function. Because the SMAC protocol stack programming model using hierarchical design, only the underlying PHY and MAC program level and related hardware, and network layer and application layer procedures is not affected by hardware effects. SMAC in different hardware platform transplantation only need to modify the PHY and MAC layer, each layer can shield the hardware differences directly run.As shown in Figure 3, the design of the software for system platform layer, protocol layer and application layer 3layer. At the same time, defines 3API interface: system layer interface, protocol layer and application layer interface. System level interface defines a hardware register mapping, so C language to be able to directly access the hardware registers to control hardware. System platform based on real-time operating system μC/II protocol layer, to provide system services Hardware driving module provides the hardware driver, all of the hardware control through the module to provide services. Platform layer protocol layer interface protocol layer to provide services. Protocol layer is based on the IEEE 802.15.4 physical layer and link layer based on the ZigBee network layer protocol. Application layer through the application layer interface to invoke services provided by the protocol layer, network management and data transfer tasks. Application of configuration module can call protocol layer to provide network services, will direct the system configuration and query, it is mainly through the AT commands to achieve, so the module calls the application layer interface and protocol layer interface to provide services.3.2sensor node software designBased on the long-term use of the functional requirements, sensor nodes in the software design is the key to achieve the required functions, and can minimize the energy consumption of the sensor nodes.It was found, ZigBee module and the energy consumption is much larger than the central processor and the energy consumption of sensor module. Therefore, the sensor node design of application software to try to make each module in a dormant state, and minimizing wakes ZigBee module number. Therefore, the sensor nodes, power of each functional module initialization is completed, and joined the network, enter the Sleep state, the central processor cycles to be timed wake-up to send data tothe gateway, and receives the gateway command. Sensor nodes of the workflow are shown in Figure 4.The 3.3 gateway node software designGateway downward management sensor node, to complete and PC monitoring center of interaction, the need for a complicated task management and scheduling, therefore, based on the uC / OS kernel of embedded operating system to manage the gateway, the application task efficiently provide good software support. According to gateway function demand, the μC / OS-II, SMAC protocol organic union, form a network operating environment, the user can conveniently on the basis of its development and application. Based on μC / OS-II extended gateway software platform structure is shown in figure 5. Based on μC / OS-II operating system, were used to build the system task SYS_task ( ), START_task ( SMAC star network task ), gateway and a sensor node interaction task COMM_task ( ), PC monitoring center port monitoring mission ( SER_task ) applications such as a series of tasks, thus realizing the gateway software application function.The 3.4 host monitoring software designThis system is the ultimate goal of the collected vehicle sensor data is transmitted in real-time to the host, and the host of display and preservation. Display is designed to get on-board sensor node monitoring environment of the initial situation, preservation is designed as an in-depth analysis of the data samples. In addition, the system as a whole the main prosecution and the data acquisition request initiator, need to be able to send the data request signal in accordance with the requirements of. According to the above requirements, VB environment in the development of a dialog based application. This application includes a 4 module:①data waveform display module. The role of the module is a form of waveform data of the node to be displayed in real-time, it is the use of MS Chart and Timer control.②topology display module. When the user wants to know the wireless sensor network topology construction situation, you can view the topological information, understanding of network nodes join and loss.The historical data display module. In vehicle network system to a certain period of the past, may need a certain period of time the original data for subsequent processing and in-depth analysis, so that the vehicle system of accurate judgement. With the aid of historical data display module, the control center from the gateway of the data obtained, according to the different attributes of the nodes, address and time are saved to the database of the corresponding field, and may be will displayed by waveform of historical data, for the user analysis.The controlling module :In vehicle during system operation may be concerned about a vehicle sensor value node, or to a sensor threshold settings, for monitoring environmental exceptions can be promptly reported to the system. These are available through the control module of the system are corresponding to the set, the control module can also be on the system in which one does not need to delete the node.In short, through the host monitoring software users can visually and many aspects ofgeneral wireless sensor network systems to understand and use.4 test and verification4.1 testingTesting equipment:4 MCl3192ZigBee chip node,1as a gateway node, the remaining 3as sensor nodes.Test method: the gateway node power,4 LED and light, scanning channel if the search to the idle channel, the LED goes out and join the free channel for. The sensor node power,4 LED scanning in the channel at the same time, polling light. LED1 flashes once when the sensor nodes receive the allocation address of the gateway node, So far, networking process and address binding process is complete.4.2 Zigbee RF communication testTesting equipment: ZigBee node 4, a computer terminal stationTest method: according to the ZigBee transmission frame format, the actual transmission total bytes for ( n 6), namely ( n 6) bytes for a data packet. According to the set parameters of the software, such as packet loss is the loss number plus 1. If the received data packet, receives the data packet number plus 1, and then sends the data were compared with data, if the data is correct, the number of packets plus 1, and error packets number plus 1. The last statistic results, can know the data packet loss and packet error rate. The 4 node to form a ZigBee network,1 of them as the gateway, the remaining 3 nodes for sensor node. Write a program to set:3nodes and gateway communications, computer terminal and the gateway is connected through RS232, terminal equipment software records from the 3node to receive data, nodes work at 2.4 GHz frequencies, transmission of a byte of data, circular send 100 times. To obtain the final3 node test average as a result of the data analysis. Star network radio frequency communication BER test results as shown in table 1.Experimental analysis of: in a star network for data transmission, the test results significantly worse on a single point to single point transmission mode. This is mainly because, in the transmission process node must exist between the frequency interference and other interference.4.3power testSystem status and hibernation, respectively, using a multimeter to test the gateway node and the power consumption of sensor nodes, the test results listed in Table 2.ConclusionThis paper analyzes the IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee protocol, combined with the general development principles of communication systems and embedded systems, IEEE802.15.4 protocol on the μC / OS-II operating system, select the appropriate hardware and software platform, focusing on software support for the platform, the software design of the overall structure of the communication protocol stack, andultimately to achieve a compliant with the ZigBee specification car star wireless data acquisition network. The system has the following advantages:①system easy to install. Wireless interconnection makes the equipment installation location is flexible to meet the requirements of the automation system is installed. It is simply that the power can take equipment. The network system can automatically complete the network configuration.②scalability. Equipment within the coverage of the vehicle gateway, turn on the device, the node will automatically join the network.③network self-healing ability. If the network is a device fails, the vehicle gateway can automatically monitor, issue the command the device reset and re-network.车载无线传感器网络监测系统设计康一梅，赵磊，胡江，杨恩博（就读于北京航天航空大学）摘要：基于IEEE 802．15．4和ZigBee标准实现了一个车载无线传感器网络监测系统。