北京中考命题原则
北京中考命题原则
北京中考命题坚持贯彻党的教育方针，落实立德树人根本任务，促进学生的全面发展，体现义务教育课程改革精神，反映《义务教育课程设置实验方案》所设定的课程，以及国家《义务教育课程标准(实验)》所规定的学科内容，遵循教育教学规律和学生身心发展规律，体现基础性、综合性、应用性和创新性的考查要求。
一、统一命题
北京中考命题严格依据课程标准，坚持“学什么、考什么”的原则，减少对教材的依赖，重点考查学科必备的基础知识和学生运用所学知识解决实际问题的能力，全面考查学生应掌握的核心素养和学业质量。
二、统一制卷
北京中考命题统一制定考试大纲和说明，确定考试内容和要求，严格执行命题规范，合理设置试卷结构，科学确定试题内容与题型比例。
试卷形式统一，难度适中。
三、统一考试
北京中考统一安排在每年6月份进行，确保考试安全、平稳、顺利进行。
考试科目包括语文、数学、英语、物理、化学、生物、历史、地理、政治等9个学科，总分为580分。
四、分区评卷
北京中考实行分区评卷制度，各区负责组织对本区考生的答卷进行评阅。
评卷工作坚持客观、公正、公平的原则，保证评卷质量。
五、严格执行评分标准及细则
北京中考命题严格执行评分标准及细则，确保评卷工作的科学性和规范性。
评卷过程中，各学科要结合学科特点和学科核心素养要求，制定并执行统一的评分标准及细则。
六、加强评卷工作的指导和培训
北京中考加强评卷工作的指导和培训，提高评卷教师的专业素养和技能水平。
各学科要结合学科特点和实际评卷情况，开展有针对性的培训和指导工作。
七、保障评卷工作顺利进行
北京中考保障评卷工作顺利进行，确保评卷质量和效率。
各区要加强对评卷工作的组织和管理，建立健全的评卷工作制度和管理制度；要加强评卷场所的安全保卫工作；要确保评卷所需的经费和物资保障到位；要及时处理和解决评卷过程中出现的问题和困难。
北京 语文中考考试说明
北京语文中考考试说明
北京语文中考考试说明包括以下内容：
1. 命题指导思想：命题遵循语文学科的特点和中考的实际情况，以考查基础知识和基本能力为主，注重考查学生运用所学知识分析问题、解决问题的能力，以及语文学习的习惯和方法。
2. 考试形式和试卷结构：考试形式为闭卷、笔试，考试时间为150分钟，试卷总分为100分。
试卷由以下几个部分组成：识字与写字、阅读、写作、口语交际、综合性学习。
3. 考试内容及要求：考试内容涵盖了语文学科的基础知识和基本能力，包括汉字的书写、词语的理解和运用、句子的表达和修改、文学常识和文化常识的积累、阅读理解、写作能力、口语交际能力、综合性学习等。
要求考生能够运用所学知识分析问题、解决问题，具备一定的语文素养和人文素养。
4. 考试评价：考试评价主要从以下几个方面进行：基础知识掌握情况、基本能力运用情况、阅读理解能力、写作能力、口语交际能力、综合性学习能力的运用等。
评价结果以等级制呈现，分为优秀、良好、合格和不合格四个等级。
以上是北京语文中考考试说明的主要内容，希望对你有所帮助。
2024北京中考语文试卷整体分析
2024北京中考语文试卷整体分析2024年北京中考语文试卷整体分析2024年北京中考语文试卷在整体上呈现出一种注重基础、强调阅读理解、关注实际应用的特点。
本文将从试卷难度、命题形式、知识点覆盖等方面进行分析，并重点剖析试卷中的难点与亮点，同时结合个人感悟，对本次考试进行全面解读。
一、整体难度总体来说，2024年北京中考语文试卷难度适中，没有出现过分偏、难的题目。
试卷命题紧扣教材，注重基础知识的考察，同时也有一定的拓展延伸。
对于阅读理解部分，试卷选材广泛，涵盖了记叙文、议论文、散文等多种文体，考察了学生的综合阅读理解能力。
而在实际应用部分，试卷则突出了对语文实际运用能力的考察，如作文、口语表达等。
二、命题形式在命题形式上，2024年北京中考语文试卷采用了多种形式，如选择题、填空题、阅读理解题、写作题等。
这些题型既充分覆盖了教材中的知识点，又在一定程度上考察了学生的综合素质。
选择题注重基础知识的考察，填空题则关注学生的记忆和理解能力，阅读理解题考察学生的阅读速度和领悟能力，写作题则考验学生的文字表达和实际运用能力。
三、重点难点本次试卷中的难点主要集中在阅读理解和写作部分。
阅读理解题目涉及的素材多样，既有记叙文，也有议论文和散文，这需要学生具备较高的综合阅读能力和分析能力。
在写作部分，除了对作文主题的理解和素材组织外，还对学生的语言表达能力、词汇运用能力提出了较高要求。
四、亮点与思考本次试卷的亮点在于对实际应用能力的考察。
比如在古诗文阅读题中，试卷不再仅仅关注学生对古诗文的背诵和理解，还通过设置与古诗文相关的实际情境，让学生进行口语表达和写作，这使得语文考试不再是纸上谈兵，而是更贴近现实生活。
此外，本次试卷还在写作部分进行了创新尝试。
比如在作文题目中引入了时下热议的话题，既激发了学生的兴趣，又引导他们在写作中结合社会现实，提高了作文的实用性和思想性。
五、个人感悟通过本次试卷分析，我们可以看出中考语文命题趋势正逐步从注重知识考察向重视能力培养转变。
北京中考解读
北京中考主要涉及以下几个方面：
1. 考试科目与分值：
* 全市统考科目为10门，分别是语文、数学、外语、道德与法治、物理、历史、地理、化学、生物和体育与健康。
* 中招录取总分660分（不含加减分）。
其中，语数外（满分各100分）和道德与法治、物理（满分各80分）5门科目全部计入成绩。
再从生物、化学和历史、地理中各选择分数高的一门计入成绩（满分各80分）。
体育与健康（总分40分）计入中招录取总分。
* 往届生只能参加语文、数学、外语、道德与法治、历史、物理、化学、体育与健康学业水平考试，分数要求同应届生。
* 全市统一命题、统一考试的9门文化课科目考试考试时间设置：语文150分钟，数学120分钟，外语笔试90分钟，听力和口语考试30分钟，道德与法治、历史、地理、物理、化学、生物6门每门科目考试时长70分钟。
2. 考试政策调整：
* 中招录取计分科目减少至6门。
* 历史、地理、化学、生物学成绩以等级呈现。
* 道德与法治笔试由闭卷调整为开卷。
* 道德与法治科目“综合素质评价”、物理科目“实验操作”计入中考成绩。
请注意，具体的考试政策可能会根据实际情况有所调整。
如有相关需求或疑问，建议查询北京教育考试院官网或咨询相关部门。
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2022北京中考英语复习三年命题规律总结+中考精炼：专项突破篇第一部分 完形填空
完形填空是中考试题中考查学生阅读能力及掌握语言基础知识能力的综合性题目。
它通常(tōngcháng)是一篇语意完整的短文。
在选材上，内容新颖、有趣、时代感强且都贴近现实社会生活或学生校园生活。
完形填空题的第一句通常不设空，给读者提供一定的语言背景。
中考完形填空题主要考查学生以下三个方面的知识和技能：一、对文章的整体理解，上下文段落的衔接(xiánjiē)，逻辑思维与判断能力。
二、对词汇和惯用法等语言基础知识的考查，多以实词为主，虚词为辅。
根据对近几年中考完形填空题的分析，各种词类的考查比例由多到少，顺序如下：动词、名词、形容词、副词、连词和代词等，也注重考查习惯搭配和词语辨析。
三、对生活中常见的事实进行推理和判断的能力。
完形填空是中考试题中考查学生阅读能力及掌握语言(yǔyán)基础知识能力的综合性题目。
完形填空题的命题思路主要有两大特点：1. 语境(yǔ jìnɡ)充分完形填空的话题通常是学生比较熟悉的日常生活和学习的场景；阅读语境充分，便于学生根据语意完整、语法正确(zhèngquè)、合乎逻辑的原则，通过逻辑思维，联系上下文，推断出正确的答案。
从下面2021年到2021年北京中考完形填空分析的表格就可以看出本特点。
北京市2021—2021年中考完形填空试题语境(yǔ jìnɡ)分析分类年份话题体裁考查层次句子语境篇章语境2021家人、朋友与周围的人记叙文35，37，39，40，45 36，38，41，42，43，44，46 2021 人际关系记叙文31，32，34 33，35，36，37，38，39，40 2021 日常生活记叙文31，32，33，34 35，36，37，38，39，402. 立德(lì dé)树人近三年来中考完形填空都有育人功能。
尽管看起来形式上有残缺（若干个空），但它的内容，语言习惯，句与句之间的衔接点，句子与段落之间的联系，段落与段落之间的逻辑顺序仍或隐或现地存在于篇章之中。
2023年北京中考语文试卷权威解析
2023年北京中考语文试卷权威解析2023年北京中考语文试卷权威解析语文试卷整体分析稳中求进，助力“双减”2023年北京市初中学业水平考试语文试题以《义务教育语文课程标准(20XX 年版)》为依据，自觉渗透《义务教育语文课程标准(2022年版)》理念，坚持立德树人根本任务，重视学生语文素养的表现，突显北京特色，在试题内容、结构、难度、题型等方面，稳中求进，助力“双减”。
一、坚持价值引领，实现考试的育人功能试卷以优质文本为载体，以实现考试立德树人的育人功能。
(一)引导学生树立正确的价值观念试卷精选能反映社会主义核心价值观导向的阅读材料。
基础运用部分设置开展调查研究、撰写调查报告的学习情境，旨在帮助学生体认求真务实的科学精神;议论文文本倡导学生树立使命感，努力突破自我，为社会、国家发展做出贡献。
(二)引领学生增强文化自信试卷充分体现语文学科文以载道、以文化人的特点，使学生在优质文化资源的浸润中增强文化认同，牢固树立文化自信。
基础运用部分的选材展现了北京的历史文化和中国“航天精神”;古诗文阅读和默写取材于文学经典，引导学生感受中华优秀传统文化的魅力;议论文文本中诸多当代青年人的事例，让学生感受到革命传统给予他们的力量。
(三)助力学生形成良好个性和健康人格试卷内容向学生展现了积极向上的生活态度，和谐文明的社会氛围，昂扬向上的奋斗精神，有助于他们健康人格的形成。
非连续性文本引导学生关注公共文明行为，散文文本带领学生回忆富有朝气的校园生活，议论文文本指引学生端正人生态度，作文为学生发现自我、挖掘生活、关注社会搭设了广阔平台。
二、稳中求进，助力“双减”政策落实2023年是“双减”政策落地的第二年，试卷坚持“稳中求进”的原则，在保持稳定的同时，真正做到了“减量”“提质”“增效”。
(一)增加题目考查功能，规避碎片化试题试卷努力做好整体布局，增加题目考查功能，规避对碎片化知识的考查。
基础运用部分词义理解考查词语的语境义，修辞考查在文段中把握语句的语言节奏，散文阅读需要学生在整体感知的基础上品味词、句、段。
北京中考制度改革方案2021
北京中考制度改革方案2021一、考试形式2021年起，北京中考将采取“必考+选考”的形式进行。
必考科目为语文、数学、外语三科，选考科目为物理、化学、生物、历史、地理、道德与法治六科中的三科。
选考科目实行“6选3”模式，考生可在高一年级下学期期末前选定参加高考的选考科目。
二、考试科目与分值必考科目为语文、数学、外语，分值分别为100分、100分、100分。
选考科目分值为物理60分、化学40分、生物40分、历史40分、地理40分、道德与法治40分。
三、考试时长语文考试时长为150分钟，数学和外语均为120分钟。
选考科目分值和时长由各区按照不同年级安排。
四、命题要求北京中考命题将遵循立德树人根本任务，遵循中学教学实际和不同年级学生的认知规律，适应高中招生改革和高考改革需要，突出学科思想方法和学科核心素养的考查，注重对基础知识和基本能力的考查，加强对学生独立思考和综合运用所学知识分析问题、解决问题能力的考查，体现素质教育导向。
五、成绩呈现北京中考成绩采用分数制呈现，总分为580分。
其中语文、数学、外语均为100分，体育40分，其他选考科目每科20分。
选考科目从历史、地理、思想政治、物理、化学和生物6个科目中选3科参加考试，由学生从报考高校的院校专业目录中选定。
六、招生录取北京中考招生录取将按照“分数优先，遵循志愿”的原则进行。
录取时，按照考生成绩从高到低排序，依次录取。
录取时，按照考生填报的高中志愿顺序依次检索，符合条件即被录取。
若考生填报的志愿均未被录取，则按照成绩从高到低进行调剂录取。
七、综合素质评价北京中考将建立学生综合素质评价制度。
评价内容包括学生思想品德、学业水平、身心健康、艺术素养和社会实践等方面。
评价结果将以等级形式呈现，分为A、B、C、D四个等级。
综合素质评价将作为学生升学的重要参考依据。
八、保障措施为确保北京中考制度改革方案的顺利实施，北京市政府将制定相应的政策措施，完善中考工作管理机制和规章制度，加强对中考全过程的监督检查，严肃查处违规违纪行为，确保中考公平公正。
区中考英语试卷分析
摘要：本文对2024年北京中考英语试卷进行了详细分析，从试卷结构、命题特点、考查内容等方面进行解读，旨在帮助教师和学生更好地了解考试趋势，为今后的教学和备考提供参考。
一、试卷结构2024年北京中考英语试卷由听力、阅读、写作和口语四部分组成。
其中，听力部分共25题，占总分的30%；阅读部分共30题，占总分的40%；写作部分共2题，占总分的20%；口语部分为面试，占总分的10%。
二、命题特点1. 命题遵循《深化新时代教育评价改革总体方案》的要求，紧密结合《义务教育英语课程标准》，旨在培养学生社会主义核心价值观，弘扬社会主义先进文化。
2. 试题设计注重与实际生活相关，引导学生将所学知识应用于实际问题解决中。
3. 重视语言基础知识和基本技能的考查，强调语言在实际情境中的应用。
4. 关注学生分析问题、解决问题以及语言核心素养的展现。
5. 着重提升学生的思维品质，如理解、分析、比较、推理和批判等。
6. 培养学生的综合应用能力和创新解决实际问题的能力。
三、考查内容1. 听力部分：主要考查学生对英语口语的理解能力，包括日常对话、短文理解和听写。
2. 阅读部分：包括词汇、语法、完形填空、阅读理解、短文改错等题型，侧重考查学生的阅读理解能力、词汇运用能力和语法知识。
3. 写作部分：包括短文写作和看图作文，考查学生的语言组织能力、思维能力和创新能力。
4. 口语部分：主要考查学生的口语表达能力和交际能力。
四、备考建议1. 关注时事政治，了解国内外重大事件，提高学生的社会文化素养。
2. 加强词汇积累，提高学生的词汇运用能力。
3. 培养良好的阅读习惯，提高阅读速度和理解能力。
4. 练习写作，提高语言组织能力和创新能力。
5. 加强口语练习，提高口语表达能力和交际能力。
总之，2024年北京中考英语试卷注重考查学生的语言基础知识和实际应用能力，同时关注学生的思维品质和创新能力。
教师和学生应关注试卷特点，有针对性地进行备考，以提高考试成绩。
北京中考考纲命题趋势
北京中考考纲命题趋势
北京中考考纲命题趋势主要表现在以下几个方面：
1.注重基础知识的掌握：中考命题注重学生对基础知识的理解和掌握，特别是
在文理科方面，强调对基本概念、基本方法的掌握。
2.强调知识应用能力：中考命题强调知识应用能力的考查，要求学生能够运用
所学知识解决实际问题。
3.关注学科素养的培养：中考命题注重对学生学科素养的考查，要求学生具备
基本的学科素养和思维能力。
4.突出考查分析问题和解决问题的能力：中考命题强调对分析问题和解决问题
能力的考查，要求学生能够运用所学知识分析问题、解决问题。
5.注重考查创新能力和实践能力：中考命题注重对学生创新能力和实践能力的
考查，要求学生具备创新思维和实践能力。
6.强调综合素质评价：中考命题注重对学生综合素质的评价，要求学生全面发
展，注重学生综合素质的提高。
北京中考考纲命题趋势注重基础知识的掌握、知识应用能力、学科素养、分析问题和解决问题的能力、创新能力和实践能力以及综合素质评价等方面，要求学生在全面发展的基础上注重综合素质的提高。
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北京中考命题原则
北京中考命题原则摘要：一、北京中考命题原则概述1.遵循国家教育方针2.注重学生全面发展3.体现素质教育要求4.强调能力与知识并重二、北京中考命题原则详解1.遵循国家教育方针a.全面贯彻党的教育方针b.落实立德树人根本任务2.注重学生全面发展a.学科知识与技能的均衡发展b.人文素养与科学素养的兼具3.体现素质教育要求a.培养创新精神和实践能力b.发展学生个性与特长4.强调能力与知识并重a.注重考查学生运用知识解决问题的能力b.倡导探究式学习与实践性教学正文：北京中考命题原则遵循国家教育方针，旨在全面贯彻落实党的教育方针，落实立德树人的根本任务。
在此基础上，命题原则注重学生的全面发展，强调学生在掌握学科知识与技能的基础上，全面提升人文素养与科学素养。
首先，北京中考命题原则遵循国家教育方针，全面贯彻党的教育方针，落实立德树人根本任务。
这意味着中考命题要紧密围绕国家教育大局，积极引导学生树立正确的世界观、人生观和价值观，形成良好的道德品质。
其次，中考命题原则注重学生的全面发展，强调学科知识与技能的均衡发展。
在命题过程中，要求各科目试题既要注重考查学生的基础知识，又要关注学生在实际生活中的应用能力，以实现各科目之间的平衡发展。
同时，试题还应兼具人文素养与科学素养的考查，让学生在掌握学科知识的基础上，全面提升自身综合素质。
再者，北京中考命题原则体现素质教育要求，致力于培养学生的创新精神和实践能力。
这意味着命题过程中要充分关注学生的个性发展，发挥学生的特长，鼓励学生在学习过程中勇于创新、善于实践，培养学生的独立思考能力和解决问题的能力。
最后，中考命题原则强调能力与知识并重，注重考查学生运用知识解决问题的能力。
在命题过程中，倡导探究式学习与实践性教学，鼓励学生将所学知识运用于生活实践，形成解决实际问题的能力。
北京中考英语复习三年命题规律总结+中考精炼：第二部分-语言技能专练
准确获取文章事实或细节信息是深入理解文章的基础，是重要的阅读技能。
《义务教育英语课程标准》（2011 年版）对初中毕业生提出了阅读技能标准，其中就有“能根据不同的阅读目的运用简单的阅读策略获取信息”的明确要求。
获取细节信息能力是中考重点考查的阅读技能之一，在中考阅读题中占较大比重。
2014 年北京市中考英语试卷有10 道考查获取细节信息的阅读题目，占20 分；2015 年和2016 年北京市中考英语试卷都有11 道阅读题目考查细节信息，占22 分。
可见，对于初中毕业生来说，在阅读中获取细节信息能力是最基础、最重要的阅读能力，它在中考中占有很大分值，考生一定要充分重视。
此类题目的命题思路是考查考生在文章中获取如人物（who）、时间（when）、地点（where）、原因（why）、数量多少（how many）、结果（result ）等具体事实性信息或对细节信息判断正误的能力，属于阅读中较易题目，但要求考生要足够细心、耐心阅读、仔细甄别选项，这样才能确保正确答题。
解答获取细节信息类题目，应首先从问题入手，准确理解题目含义，先明确要查找什么具体信息，如考查时间（when）还是考查原因（why），再带着具体问题阅读文章，在文章中仔细查找所需信息，可边阅读边勾画出需要查找的细节信息，最后再次细读，比对各个选项，选出正确答案。
此类题目属于较易题目，不会设置太大障碍，大多可以直接在文章中找到所需信息。
此外，保持良好的心态也非常重要。
同学们要有信心，相信自己只要认真阅读文章，就一定可以找到线索，查找到答案。
Passage 1（2014·北京）Have you ever wondered what goes through your mind when you choose where to sit in anew classroom? Or in a waiting room full of strangers? Or on a bus? Researchers have found out some interesting facts.Perhaps unsurprisingly, we prefer to sit closer to people like ourselves. Girls sit by girls and boys sit byboys. Adults sit together and young people choose another young person to sit near. But it goes further thanthis. We even choose to sit near someone who looks like us. People with glasses are more likely to sit nearother people with glasses. People with long hair sit closer to other people with long hair.1. From the passage, we know that people prefer sitting by someone who .A. is like themselvesB. has a sense of humorC. is open-mindedD. lives an exciting lifeAPassage 2（2014·北京）Billy ’s favorite color is orange. But he can ’t see what orange looks like. Billy is blind.A month after he was born, his mother noticed that his eyes weren’tquite as big as a normal baby’s.“Billy would never be able to see，”the doctor told his mother. After that Billy an talk’ing s t m oo h ti h m e,r beg describing things she saw. She told him what she was cooking,or what she saw outside the window. Shedescribed everything to him.Billy does not only depend on his mother ’s descriptions to learn about the world around him. He sees with his ears and his hands, too. He has perfect hearing. When people make phone calls, he can tell thenumbers they dial （拨）.1. How did Billy ’s mother help him?A. By teaching him how to draw.B. By asking teachers for advice.C. By describing everything to him.D. By sending him to his dream school.CPassage 3（2015·北京）Do you enjoy visiting a museum? Did you ever make a plan before a visit? Every museummust have something that attracts you. And there are many possible ways to enjoy yourself in a museum.If you follow these steps below, you ’ll know what is worth seeing and doing, so that you can make themost of your time at the museum.Decide what museum you will visit. There are so many different kinds of museums and you first need tofind on e that you like. It ’s easy for you to choose one and start an enjoyable visit!Do some research online. Every museum now has a website which allows you to look through theinformation about it. On the website, you may look for such things as:...1. According to the passage, we should first .A. do some research onlineB. make a plan for lunchC. decide on a museum to visitD. choose a friend to go withCPassage 4（2016·北京）Brian was a funny student. He loved watching comedies （喜剧）best and hoped to becomea comedy actor one day.When he heard about the talent show to be held at this school, Brian decided to take part in. He had neveracted on stage（舞台）before, and he was very excited. But some students laughed at him. “You are not fun but silly ，”Ken, one of his classmates, said to his face. “No one ，wi”ll lik a e no w thet r y b o o u y d a o l so saidto him, loudly.Brian couldn ’t understand why they were so unkind to him. For a moment, he thought about giving u pthe show. But he remembered how much his friends liked his jokes, and also his teachers said he was veryfunny. So he decided to prepare for the show.Brian did a great job at the talent show. Everyone loved his performance, and he won the first prize! Histeachers and friends were proud of him. Even so, Ken told Brian that he was not funny, and that he wouldnever be successful. Brian didn ’t understand why Ken said so, but he realized that it had nothing to do withhim. He confidently continued to work towards his goal.1. Brian decided to prepare for the show because .A. his friends liked his jokesB. he was invited by a TV stationC. he wasn ’t busy acting in moviesD. Ken was expecting his performanceAPassage 5（2016·北京）Which hand do you use when you write?About 8 to 15 percent of people are left handed.They often have to use tools that are designed for right-handed people. So it is difficult for left-handers to usemost tools. If you are right handed, try this experiment: Take a knife with your left hand and try cutting apotato into pieces. Don ’t be surprised if you feel a（w别kw扭ar的d ）.In the past, people thought it was strange to use the left hand. Young students looked down upon theirleft-handed classmates. Some children were even punished for using their left hand to write. But these daysparents and teachers have accepted that. In almost every school in the world, left-handed students can use t heirleft hand to write.1. If right-handers cut up potatoes with their left hand, they will .A. get hurtB. give up cuttingC. feel awkwardD. change their toolsCPassage 1（2014·东城一模）Christian Bucks may be young, but he surely knows how to be a good friend. When theYork, Pennsylvania, second-grader noticed that some of his schoolmates didn ’htave anyone to play withduring break time, he came up with a way to help them. He suggested having something called a “ buddybench ” put in on his school ’s playground.A buddy bench is a special bench where students can sit if they are feeling bored or lonely. It ly ’s usual brightly colored with “BUDDY BENCH”in big letters. Other students can then go to the bench and ask themif they would like to play or talk.“We show we care about others when we ask others to play，”Christian told reporters.1. Christian Bucks suggested having a buddy bench to help .A. his teachersB. his studentsC. his parentsD. his schoolmatesDPassage 2（2015·海淀一模）Need to buy something? Why go to a store? Buy it on the Internet! Need it now? Whywait? Ask for next-day delivery! Each day, more and more people try online shopping. In fact, online saleshave doubled in the last ten years. But not everyone is excited. Some scientists now say that online shopping isbad for the environment.People are surprised to hear this. “The，y ‘thi I n d kon ’t need to drive, and the business doesn ’t need tobuild a store, so there will be less pollution ，’”says Nuria Prost, an environmental scientist. “But it is not so simple. In fact, online shopping is wasteful. It also adds to air pollution. ”In truth, the Internet is not always as good a friend to the environment as it seems. For example, mostpeople thought that the Internet would help offices use less paper and other materials. But paper use i ncreasedby 33 percent between 1986 and 1997.e s“h op O p n in l in g could have similarly negative effects ，”says NevilCohen, a professor of environmental science.Part of the problem is what people are buying these days. In the past, people bought things on the Internet thatdid not require much packing material, such as books and clothing. But now people also shop online for large,heavy products such as televisions, computers, and furniture. These products need to be packed in large amounts o fplastic and paper. This creates a lot of waste.1. Why does online shopping create a lot of waste?A. Because companies charge more for product returns.B. Because people buy too many things they don ’t need.C. Because paper use has increased by 33 percent from 1986 to 1997.D. Because large, heavy products require much packing material.DPassage 3（2016·海淀一模）Living next to next is the principle （原则）of a neighbor. Good neighborliness is theideal to be aimed at. As the saying goes, no man is an island; he has to live with his neighbors. To make lifeeasy and pleasant, he must cooperate with his neighbors.Whether one likes it or not, one cannot do without neighbors. Normally he may think one can do withoutneighbors because he can manage all comforts and services, so the services or the need for a friend may nothappen. However, the sympathy（同情）, admiration and appreciation which a neighbor may offer will have agreat humanizing influence. To share one ’s view and sometimes even sadness, one needs some neighbors.But all neighbors are not always keeping the friendly relationship. Stresses and tension （紧张）developbecause of misunderstanding. Very often children may be the cause for tense feelings. The neighborpick a flower or a fruit from your garden and an argument may follow. Again he may throw his ball at yourwindow, breaking it. These are common cases so far as the younger one is concerned but it is for the elders toview them with calmness and make up for it. This may read easily on paper but not so in real life. But beingbroad-minded, one must be able to tolerate （容忍）. Another reason for tension may be the animals. Yourneighbor ’s dog may be a real trouble or his chickens would come into your garden and eat away your plants.1. Which of the following may cause misunderstanding?A. Hobbies and habits.B. Children and pets.C. Sports and games.D. Likes and dislikes.BPassage 4（2014·朝阳一模）You’re buying a used car, moving into a new house, or deciding which doctor shouldtreat your illness. These are times when you need to get directly to the core （核心）of an important matter.Asking general questions gets little valuable information and may even result in unreal answers, saysJulia Minson, a visiting scholar in decision science at the University of Pennsylvania in the US. The best way,says Minson, is to ask a lot of questions that discover there are problems.Let ’s say someone is selling a used iPod. An example of a general question is “What cm an e you tellabout it? ”A pos-i t a iv s e sumption （正面推测）question is “There aren ’t any problems with it, right? ”But negative- a ssumption question, such as “What problems have you had with it? ”will get the most honest answer found Minson and her team.In a study，87% of the sellers warned the buyers of problems when asked a negative- assumption question,while 59% of those did the same thing to a positive-assumption one.When you want the truth, you have to ask for it. What problems does this car have? What are the worstparts of this job? How many people with my kind of illness have been successfully treated? Your questionsshould communicate that you are sure there will be difficulties and that you want to know about them.1. What can we do if we want the truth, according to the passage?A. Ask for it ourselves.B. Talk with honest people.C. Study it ourselves.D. Do some experiments.APassage 5（2016·通州二模）Teenage life is interesting, adventurous（冒险的）and difficult. Teenagers have to gothrough many problems. It may probably be a family problem or a school problem. It is important to learn howto deal with those problems.Be grateful（感激的）of your parents ’suppo W rt.h en you have a problem, ask your parents to supportyou. When a child is thirteen, he feels like he has grown up. As a part of a family, teenagers do not want theirparents to involve in their personal activities and they think they are able to be independent （独立的）.It is very normal and parents should also cooperate（合作）with their kids. They should try to get to knowwhat their child needs. Sometimes a child may be hesitating （犹豫）to tell something but they should try toknow what the matter is. Parents ’support is the greatest support for a teenager.Learn to live in society. Society plays a very important role in everyone ’s life. What teenagers see fromsociety has a big influence on their characters.As a teenager, you should know what is wrong and what is right. Never be impatient in making a decision.Always keep cool and calm （沉着的）, take advice from your parents and you will make a good decision.Don’t let the b d a things of society influence you. Instead, get to learn good things from society.Learn from school. School is like a second home. We learn a lot from our school, and at the same time,it is the hardest part of a teenager ’s life.·First are the studies. You should know what you want to do. Don’t come under pressure in makingchoices.·Learn to take your own stand（立场）. If you don ’t do well in exams, don ’t feel broken. B-m eis n t d ro e n d gand spend more time on your studies.·Share your problems with your friends. Your friends are always ready to help. If you are confused inyour life, talk about what you ’v e done and what you want to do with your friends.1. When teenagers make a decision, they should .A. know their parents ’needsB. be impatientC. do it by themselvesD. keep calmDPassage 1There! I have drawn the chairs into the right corners and dusted the room nicely. How cold papa andmamma will be when they return from their long ride! It is not time to toast the bread yet, and I am tired ofreading.What shall I do? Somehow I can ’t help thinking about the pale face of that beggar girl all the time. I cansee the glad light filling her eyes, just as plain as I did when I laid the dime in her little dirty hand.How much I had thought of that dime, too!Grandpa gave it to me, Mary Williams, a whole month ago,and I had kept it ever since in my red box upstairs, but those sugar apples looked so beautiful, and were socheap—only a dime a piece —that I made up my mind to have one.1. Who gave the dime to the beggar girl?A. Mary ’ s mamma.B. Mary ’s papa.C. Mary ’ s grandpa.D. Mary.DPassage 2Now everyone can read it and see it! The Internet is taking over the way we view the world —from news,to communication, to shopping... Will the Internet make our global society more equal, giving everyone anequal chance to find out what need to know and in turn get their message out there?The Internet has taken away a great deal of business away from traditional forms of media, especiallynewspapers. Instead of buying a newspaper and reading yesterday ’s news, people can go online and find out what happened in the last few hours, and for free too! This has resulted in many newspapers going bankruptand most newspapers, especially local papers, have been bought by big syndicates. Many journalists areconcerned that the quality of the news published has come down as many newspapers cut costs. Also, they areconcerned that too many newspapers are now owned by the same companies and so there are not really thatmany different views and ideas being expressed.1. Newspapers have declined in their influence now, because .A. there is always some untrue news in the newspapersB. the newspapers can ’t provide the latest newsC. people can get free information from the InternetD. most people don ’t care about news at allCPassage 3One winter Sunday, my little sister, Colleen, and I built the greatest snowman ever. We gave him atraditional carrot nose, a cool hat, a comfortable scarf and gloves on the end of his stick arms. He was amasterpiece.The next morning when looking outside, we smiled lovingly at him over our meal. We gave him ahigh-five as we passed by on our way to school. A lot of kids went past our house, so he was the hot topic atour school that morning. My sister and I generously shared our professional snowman-building suggestionsand techniques with our classmates.The day dragged on until finally we could rush home. But as our yard came into sight, we saw somethingwasn’t right. The snowman was gone! We only found a broken stick here, a torn glove there and balls of snoweverywhere. Worst of all, the snowman ’s carrot nose lay li-m ea p te a n n.d W hh a a l ft had happened?1. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the three paragraphs?A.Many kids went to the writer ’s house to see the snowman.B.My brother and I made a lovely snowman one winter Sunday.C.The classmates asked them for advice on making a great snowman.D.It was a pleasure for the writer to share their skills about snowman-building.DPassage 4You may have heard the music and dancing from the other side of the world when Carnival happened in Rio,Brazil. On Feb 5, the festival officially began, lasting until Feb 10. So why does this colorful event ’s energy （活力）continue to excite people from all over the world?Carnival is a crazy six-day celebration that happens around 40 days before the Christian （基督徒的）Easter festival. It happens at the hottest time in summer in Rio and marks the time before the start of Lent, atime when Christians are supposed to give up doing things they like. Those who take part in Carnival are allowed to have fun by enjoying themselves as much as possible. They dance, wear colorful costumes and have a great time.Carnival time has a soundtrack （配乐）of samba music, a type of music that is completely Brazilian.During Carnival, the 14 best samba schools in Rio are each given the chance to show off their music and dancing, joined by 200 to 400 drummers （鼓手）.And it ’s not just the locals who entertain the crowds. According to Lonely Planet, some of the schools are “open to travelers who may be passing through town and are prepared to practice for weeks, learn a song, buya brightly-colored costume and wear it i n front of tens of thousands of people ”.In the end, judges decide who brought the best dance moves, looks, words and heart to Carnival. And the winner is the pride of Brazil.1. What do you know about Rio Carnival from the article?A. Both locals and travelers enjoy the Carnival excitedly.B. It happens at the coldest time in winter in Rio.C. People sing and dance with samba music in common clothes.D. Nobody cares about the winner of the Carnival.APassage 5Why do people want to go to university? For some, it is the desire to learn. At university, you will betaught by lecturers and professors who may be leading figures in their fields of study or at the forefront oftheir field of research. The opportunity to learn from and to discuss and interact with these leading academicsis what drives some people to apply to university. For others, going to university provides the all-important stepping-stone for their careers, especially amongst certain professions like medicine and engineering, where obtaining a university degree in the relevant field is the minimum requirement. However, for the majority of Western people, university means freedom from home.In most British and American universities, students live in halls or dormitories, especially in their firstyear. Whether you are living on your own in an ensuite room or in a shared flat with five other strangers, your bedroom is now your personal space and many people like to decorate it in such a way that will reflect theirtastes and values. Many students have to learn to share facilities like bathrooms and kitchens whilst others may have their own fridge or microwave. Either way, this is the time when you learn to develop your ownpersonal living space whilst pulling your weight and sharing the responsibility for keeping shared areas clean.You may not get on well with everyone you meet. People often have different habits and circumstances w hichmay affect the way they live. However, university is a time when you learn to look after yourself, to developyour values and to accept those who may be different.1. Which is NOT the reason for people to go to university?A. To study all kinds of knowledge from professors.B. To learn some skills to get ready for future work.C. To get away from home and never return.D. To learn to take care of themselves and live independently.C《义务教育英语课程标准》（2011 年版）对初中毕业生明确提出了“能根据上下文和构词法推断、理解生词的含义”的阅读技能标准要求。