词汇和语法

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专升本《英语》词汇与语法结构

专升本《英语》词汇与语法结构

专升本《英语》词汇与语法结构以下是专升本英语词汇与语法结构的重点内容:
一、词汇:
1.同义词和反义词
2.同根词和派生词
3.合成词和短语
4.难以理解的词汇
5.常见的词组和习惯用语
6.常见的英语缩写和缩略词
二、语法结构:
1.时态和语态
-现在时态
-过去时态
-将来时态
-完成时态
-进行时态
-被动语态
2.语法句型
-倒装句
-条件句
-间接引语和直接引语
-强调句
3.从句和复合句
-名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)-定语从句
-状语从句
-表语从句
4.代词和词性
-人称代词和物主代词
-反身代词和相互代词
-指示代词和疑问代词
-不定代词和关系代词
5.形容词和副词
-基本形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
-修饰方式、程度、时间和频率的副词
-形容词和副词的转化
6.名词和数词
-可数名词和不可数名词
-单数名词和复数名词
-名词的所有格
-基数词和序数词
以上是专升本英语词汇与语法结构的主要内容,希望对你的学习有帮助。

词汇与语法

词汇与语法
主谓结构通常出现在句子的开 始位置,为整个句子奠定基础
宾语:句子中表示动作、行 为的对象或结果的部分
补语:句子中补充说明宾语 或主语的部分,通常表示动
作的方式、时间、地点等
状语:修饰动词、形容词或整个句子的成分,表示时间、地点、方式等 定语:修饰名词或代词,表示品质、特征、所属等 状语和定语在句子中起到描述和限定的作用 正确使用状语和定语可以提高语言表达的准确性和丰富性
主语、谓语、宾语是句子的主要成分 定语、状语、补语是句子的次要成分 句子成分的顺序是主语、谓语、宾语,然后是定语、状语、补语 句子成分的顺序是遵循一定的规则和习惯的
并列复合句:由两个或两个以上的简单句并列组成,表达相对独立的含义。 主从复合句:由一个主句和一个或多个从句组成,从句在句中充当主句的一个成分。 嵌套复合句:一个复合句中包含另一个复合句,形成嵌套结构。 包孕复合句:一个复合句包含另一个简单句,形成包孕结构。
练习建议:多阅读,多写作, 提高语言运用能力
缺少主语或 谓语
句子成分多 余或残缺
语序不当 句式杂糅
词汇选择:根据语境选择合适 的词汇,表达准确含义
语法结构:运用正确的语法结 构,使句子通顺流畅
词汇丰富度:使用多样化的词 汇,增加语言表达的丰富性
语法准确性:确保语法正确, 避免产生歧义或误解
理解句子含义:通过词汇和语法 的组合,理解句子的具体含义。
添加标题 添加标题 添加标题 添加标题
定义:主语和谓语在人称、数、格等方面不一致的语法错误。
常见类型:主语是复数形式,谓语却是单数形式;主语是单数形式,谓 语却是复数形式。
纠正方法:检查主谓是否一致,确保在语法和语义上都符合规范。
示例:正确的句子:“The books are on the shelf.”(书在架子上。) 错误的句子:“The book is on the shelf.”(书在架子上。)

英语学习应该注重语法还是词汇?

英语学习应该注重语法还是词汇?

英语学习应该注重语法还是词汇?语法与词汇:英语学习的“双引擎”英语学习,犹如驾驶一辆汽车,必须双引擎并举,方能高效向前行驶。

这“双引擎”,便是语法与词汇。

词汇是语言的基石,而语法是语言的框架。

词汇犹如砖块,组成了语言的最小单位,是传递信息的根本。

十分丰富的词汇量,意味着更精准的表达,更深入的理解。

语法则如同建筑蓝图,将词汇排列组合,形成完整、详细的句子。

能够掌握语法规则,便可以理解相同句式的含义,并运用规则表达思想感情。

二者相互依存,缺一不可。

词汇量不足,即使语法规则都了如指掌,也未必能构建体系完整的句子,思想感情也无法流畅表达。

例如,学生可能明白被动语态的结构,但如果缺乏相应的词汇,就无法准确表达意思。

相反,拥有庞大的词汇量,却不懂语法规则,也会可能导致表达混乱,表述错误。

例如,学生可能会将“I am going to begin shopping”错误地理解为“我一直在去商店”,因为他们没有掌握“going to”结构可以表示将来时的语法规则。

因此,英语学习要注重语法与词汇的平衡发展。

以下是一些建议:1. 循序渐进,构建知识体系:初级阶段,应以词汇积累为主,并辅以基础语法学习,为后续学习打下坚实基础。

高中级阶段,应逐步加深语法学习,并借用语法规则拓展词汇量,提高语言运用能力。

2. 沉浸式学习,理解词汇和语法:尽量避免死记硬背,而应从阅读理解、听力等材料中学习词汇和语法,理解其在实际运用中的作用。

3. 勤于练习写作,积累语言知识:写作文、写笔记等,将所学词汇和语法运用到实际表达中,加深理解并提高语言表达能力。

4. 重视实践,提升语言能力:最终目标是将词汇和语法知识运用到实际生活中,通过与他人交流、观看电影、阅读书籍等,提高语言应用能力。

总之,语法与词汇是英语学习的“双引擎”,二者相辅相成,缺一不可。

只有均衡发展二者,才能真正提高英语水平,实现高效的语言学习。

专业四级词汇和语法的联系与区别是什么

专业四级词汇和语法的联系与区别是什么

专业四级词汇和语法的联系与区别是什么在英语学习的过程中,词汇和语法是两个至关重要的组成部分。

对于备考专业四级考试的同学来说,深入理解专业四级词汇和语法之间的联系与区别,是提升英语水平和应对考试的关键。

词汇,就像是构建语言大厦的砖块,是语言表达的基础材料。

没有足够丰富的词汇量,我们就难以准确、清晰地表达自己的想法和感受。

而专业四级词汇,则是在基础词汇的基础上,更加注重词汇的深度和广度,涵盖了更多专业性、学术性较强的词汇。

语法,则是语言的规则和框架,它规定了词汇如何组合、排列,以形成有意义、合乎逻辑的句子和篇章。

语法如同建筑的蓝图,决定了语言的结构和组织方式。

那么,专业四级词汇和语法之间到底有着怎样的联系呢?首先,词汇的运用需要遵循语法规则。

无论一个词汇多么高级、复杂,如果不能在语法的框架内正确使用,就可能导致表达错误或者不清晰。

例如,“affect”和“effect”这两个词,在词汇层面上它们的意义不同,但在句子中使用时,还需要根据语法规则来确定其词性和用法。

“The bad weather affected our plan”(恶劣的天气影响了我们的计划。

)这里使用的是动词“affect”;而“The effect of the new policy is not clear yet”(新政策的效果还不明确。

)这里使用的则是名词“effect”。

只有遵循语法规则,我们才能准确地选择和使用这些词汇。

其次,语法有助于理解和记忆词汇。

通过学习语法,我们可以了解词汇在句子中的位置和作用,从而更好地理解其含义和用法。

比如,在学习动词时态时,我们会接触到不同时态下动词形式的变化,这有助于我们记住相关的动词词汇。

同时,语法结构也能帮助我们推测生词的含义。

当我们遇到一个不熟悉的词汇时,如果能够根据句子的语法结构和上下文来判断其词性和大致作用,就能在一定程度上理解其含义。

再者,词汇的丰富和拓展也会促进语法的学习和运用。

专四词汇与语法

专四词汇与语法

专四词汇与语法一、词汇部分。

1. abandon [əˈbændən](动词)- 词义:放弃;抛弃;放纵。

- 例句:Don't abandon yourself to despair.(不要自暴自弃。

)2. ability [əˈbɪləti](名词)- 词义:能力;才能。

- 例句:He has the ability to solve this difficult problem.(他有能力解决这个难题。

)3. abnormal [æbˈnɔːml](形容词)- 词义:反常的;不正常的。

- 例句:This abnormal weather has caused a lot of problems.(这种反常的天气造成了许多问题。

)二、语法部分。

1. 时态 - 一般现在时。

- 结构:主语 + 动词原形(第三人称单数形式为动词 + s/es)- 用法:- 表示经常或习惯性的动作或存在的状态。

例如:He often goes to school by bike.(他经常骑自行车上学。

)- 表示客观事实或普遍真理。

例如:The earth moves around the sun.(地球绕着太阳转。

)2. 名词的数 - 可数名词复数形式。

- 规则变化:- 一般情况加 -s,如book - books。

- 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的加 -es,如box - boxes。

- 以辅音字母 + y结尾的,变y为i加 -es,如city - cities。

- 不规则变化:- 如man - men,woman - women,child - children等。

3. 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级。

- 规则变化:- 单音节词和部分双音节词:- 一般情况加 -er(比较级)和 -est(最高级),如tall - taller - tallest。

- 以e结尾的加 -r和 -st,如nice - nicer - nicest。

词汇和语法的关系

词汇和语法的关系

第22讲词汇和语法的关系词汇和语法之间有密切关系。

《孟子滕文公》:“舍皆取诸宫中而用之”中的“舍”,有人解释为疑问代词“什么”,王力先生认为是不对的,因为上古没有“疑问代词后面跟范围副词”这种句式,这是从语法上证明语义。

很多古汉语字典把“适”解释为“往也”,这也是不对的,应该解释为“之也”。

因为上古“往”是一个纯粹的内动词,“往”的目的地是不说出或不能说出的,如果需要说出目的地,则常常不用“往”而用其他动词如“之”“如”“就”等。

如:庄辛去之赵。

驱而之薛。

屈完如師。

而“适”后的目的地是必须说出的。

如“适彼乐土。

”所以,“适”和“往”是不同的。

这说明,语法和语义有密切的关系,不能抛开语法孤立地考察词义。

洪成玉《古汉语词义分析》(天津人民出版社,1985):“词具有两重性,既具有词汇属性,也具有语法属性。

离开对词的语法属性的分析,就很难对一个词的意义做出正确的判断。

”并举例:丘迟《与陈伯之书》:“将军勇冠三军,才为世出。

”一些注本把“才为世出”解释为“才能是世界上杰出的”,这是错误的。

因为古汉语中“出”是动词,单用时不做形容词,也尚未产生“杰出”的意义。

“为”如理解为“是”,后面就要求名词或名词性词语,而这里却不是,所以,上句应理解为“才能为适应时代而生。

”“为”是介词,“出”是动词。

这些例子说明了词汇和语法的关系:第一,一个词有某种词义,就必然会有相应的语法属性。

因此,也就决定了它能进入某一种语法结构,和不能进入另一种语法结构。

第二,有时一个词的某种语法属性会使它区别于一些近义词,如“往”是内动词,“适”是外动词。

以上说明同一时代平面上词汇和语法的密切关系。

从语言的历史发展看,词汇和语法也是相互影响的。

一、由语法关系而造成的词义变化在语言的历史发展过程中,语法对词义变化的影响最明显地表现在下面一种事实上:有的词义的发展变化,是它长期处于某种语法位置造成的。

“是”字的变化即属此类。

这样的例子还有:1、为古汉语“为”的基本用法是动词。

英语词汇语法归纳

英语词汇语法归纳

英语词汇语法归纳英语词汇与语法归纳英语词汇和语法是学习英语的基础,它们相互依存,共同构建了我们对英语的理解和应用能力。

在本文中,我将对英语词汇和语法进行归纳总结,帮助读者更好地掌握和运用英语。

一、英语词汇归纳1. 名词(Noun)名词是表示人、事、物、地点、抽象概念等的词,它通常可以单数和复数形式。

名词的形式变化有时根据规则进行,有时则需要记忆。

- 单数形式:book(书)、cat(猫)- 复数形式:books(书籍)、cats(猫咪)2. 动词(Verb)动词是表示动作、状态或存在的词。

英语动词有时态和语态的变化,也有不规则动词需要单独记忆。

- 时态变化:play(玩)→ played(玩过)→ will play(将要玩)- 语态变化:write(写)→ is written(被写)3. 形容词(Adjective)形容词是用来描述名词特征或性质的词,它可以放在名词前或后。

- 放在名词前:a beautiful girl(一个漂亮的女孩)- 放在名词后:the girl is beautiful(这个女孩很漂亮)4. 副词(Adverb)副词是用来修饰动词、形容词和其他副词的词,表示时间、地点、方式、程度等。

- 修饰动词:He speaks English fluently(他英语说得很流利)- 修饰形容词:She is extremely beautiful(她非常漂亮)5. 介词(Preposition)介词用于表示位置、方向、时间、方法等关系。

在句子中通常与其他词搭配使用。

- 位置关系:in the box(在盒子里)- 方向关系:go to school(去学校)- 时间关系:at 5 o'clock(在五点)二、英语语法归纳1. 时态(Tense)英语时态用来表示动作发生的时间。

常见的时态有一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时等。

- 一般现在时:I play football every day(我每天踢足球)- 一般过去时:I played football yesterday(昨天我踢了足球)- 一般将来时:I will play football tomorrow(明天我将踢足球)2. 语态(Voice)英语语态用来表示句子中动作的主动与被动关系。

初中英语知识点的基础语法与词汇总结

初中英语知识点的基础语法与词汇总结

初中英语知识点的基础语法与词汇总结英语作为一门国际语言,在世界各地广泛使用。

学习英语的初中生们,了解基本的语法规则和掌握常用的词汇是非常重要的。

本文将为大家总结初中英语的基础语法和词汇,帮助大家巩固知识,提高英语水平。

一、基础语法知识点1. 名词:名词是指人、事物、地点、动物等事物的名称。

名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。

可数名词有单数和复数形式,而不可数名词只有单数形式。

例如:a book(一本书)、books(书)、milk(牛奶)2. 代词:代词是用来代替名词的词语,可以用来指代人、物、事物等。

例如:he(他)、she(她)、it(它)3. 冠词:冠词分为定冠词和不定冠词。

定冠词用于特指,不定冠词用于泛指。

例如:the book(这本书)、a book(一本书)4. 副词:副词用来修饰动词、形容词、副词等,表示程度、时间、地点等。

例如:quickly(快速地)、very(非常)5. 形容词:形容词用来描述名词的性质或特征。

例如:beautiful(美丽的)、big(大的)6. 动词:动词用来描述动作或状态。

例如:run(跑)、eat(吃)7. 时态:英语中的时态分为一般现在时、一般过去时和一般将来时等。

例如:I eat dinner at 7 o'clock.(我在7点吃晚饭。

)8. 句型:英语中常用的句型有陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句等。

例如:What time is it?(现在几点了?)二、基础词汇总结1. 数字:掌握数字对于学习英语非常重要,可以用于表示时间、年龄等。

例如:one(一)、ten(十)、twenty(二十)2. 学科词汇:学习不同学科需要掌握相应的词汇。

例如:math(数学)、science(科学)3. 家庭词汇:掌握家庭成员的称呼和描述。

例如:father(父亲)、sister(姐妹)4. 动物词汇:了解不同动物的英文名称。

例如:dog(狗)、cat(猫)5. 城市和国家:学习国际地理需要了解各个城市和国家的名称。

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三、词汇与语法1. — Write to me when you get home. — OK, I ___ C. will ________.2. Tom is so talkative. I’m sure you'll soon get tired __ A. of ______ him.3. I don't know _ B. how ________ to deal with such matter.4. — __ B. What ______ is your girl friend like? — She is very kind and good-looking.5. He _____ A. insisted on ___ driving me home, even though I told him I lived nearby.6. We came finally __ C. to ____ the conclusion that she has been telling lies all the time.7. I won’t make the __ B. same ____ mistake next time.8. He ___ C. still ___ lives in the house where he was born.9. I am not used to speaking ___ A. in _____ public.10. I didn’t know what to do, but then an idea suddenly __ C. occurred ______to me.11. Measles (麻疹)___ D. takes _____ a long time to get over.12. A pair of spectacles ___ A. is _____ what I need at the moment.13. — Do you want to wait? — Five days ____ C. is ____ too long for me to wait.14. You had better ___ C. see _____ a doctor as soon as possible.15. The boy is not happy at the new school. He has ____ A. few ____ friends there.16. I fell and hurt myself while I ___ A. was playing _____ basketball yesterday.17. Tom ___ A. spent more than twenty pounds on the novel.18. Don't forget __ B. to close _______ the window before leaving the room.19. Twenty people were___ D. seriously___ wounded in the air crash.20. The top of the Great Wall is _ C. wide enough _______ for five horses to go side by side.21. We’ve missed the last bus. I'm afraid we have no __ B. choice ____ but to take a taxi.22. Nancy is considered to be _ D. as intelligent as________ the other students in her class.23. It's ___ C. clear _______ that he was wrong.24. There ___ A. is ______ a book and some magazines on the desk.25. She is not only my classmate _____ B. but _____ also my good friend.26. He asked the waiter __ C. for ______ the bill.27. ____ A. Since ______ you are leaving tomorrow, we can have dinner together tonight.28. I would like to do the job ___ D. as long as_____ you don't force me to study.29. The reason I did not go abroad was __ C. that I got ______ a job in my home town.30. ___ B. That _______ she survived the accident is miracle.31. I often see __ B. him cross _______ the road on his way home.32. His mother ___ C. has lived _________ alone since his father died.33. The workers are busy __ D. making ________ models for the exhibition.34. It was well known that Thomas Edison ____ B. invented ________ the electric lamp.35. She wonders ___ D. what______ will happen to her private life in the future.36. The higher the temperature, ____ A. the faster ______ the liquid evaporates.37. Australia is one of the few countries ___ C. where ________ people drive on the left of the road.38. Sunday is the day _____ A. when ____ people usually don't go to work.39. ___ B. As ______ you know, David has been well lately.40. The harder you study, ____ C. the more ______ you will learn.41. They got there an hour ___ D. earlier_______ than the others.42. The grey building is the place where the workers live, and the white building is the place where the spare parts _ __ B. are produced ______ .43. Once environmental damage ____ D. is done _______, it takes many years for the system to recover.44. We worked hard and completed the task __ C. ahead of time ______.45. I didn't expect you to turn _____ A. up _____ at the meeting yesterday.46. I like the teacher _____ C. whose _______ classes are very interesting and creative.47. When Lily came home at 5 p. m. yesterday, her mother ____ B. was cooking _______ dinner in the kitchen.48. I don’t know the park, but it's __ A. said ________ to be quite beautiful.49. Mike is better than Peter ___ B. at ______. swimming.50. The young lady coming over to us ___ A. must be ___ our English teacher; the way she walks tells us that!51. Eggs, though rich in nourishments, have ___ C. a large amount ________ of fat.52. Neither John ___ A. nor ________his father was able to wake up early enough to catch the morning train.53. Jane's dress is similar in design ____ C. to _______ her sister's.54. His salary as a driver is much higher than ____ D. that of a porter_________.55. __ C. Besides ________ these honours he received a sum of money.56. Would you let ___ A. me go ______ to the park with my classmate, Mum?57. I have been looking forward to__ D. hearing ________ from my parents.58. The manager will not ____ D. allow______ us to use his car.59. __ D. Watch________ her and then try to copy what she does.60. Will you ___ A. do _____ me a favor, please?61. It's bad ____ A. behavior ______ for you to smoke in the public places where smoking is not allowed.62. — It's a good idea. But who's going to __ A. carry out ______ the plan— I think John and Peter will.63. The computer system __ A. broke down suddenly while he was searching for information on the Internet.64. If she wants to keep slim, she must make a __ A. change __ in her diet65. _ A. Before __________ the War of Independence, the United States was an English colony.66. A police officer claimed he had attempted to __ A. avoid _______ paying his fare.67. While I was in the university, I learned taking photos, ___ B. which ________ is very useful now for me.68. He is not seriously ill, but only a __ C. slight _ headache.69. On average, a successful lawyer has to talk to several __ D. clients_____a day.70. What is the train ___ C. fare ______ to Birmingham?71. You shouldn't __ C. kill _________ your time like that, Bob, and was cold yesterdak tonight.72. Both the kids and their parents ____ C. are _____ English, I think. I know it from their accent.73、--Where is Mr.Green? --___ A.He's gone to ___the library.74、We are disappointed to find that the quality of the products here ___ C.is ____ very poor.75、Can you look after my children for a while? I don’t want to leave them ___ C.alone ____.76、We think __ B.it _ highly probable that our plan will work out.77、The movie star didn't show up at the airport, __ B.which _____ was rather disappointing.78、He put forward a theory, _ B.which I think is ___of great importance to the progress of science of technology.79、The reason I didn't go to Canada was __ C.that I got _____ a new job.80、I'm speaking ___ A.in ____ the name of all the staff of our university.81、The rain was _ C .so hard as to _ make our picnic impossible.82、Professor White contributed a lot to our community, __ A.teaching, writing, and lecturing _____.83、Although we have achieved some success, we should work harder __ A.from _____ now on.84、The twin brothers are only _ D.alike ______ in appearance.85、About 40,000 years ago, the sea was ___ B.only about ____ 40 meters below today’s level.86、You needn't make such a funny noise, ____ C.need you ___?87、_ C. Only when ______ he saw his mother in person did he apologized.88、My friend helped me __ C.look after _____ my cat when I was on vacation with my wife.89、We do not go to college ___ B.for ____ nothing.90、I'm sorry that I've kept you __ B.waiting _ for so long.91、John and Alice got __ C.married _____ last year in Las Vegas.92、It is high time that we __ C.stopped _____ working to take a break.93、Who else, __ A.besides _____ Mary, took part in the English speech contest?94、The firemen tried their best to __ D.put out _____ the fire but in vain.95、On my left __ B.was _____ a wide river; on my right, a dark forest.96、The museum __ C.which ____ we visited last Saturday was set up twenty years ago.97、If you observe more closely, Margaret is __ A .the taller _____ of the two girls.98、It has been ten years since the Labour Party came into __ C.power ____ in that country.99、Why he did it will remain a __ D.puzzle_____ for ever.100、Look! Here ___ es ____ the famous player.101、One needs a good sense of __ C.balance ____ to ride a bike.102、In order to ____ B.achieve ___ your goals, you must work hard.103、The policeman needs to see __ C.either _____ your ID card or your driver's license.104、He ___ A .sets aside ___ a sum of money every month to help the two orphans.105、A __ B.two-year-old _____ boy was the only survivor in the plane crash.106、He looked quite healthy though he was __ B.in his seventies ____.107、This is the __ C.best ____ photo I have ever taken.108、For some years after his graduation, he ___ B.kept in touch with ____ some of his classmates, but as times went by, he dropped them one by one.109、What's the weather forecast __ A.for ____ tomorrow?110、I don't have much free time as my work __ C.takes up _____ all my time.111、Either the shirts or the sweater ___ A.is ___ a good buy.112、The girl sometimes has difficulty __ B.understanding ____ what the teacher says in class. 113、Jenny is learning Japanese. ___ A. So is ___ her brother.114、All the evidence points to the fact __ C .that ____ he is the murderer.115、As they can't afford to let the situation get worse, they will take some necessary ___ D.steps ____.116、That company doesn't take credit cards, so customers have to pay __ D.cash ____.117、You should take the medicine after you read the _ C.instructions _____.118、He has smoked for so many years that he can __ D.hardly ____ give it up.119、The Japanese, __ D .on ____ average, live much longer than the Europeans.120、Helen was seriously injured in a car __ B.accident ____.。

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