英汉两种语言的表达差异

英汉两种语言的表达差异
英语重结构，汉语重语意
1999年75题：
75 ) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
直译：它同样适用于将历史仅仅看作是对历史材料来源的内部的和外部的批评的传统历史学家，和把历史研究活动等同于具体研究方法的社会科学历史学家。

调整后的译文：它同样适用于传统历史学家和社会科学历史学家，传统历史学家（或前者）将历史仅仅看作是对历史材料来源的内部的和外部的批评，社会科学历史学家（或后者）把历史研究活动等同于具体的研究方法。

英语多长句，汉语多短句
1995年75题:
75)For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
直译：例如，它们不能弥补巨大的社会不公，因此不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人会有多大才干，如果他在较好的环境中长大。

英语多前重心，汉语多后重心
1999年74题：
74 )There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. “There is no agreement ”不能简单地译为“没有人同意”，“没有哪个赞同意见”等。

应译为：方法论是指一般的历史研究中特有的概念，还是指历史研究中各个具体领域或适用的研究方法，人们对此意见不一。

考研英语阅读中需要注意的连接词
1. 并列与递进
and, or, also，neither…nor…,either…or…, like, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, in a like manner, that is to say, too, both, each, also, as well as, the same …as, in fact, compared with, in common, besides, additionally, for one thing, for another; one, the other; first of all/ to begin with/first/firstly; second/secondly/next; furthermore/moreover/beyond that/besides/in addition/what is more/also; finally.
2. 转折与让步
but, however, yet, on the contrary, by contrast, unfortunately, while, whereas, unlike, conversely, nor, otherwise, rather, rather than, although, though, even though, even if, nevertheless, nonetheless, despite, in spite of , different from, in contrast (with/to), instead (of), the opposite (of).
3. 因果
because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so…that, so…as to, consequently, in consequence of, as a consequence, accordingly, due to, thanks to, as a result, because of, in that, for this reason, owing to, seeing that, the reason why…, result in, result from, lead to, to have an effect on, in this way, on account of, on the ground of, of course.
4. 例证
such as, for example, for instance, of(these, those, them), among(these, those, them), to illustrate, as an illustration, one example is, to take an example, more specifically speaking, a case in point, namely, incidentally, that is.
5. 分总
generally speaking, generally, as a general rule, in general, on a larger scale, to take the idea further, to take the above opinion to an extreme, in a sense, in one sense, in a way, to some extent, in my opinion, in my view, as for me, as far as I am concerned, obviously, undoubtedly, in terms of, in a word, on the whole, to conclude, to sum up, in summary, to summarize, in short, in brief, to be brief, on the whole, in conclusion, as has been pointed out, to repeat, as I have said above, once again, after all, in fact, above all, surely, most important of all, in such cases。