英文合同的写作技巧
Formation of A Contract 英文合同写作指导
Contract Law PageFORMATION OF A CONTRACTINTRODUCTIONA contract may be defined as an agreement between two or more parties that is intended to be legally binding.The first requisite of any contract is an agreement (consisting of an offer and acceptance). At least two parties are required; one of them, the offeror, makes an offer which the other, the offeree, accepts.OFFERAn offer is an expression of willingness to contract made with the intention that it shall become binding on the offeror as soon as it is accepted by the offeree.A genuine offer is different from what is known as an "invitation to treat", ie where a party is merely inviting offers, which he is then free to accept or reject. The following are examples of invitations to treat:1. AUCTIONSIn an auction, the auctioneer's call for bids is an invitation to treat, a request for offers. The bids made by persons at the auction are offers, which the auctioneer can accept or reject as he chooses. Similarly, the bidder may retract his bid before it is accepted. See: Payne v Cave (1789) 3 Term Rep 1482. DISPLAY OF GOODSThe display of goods with a price ticket attached in a shop window or on a supermarket shelf is not an offer to sell but an invitation for customers to make an offer to buy. See: Fisher v Bell [1960] 3 All ER 731P.S.G.B. v Boots Chemists [1953] 1 All ER 482.3. ADVERTISEMENTSAdvertisements of goods for sale are normally interpreted as invitations to treat. See: Partridge v Crittenden [1968] 2 All ER 421.However, advertisements may be construed as offers if they are unilateral, ie, open to all the world to accept (eg, offers for rewards). See:Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1893] 1 QB 256.4. MERE STATEMENTS OF PRICEA statement of the minimum price at which a party may be willing to sell will not amount to an offer. See:Harvey v Facey [1893] AC 552Gibson v Manchester County Council [1979] 1 All ER 972.5. TENDERSWhere goods are advertised for sale by tender, the statement is not an offer, but an invitation to treat; that is, it is a request by the owner of the goods for offers to purchase them. The process of competitive tendering came under scrutiny in the following cases: Harvela Investments v Royal Trust Co. of Canada [1985] 2 All ER 966Blackpool Aero Club v Blackpool Borough Council [1990] 3 All ER 25.ACCEPTANCEAn acceptance is a final and unqualified acceptance of the terms of an offer. To make a binding contract the acceptance must exactly match the offer. The offeree must accept all the terms of the offer.However, in certain cases it is possible to have a binding contract without a matching offer and acceptance. See:Brogden v Metropolitan Railway Co. (1877) 2 App Cas 666Lord Denning in Gibson v Manchester City Council [1979] abovePercy Trentham Ltd v Archital Luxfer Ltd [1993] 1 Lloyd's Rep 25.The following rules have been developed by the courts with regard to acceptance:1. COUNTER OFFERSIf in his reply to an offer, the offeree introduces a new term or varies the terms of the offer, then that reply cannot amount to an acceptance. Instead, the reply is treated as a "counter offer", which the original offeror is free to accept or reject. A counter-offer also amounts to a rejection of the original offer which cannot then be subsequently accepted. See:Hyde v Wrench (1840) 3 Beav 334.A counter-offer should be distinguished from a mere request for information. See:Stevenson v McLean (1880) 5 QBD 346.If A makes an offer on his standard document and B accepts on on a document containing his conflicting standard terms, a contract will be made on B's terms if A acts upon B's communication, eg by delivering goods. This situation is known as the "battle of the forms". See:Butler Machine Tool v Excell-o-Corp [1979] 1 All ER 965.2. CONDITIONAL ACCEPTANCEIf the offeree puts a condition in the acceptance, then it will not be binding.3. TENDERSA tender is an offer, the acceptance of which leads to the formation of a contract. However, difficulties arise where tenders are invited for the periodical supply of goods:(a) Where X advertises for offers to supply a specified quantity of goods, to be supplied during a specified time, and Y offers to supply, acceptance of Y's tender creates a contract, under which Y is bound to supply the goods and the buyer X is bound to accept them and pay for them.(b) Where X advertises for offers to supply goods up to a stated maximum, during a certain period, the goods to be supplied as and when demanded, acceptance by X of a tender received from Y does not create a contract. Instead, X's acceptance converts Y's tender into a standing offer to supply the goods up to the stated maximum at the statedprice as and when requested to do so by X. The standing offer is accepted each time X places an order, so that there are a series of separate contracts for the supply of goods. See:Great Northern Railway Co. v Witham (1873) LR 9 CP 16.4. COMMUNICATION OF ACCEPTANCEThe general rule is that an acceptance must be communicated to the offeror. Until and unless the acceptance is so communicated, no contract comes into existence:Lord Denning in Entores v Miles Far East Corp. [1955] 2 All ER 493.The acceptance must be communicated by the offeree or someone authorised by the offeree. If someone accepts on behalf of the offeree, without authorisation, this will not be a valid acceptance:Powell v Lee (1908) 99 LT 284.The offeror cannot impose a contract on the offeree against his wishes by deeming that his silence should amount to an acceptance:Felthouse v Bindley (1862) 11 CBNS 869.Where an instantaneous method of communication is used, eg telex, it will take effect when and where it is received. See:Entores v Miles Far East Corp [1955] 2 QB 327The Brimnes [1975] QB 929Brinkibon v Stahag Stahl [1983] 2 AC 34.5. EXCEPTIONS TO THE COMMUNICATION RULEa) In unilateral contracts the normal rule for communication of acceptance to the offeror does not apply. Carrying out the stipulated task is enough to constitute acceptance of the offer.b) The offeror may expressly or impliedly waive the need for communication of acceptance by the offeree, eg, where goods are dispatched in response to an offer to buy.c) The Postal Rule - Where acceptance by post has been requested or where it is an appropriate and reasonable means of communication between the parties, then acceptance is complete as soon as the letter of acceptance is posted, even if the letter is delayed, destroyed or lost in the post so that it never reaches the offeror. See:Adams v Lindsell (1818) 1 B & Ald 681.Household Fire Insurance Co. v Grant (1879) 4 Ex D 216.The postal rule applies to communications of acceptance by cable, including telegram, but not to instantaneous modes such as telephone, telex and fax. The postal rule will not apply:(i) Where the letter of acceptance has not been properly posted, as in Re London and Northern Bank (1900), where the letter of acceptance was handed to a postman only authorised to deliver mail and not to collect it.(ii) Where the letter is not properly addressed. There is no authority on this point.(iii) Where the express terms of the offer exclude the postal rule, ie if the offer specifies that the acceptance must reach the offeror. In Holwell Securities v Hughes (1974, below), the postal rule was held not to apply where the offer was to be accepted by "notice in writing". Actual communication was required.(iv) It was said in Holwell Securities that the rule would not be applied where it would produce a "manifest inconvenience or absurdity".Revocation of posted acceptance.Can an offeree withdraw his acceptance, after it has been posted, by a later communication, which reaches the offeror before the acceptance? There is no clear authority in English law. The Scottish case of Dunmore v Alexander (1830) appears to permit such a revocation but it is an unclear decision. A strict application of the postal rule would not permit such withdrawal. This view is supported by decisions in: New Zealand in Wenkheim v Arndt (1873) and South Africa in A-Z Bazaars v Ministry of Agriculture (1974). However, such an approach is regarded as inflexible.6. METHOD OF ACCEPTANCEThe offer may specify that acceptance must reach the offeror in which case actual communication will be required. See:Holwell Securities v Hughes [1974] 1 All ER 161.If a method is prescribed without it being made clear that no other method will suffice then it seems that an equally advantageous method would suffice. See:Tinn v Hoffman (1873) 29 LT 271Yates Building Co. v Pulleyn Ltd (1975) 119 SJ 370.7. KNOWLEDGE OF THE OFFERAn offeree may perform the act that constitutes acceptance of an offer, with knowledge of that offer, but for a motive other than accepting the offer. The question that then arises is whether his act amounts to a valid acceptance. The position seems to be that:(a) An acceptance which is wholly motivated by factors other than the existence of the offer has no effect.R v Clarke (1927) 40 CLR 227(b) Where, however, the existence of the offer plays some part, however small, in inducing a person to do the required act, there is a valid acceptance of the offer. See: Williams v Carwardine (1833) 5 Car & P 566.8. CROSS-OFFERSA writes toB offering to sell certain property at a stated price. B writes to A offering to buy the same property at the same price. The letters cross in the post. Is there (a) an offer and acceptance, (b) a contract? This problem was discussed, obiter, by the Court in Tinn v Hoffman (1873) 29 LT 271. Five judges said that cross-offers do not make a binding contract. One judge said they do.TERMINATION OF THE OFFER1. ACCEPTANCEOnce an offer has been accepted, a binding contract is made and the offer ends.2. REJECTIONIf the offeree rejects the offer that is the end of it.3. REVOCATIONThe offer may be revoked by the offeror at any time until it is accepted. However, the revocation of the offer must be communicated to the offeree(s). Unless and until the revocation is so communicated, it is ineffective. See:Byrne v Van Tienhoven (1880) 5 CPD 344.The revocation need not be communicated by the offeror personally, it is sufficient if it is done through a reliable third party. See:Dickinson v Dodds (1876) 2 ChD 463.Where an offer is made to the whole world, it appears that it may be revoked by taking reasonable steps. See:Shuey v United States [1875] 92 US 73.Once the offeree has commenced performance of a unilateral offer, the offeror may not revoke the offer. See:Errington v Errington [1952] 1 All ER 149Daulia v Four Millbank Nominees [1978] 2 All ER 557.4. COUNTER OFFERSee above for Hyde v Wrench (1840).5. LAPSE OF TIMEWhere an offer is stated to be open for a specific length of time, then the offer automatically terminates when that time limit expires. Where there is no express time limit, an offer is normally open only for a reasonable time. See:Ramsgate Victoria Hotel v Montefiore (1866) LR 1 Ex 109.6. FAILURE OF A CONDITIONAn offer may be made subject to conditions. Such a condition may be stated expressly by the offeror or implied by the courts from the circumstances. If the condition is not satisfied the offer is not capable of being accepted. See:Financings Ltd v Stimson [1962] 3 All ER 386.7. DEATHThe offeree cannot accept an offer after notice of the offeror's death. However, if the offeree does not know of the offeror's death, and there is no personal element involved, then he may accept the offer. See:Bradbury v Morgan (1862) 1 H&C 249.。
英文合同(Agreement和Contract)的写作方法
英文合同(Agreement和Contract)的写作方法本书撰写的方式，是针对名称为"Agreement"或"Contract"类型的文件做阅读方法的说明，其原因即在于此类文件的合约架构复杂而内容完整，读者若能掌握阅读此类合约的要领，阅读其它类型的英文合约时自然就能够畅行无阻了。
贰英文合约的特色这一节所要谈的英文合约的特色，其实也就是阅读英文合约的困难之处。
首先，英文合约和中文合约比较起来，总是显得又臭又长，让人一开始就产生抗拒的心理，也不知道从何着手。
其次，不但整份合约的篇幅可观，里面每个句子也经常拖了好几行，甚至几页都很有可能。
最后，也是最令人头痛的，是有一大堆「古早时候」的制式用语，长久法学传统累积的结果，虽然或许可以显现其庄严慎重，却是阅读或使用合约者的痛苦来源。
以下就针对这些英文合约这几点特色分别说明，作一些心理准备工作，并且尝试提供几个可能有所帮助的建议。
一、又臭又长的英文合约印象里的英文合约，总是密密麻麻的字母，铺满了一页又一页，最后订成厚厚的一大本，让人看了就倒胃口，怨叹英文合约为什么一定要这么长呢？老一辈的人这时候就会说，外国人总是不比中国人，中国人最讲「诚信」了，做生意拍拍胸脯一句话就包在我身上，签约、盖章做什么？这个说法在今天还成不成立，或者古代到底是不是真的这样，由于作者并无纵横古今中外的生活经验，不敢表示任何意见。
我们要说明的，是英文合约的规模老是看起来比中文合约庞大，可能有其法学历史上的原因，那就是英美法系的本质：「不成文法」。
英美法学基本上架构在自古以来发生的一个个案例，所谓的"case law"就是指这种背景，与我们所熟悉大陆法系的"statutory law"，法律成文化的传统很不一样。
虽然现在采取英美法系的国家，也已经进行许多法律的成文化工作，但是规模仍然不及大陆法系国家，并且许多成文化法规也仅限于宣示或参考的性质（例如美国American LawInstitution所编撰的Restatement，虽然越来越常被法官引用，但是却没有一定的法律拘束力）。
英文合同制作技巧
• 定义条款： 1.Definition In this Agreement the following terms have the following meaning Unless the context clearly requires otherwise: “TERRITORY “means China. “The owner of the trademarks” means the trademarks in this Agreement.
• 合同结尾条款： • In Witness Whereof the Parties hereto have caused this Form of Agreement to be executed the day and year first before written in accordance with their respective laws and have caused their respective common seals to be hereunto affixed.
6、结尾部分（作证或担保）
In Witness Whereof, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be
duly executed and delivered as a deed, as of the day and year first above written. _ ______INCORPRORATED BY __________________ President _______INCORPRORATED BY __________________ President
• 合同期限条款：
英文合同转让条款的写作、翻译和研究
英文合同转让条款的写作、翻译和研究英文合同翻译因其专业性、复杂性、严密性一直是英文翻译中的一大难点，下面小编就为您分享一些关于英文合同转让条款的写作、翻译的知识。
一、转让条款的定义及基本内涵转让条款订明合同中规定的权利（rights）、利益（benefits）、责任（duties）以及义务（obligations）是否可以全部转让或部分转让，以及在什么情况下可以转让。
该条款有时跟“继承人及转让”（“successors and assign”）的通用条款合并在一起或置放在其名下。
大多数国家的法律都允许合同权利和义务的转让，但转让的条件会因合同性质不同和各方特殊的利益需要而有所差异。
根据common law is common sense的基本原理，人有生老病死，公司（法人）有兴盛衰败，因此，尚未完全履行或只有部分履行的合同应允许转让。
如果某份合同一定要签署人本人完全自行履行，那世间恐怕很少有人敢签订合同。
但任何合同也不都是可以随便转让的。
合同当事人一般都希望跟自己熟悉的或几经磨合才达成共识的“原配”合作；在不得不转让的情况下，转让必须得到非转让方的同意，并且还要求转让方满足一定的条件。
合同中具体可转让的内容包括合同本身或其项下的权利、利益、责任以及义务。
在多数情况下，这一部分的内容置放在不得转让 (NO ASSIGNMENT) 的小标题之下，这是把丑话说在前。
其实，还有不少转让条款是放在合同转让（ASSIGNMENT）小标题之下的，但其内容往往“名不符实”: 转让条款仍然会包含不可转让的规定。
assignment写作二、转让条款的基本句型和关键用词/语（一）转让或不得转让的句式1. Party A (shall) be free to assign its rights hereof to the third party.2. The parties may not assign this Agreement.3. Neither this Agreement nor any of the rights，interests or obligations... shall be assigned，in whole or in part.4. Neither party shall have the right to assign or transfer any duties，rights or obligations.5. Any purported transfer，assignment or delegation by either party without the appropriate prior written approval shall be null and void and of no force or effect.6. This Agreement is personal to...who may not assign or delegate any of Employee’s rights or obligations hereunder.（二）转让条件1. If Party A’s assignee assumes all the obligations of PartyA hereunder and sends written notice of the assignment to attesting.2. ...continues to be liable for the performance of its obligations.3. ...except that the Company may assign the Agreement to its successor.4. ...without prior written consent of the other party.5. ...shall not be unreasonably withheld.6. ... Subject to the foregoing/Notwithstanding the foregoing.（三）转让方法及其他1. by operation of law or otherwise，by way of merger or consolidation or the acquisition of substantially all of thebusiness and assets of the assigning party relating to the Agreement.2. this Agreement shall inure to the benefit of the respective Parties，their heirs，executors，administrators，successors and assignees.3. to execute a general release of Party from claims or liabilities of Party A under this Agreement.有一定经验的作者或译者，利用这些“零部件”就可以“组装”出各种转让条款；但他们往往很难确定哪些写法是流行的、哪些是过时的、哪些在语言风格上是得体的、哪些已经迂腐。
(合同知识)英文合同翻译很不错的详解哦
引子:鉴于现在对外交流事例逐渐增多,英文合同特别是经济合同的翻译愈显重要,若译文不准确或不严谨,势必会引起不必要的经济纠纷.故今以一英文(经济)合同写作书籍为蓝本,录入一些有益文字,希望大家共同提高英文(经济)合同的翻译和写作。
合同文件是合同双方签订并必须遵守的法律文件,因此合同中的语言应体现其权威性.英文合同用语的特点之一就表现在用词上,即选择那些法律用词,以及正式用词,使合同表达的意思准确无误,达到双方对合同中使用的词无可争议的程度。
一.hereby英文释义:by means of , by reason of this中文译词:特此,因此,兹用法:常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语；在条款中需要强调时也可用。
语法：一般置于主语后,紧邻主语.例1：The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract.参考译文:业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同价,或合同规定的其它应支付的款项,以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。
注释:(1)hereby: by reason of this 特此(2)covenant: v. make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同、条约; n. legal agreement具有法律约束的正式合同(3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工(4)therein: in the Works在本工程中(5)the Contract Price: 合同总价,指工程的总造价(6)such...as: 关系代词,相当于that, which(7)under: in accordance with 根据,按照(8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同条款例2：We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request.注释：（1）hereby：特此（2）to the best of our knowledge：as far as we know据我们所知（3）foregoing statement：above-mentioned statement上述声明（4）herein：in this, in the statement在声明中（5）documentary proof：证明文件参考译文：特此证明，据我们所知，上述声明内容真实，正确无误，并提供了全部现有的资料和数据，我们同意，应贵方要求出具证明文件。
英文合同中注意
英文合同中注意English:In an English contract, it is important to pay attention to the clarity and specificity of the terms and conditions. Each clause should be carefully drafted to accurately reflect the intentions of both parties and to avoid any potential misunderstandings or disputes. Additionally, it is crucial to clearly outline the rights and responsibilities of each party, including payment terms, deliverables, termination clauses, and dispute resolution mechanisms. Moreover, attention should be given to the inclusion of boilerplate clauses such as governing law, jurisdiction, force majeure, and severability to ensure the enforceability and validity of the contract. It is also essential to include provisions for any potential changes or amendments to the contract and to consider the potential implications of any breach of the contract.中文翻译:在英文合同中，重要的是要注意条款的清晰性和具体性。
英文合同沟通模板范文
英文合同沟通模板范文Dear [Client/Partner],I hope this email finds you well. As we continue to work together on our business agreement, I wanted to provide you with a detailed update on the terms of our contract. Please find below a summary of our discussion and agreement, as well as the next steps that we will be taking to ensure a smooth implementation of the contract.Contract Summary:1. Parties Involved: The contract is between [Your Company Name] and [Client/Partner Name]. Both parties agree to the terms outlined in this contract and are committed to fulfilling their obligations as specified.2. Scope of Work: The scope of work includes [Brief description of the services/products being provided]. Both parties agree to deliver high-quality services/products according to the agreed-upon specifications.3. Payment Terms: Payments will be made according to the schedule outlined in the contract. [Insert specific payment terms, such as payment amount, due dates, and any late payment penalties].4. Confidentiality: Both parties agree to maintain confidentiality and not disclose any confidential information shared during the course of this contract.5. Dispute Resolution: In the event of any disputes, both parties will work towards resolving them amicably and in good faith. If a resolution cannot be reached, the matter will be referred to [Arbitration/Mediation/Court] as per the contract terms.Next Steps:1. Signing of Contract: We will prepare the final draft of the contract and send it to you for review and signature. Please carefully read through the document and let us know if you have any questions or concerns.2. Implementation Plan: Once the contract is signed, we will work with you to develop an implementation plan that outlines the steps needed to fulfill our obligations under the contract. This plan will include key milestones, deliverables, and timelines for completion.3. Communication Channels: We will establish regular communication channels, such as weekly update calls or email exchanges, to ensure that we are on track to meet the terms of the contract. Please let us know your preferred mode of communication.4. Performance Metrics: We will establish key performance indicators (KPIs) to track the progress of our work and ensure that we are meeting the agreed-upon standards. Regularperformance reviews will be conducted to assess progress and address any issues that may arise.We are confident that this contract will be beneficial for both parties and will lead to a successful partnership. If you have any questions or require further clarification on any aspect of the contract, please do not hesitate to reach out to us.Thank you for your continued trust and partnership. We look forward to working together and accomplishing great things.Best regards,[Your Name][Your Position][Your Company Name]。
分享英文合同翻译：详解关键词
分享英文合同翻译：详解关键词引子:鉴于现在对外交流事例逐渐增多,英文合同特别是经济合同的翻译愈显重要,若译文不准确或不严谨,势必会引起不必要的经济纠纷.故今以一英文(经济)合同写作书籍为蓝本,录入一些有益文字,希望大家共同提高英文(经济)合同的翻译和写作。
合同文件是合同双方签订并必须遵守的法律文件,因此合同中的语言应体现其权威性.英文合同用语的特点之一就表现在用词上,即选择那些法律用词,以及正式用词,使合同表达的意思准确无误,达到双方对合同中使用的词无可争议的程度。
一.Hereby英文释义:by means of , by reason of this中文译词:特此,因此,兹用法:常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语；在条款中需要强调时也可用。
语法：一般置于主语后,紧邻主语.注释:(1)hereby: by reason of this 特此(2)covenant: v. make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同、条约; n. legal agreement具有法律约束的正式合同(3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工(4)therein: in the Works在本工程中(5)the Contract Price: 合同总价,指工程的总造价(6)such...as: 关系代词,相当于that, which(7)under: in accordance with 根据,按照(8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同条款注释：（1）hereby：特此（2）to the best of our knowledge：as far as we know据我们所知（3）foregoing statement：above-mentioned statement上述声明（4）herein：in this, in the statement在声明中（5）documentary proof：证明文件注释：（1）hereby：特此（2）hereinafter referred to as Party A：以下称甲方（3）on the principle of equality and mutual benefit：在平等互利基础上（4）through amicable consultation：通过友好协商二hereof英文释义: of this中文译词:关于此点；在本文件中用法:在表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的……”时，使用该词。
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英文合同的写作技巧
1.标题上注明“合同”两字。
不要为碰运气而忽略这个。
如果你
的客户需要合同，就要注明是合同。
一个仍在联邦法院里任职的法官
就以前裁定：有双方签字，但标有“建议书”的文件并非合同。
这给
我们的教训就是，你怎么想，就应该怎么说。
如果你想让你的文件成
为具有法律效力的合同，就要在标题中注明“合同”字样。
2.写短句子，因为短句子比长句子更容易理解。
3.用主动语态而不用被动语态。
相对来说，主动语态的句子更简短，措词更精练，表达更明白。
让我们来看一个例子吧，主动语态的
句子：卖方将把此物卖给买方;被动语态的句子：此物将被卖方卖给买方。
4.不要用“双周”之类的词，因为这有可能产生歧义--是两周还
是每隔一周?类似的词还有“双月”，所以这样写：“两周”或“每隔
一周”。
5.不要用“活跃的白蚁和有机体”之类的话，为了避免模棱两可，这样写：“活跃的白蚁和活跃的有机体”或是“白蚁和活跃的有机体”。
当一组名词(如“白蚁和有机体”)前有一个修饰语(如“活跃的”)时，你一定要弄清楚这个修饰语是修饰两个名词还是仅仅修饰第
一个名词。
如果是修饰两个词，能够用排比的手法分别在这两个词之
前加上修饰语，如果你只想修饰一个名词，那么你就应该把这个词放
在这组词的最后，然后在它的前面加上修饰语。
6.不要用“出租人”和“承租人”。
这对一个租赁合同来说是不
好的别称，因为他们容易被颠倒或者出现打印错误。
能够用“房东”
和“租户”来代替他们。
同样，在合同中也不要用“留置权人”和
“留置人”，“抵押权人”和“抵押人”，“保证人”和“被保证人”，“许可人”和“被许可人”，“当事人A”和“当事人B”……
到底怎么说，这就要看你驾驭语言的水平了。
不过，要把握的一条原
则是，在整个合同中，对合同一方只能用一个别称。
7.使用术语“本文(herein，也可译为“在这里”)”时要当心。
为了避免含糊不清，使用“本文”时特别申明一下“本文”是指整个
合同，还是指其所在的某一段落。
8.写数目时要文字和阿拉伯数字并用，如：拾(10)。
这将减少出
错的几率。
9.如果你想用“包括”这个词，就要考虑在其后加上“但不限于……”的分句。
除非你能够列出所有被包括的项，否则用“但不限于……”的分句，来说明你仅仅想举个例子。
10.不要依赖于语法规则。
那些你在学校里学到的语法规则并不是
放之四海而皆准的东西，因为有权力来解释此合同的法官或陪审团成
员学的语法规则可能和你学的不一样，但不管学的是什么规则，撰写
合同都要遵循一个基本原则：简洁、明确。
检查你写的东西是否达到
这个要求有个好办法，那就是去掉所有的句号和逗号，然后读一下。
在没有标点符号的情况下，选择准确的词语放在准确的位置上，这将
使你写出来的东西更简明，更流畅。
11.不要创造词语。
合同文书不是创造性的作品，也就不应因为意
思的细微差别而引起思考或争论。
合同文书应该是清晰、直接而准确的。
所以，要使用普通的词语，表达普通的意思，为普通人撰写合同。
12.用词一致。
在一份销售合同中，如果你想用“货物”来指整个
合同的标的物，就不要时而称它们为“货物”，时而又改称它们为
“产品”。
保持用词一致性比避免重复更加重要。
不要担心这会让读
者打瞌睡;你应该提防的是对方律师会因为含糊不清的合同而将你告上
法庭。
13.在文法和标点符号上保持一致。
你所学的文法和标点用法可能
和别人学的不一样，但你在使用上保持一致。
要特别注意句末的引号、时间和地点之后的逗号以及文风的相似性。
14.能够在合同中加入所依据的法律、合同发生地、律师费等条款。
有了这些条款，一旦合同引起诉讼，你就已经为你的客户打这场诉讼
战准备好了一些“弹药”。