英语语言学08 Pragmatics
英语语言学第八章 语用学 pragmatics ppt课件
How to Do Things with Words (1962)
speech acts: actions performed via utterances
Constatives vs. performatives Constatives: utterances which roughly serves
Semantic meaning: the more constant, inherent side of meaning
Pragmatic meaning: the more indeterminate, the more closely related to context
2. Speech Act Theory
(ii) the relevant participants and circumstances must be appropriate.
B. The procedure must be executed correctly and completely.
C. Very often, the relevant people must have the requisite thoughts, feelings and intentions, and must follow it up with actions as specified.
Minister: addressing the groom) (Groom’s Name), do you take (Bride’s Name) for your lawful wedded wife, to live together after God’s ordinance, in the holy estate of matrimony? Will you love, honor, comfort, and cherish her from this day forward, forsaking all others, keeping only unto her for as long as you both shall live?
【VIP专享】Pragmatics语言学
Nice to see you all back againChapter One Introduction1. the origin of pragmatics1) about the term “pragmatics”语用学The term "Pragmatics" was first used by Charles William Morris" Foundations of the Theory of Sign"( 1938) .Semiotics syntax semantics users2) the establishmentPragmatics, as a comparatively new and independent discipline of linguistics, appeared in1970s with the publication of "Journal of Pragmatics" in Hetherlands in1977. Before that time the study of pragmatics was limited in the field of linguistic philosophy.3) The three stages in the development of pragmatics:the first stage is from the late 1930s to late 1940s----Pierce, Morris and Carnap considered pragmatics to be a branch of semiology符号学and all the studies were within the domain of philosophy;The second stage is from the beginning of 1950s to late 1960s----Austin, Searle and Grice made studied on speech act and implicature theory, and their achievements sustained the basic theory of pragmatics. The studies were still within the domain of philosophy then;The third stage is after 1970s----the biggest three events happened and pragmatics became an independent discipline.a) In 1977 Mey and Haberland started the Journal of Pragmatics in Holand.b) In 1983 Levinson and Leech published their respectiveworks Pragmatics and Principle of Pragmatics, which set up the theoretic system of pragmatics.c) the set-up of the International Pragmatics Association in 1986 in Belgium.2. What is PragmaticsSome definitions of Pragmatics:1) Pragmatics is the study of all those aspects of meaning not captured in a semantic theory.2) Pragmatics is the study of the relations betweenlanguage and context that are basic to an account of lang understanding.3) Pragmatics is the study of linguistic acts and the contextsin which they are performed.4) Pragmatics is a theory which seeks to characterise howspeakers use the sentences of a language to effect successful communication.5) Pragmatics is the study of language use and linguistic communication.6) Pragmatics can be defined as the study of howutterances have meanings in situations.What do we find in common in the above definitions of Pragmatics？meaning contextBriefly speaking, pragmatics refers to the study language in use, or the meaning in context, or the use of language in communication, or the relationship between linguistic elements and the contexts or situations in which they are used.Language use----language systemthe distinguishing feature of language use from language system is:“One can mean more than one says”Examples:（1）只可意会，不可言传，言有尽而意无尽，词不达意，不知从何说起。
语言学pragmatics的ppt
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• 2.place deictics such as "here" and "this" to iindicate the spatial relations between the speaker and the referred object or place. Some verbs also denotes the spatial relations between the speaker, the hearer and the place designated, such as "come/go" and "bring/take".
• But if it is said when John is swimming, it probably means "John swims well".
If it is said at a party, it will be taken to mean that "John can drink a lot of wine", etc.
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II. Context & Meaning
pragmatics定义
pragmatics定义Pragmatics，即语用学，是语言学的一个分支领域，研究的是语言在实际使用中的意义和效果。
它关注的是人们如何根据语境和目标来理解和运用语言，以达到交际的目的。
在本文中，我们将探讨语用学的定义、重要概念和应用领域。
让我们来定义一下语用学。
语用学研究的是语言的使用，而不仅仅是语言的结构和形式。
它关注的是人们是如何根据具体的语境来理解和运用语言的。
在语用学中，我们研究的是语言的意义，即语言的含义和使用者的意图之间的关系。
在语用学中，有一些重要的概念需要我们了解。
第一个概念是"言外之意"，即指的是人们在交际中所传达的除了字面意义之外的意思。
例如，当一个人说"天气好"时，他可能的言外之意是希望对方与他一起出去玩。
这个概念在理解他人的意图和进行有效的沟通时非常重要。
第二个概念是"会话合作原则"，它由语言学家Grice提出。
会话合作原则指的是在交际过程中，人们通常会遵循一些准则，以确保交流的顺利进行。
这些准则包括：合作原则、量原则、质原则和关联原则。
合作原则要求人们相互合作，尽力使对方理解自己的意思；量原则要求提供足够的信息，既不多也不少；质原则要求提供真实和可靠的信息；关联原则要求在交际中保持话题的连贯性。
语用学在现实生活中有许多重要的应用领域。
其中之一是交际策略。
交际策略是指人们在交际过程中采取的一些技巧和方法，以实现自己的交际目的。
例如，当一个人想要请求帮助时，他可以使用委婉语言来表达请求，以增加对方的接受度。
交际策略的研究可以帮助人们更好地理解和运用语言，从而提高交际的效果。
另一个应用领域是语言教学。
语用学可以帮助教师更好地教授语言，使学生能够真正地理解和运用语言。
通过教授学生一些常见的交际策略和语用规则，学生能够更好地掌握语言的意义和使用方式。
这有助于提高他们的语言水平和交际能力。
语用学还在法律、广告和政治等领域有广泛的应用。
语言学Pragmatics语用学
Fresh salad refers to the customer who ordered fresh salad.
Teacher: You can borrow my Shakespeare. Waiter: the ham sandwich left without paying. Nurse: The hernia（疝气）in room 5 wants to talk to the
A: Can I look at your Chomsky?
B: Sure, it’s on the shelf over there.
Chomsky refers to the book written by Chomsky. Waiter 1: Where’s the fresh salad sitting?
Person
Person
deixis
deixis
• You’ll have to bring
it
back
tomorrow Temporal deixis
because she isn’t Person deixis
Spatial deixis
Temporal deixis
here today.
All the deictic expressions have to be interpreted in terms of which person, place or time the speaker has in mind. We make a broad distinction between what is marked as close to the speaker(this, here, now) and what is distant(that, there, then), we can also indicate whether movement is away from the speaker’s location(go) or toward the speakers location(come).
Chapter 8 Pragmatics 语用学 语言学教程 胡壮麟.ppt
(c) The room was wanted for a meeting.
பைடு நூலகம்
(2) I can’t work under untidy circumstances.
are acts.
8.1.1 Performatives and constatives Austin (How to Do Things with Words,
1962) Consider these sentences: a) I name this ship Elizabeth. b) I bequeath my watch to my brother. c) I now pronounce you man and wife. d) I bet you sixpence it will rain
A. (i) There must be a relevant conventional procedure, and
(ii) the relevant participants and circumstances must be appropriate.
B. The procedure must be executed (i) correctly and (ii) completely.
Possible contexts:
(a) A request to someone to tidy up the circumstances.
(b) It was an excuse for not wanting to do something there.
现代英语语言学理论 CHAPTER 8
Pragmatics may be defined as the study of meaning. The word meaning may have many different meanings. In semantics, meaning depends more on who the speaker of the sentence is, who the hearer is, when and where it is used. Meaning depends more on the context.
8.2 Speech Act Theory
This theory originated with the Oxford philosopher John Langshaw Austin. In 1955, when he went to America to deliver the William James lectures, he revised the notes and changed the title from Words and Deeds to How to Do Things with Words, which was published posthumously in 1962.
8.1 Pragmatics
Or rather, you do know the speaker’s intention, but you want to use “What do you mean?” as a denial of what he has asserted. This kind of meaning is sometimes referred to as SPEAKER’S MEANING, UTTERANCE MEANING, or CONTEXTUAL MEANING. The discipline, which concentrates on this kind of meaning, is called PRAGMATICS.
语用学 pragmatics
语用学pragmatics语用学：语用学(pragmatics)是对人类有目的的行为所作的研究(广义)，对有目的的语言活动的研究(狭义)。
源起符号学(semiotics)。
符号学：符号学是系统地研究语言符号和非语言符号的学科。
有三个分支--符号关系学、语义学、语用学。
符号关系学(syntactics)研究符号之间的形式关系。
语义学(semantics)研究符号与符号所代表的事物之间的关系。
语用学(pragmatics)研究符号与符号解释者之间的关系。
语用学与语义学的联系和区别：语用学和语义学都是符号学的分支。
语义学主要指狭义的语义学，即逻辑语义学，它研究句子和词语本身的意义，研究命题的真值条件(truth conditions)。
语用学研究言语使用上的意义，研究传递语言信息的适宜条件(felicity conditions)。
语义学揭示的意义是二元关系的句子意义(sentence meaning)，解决"Whatdoes Xmean?"的问题。
语用学揭示的是三元关系的说话人意义(Speaker meaning)，解决"What did you mean by X?"的问题。
语境(context)：最狭义的语境是指语言的上下文。
语境还必须包括语言外的因素。
语境因素包括语言知识、语言外知识；语言知识包括对所使用的语言的掌握、对语言交际上文的了解；语言外知识包括背景知识、情景知识、相互知识，背景知识包括百科全书式的知识(常识)、特定文化的社会规范、特定文化的会话规则，情景知识包括交际的时间、地点、交际的主题、交际的正是程度、交际参与者的相互关系。
语境是一个动态的、发展的概念。
交际本身就是一个动态的过程，在交际过程中，语境也随之而变。
有些语境因素相对来说比较稳定，例如背景知识、交际的时间、地点等，但有些因素却会变化，特别重要的是相互知识这一因素，它在交际过程中不断扩大，原来不为双方所共有的知识完全可能在交际过程中变为相互知识，成为进一步交际的基础。
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Representatives
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Representatives
~
state , describe, and say what the speaker believes to be true; Related verbs:
Features
“ I”
of Performatives:
as the subject; Performative verbs as name, bet, promise, etc; Present tense of the performative verbs.
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~
bring about immediate changes by saying something; Related verbs:
Name,
bet, bequeath, declare, appoint, fire.
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III. Conversational Implicature
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2.1 A Brief Introduction
John Austin (奥斯汀); Continuator: John Searle (塞尔); Marker: How to Do Things with Words 《如何以言行事》 (1962); Aim: to discover why people mean B while saying A; Foundation: pragmaticism (实用主义哲学).
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Commissives
~
commit the speaker himself to some future course of action; Related verbs:
Promise,
undertake, vow.
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1.2 Pragmatics vs. Semantics
Subjects
Items Similarities Pragmatics Semantics
Dissimilarities
Both of them study the meaning of language. Within Without contexts contexts Utterance Sentence Meaning Meaning Dynamic Stable Research Research
Founder:
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act (言语行为) means the act of speaking, which can be informing or describing as well as performing other acts or bringing about effects; Two Distinctions:
Feature
The
of Constatives:
value of the sentence can be judged by truth value.
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Examples of Performatives
Examples:
I
do. I name this ship Elizabeth. I give and bequeath my watch to my brother. I bet you sixpence it will rain tomorrow.
Pragmatics
--- Chapter 8
Contents
I.
Study of Pragmatics;
Speech Act Theory; Conversational Implicature; Conversation Analysis.
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II.ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
III. IV.
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I. Study of Pragmatics
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
Pragmatics;
Pragmatics vs. Semantics; Context;
Sentence Meaning vs. Utterance Meaning.
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Examples of Constatives
Examples:
The
moon tonight is very bright. I liked English very much when I was young. Every human being has his own right to live independently in the world. She will give an oral test to her students tomorrow;
3.1 3.2 3.3
Conversational Implicature;
Cooperative Principle; Post-Gricean Developments; Politeness Principle.
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3.4.
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3.1 Conversational Implicature
2.3 A New Classification of Speech Act
Three
kinds of Speech Acts:
act (言内行为): that of uttering a sentence with a determinate sense or reference; Illocutionary act (言外行为): that of making a statement, offer, promise, etc. in uttering a sentence by virtue of the conventional force associated with it; Perlocutionary act (言后行为): that of bringing about effects of the hearer by means of uttering the sentence;
Students:
Explanation:
Locutionary
act: It’s 11:50 already (Speaker
only); Illocutionary act: It’s time for lunch (Hearer & Speaker); Perlocutionary act: Class is over (Hearer only). 2014-12-20 14 哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红
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1.4 Sentence Meaning vs. Utterance Meaning
meaning (句子意义) is the abstract, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication, and it is decontextualized; Utterance meaning (话语意义) is the concrete, extrinsic property of the sentence in terms of context, and it is context-dependent.
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1.1 Pragmatics
~
is a study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication; ~ is also regarded as the study of meaning in actual use, or in contexts.
Sentence
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II. Speech Act Theory
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4
A Brief Introduction;
An Early Distinction of Speech Act; A New Classification of Speech Act; Subdivision of Illocutionary Act.
2.4 Subdivision of Illocutionary Act
All
the illocutionary acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or the same illocutionary point (行事语力):
Speech
Those
2.2 An Early Distinction of Speech Act
sentences that have descriptive meaning, and hence can be testified as true or false are constatives (表述句); Those sentences that perform actions and hence can’t be testified as true or false are performatives (施为句 ). 2014-12-20 10 哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红