西方文化入门论文
西方文化入门论文
文学院对外汉语8班 1100100243 梁丑娃
1.Explain the philosophy of Plato
2.Explain the relationship between church and state in the middle ages
3.How Roman culture influences Christianity
4.What is the relationship between renaissance and enlightenment?(how does it
continue?)
●Explain the philosophy of Plato
Plato was a great Classical Greek philosopher who helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science with his student, Aristotle.
Plato set up with the theory of idea as the core objective idealism system. He hold the idea that material things are simply approximations of Ideas. Material life is always in flux, always changing, always in a state of "becoming" based upon the perfect Forms (Ideals), which exist previous to and independent of material life. Plato thought that idea has grades. T he highest principle is "good idea”. His ethics and aesthetic built on the basis of the theory of idea, the idea of the good morality is the only source, beautiful things is relative, the irregular change, the idea is absolute, constant.
I have learned the famous cave metaphor in the class. It’s a story in < the Republic> which tells that "form" in fact is that the sunshine of the physical and our sensory world can feel nothing but the white wall shadow. What’s more, only the philosophers in truth sunshine see things outside. Such is our ignorance of the spiritual world in which our own ideas have their being.
In the political vision, he designed a set of "dream land" scheme that "philosophy king" to govern the country. In today's opinion, the “dream land” described by Plato is a terrible totalitarian state. In other words, his political thought has the nature of the dream.
●What is the relationship between renaissance and enlightenment? (How does it continue?)
The Renaissance is from 1400 to the beginning of the 1600. It marked the rebirth of humanism and the word "Renaissance” is defined as a "rebirth" or a "reconstruction". The Enlightenment took place in Europe in a very large scale in 18th century. By the time of 18th century, the human beings had a better understanding of the nature, and the technology had made a great advancement.
Here is a summary of the main content of these two campaigns. Renaissance’s core is to affirm the human values and dignity; demand “person” as the center instead of “God” as the center; pursue freedom, happiness and material comfort; object to the
Christian concept of afterlife; e mphasis on taking advantage of human’s creation and scientific experiments. Enlightenment called for the rational sunshine; pursuit of political democracy, equal rights and personal freedom.
Enlightenment is the continuation and development of the Renaissance. The same points between Renaissance and Enlightenment are quite obvious. First, both of them are focus on the human values, and both of them are the anti-feudal bourgeois ideology(反封建的资产阶级思想). Secondly, they are mentally prepared for the bourgeoisie（中产阶级） to obtain political and economic dominance. Thirdly, both of them have promoted the development of modern science.
In a word, the essence of these two campaigns is to reflect the political and economic interests of the bourgeois and they both had a big positive influence on the world.。
有关西方文化论文范文
有关西方文化论文范文随着中西方交流的加深,我们有必要了解中西方文化的价值观差异。
下面是店铺为大家整理的有关西方文化论文，供大家参考。
有关西方文化论文范文一：释义学的比较文学[摘要] 比较文学与外国文学的学科合并带来了许多问题,其中最为突出的是关于学科范围的纷争。
本文引入释义学视角试图解决这一问题,并进一步对比较文学学科方法与研究程式进行探讨。
哲学释义学认为一切阐释都是从前结构出发,是基于前结构的创造活动。
本文指出由于传统的变迁,当下中国人的思维方式发生了重大变化,中国人研究外国文学并不一定就是文化交流,这构成了比较文学与外国文学分野的基础。
在面对他者本文时,调动他者文化对他者本文进行阐释属于外国文学研究;而充分调动前结构中的传统文化阐释他者本文,从而跨入阐释学的横向地带,在问答逻辑中达到视域融合是比较文学的学科特征.[关键词] 学科界限;前结构;视域融合1998年,比较文学与世界文学作为一个新的学科在中国高等院校中文系诞生了,成为中国语言文学的二级学科。
学科合并一方面使从事比较文学研究的人成倍增长,比较文学的地位得以提高;另一方面,也给比较文学界和外国文学界带来了诸多烦恼,激发了许多学者对其深思、探讨。
2000年,《外国文学研究》杂志设置了“学科建设研讨专题”的专栏,对“‘比较文学与世界文学’学科的有关问题开展了讨论”[1];2002年,在中国外国文学学会第七届年会期间,几位学者就“学科建设与教学研究” 进行了座谈[2];2003年,第二界“北大-复旦比较文学学术论坛”对学科合并及带来的问题进行了深入的探讨[3];2004年,在首届中国比较文学高层论坛中,学者们继续就此话题进行讨论[4]。
对于学科合并,学界有不同的观点:有的学者对合并表示了认同,不过认为比较文学与外国文学是两个有各自不同特征的学科[5];有的学者认为外国文学就是比较文学[6];另外一些学者则对合并带来的问题忧心忡忡[7].学科合并带来的比较文学学科界限的模糊、教学的混乱、学术质量的低下[8]等等问题,归根结底还是由学科定位以及身份问题所决定的。
西方传统文化英语作文
西方传统文化英语作文Western culture is a rich and diverse tapestry of traditions, beliefs, and practices that have evolved over centuries. From the ancient Greeks to the modern-day Americans, Western culture has influenced the world in countless ways. In this essay, we will explore some of the key elements of Western culture and their significance.One of the most important aspects of Western culture is its emphasis on individualism. This idea dates back to the ancient Greeks, who believed that each person had his or her own unique talents and abilities. This belief has been carried forward through the centuries, and today it is a defining characteristic of Western society. Individualism encourages people to pursue their own goals and dreams, rather than conforming to the expectations of others.Another key aspect of Western culture is its emphasis on rational thinking and scientific inquiry. This tradition began with the ancient Greeks, who were among the first touse reason and logic to understand the world around them. Over time, this approach to knowledge has become central to Western culture, leading to countless scientific discoveries and technological innovations.Religion has also played a significant role in Western culture. Christianity, in particular, has had a profound impact on Western society, shaping its values, beliefs, and institutions. From the art and architecture of the Middle Ages to the political movements of the modern era, Christianity has left an indelible mark on Western culture.Literature and the arts are another important aspect of Western culture. From Shakespeare to Mozart, Westernartists have produced some of the most enduring works ofart in human history. These works have not only entertained and inspired people, but they have also helped to shape Western culture and its values.Finally, Western culture is characterized by a strong sense of democracy and individual rights. This tradition dates back to the ancient Greeks, who were among the firstto develop democratic institutions. Today, Western societies are known for their commitment to democracy, human rights, and the rule of law.In conclusion, Western culture is a rich and diverse tapestry of traditions, beliefs, and practices that have evolved over centuries. From individualism to rational thinking, religion to the arts, and democracy to human rights, Western culture has had a profound impact on the world and will continue to do so for generations to come.。
大学英语中的西方文化论文(1)
大学英语中的西方文化论文一、大学英语教学中导入西方文化的必要性（1）中西方的语言差异中西方的语言差异是比较突出的，尤其是体现在词义上的差异，一些具有文化差异的词需要从文化的角度才能理解其中的实际含义。
例如和动物相关的词汇，中英的语言差异就非常大，“mouse”也就是老鼠，该词在汉语中多表示鼠目寸光等贬义的含义，而在英语中，老鼠的形象就有了很大的转变，米老鼠等卡通形象就是儿童心中机智和智慧的象征。
再如一些颜色的词汇，在不同的文化环境中也有着不同的含义，“red”红色在汉语中往往代表着喜庆、热情和吉祥，而西方人则认为红色是不祥之兆，“redfordanger”就代表的是此类意思。
“blue”蓝色在汉语中往往代表的是天空和海洋，有着辽阔和宽广的感觉，而英语中往往代表忧郁的情绪。
中西方在词语上的差异是非常多的，在跨文化的交往中，因为文化背景上的区别，在理解上也会产生一定的差异，从而增加了沟通的障碍。
因而在大学英语的教学过程中，需要结合西方的文化背景，学习地道的英语知识。
（2）中西方文化中非语言因素的差异非语言因素就是指在语言交际中除说话外的表达形式，在这些表达形式中也蕴含着丰富的文化内容。
首先从身势语的角度来说，伸舌头是中国人失言时常用的一种表达方式，但是在一些欧洲国家，这种方式表示的是对对方的一种蔑视和侮辱。
在语言交际的过程中，中西方之间还存有着很多的差异性。
要想真正的理解英语语言，对于非语言因素方面的学习也是非常关键的，这也是语言交际过程中需要尤为注意的。
二、大学英语教学中导入西方文化的基本原则（1）选择性原则在大学英语的教学过程中，语言水平和实际的应用水平都是非常重要的，西方文化的导入对提升这两种水平有着不可忽视的重要作用。
因而教师需要基于实际情况的需要来选择合适的教学方式和教学内容。
传统的英语教学模式对教学效果的影响是非常大的，作为教师需要持续地更新自己的教学方式。
而在文化导入的过程中注意摒弃其中较为落后的文化信息，注重选择对学生的学习有所协助，有助于提升学生综合水平的文化信息教师所选择的文化内容要具有一定的正面性和积极性。
西方文化论文
目录摘要 (2)关键字 (2)1，引言 (2)2，浅析斯巴达教育 (2)2.1，斯巴达教育的目的 (2)2.2，斯巴达教育的内容 (3)2.3，斯巴达教育体制 (3)2.4，斯巴达教育特点 (3)2.5，斯巴达教育的兴衰 (3)3, 结语 (4)参考文献 (4)浅析斯巴达教育摘要：希腊是世界文明古国之一，也是欧洲文明的摇篮。
古代希腊文化在许多方面都取得了丰硕的成果，对后世尤其对西方文化的发展产生了很大的影响。
古希腊的教育制度奠定了近现代欧洲文化教育发展的基石。
斯巴达作为古希腊第二个具有达标性的城邦，希腊文化的繁荣有赖于斯巴达独特的教育制度。
斯巴达高度重视教育，是以培养勇猛善战的军人为目的的教育制度。
这种教育不重视人的的智慧的培养，十分重视军事训练，他们把培养忠于祖国，勇敢善战，对奴隶残暴的军人作为教育目标。
本文是从斯巴达教育制度形成的原因出发，分析斯巴达教育的培养目标，教育机构，教育内容，教育方法。
斯巴达注重体育教育，注重人的价值。
虽然斯巴达的教育重视军事教育，但其文化教育相对落后，在这种制度下，公民具有高度的集体主义精神和公民平等的精神，因而斯巴达的教育制度也博得许多古希腊思想家的赞美。
古希腊教育文化对文艺复兴以来的欧洲教育传统产生了深刻的影响，成为后世西方和谐教育理论的历史渊源。
因此，古希腊教育文化对当今世界教育人具有借鉴价值。
关键字：斯巴达教育军事制度1，引言斯巴达教育(希腊语：Άγωγή)是一种严格的教育和培训制度，它面向所有斯巴达公民，只有亚基亚德世系和欧里庞提德这两个王室世系的长子例外。
这种训练需要离开家庭进行，包括学习秘密行动、培养对家庭团体的忠诚、、军事训练、打猎、舞蹈和社交预备。
古希腊的Άγωγή一词有许多含义，其中包括捉住和诱拐，但在此大致意味着知道、引导或训练。
古希腊的Άγωγή这个术语按照字面翻译是“增加”，传统上用于家畜饲养场。
整个训练期间的管理者称为paidonomos，字面意思是“一群孩子”。
西方文化概论小论文
中西方悲剧比较摘要：一直以来，悲剧就被喻为艺术的“最高阶段”，以其所蕴藏的深切的内涵和无尽的魅力成为艺术库的一枚瑰宝。
不论是中国的悲剧还是西方的悲剧，其内容中总是包含正义势力与邪恶势力的斗争。
但在悲剧的主体，悲剧的冲突和悲剧的过程和结局上，中西方具有着明显的差异。
关键词：中国悲剧西方悲剧差异比较引论：自古以来，因为生产生活方式和地理环境等因素的不同，从而铸就了东西方文化的差异，东方人保守，注重内敛；西方人开放，注重表达，这些差异也造就了东西方在戏剧的编剧手法和表现手法上的不同。
反观，这些在戏剧中突出的不同性，也正是深入研究东西文化不同的突破口。
正文：古希腊悲剧起源于酒神节——为纪念酒神狄奥尼索斯举行的宗教仪式，其原名为“山羊之歌”是酒神赞美歌的序曲。
在西方美学史上真正奠定悲剧理论基础的是亚里士多德。
他在《诗学》中对古希腊的悲剧艺术进行了系统的理论总结。
他认为“悲剧是对于一个严肃、完整、有一定长度的行动的模仿。
”并认为悲剧能够借助于引起人们的怜悯和恐惧之情来使人们的灵魂得到净化和陶冶。
在中国，戏剧的发展是迟缓而漫长的，悲剧没有具体的起源，也有学者认为最早的一部悲剧作品是屈原的《离骚》。
最富盛名的中国古典悲剧是《窦娥冤》，其作者关汉卿有着自己鲜明的写作特点，也是中国式悲剧特点的写照。
一、中西方悲剧主体的差异引用钱钟书先生的观点：悲剧有两种主要类型，一种是以人物性格为中心的悲剧，另一种是以命运本身为主的悲剧。
我认为莎士比亚悲剧属于第一种，而中国的古典悲剧则是比较倾向于第二种。
这两种类型的形成，主要是因为对悲剧的主体的刻画不同。
亚里士多德曾指出：“悲剧由上层人物组成，而喜剧由下层人物组成。
”这句话体现了西方戏剧的主体差异。
西方悲剧中的主体通常是有一定社会地位的人物，并且是多为男性，例如《哈姆雷特》中的哈姆雷特，他是一名复仇的丹麦王子，但他所处的境遇却与之身份十分不符，作者就是利用这种强烈的身份和境遇的对比，来铸造震撼。
《西方文化概论》课程论文
古希腊-罗马文化体现了原始初民无穷的生命活力，而希伯来-基督教文化既抑制了人的原始生命力，又表现出对人的理性本质的寻求，既有人的主体性的萎缩，又有人对自我理解的进步和升华。这种尊重理性、群体本位、崇尚自我牺牲和忍让博爱的宗教人本意识，是以后欧洲文化内核的又一层面。“两希”文学中对人性追寻的这种对立和互补，构成了西方文学人性探索的基本价值核心，也是西方文学贯穿始终的人文主题。
三、古希腊罗马文化对西方文化的影响
古希腊是西方文明的摇篮，人类智慧的象征。古希腊文化是西方文化的渊源，她以其独特的风采与卓越的成就享誉世界，以至有“言必称希腊”之说。古代希腊文化在文学、艺术、哲学、宗教神话、政治学以及自然科学等方面大放异彩，被西方学者称之为古典文化。古希腊文化之所以在世界文化史中占有突出地位，就是因为古希腊文化在其历史发展进程中，创造了无数璀璨夺目的文化成果，达到人类文明史上的一个高峰。由此，古希腊文化及以后作为希腊文化继承者的罗马文化，启迪了14—17世纪的欧洲文艺复兴运动,对世界文化的发展起着巨大而深远的推动作用。正如恩格斯曾指出的：“没有古希腊文化及罗马帝国所奠定的基础,也就没有现代的欧洲。”希腊文明始于公元前二十世纪,在经历了几千年的积累与沉淀之后,古希腊人民创造出了无数夺目的精神财富和文化艺术瑰宝。古代希腊文化在宗教神话、哲学、文学艺术及科学等诸多方面取得辉煌成就，对其后的西方文明乃至当今的世界文化发展都起到了巨大而深远的影响。那时候所创造的艺术作品，直到现在还能给我们以艺术的享受,而且就某方面说还是一种规范和高不可及的范本；而哲学、科学思想则奠定了人类对自然、社会和思维认识的基础。
欧洲文化入门论文
欧洲文化入门论文人是文化的存在物，文化是人的存在样式，一部人类历史就是各种文化相互渗透、不断发展创新的历史。
下文是店铺为大家整理的关于欧洲文化入门论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!欧洲文化入门论文篇1浅析欧洲认同的文化根源摘要：欧洲认同价值观的形成在很大程度上是欧洲人对其同源文化的延伸。
作为欧洲文明的渊源，古希腊罗马文化奠定了欧洲的文化传统。
在中世纪__大一统的文化氛围中，基督__成为欧洲人长期共同秉承的精神家园。
古希腊罗马文化和基督__响早已深入到了欧洲人的血液中，成为欧洲认同的重要文化根源。
关键词：欧洲认同;文化根源;古希腊罗马文化;__欧洲，不仅是一个地理概念，更是一种文化凝聚的象征，在此基础上形成的欧洲认同是欧洲人对自身特性的定位，更是对欧洲超越经济范畴的强大文化凝聚力的肯定。
“欧洲在伦理领域存在着某种文化的共同性。
”[1] (P251) 要正确认识欧洲认同的深刻内涵就必须探究其历史发展中的文化共同性。
从整个欧洲的历史演变及其文化传统来看，欧洲认同的实质即是对希腊罗马文化和__文化的认同。
一、欧洲文明的起源—古希腊罗马文化在古希腊时代，现在“欧洲”所指的这片土地被称作“欧罗巴”，来源于希腊神话。
随着地中海地区以及现在的中欧、西欧广大地区被罗马帝国所征服，希腊罗马文明也随之而来。
人类文明的中心开始由地中海区域向西转移，希腊的文化成就和罗马的帝国统治长远而深入地影响着“欧罗巴”地区，为其同源性文化与社会意识的形成奠定了坚实的基础。
诚然，对古希腊罗马文明的高度认同成为了欧洲认同形成的根本因素。
恩格斯曾指出：“没有希腊文化和罗马帝国所奠定的基础，就没有现代的欧洲。
”[2] (P506)古希腊文化是欧洲文明之源，它在诸多领域如哲学，艺术，自然科学等领域的研究成就以及其繁荣发达的城邦政治文化为欧洲创立了规范。
对真理的不懈追求和理性精神是古希腊文化的核心，也构成了欧洲文化的精神主线。
古希腊重视对各种知识进行分类研究，将哲学独立为一门科学。
西方文化英语作文
西方文化英语作文Western culture is a rich tapestry woven from the threads of history, geography, and the collective experiences of diverse populations. It encompasses a wide range of traditions, values, and practices that have been shaped by centuries of social, political, and religious evolution. This essay aims to delve into the multifaceted nature of Western culture, highlighting its key elements and the impact it has had on the global stage.Historical FoundationsThe roots of Western culture can be traced back to the ancient civilizations of Greece and Rome, which laid the groundwork for many of the cultural and societal norms that would later spread across Europe and the Americas. The Renaissance, a period of rebirth in arts and science, further enriched Western culture, leading to a flourishing of intellectual and creative thought that continues to influence modern society.Religious InfluenceChristianity has played a significant role in shaping Western culture, with its teachings and narratives deeply embedded in the arts, literature, and moral codes. The Reformation, which led to the diversification of Christian denominations, also contributed to the development of a more pluralistic culturallandscape.Philosophical TraditionsWestern philosophy has been marked by a quest for knowledge and understanding, with thinkers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle setting the stage for a tradition of critical inquiry. The Enlightenment era brought forth ideas of reason, individualism, and democracy, which have become cornerstones of Western society.Artistic ExpressionThe arts in the West have a long history of innovation and creativity, from the classical sculptures of ancient Greece to the masterpieces of the Renaissance and the avant-garde movements of the 20th century. Music, painting, literature, and theater have all been integral to the cultural expression of the West, often reflecting the social and political climate of their times.Political SystemsDemocracy, rule of law, and human rights are central to Western political thought. The development of democratic governance, the separation of powers, and the emphasis on individual freedoms have been key in shaping the political landscape of Western countries.Impact on the WorldThe influence of Western culture extends beyond its borders, with globalization spreading its ideas, products, and values worldwide. This has led to a complex interplay of cultural exchange, where Western culture both adapts to and influences other cultures.Challenges and CritiquesDespite its many contributions, Western culture also faces critique for its historical role in colonialism, cultural imperialism, and the dominance of neoliberal economic policies. There is an ongoing dialogue about the need for a more inclusive and equitable global cultural exchange.ConclusionWestern culture is a dynamic and evolving entity, constantly reshaped by the forces of history, technology, and human interaction. Its diversity and adaptability are both its strength and the source of ongoing debate and discussion. As we continue to navigate the complexities of a globalized world, understanding the nuances of Western culture becomes increasingly important for fostering cross-cultural understanding and cooperation.。
欧洲文化入门小论文
欧洲文化入门小论文第一篇：欧洲文化入门小论文Renaissance’s influence on Europe IntroductionThe word “Renaissance” means “rebirth”.It meant the reintroduction into Western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.The essence of the Renaissance is Humanism.Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and Reformation.In my paper, I do like to talk about the influence on the Europe which brought by Renaissance, it will be elaborated in aspects of art, economy, politic and humanism.Basic origin of Renaissance On 14th century, with the development of factory manufacturing and commodity economy，capitalist economic relations had gradually formed inside the European feudal system.In the aspect of politics，feudal separationist rules had caused epidemic discontent, and people began to have national consciousness.The public in Europe expressed their strong desires about unity of nation.Thereby, culture and arts areas also showed the interests and requirements about the emerging capitalism in this new period.Thus here came the Renaissance.Renaissance refers to a ideological and cultural movement which started in cities among Italy from 13th century，then extended to western European countries and finally prevailed in the whole Europe.It brought a revolution period of science and arts.Besides, it lifted the curtain on the history of Europe.Renaissance is recognized as the dividing line between the middle ages and modern times.InfluenceRenaissance has an important impact on art, economy,political and humanism of Europe.It is the New Culture Movement and Cultural Revolution of the bourgeoisie.Art In art, the most prosperous period of Italian Renaissance was the 16th century.It’s representative artist are Da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael.Renaissance brought about sense of change in all aspects of life and a favorable atmosphere for artistic innovation and experimentation.Colours of arts are very varied and graceful and artist used bright colours bravely to show that people had entered a new period of golden age.Talented artist used their opus to reflect the transition of the thought in the society.For example, Mona Lisa Smile, magnum opus from Da Vinci, it described a wife of merchant instead of noblewoman.This painting told people life can be happy even in such a dark society like that time and it also hinted the change of women’s society statuses.This portraiture was recognized as the laurel of world arts masterpiece.It conveys appreciation to beauty of women and the abundant spirit life of people.What’s more, wealth gathered in towns created demand for refinement in arts and variety in form and content.Renaissance replaced the medieval notions of painting and sculpture as crafts only to decorate churches by that of highly intellectual artistic accomplishments, with merge of art and science.For example, Villa Rotonda , Notre Dame de Paris, St Peter's and so on.Its also prevent free literary creation, but its restless curiosity, its interest in the world and its urban influences created a demand for a native literature that expressed the new life then;and its individuality with a concern for fame drove writers to do experiments to win praise from critics and support from patrons.For example, Dante’s The Divine Melody and Petrarch’s Love sonnets.The arts in Renaissance not only establish the foundation of European realism arts, but also impelpeople to pursuit better society lives with its profound spiritual connotation and exquisite artistry.The masterpieces which created in Renaissance are captivating and master-designed.They become the priceless treasures in treasure house of human.Renaissance had a great influence on development of the world’s art, it can encourage people to lead a positive life and it proposed the explore spirit.It played a essential role in the development of human beings.Economy In financial terms, Renaissance, as a mind emancipation movement to develop and expand cultural of the emerging bourgeoisie, laid an important foundation of the sprout of the early capitalism in it’s transmit.In the meantime, Renaissance accumulated original wealth for the early capitalism.Renaissance first started from Italy, and then transferred to Atlantic coast from the Mediterranean Coast by transmission.Many famous boom city like Roman, Florence, Venice and other cities appeared.Capitalist industry and commerce began to develop prosperously.What’s more, capital started to swarm into the pockets of capitalism.Renaissance provided requirements to exploitation of the new route, reformation of religious reform and the later the revolution of bourgeoisie.Political The occurrence of every important activity will affect the art aspect, the financial term, also the politic.On 14th century, Europe began to enter the modern civilization period.Industry and commerce developed prosperously and capitalism appeared in many cities.Emerging bourgeoisie began to enter the political stage.The needed new ideologies to speak in defense of interests of politic and economy which they pursuit.The needed new academics and culture to support what they want to do.Thus, a totally new Modern spirit came into being.Renaissance was the new culture movement whichobjected to religious authority and feudalism.Then, how did the Renaissance affect the political system in Europe? First, commerce replaced the Catholic as the unifying force in Europe.Second, because of the bourgeoisie’s struggle for political control, the Holy Roman Empire and the Roman Catholic Church declined.Third, rulers of the Italian city-states thus empowered for expansion abroad.Fourth, on account of their wish for peace and order after civil wars, Monarchies was consolidated in France, England and Spain.Humanism The last part I want to talk is the humanism effects brought to Europe by Renaissance.As an individual, one should get important social position by his ability to gain knowledge.With this view, architects begin to design as people-based, painters and sculptors paid much attention to individuals.People tried to comprehend physiology and psychology structure of human beings and thinking process.Renaissance and its accompanying humanist philosophy were the most important reform in the history of human beings.The centre of this power was a knowledge group which named humanist.They pursuit the concept of humanism and their basic theory was realism.Their purposes were reclaiming peaceful and happy lives for people.Humanism studied the value of people, the spirit of people, the life of people and the felicity of people.Then, how did the Renaissance affect the development of humanism? Renaissance made philosophy emphasized the dignity and worth of the individual, it was the originated in the study of classical culture.By the study of grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry and ethics of humanities, people developed hisphysically, morally and intellectually.Humanism brought a new art form by its totally new understanding about thecivilization and the world.It connects people and space.ConclusionRenaissance was the shed between middle ages and modern times.It was the consensus premise for bourgeois revolution.It assisted Europe getting rid of the constraints from feudal religious and it was the prelude for Europe to expand to the world.Reference 徐新编著《西方文化史》北京大学出版社叶胜年著《西方文化史鉴》上海外国语教育学院第二篇：欧洲文化入门《巴黎圣母院》读后感读完了《巴黎圣母院》，文中的丑与美，善与恶，在我的脑海里留下了挥之不去的印象。
西方文化精要期末论文
这学期我选了西方文化精要这门课程。
我之所以选这门课程，因为我自己对西方文化很感兴趣，通过这学期的学习，我已经基本对西方文化有些认识了。
下面我就谈谈自己的理解和看法。
在课堂上我了解到了西方文化来自于两希文明，即古希腊和古希伯来文明。
因此我就重点谈谈古希腊神话古希腊神话。
作为西方文化的源头之一，正如马克思所说，希腊神话是它的土壤和武库。
古希腊的戏剧、建筑、绘画、雕塑等都从古希腊神话中汲取养料。
所以可以说，古希腊神话是西方文化的重要源头。
古希腊神话是西方文化百用而不厌其烦的素材，这已是人所共知的。
就像老师开始上课时就给我们说了不少古希腊神话。
西方文化从古希腊神话中汲取的两钟重要的精神血液即人本和理性，这两种精神恰是整个西方近代文化的两个主要精神。
关于神话与古希腊神话，马克思在《<政治经济学>导言》中说，神话是“通过人的幻想，用一种不自觉的艺术方式加工过的自然和社会形式”是“用想象和借助想象以征服自然力、支配自然力，把自然力加以形象化”。
所以神话是人类对自然与自我以及自然与自我关系的探索。
神话应该是氏族的、部落的、民族的，乃至某一人群团体原初的自然观、世界观真实的理性的表现。
神话反映人的思想和理念，而且“神话作为一个民族足迹的最早记录，因为较少受到传统文化的熏染，或当代文明的压抑，它直接的表现了人性中接近底层或本质的东西。
”古希腊神话作为有丰富体系的神话，当然也表现了古希腊人性中最本质的精神。
我们现在所知的所有古希腊神话的故事都来自《荷马史诗》和赫西俄德的《神谱》和《工作与时日》。
《荷马史诗》包括《伊利亚特》和两部。
《伊利亚特》记述的是古代希腊人与特洛伊人交战攻打伊利亚特的经过。
《奥塞德》描写了希腊军返航途中的种种遭遇，荷马之后的赫西俄德写了《神谱》和《工作与时日》希腊诸神的渊源，历史的发端。
公元前六世纪到公元前三世纪间，希腊三为悲剧大师埃斯库罗斯、索福克勒斯、欧里匹得斯的经典著作也极大的丰富了希腊神话的内容。