文献翻译
英文文献翻译
外文文献原稿和译文原稿Sodium Polyacrylate:Also known as super-absorbent or “SAP”(super absorbent polymer), Kimberly Clark used to call it SAM (super absorbent material). It is typically used in fine granular form (like table salt). It helps improve capacity for better retention in a disposable diaper, allowing the product to be thinner with improved performance and less usage of pine fluff pulp. The molecular structure of the polyacrylate has sodium carboxylate groups hanging off the main chain. When it comes in contact with water, the sodium detaches itself, leaving only carboxylions. Being negatively charged, these ions repel one another so that the polymer also has cross-links, which effectively leads to a three-dimensional structure. It has hige molecular weight of more than a million; thus, instead of getting dissolved, it solidifies into a gel. The Hydrogen in the water (H-O-H) is trapped by the acrylate due to the atomic bonds associated with the polarity forces between the atoms. Electrolytes in the liquid, such as salt minerals (urine contains 0.9% of minerals), reduce polarity, thereby affecting superabsorbent properties, especially with regard to the superabsorbent capacity for liquid retention. This is the main reason why diapers containing SAP should never be tested with plain water. Linear molecular configurations have less total capacity than non-linear molecules but, on the other hand, retention of liquid in a linear molecule is higher than in a non-linear molecule, due to improved polarity. For a list of SAP suppliers, please use this link: SAP, the superabsorbent can be designed to absorb higher amounts of liquids (with less retention) or very high retentions (but lower capacity). In addition, a surface cross linker can be added to the superabsorbent particle to help it move liquids while it is saturated. This helps avoid formation of "gel blocks", the phenomenon that describes the impossibility of moving liquids once a SAP particle gets saturated.History of Super Absorbent Polymer ChemistryUn til the 1980’s, water absorbing materials were cellulosic or fiber-based products. Choices were tissue paper, cotton, sponge, and fluff pulp. The water retention capacity of these types of materials is only 20 times their weight – at most.In the early 1960s, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) was conducting work on materials to improve water conservation in soils. They developed a resin based on the grafting of acrylonitrile polymer onto the backbone of starch molecules (i.e. starch-grafting). The hydrolyzed product of the hydrolysis of this starch-acrylonitrile co-polymer gave water absorption greater than 400 times its weight. Also, the gel did not release liquid water the way that fiber-based absorbents do.The polymer came to be known as “Super Slurper”.The USDA gave the technical know how several USA companies for further development of the basic technology. A wide range of grating combinations were attempted including work with acrylic acid, acrylamide and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA).Since Japanese companies were excluded by the USDA, they started independent research using starch, carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC), acrylic acid, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and isobutylene maleic anhydride (IMA).Early global participants in the development of super absorbent chemistry included Dow Chemical, Hercules, General Mills Chemical, DuPont, National Starch & Chemical, Enka (Akzo), Sanyo Chemical, Sumitomo Chemical, Kao, Nihon Starch and Japan Exlan.In the early 1970s, super absorbent polymer was used commercially for the first time –not for soil amendment applications as originally intended –but for disposable hygienic products. The first product markets were feminine sanitary napkins and adult incontinence products.In 1978, Park Davis (d.b.a. Professional Medical Products) used super absorbent polymers in sanitary napkins.Super absorbent polymer was first used in Europe in a baby diaper in 1982 when Schickendanz and Beghin-Say added the material to the absorbent core. Shortly thereafter, UniCharm introduced super absorbent baby diapers in Japan while Proctor & Gamble and Kimberly-Clark in the USA began to use the material.The development of super absorbent technology and performance has been largely led by demands in the disposable hygiene segment. Strides in absorption performance have allowed the development of the ultra-thin baby diaper which uses a fraction of the materials – particularly fluff pulp – which earlier disposable diapers consumed.Over the years, technology has progressed so that there is little if any starch-grafted super absorbent polymer used in disposable hygienic products. These super absorbents typically are cross-linked acrylic homo-polymers (usually Sodium neutralized).Super absorbents used in soil amendments applications tend to be cross-linked acrylic-acrylamide co-polymers (usually Potassium neutralized).Besides granular super absorbent polymers, ARCO Chemical developed a super absorbent fiber technology in the early 1990s. This technology was eventually sold to Camelot Absorbents. There are super absorbent fibers commercially available today. While significantly more expensive than the granular polymers, the super absorbent fibers offer technical advantages in certain niche markets including cable wrap, medical devices and food packaging.Sodium polyacrylate, also known as waterlock, is a polymer with the chemical formula [-CH2-CH(COONa)-]n widely used in consumer products. It has the ability to absorb as much as 200 to 300 times its mass in water. Acrylate polymers generally are considered to possess an anionic charge. While sodium neutralized polyacrylates are the most common form used in industry, there are also other salts available including potassium, lithium and ammonium.ApplicationsAcrylates and acrylic chemistry have a wide variety of industrial uses that include: ∙Sequestering agents in detergents. (By binding hard water elements such as calcium and magnesium, the surfactants in detergents work more efficiently.) ∙Thickening agents∙Coatings∙Fake snowSuper absorbent polymers. These cross-linked acrylic polymers are referred to as "Super Absorbents" and "Water Crystals", and are used in baby diapers. Copolymerversions are used in agriculture and other specialty absorbent applications. The origins of super absorbent polymer chemistry trace back to the early 1960s when the U.S. Department of Agriculture developed the first super absorbent polymer materials. This chemical is featured in the Maximum Absorbency Garment used by NASA.译文聚丙烯酸钠聚丙烯酸钠，又可以称为超级吸收剂或者又叫高吸水性树脂，凯博利克拉克教授曾经称它为SAM即：超级吸收性物质。
英文文献整篇翻译
英文文献整篇翻译Title: The Impact of Climate Change on BiodiversityClimate change is a pressing issue that has significant impacts on biodiversity worldwide. Changes in temperature, precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events are altering ecosystems and threatening the survival of many species. The loss of biodiversity not only affects the natural world but also has implications for human societies.One of the major impacts of climate change onbiodiversity is the shifting of habitats. As temperatures rise, many species are forced to move to higher latitudesor elevations in search of suitable conditions. This can disrupt ecosystems and lead to the decline or extinction of species that are unable to adapt to the new conditions.In addition to habitat loss, climate change is also causing changes in the timing of biological events such as flowering, migration, and reproduction. These changes can disrupt the delicate balance of ecosystems and lead to mismatches between species that depend on each other for survival.Furthermore, climate change is exacerbating otherthreats to biodiversity such as habitat destruction, pollution, and overexploitation. The combination of these factors is putting immense pressure on many species and pushing them closer to extinction.It is essential that we take action to mitigate the impacts of climate change on biodiversity. This includes reducing greenhouse gas emissions, protecting and restoring habitats, and implementing conservation measures to safeguard vulnerable species. By addressing the root causes of climate change and protecting biodiversity, we canensure a sustainable future for both the natural world and human societies.气候变化对生物多样性的影响气候变化是一个紧迫的问题，对全球的生物多样性产生重大影响。
毕业设计论文外文文献翻译
毕业设计(论文）外文文献翻译院系：财务与会计学院年级专业：201＊级财务管理姓名:学号：132148*＊*附件: 财务风险管理【Abstract】Although financial risk has increased significantly in recent years risk and risk management are not contemporary issues。
The result of increasingly global markets is that risk may originate with events thousands of miles away that have nothing to do with the domestic market。
Information is available instantaneously which means that change and subsequent market reactions occur very quickly。
The economic climate and markets can be affected very quickly by changes in exchange rates interest rates and commodity prices。
Counterparties can rapidly become problematic。
As a result it is important to ensure financial risks are identified and managed appropriately. Preparation is a key component of risk management。
【Key Words】Financial risk，Risk management，YieldsI. Financial risks arising1.1What Is Risk1.1.1The concept of riskRisk provides the basis for opportunity. The terms risk and exposure have subtle differences in their meaning. Risk refers to the probability of loss while exposure is the possibility of loss although they are often used interchangeably。
外文文献及翻译
外文文献及翻译1. 文献："The Effects of Exercise on Mental Health"翻译：运动对心理健康的影响Abstract: This article explores the effects of exercise on mental health. The author discusses various studies that have been conducted on this topic, and presents evidence to support the claim that exercise can have positive impacts on mental well-being. The article also examines the mechanisms through which exercise affects mental health, such as the release of endorphins and the reduction of stress hormones. Overall, the author concludes that exercise is an effective strategy for improving mental health and recommends incorporating physical activity into daily routines.摘要：本文探讨了运动对心理健康的影响。
作者讨论了在这个主题上进行的各种研究，并提出证据支持运动对心理健康有积极影响的观点。
该文章还探讨了运动如何影响心理健康的机制，如内啡肽的释放和压力激素的减少。
总的来说，作者得出结论，运动是改善心理健康的有效策略，并建议将体育活动纳入日常生活。
2. 文献： "The Benefits of Bilingualism"翻译：双语能力的好处Abstract: This paper examines the benefits of bilingualism. The author presents research findings that demonstrate the cognitiveadvantages of being bilingual, such as enhanced problem-solving skills and improved attention control. The article also explores the social and cultural benefits of bilingualism, such as increased cultural awareness and the ability to communicate with people from different backgrounds. Additionally, the author discusses the positive effects of bilingualism on mental health, highlighting its role in delaying the onset of cognitive decline and in providing a buffer against age-related memory loss. Overall, the author concludes that bilingualism offers a range of advantages and recommends promoting bilingual education and language learning. 摘要：本文研究了双语能力的好处。
如何进行有效的文献翻译和引用
如何进行有效的文献翻译和引用翻译和引用文献是学术写作过程中重要的环节，它们直接关系到作品的质量和可信度。
本文将介绍如何进行有效的文献翻译和引用。
一、文献翻译1. 理解原文：在进行文献翻译之前，首先要仔细阅读并理解原文。
对于专业术语和句子结构要有清晰的理解，确保翻译结果能精准传达原文的含义。
2. 保持风格和语气一致：翻译过程中要保持原文的风格和语气，力求忠实地传达作者的意图。
同时，根据目标语言的表达习惯和规范，进行必要的修饰和调整，使翻译结果自然流畅。
3. 注意语法和拼写：在进行文献翻译时，要严格遵循目标语言的语法规则，并注意拼写的准确性。
避免使用机器翻译或者不熟悉的翻译软件，以免产生误译或语法错误。
4. 保留原文译名和引文：对于人名、地名、机构名等特定词汇，应尽量保留原文译名，同时在文中适当加注原文的拼音或者音译，方便读者查证和理解。
对于引用的文献，在翻译后的文中应添加适当的引文标注，包括作者、标题、出版年份等信息。
二、文献引用1. 引言中的引用：在引言部分，可以通过直接引用或间接引用的方式引用文献。
直接引用时，要用引号将原文括起来，并注明出处。
如果引用内容过长，可以使用缩略号表示省略部分内容。
2. 正文中的引用：在正文中引用文献时，可以使用上标或者括号标注作者和年份。
例如：“根据 Smith（2010）的研究结果显示……”或者“研究结果显示……（Smith，2010）”。
3. 参考文献列表：所有被引用的文献都应在参考文献列表中列出，格式应符合学术规范。
具体的格式要求可以根据不同的引用风格（如APA、MLA等）进行调整。
每一条文献引用应包括作者、标题、期刊或书籍名称、出版年份等信息，且按照字母顺序排列。
4. 避免抄袭和剽窃：在引用文献时，要注意避免抄袭和剽窃现象的发生。
当引用他人观点时，应加注出处，并在文中对其进行必要的解释和评价，以显示自己对该观点的理解和思考。
综上所述，进行有效的文献翻译和引用是学术写作中必不可少的环节。
英文文献全文翻译
英文文献全文翻译全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：LeGuin, Ursula K. (December 18, 2002). "Dancing at the Edge of the World: Thoughts on Words, Women, Places".《世界边缘的舞蹈：关于语言、女性和地方的思考》Introduction:In "Dancing at the Edge of the World," Ursula K. LeGuin explores the intersection of language, women, and places. She writes about the power of words, the role of women in society, and the importance of our connection to the places we inhabit. Through a series of essays, LeGuin invites readers to think critically about these topics and consider how they shape our understanding of the world.Chapter 1: LanguageConclusion:第二篇示例：IntroductionEnglish literature translation is an important field in the study of language and culture. The translation of English literature involves not only the linguistic translation of words or sentences but also the transfer of cultural meaning and emotional resonance. This article will discuss the challenges and techniques of translating English literature, as well as the importance of preserving the original author's voice and style in the translated text.Challenges in translating English literature第三篇示例：Title: The Importance of Translation of Full English TextsTranslation plays a crucial role in bringing different languages and cultures together. More specifically, translating full English texts into different languages allows for access to valuable information and insights that may otherwise be inaccessible to those who do not speak English. In this article, we will explore the importance of translating full English texts and the benefits it brings.第四篇示例：Abstract: This article discusses the importance of translating English literature and the challenges translators face when putting together a full-text translation. It highlights the skills and knowledge needed to accurately convey the meaning and tone of the original text while preserving its cultural and literary nuances. Through a detailed analysis of the translation process, this article emphasizes the crucial role translators play in bridging the gap between languages and making English literature accessible to a global audience.IntroductionEnglish literature is a rich and diverse field encompassing a wide range of genres, styles, and themes. From classic works by Shakespeare and Dickens to contemporary novels by authors like J.K. Rowling and Philip Pullman, English literature offers something for everyone. However, for non-English speakers, accessing and understanding these works can be a challenge. This is where translation comes in.Translation is the process of rendering a text from one language into another, while striving to preserve the original meaning, tone, and style of the original work. Translating afull-length English text requires a deep understanding of both languages, as well as a keen awareness of the cultural andhistorical context in which the work was written. Additionally, translators must possess strong writing skills in order to convey the beauty and complexity of the original text in a new language.Challenges of Full-text TranslationTranslating a full-length English text poses several challenges for translators. One of the most significant challenges is capturing the nuances and subtleties of the original work. English literature is known for its rich and layered language, with intricate wordplay, metaphors, and symbolism that can be difficult to convey in another language. Translators must carefully consider each word and phrase in order to accurately convey the author's intended meaning.Another challenge of full-text translation is maintaining the author's unique voice and style. Each writer has a distinct way of expressing themselves, and a good translator must be able to replicate this voice in the translated text. This requires a deep understanding of the author's writing style, as well as the ability to adapt it to the conventions of the target language.Additionally, translators must be mindful of the cultural and historical context of the original work. English literature is deeply rooted in the history and traditions of the English-speaking world, and translators must be aware of these influences in orderto accurately convey the author's intended message. This requires thorough research and a nuanced understanding of the social, political, and economic factors that shaped the work.Skills and Knowledge RequiredTo successfully translate a full-length English text, translators must possess a wide range of skills and knowledge. First and foremost, translators must be fluent in both the source language (English) and the target language. This includes a strong grasp of grammar, syntax, and vocabulary in both languages, as well as an understanding of the cultural and historical context of the works being translated.Translators must also have a keen eye for detail and a meticulous approach to their work. Every word, sentence, and paragraph must be carefully considered and translated with precision in order to accurately convey the meaning of the original text. This requires strong analytical skills and a deep understanding of the nuances and complexities of language.Furthermore, translators must possess strong writing skills in order to craft a compelling and engaging translation. Translating a full-length English text is not simply a matter of substituting one word for another; it requires creativity, imagination, and a deep appreciation for the beauty of language. Translators mustbe able to capture the rhythm, cadence, and tone of the original work in their translation, while also adapting it to the conventions of the target language.ConclusionIn conclusion, translating a full-length English text is a complex and challenging task that requires a high level of skill, knowledge, and creativity. Translators must possess a deep understanding of both the source and target languages, as well as the cultural and historical context of the work being translated. Through their careful and meticulous work, translators play a crucial role in making English literature accessible to a global audience, bridging the gap between languages and cultures. By preserving the beauty and complexity of the original text in their translations, translators enrich our understanding of literature and bring the works of English authors to readers around the world.。
外文文献及翻译
Yunnan Ethnic pattern in Packaging DesignAbstract: Art is a folk Mother of the arts，is the source of the new art, From which to draw a strong tradition of high—grade Nutrition。
The persons belonging to national folk arts Ethnic patterns，are folk arts Intraoperative a gem, its development Research，and with the means of modern art，art wind Grid，professional skills combine to form a unique Style and features a modern design There are important applications，this paper focuses on Minority Folk pattern in modern packaging design Meter applications are discussed.Keywords: Yunnan Ethnic. Pattern。
Packaging Design.IntroductionYunnan is a multi-ethnic province, Here multiply survive the Han, Yi, Bai More than twenty families， Zhuang, Miao， Dai, etc。
Nation. Long history of various ethnic groups in Yunnan Province， the source is far Long, creating a rich and colorful Folk art。
毕业论文的文献翻译是什么
毕业论文的文献翻译是什么毕业论文的文献翻译是什么在撰写毕业论文的过程中，文献翻译是一个不可忽视的环节。
文献翻译是指将外文文献转化为母语的过程，旨在使读者能够准确理解并运用这些文献中的信息。
在这个过程中，翻译者需要具备一定的翻译技巧和专业知识，以确保翻译结果的准确性和流畅性。
首先，文献翻译需要翻译者具备良好的语言能力。
翻译者需要熟练掌握目标语言和源语言，准确理解文献中的内容，并将其转化为母语。
在翻译过程中，翻译者需要注意语法、词汇和句法等方面的准确性，以确保翻译结果的质量。
其次，文献翻译需要翻译者具备专业知识。
毕业论文通常涉及特定的学科领域，因此翻译者需要对该领域的专业术语和概念有一定的了解。
只有在掌握了相关的专业知识后，翻译者才能准确理解文献中的内容，并将其转化为母语，使读者能够理解和运用这些信息。
此外，文献翻译还需要翻译者具备一定的翻译技巧。
翻译技巧是指在翻译过程中运用的一些方法和策略，以提高翻译的准确性和流畅性。
例如，翻译者可以采用对等翻译、意译或加注说明等方式来处理一些难以准确翻译的内容。
同时，翻译者还需要注意上下文的连贯性和一致性，以确保翻译结果的整体性和可读性。
此外，文献翻译还需要翻译者具备一定的研究能力。
在翻译过程中，翻译者需要对文献中的内容进行深入的研究和理解，以确保翻译结果的准确性和可靠性。
翻译者需要查阅相关的参考资料和文献，了解文献中的背景和相关的研究成果，以便更好地理解和翻译文献中的内容。
最后，文献翻译还需要翻译者具备一定的时间管理能力。
毕业论文的撰写通常有严格的时间要求，因此翻译者需要合理安排时间，确保在规定的时间内完成文献翻译的任务。
同时，翻译者还需要预留一定的时间进行校对和修改，以确保翻译结果的质量。
综上所述，毕业论文的文献翻译是一个需要翻译者具备一定的语言能力、专业知识、翻译技巧、研究能力和时间管理能力的过程。
只有在具备这些能力的基础上，翻译者才能准确理解和翻译文献中的内容，并将其转化为母语，使读者能够准确理解并运用这些信息。
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重庆理工大学文献翻译二级学院车辆工程学院班级109040101学生姓名吴旭学号10904010124译文要求1、译文内容必须与课题（或专业）内容相关，并需注明详细出处。
2、外文翻译译文不少于2000字；外文参考资料阅读量至少3篇（相当于10万外文字符以上）。
3、译文原文（或复印件）应附在译文后备查。
译文评阅导师评语（应根据学校“译文要求”，对学生外文翻译的准确性、翻译数量以及译文的文字表述情况等作具体的评价）指导教师：年月日两级遗传编程：基于原始像素的图像分类关键词：进化计算遗传编程特征提取特征选择图像分类摘要：图像分类在机器视觉和图像分析应用方面起着重要作用，比如说物体的识别和面部识别。
由于原始数据输入的维数太大，因此在用传统方法构建分类器时就是基于某些图像的特征而不是一些原始像素。
为一项特定的任务确定一个最优的方法通常采用传统图像分类方法。
在这项研究中我们提出了一个遗传编程（GP）法，通过这个方法原始图像可以直接分类输入，这就是双层GP法（2TGP）。
GP法有两层，每一层就是它的一个分类器，其中一个分类器用于计算基于原始像素的输入特性，另一个则作为决定。
它们的特征就是通过自我构建GP方法进行自我进化。
此方法比较基于特征的图像分类的GP与其他GP方法，其目的是为了自动提取图像。
四个不同的分类任务在比较中使用的，并且结果表明，通过两层GP方法可获得最高精度的数据。
并且通过进一步的分析显示，按照其特性定制的方案，可以使分类的图像更准确。
1.介绍本次调研的目的是提出了一个遗传程序设计（GP）的图像分类方法，使其可以避免传统特征提取的步骤。
在近年，图像分类的重要性是不言而喻，在机器视觉和图像处理中的应用日益广泛，并普及到我们的日常生活中。
例如：一个普通的傻瓜相机可以实时的分类是否为人脸。
个人移动电话通过图像分类可以变成一个移动信息库。
游客可以通过查询自己的手机来获得信息，图像分类经常应用在商业应用程序中，例如行人安全监测系统、医用图像系统中检测特殊细胞类型，卫星成像应用中识别各种不同的地形。
在传统图像分类中，除了图像的采集，还有两个主要的部分，一个是特征提取，一个是分类。
分类是在已经提取的特征基础上实现的，换句话说，图像分类器不直接在输入图像本身上操作，而是在某些特征值上进行操作。
特征的提取实际上是一个转化过程，它是将图像转换为相应的特征值。
这个过程的主要目的就是降维。
在很多文献中出现的图像特征,比如：基于边缘或轮廓特征的提取;基于图像直方图特征的提取,特征转换域如傅立叶域，小波域和Hough域功能所产生的模板纹理特征等。
这些功能从不同类的域中捕获特色鲜明的图像，所以，就能够将这些被标记的特色鲜明图像准确地分类。
并且这些图像是现实世界的图像的话，如果用没有分类的传统方法进行处理则不会达到好效果。
特征的提取要对该域的特征有一定的了解，并且构造特征要有一些特殊的作用，以适应特定的应用程序。
如果不是这样，那么该应用程序的设计者需要选择一组适合于该任务的应用。
因此，对应用程序本身的理解是必不可少的，无论是对设计的功能或选择功能。
就结果而言，特征是依据问题的。
有没有通用的功能来适用于各种应用程序，这是我们考虑的。
我们设计一个通用的方案进行特征提取并从中选出较为突出的数据达到目标，通过这种方法获得的数据计算量大，并且分类精度也会因其而受影响。
这时一个独立域的图像分类方法就是非常可取的,这就是本文所研究的GP法模型。
从根本上说，GP法是一中自动的渐进程序生成方法。
由GP生成的解决方案本质上是一种计算机程序。
作为一个高效解决问题的范例，它已被改编成许多复杂的领域，如排课，电路设计，和股市预测(Poli et al., 2008）。
所产生的GP往往是创造性的，并没有想过人类专家的干预。
通过GP找到的一些解决方案，甚至还申请了专利。
它也用在一些图像相关的领域，如图像分割(Poli, 2000），边缘线的检测(Fu, Johnston, &Zhang, 2011)，纹理分析(Song & Ciesielski, 2008)，运动检测(Pinto & Song, 2009)，发现兴趣点(Olague& Trujillo, 2011)。
这些研究表明，GP法可以达到很好的效果，在这些任务中，没有提供多领域的知识。
在域的图像分类中，GP法还展示了其在性能上的优势。
张等一些人通过GP分类能够分辨出血和微动脉瘤，视网膜图像等(Zhang, Ciesielski, & Andreae, 2003)。
巴努和林的GP方案通过雷达图像确定道路等区域，(Lin & Bhanu, 2005)。
Song等人用GP法对质感图像进行分类(Song, Ciesielski, & Williams, 2002)。
由此可以看出，GP法够构建分类器，这是常规策树分类器无法媲美的。
然而，这些以前的功能大部分要求的域名必须有相关的功能。
而GP法是只是负责分类的生成。
1.1.研究目的在本文中，我们的目标是在GP原始像素上建立分类，而不是在特征值的基础上建立分类。
特征提取的过程中发生在GP程序中。
在这种方法中，没有域的知识需要。
所以这项研究的具体研究问题如下：●怎样用GP法来表示图像的分类问题，生成原始图像的像素，而不是提取特征值上直接操作？●与其他方法相比，怎样才能使图像分类任务的集合在GP上执行？●怎样使用自动运行的分类器获得好的精度呢？这种方法能否自我运行而不需要人工的干预呢？1.2.组成这篇文章是这样组成的：第二部分是简要的讨论了GP以及之前的相关工作。
第三部分提出了这叫GP的方法即是两层GP方法。
第四部分中介绍了四种图像分类任务的方法。
在这当中也描述了域的手动的特征。
在第五部分中讲述了相关实验及结果。
第六部分是对于GP分类及显示捕获功能的研究。
第七部分，总结。
2.背景介绍遗传编程GP是由John在1992年首先提出，这是进化方法中的一员。
这个方法成功的应用到许多方面，并证明是一个很强大的解决问题的方法。
GP的关键方面则是作为一个解决特别问题的优化方案。
每个解决方案都被表示为一个的程序树用Lisp语言表达出来。
如示于图1。
在图标中实际上是表示的是((x - y) * z) + (x * (y *y)),但可以用Lisp语言这样表示出来：( + (* (-x y)z)( * x( * y y))).在GP程序树进化过程中，一组是作为初始种群随机生成的。
他们正在评估要解决的问题,即是我们的案例中的一个图像分类任务。
并且每一个程序都会有自己特有的作用来解决相应的问题。
一个合适程序更能够极好的用来繁殖下一代。
我们都知道优胜劣汰的原则是由达尔文提出的。
利用选择好的一个程序枝来生成新的枝，这就是我们所知道的的GP方法。
而我们选定的程序可以随意改变它的分支来创建一个新的程序，这就是所谓的突变。
另一种我们选定的程序也可以直接的复制到下一代中，这就是我们说的精英主义。
新人口产生的交叉变异和精英将以相同的合适措施进行评估。
更成功的方案，还是个人，那样更容易形成自己的后代。
这样的一个过程是迭代的，如果满足终止条件之一则会停止。
例如：发现了一个完美的解决方案，或达到的最大数目的一代。
一个合适的代表性的程序，包括了一组函数（内部程序上的节点树）和一组端子（叶节点），这在GP的成功演化至关重要。
GP方法本身是独立域名，它已被改编成许多领域，包括分类(Espejo, Ventura,& Herrera, 2010)，图像分类也是GP广泛研究的区域(dos Santos, Ferreira, da Silva Torres,André Gonçalves, & Lamparelli, 2011; Li, Ma, & Zhao, 2008; Bhowan,Zhang, & Johnston, 2010; Pasolli, Melgani, Donelli, Attoui, &de V os, 2008).Song等人使用GP是基于原始图像的像素值，而不是纹理特征的纹理分类，他们的方法可以很好地处理这种复杂的任务(Song, Loveard&Ciesielski, 2001)，Bhowan等研究使用的GP方法则是关于在不平衡数据集分类的图像方面(Urvesh et al.,2010).他们的研究结果表明，GP是能够处理这个棘手的问题的。
正如前面提到的，图像分类通常由两部分组成：特征提取与分类。
GP不仅仅能够解决分类的问题也能够解决特征提取问题(Alden Tackett, 1993; Kowaliw, Banzhaf, &Harding,2009;Szymanski et al., 2002; Guo & Nandi, 2006).比如，Guo和Nandi开发出了以GP为基础的方法进行特征提取，这个方法实际上要比一些专家提出的方法要好(Guo, Jack, & Nandi, 2005)。
而且用GP方法使得特征提取的时间也显著减少。
Zhang和Rockett也提出了一个以GP来提取边缘检测的方法(Zhang & Rockett,2005)。
由GP方法生成一维特征向量比传统方法要精明些。
同样Cisielski和Lam也根据GP生成了纹理特性(Lam & Ciesielski, 2004).他们的发展计划能够实现类似或略好结果的相比的人工建造的纹理特征。
本研究的目的是利用GP特征提取和分类。
其中也存在类似的调查.，在Oechsle和Llark 提出的两阶段的GP计划也是用于此目的的(Oechsle & Clark, 2008)。
他们的系统是基于GP 的操作，在第一阶段是特征的提取，在第二阶段则是分类。
然而在这个系统中，从第一阶段的特征提取到第二阶段的分类都是需要人为干预的。
这就可以说两个GP计划的。
Atkins等人提出了新的GP方法来实现单一程序的特征提取与分类(Atkins, Neshatian, & Zhang, 2011)。
在每个计划中都包含图像特征提取层和过滤层，分类层三层。
实验表明，这三层的方法相比，手工设计的功能，可以实现类似的分类性能。
我们的研究就是关于这个方法的延伸和扩展。
3.方法理论本节介绍GP关于原始像素的图像分类的细节。
这种方法被称为“两层GP''。
首先我们先介绍的是两层GP的程序结构。
然后我们给出了函数集和终端机，接着则是合适的措施。
3.1.两层GP程序结构正如标题所说，程序树方法有两层：是聚合层和分类层。
前者搭建了一个层的聚合函数而后者是有一个或多个层次的分类功能。