文献阅读与翻译课文练习参考
Unit2文献阅读与翻译第二章
Eg.1:Tension is building up.
形势紧张起来。 张力在增大。 电压在增加。 压力在增强。 ……
Eg.2: the English word of story
This war is becoming the most important story of this generation. (事件) It is quite another story now, for the leadership has changed. (情况) Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story. (内情) A young man came to a police officer’s office with a story.
(3)Judging from the Context and Collocation
医学英语文献阅读二翻译
Unit OneText A： Hippocratic Oath, The Medical Ideal1.Perhaps the most enduring --- certainly the most quoted --- tradition in thehistory of medicine is the Hippocratic Oath. Named after the famous Greek physicianHippocrates, this oath was written as a guideline for the medical ethics of doctors.Although the exact words have changed over time, the general content is the same- an oath to respect those who have imparted their knowledge upon the science ofmedicine, and respect to the patients as well as the promise to treat them to thebest of the physicians' ability.或许在医学史上最持久的,被引用最多次的誓言就是”希波克拉底誓言”.这个以古希腊著名医师希波克拉底命名的誓言,被作为医师道德伦理的指导纲领.虽然随着时代的变迁,准确的文字已不可考,但誓言的主旨却始终如一——尊敬那些将毕生知识奉献于医学科学的人，尊重病人，尊重医师尽己所能治愈病人的承诺。
Who was Hippocrates, and Did he Write the Oath?2.For a man considered by many to be the 'Father of Medicine', little is known aboutHippocrates of Cos. He lived circa 460-380 BC, and was the contemporary of Socratesas well as a practising physician. He was certainly held to be the most famousphysician and teacher of medicine in his time. Over 60 treatises of medicine, calledthe Hippocratic Corpus have been attributed to him; however, these treatises hadconflicting contents and were written some time between 510 and 300 BC, and thereforecould not all have been written by him.作为被大家公认的”医学之父”,我们对希波克拉底知之甚少.他生活于约公元前460-380年,作为一名职业医师,与苏格拉底是同代人.在他的时代,他被推举为当时最著名的医师和医学教育者.收录了超过60篇论文的专著——希波克拉底文集,被归于他的名下;但是其中有些论文的内容主旨相冲突,并成文于公元前510-300年,所以不可能都是出自他之手.3.The Oath was named after Hippocrates, certainly, although its penmanship is stillin question. According to authorities in medical history, the contents of the oath suggest that it was penned during the 4th Century BC, whichmakes it possible that Hippocrates had himself written it. Anyway, regardless ofwhether or not Hippocrates himself had written the Hippocratic Oath, the contentsof the oath reflect his views on medical ethics.这个宣言是以希波克拉底命名的，虽然它的作者依然存在疑问。
英文文献全文翻译
英文文献全文翻译全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：LeGuin, Ursula K. (December 18, 2002). "Dancing at the Edge of the World: Thoughts on Words, Women, Places".《世界边缘的舞蹈：关于语言、女性和地方的思考》Introduction:In "Dancing at the Edge of the World," Ursula K. LeGuin explores the intersection of language, women, and places. She writes about the power of words, the role of women in society, and the importance of our connection to the places we inhabit. Through a series of essays, LeGuin invites readers to think critically about these topics and consider how they shape our understanding of the world.Chapter 1: LanguageConclusion:第二篇示例：IntroductionEnglish literature translation is an important field in the study of language and culture. The translation of English literature involves not only the linguistic translation of words or sentences but also the transfer of cultural meaning and emotional resonance. This article will discuss the challenges and techniques of translating English literature, as well as the importance of preserving the original author's voice and style in the translated text.Challenges in translating English literature第三篇示例：Title: The Importance of Translation of Full English TextsTranslation plays a crucial role in bringing different languages and cultures together. More specifically, translating full English texts into different languages allows for access to valuable information and insights that may otherwise be inaccessible to those who do not speak English. In this article, we will explore the importance of translating full English texts and the benefits it brings.第四篇示例：Abstract: This article discusses the importance of translating English literature and the challenges translators face when putting together a full-text translation. It highlights the skills and knowledge needed to accurately convey the meaning and tone of the original text while preserving its cultural and literary nuances. Through a detailed analysis of the translation process, this article emphasizes the crucial role translators play in bridging the gap between languages and making English literature accessible to a global audience.IntroductionEnglish literature is a rich and diverse field encompassing a wide range of genres, styles, and themes. From classic works by Shakespeare and Dickens to contemporary novels by authors like J.K. Rowling and Philip Pullman, English literature offers something for everyone. However, for non-English speakers, accessing and understanding these works can be a challenge. This is where translation comes in.Translation is the process of rendering a text from one language into another, while striving to preserve the original meaning, tone, and style of the original work. Translating afull-length English text requires a deep understanding of both languages, as well as a keen awareness of the cultural andhistorical context in which the work was written. Additionally, translators must possess strong writing skills in order to convey the beauty and complexity of the original text in a new language.Challenges of Full-text TranslationTranslating a full-length English text poses several challenges for translators. One of the most significant challenges is capturing the nuances and subtleties of the original work. English literature is known for its rich and layered language, with intricate wordplay, metaphors, and symbolism that can be difficult to convey in another language. Translators must carefully consider each word and phrase in order to accurately convey the author's intended meaning.Another challenge of full-text translation is maintaining the author's unique voice and style. Each writer has a distinct way of expressing themselves, and a good translator must be able to replicate this voice in the translated text. This requires a deep understanding of the author's writing style, as well as the ability to adapt it to the conventions of the target language.Additionally, translators must be mindful of the cultural and historical context of the original work. English literature is deeply rooted in the history and traditions of the English-speaking world, and translators must be aware of these influences in orderto accurately convey the author's intended message. This requires thorough research and a nuanced understanding of the social, political, and economic factors that shaped the work.Skills and Knowledge RequiredTo successfully translate a full-length English text, translators must possess a wide range of skills and knowledge. First and foremost, translators must be fluent in both the source language (English) and the target language. This includes a strong grasp of grammar, syntax, and vocabulary in both languages, as well as an understanding of the cultural and historical context of the works being translated.Translators must also have a keen eye for detail and a meticulous approach to their work. Every word, sentence, and paragraph must be carefully considered and translated with precision in order to accurately convey the meaning of the original text. This requires strong analytical skills and a deep understanding of the nuances and complexities of language.Furthermore, translators must possess strong writing skills in order to craft a compelling and engaging translation. Translating a full-length English text is not simply a matter of substituting one word for another; it requires creativity, imagination, and a deep appreciation for the beauty of language. Translators mustbe able to capture the rhythm, cadence, and tone of the original work in their translation, while also adapting it to the conventions of the target language.ConclusionIn conclusion, translating a full-length English text is a complex and challenging task that requires a high level of skill, knowledge, and creativity. Translators must possess a deep understanding of both the source and target languages, as well as the cultural and historical context of the work being translated. Through their careful and meticulous work, translators play a crucial role in making English literature accessible to a global audience, bridging the gap between languages and cultures. By preserving the beauty and complexity of the original text in their translations, translators enrich our understanding of literature and bring the works of English authors to readers around the world.。
2021年 学术论文文献阅读与机助汉英翻译第六章答案
2021年学术论文文献阅读与机助汉英翻译(2021春)第六单元How to Translate—译前编辑技巧课后与章节测试1. 译前编辑分设主语的两大用途有:A 提高翻译效率B 处理中文里的主语漂浮现象C 处理第一分句过长的情况D 提高翻译准确率答案: 【BC】2. 谓语转换的三种形态：A 现在分词短语B 过去分词短语C 不定式短语D 介词短语答案: 【ACD】3. 中文中表达现在完成时的词语有：A 现在B 当前C 长期以来D 已经答案: 【CD】4. 跨句逻辑的两大好处：A 有助于减字B 有助于把中文分句切成较短的句子，提高英文的地道程度C 有助于理解D 有助于翻译答案: 【AB】5.前文提到的句子使用了什么技巧？A 分设主语B 转变谓语C 巧断时态D 跨句逻辑答案: 【A】6. 以下哪几种手法是译前编辑常用技巧？A 分设主语B 转变谓语C 转变时态D 跨句逻辑答案: 【ABCD】7. 分设主语可以用来处理以下哪些语言问题？（多选）A 主语漂浮B 句子冗长C 第一分句过长D 无主句答案: 【AC】8. 在中文里，一个主语带多个谓语的句子十分常见。
采用转变谓语这一技巧，可以将某些谓语动词转换为以下哪三种形式？（多选）A 不定时短语B 现在分词短语C 介词短语D 独立结构答案: 【ABC】9.在汉译英时，可以使用以词定时的方法来判断时态。
请选出以下可以使用现在完成时的词汇？A 了B 长期以来C 过D 现在答案: 【AB】。
2021年 学术论文文献阅读与机助汉英翻译第二章答案
2021年学术论文文献阅读与机助汉英翻译(2021春)第二章What to Read—文献管理技巧课后与章节测试1. Endnote文献导入方式有：A、手动输入B、联机检索下载C、通过pdf文档识别搜索导入D、从谷歌学术搜索导入答案: 【ABC】2. 如何增加输出参考文献格式A 在ENDNOTE中点击output stylesB 在endnote官网中点击output stylesC 手动导入D 没有办法答案: 【B】3. 如何下载mendeley？A 通过官方下载链接下载B 百度搜素下载C 通过软件管家下载答案: 【A】4. 如何进入文献阅读界面？A 双击需要阅读的文献B 选择进入文献阅读C 换一个软件答案: 【A】5. 其它文献管理软件中文献可否导入Mendeley？A、可直接导入B、可以导入但操作比较复杂C、可以导入且操作简单D、不可直接导入答案: 【A】6. Mendeley软件可否直接进行文献阅读？A、不可进行，仅可进行文献管理B、可以进行简单的文献浏览C、可以进行文献阅读但不可记笔记D、可以进行文献阅读且可以记笔记答案: 【D】7. 当使用通过pdf文档识别导入文献时，第一步如何操作？A、将pdf文档移入文献数据库中B、直接在Endnote中添加附件C、直接在Endnote中打开pdf文件D、以上都不对答案: 【A】8. Mendeley中文献管理功能主要在哪一板块？A、ALL DocumentsB、FavoritesC、UnsortedD、My library 答案: 【D】9. 在Endnote个人数据库管理方面，视频中介绍了该方面的几种功能？A、3种B、4种C、5种D、6种答案: 【B】10. 视频中提到的第三种Endnote文献导入方式是：A、手动输入B、联机检索下载C、通过pdf文档识别导入D、直接从网络数据库识别导入答案: 【C】11. 视频中提到Mendeley中如何按照作者查看文献？A、点击左下方作者姓名B、在ALL documents一栏中按作者姓氏首字母排序C、专门给每个作者设一个文件夹D、以上都对答案: 【A】12. Endnote手动输入文献后A、数据库中会直接生成相关文献B、还需导入附件C、还需从线上数据库中导入文献D、以上都不对答案: 【B】13. 从网络数据库导入的方法是所有数据库都支持的吗？A、是B、不是答案: 【B】14.下载Endnote之后如何在电脑中导入参考文献？A、点击引用后导入B、word文档第一排所有选项最后有Endnote导入C、无法导入答案: 【B】15. Mendeley需要单独建立文献数据库吗？A、不需要B、需要答案: 【A】16. Endnote中pdf文档识别导入属于那种导入方式？A、本地导入B、在线导入C、本地加在线导入D、以上都不是答案: 【C】17. 直接从重庆大学数据库中导入属于哪种导入方式？A、本地导入B、在线导入C、本地加在线导入D、网络数据库导入答案: 【D】18. 如何获取Mendeley的安装包？A、官网直接下载B、百度搜素下载C、通过网友分享的破解版下载D、通过光盘下载答案: 【A】19. Mendeley中更改引用文献格式的功能在哪一栏？A、FileB、EditC、ViewD、Tools 答案: 【C】20. 请上机实操演示如何通过Mendeley或Endnote在word文档中直接进行文献引用，各个关键步骤请用屏幕截图，并将多幅截图拼接成一个PDF文档并上传.答案: 略。
阅读理解及英翻中专项练习
Part I Reading Comprehension （共20 小题，每小题2 分，共40 分）Directions: In this part there are four passages. Each passage is followed by four comprehension questions. Read the passage and answer the questions. Then mark your answer on the Answer Sheet. Passage 1Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:Do you want to say what you thi nk in a letter to the Preside nt of the Un ited States? You 'lget a reply from him —written in ink, not typed —after only a few days.The Preside nt gets about 4,000 letters every week. He an swers every one who writes to him on special Whites House paper. But he doesn' need a lot of time for it. In fact, he only gives 20 minutes a week to look at his personal correspondence. He has the most modern secretary in the world to help him.It 'computer, worth £ 800 , 000 , which has its own rooms on the first floor of the White House. It has a bank of electro nic pens which write like the Preside nt writes, in his favorite light blue ink. Each letter the Preside nt receives gets a number, according to the type of answer it needs. The pens then write the correct reply for it, according to the number. Each letter takes less than a sec ond to write.A White House official said, “'snot importa nt that letterscome from a computer. Each letter says what the Preside nt wants to say.1. _______ for a reply from the Preside nt.A. You have to wait a long timeB. You only have to wait several daysC. You have to wait at least one monthD. You only have to wait a few weeks2. The reply from the Preside nt ________ .A. is always prin tedB. is always typedC. is always written in ink always writte n by himselfD. is3. It takes the computer _______ to write ten letters.A. no more tha n ten sec ondsB. a little more tha n tensecondsC. less tha n ten sec ondsD. at least one sec ond4. The computer can be described as _________ .A. expe nsive but efficie ntB. possessing a beautiful handwritingC. heavy and in efficie ntD. the Preside nt 'most reliable secretary5. It can be in ferred from the passage that ________ .A. the Preside nt n ever reads any letters writte n to him by ordinary peopleB. the Preside nt hires a very efficie nt secretary to deal with his corresp ondenceC. the Preside nt does not really care about the letters he receives every weekD. the Preside nt is assured that the computer express his views in the letters Passage 2Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:In order to learn to be one 'true self, it is necessary to obtain a wide and exte nsive kno wledge of what has bee n said and done in the world; critically to inquire into it; carefully to con sider it; clearly to an alyze it; an d earn estly to carry it out.It matters not what you learn, but when you once learn a thing, you must n ever give it up un til you have mastered it. It matters not what you inquire in to, but when you once inquire into a thing, you must never give it up until you have thoroughly understood it. It matters not what you try to think out, but when you once try to think out a thing, you must never give it up until you have got what you wan t. It matters not what you try to carry out, but whe n you once carry out a thing, you must never give it up until you have don' itthoroughly and well.If another man succeeds by one effort, you will use a hundred efforts. If ano ther man succeeds by ten efforts, you will use a thousa nd.6. Accordi ng to the author, first of all one must ________8. The end of lear ning should be ________ .A. thoughtB. masteryC. inquiryD. an alysis9. Accordi ng to the author, ano ther man 'success should _________C. not be take n into con siderati on10. The author implies but does not say what __________A. the way to kno wledge is through specializatio nB. one has to know everythi ng to be successfulC. success depends not so much on natural ability as it does on effortD. success in one s profession is latest important in one 'lifePassage 3Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:About 70 millio n America ns are tryi ng to loss weight. That is almost 1 out of every 3 people in the United States. Some people go on ideas. This means they eat less certa in foods, especially fats and sugars. Other people exercise with especial equipment, take diet pills, or even have surgery. Losing weight is hard work, and it can also cost a lot of mon ey. So why do so many people in the Un ited States want to lose weight?Many people in the Un ited States worry about not look ing young andattractive. For many people, look ing good also means being thi n. Other peopleworry about their health. Many doctors say being overweight is not healthy. ButA. an alyzeB. inq uire 7. Accordi ng to the author, ________A. learni ng is not importa nt thinking isnot n ecessaryC. kno wledge means littlenot importa nt what we lear nC. obtai n kno wledgeD. actB. D. it is A. make greater effortsB. make us n ervousD. cause one to stop tryingare America ns really fat? Almost 30 millio n America ns weight at least 20 percent more than their ideal weight. In fact, the United State is the most overweight country in the wild. The stored fat of adult America ns weight 2.3 trillion pounds, ” says University of Massachusetts anthropologist （ 人类学家） George Armelagos. He says bur ning off that stored en ergy would produce enough power for 900,000 cars to go 12,000 miles.Los ing weight is hard work, but most people want to find a fast and easy way to take off fat. Bookstores sell lots of diet books. These books tell readers how to lose weight. Each year, doze ns of new books like these are writte n. Each one boasts to help people to get rid of fat.11. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a way of losing weight?A. To eat less fats and sugarsB. To take much exerciseC. To have surgeryD. To work hard12. Many America ns are tryi ng to lose weight because _______ .A. they want to look attractiveB. they are misled by doctorsC. they want to keep fitD. both A and C13. The figures give n in the sec ond paragraph suggest that ______ .A. America ns are depe ndent on carsB. cars con sume a lot of moneyC. America ns n eed lose weight source of en ergy 14. It can be in ferred from the last paragraph thatA. diet books are not always effective helpfulC. there are lots of ways of losing weight theirpromises15. It can be con cluded from the passage thatA. people think too much of their appeara neeB. there is not a sure way of los ing weight as yetC. surgery is the fastest way of losing weightD. going on diet is a safe way of los ing weight Passage 4Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage: D. excess of fat can be aB. diet books are usually D. bookstores are keep ingI rece ntly wrote an autobiography in which I recalled many old memories. One of them was from my school days, whe n our ninth grade teacher, Miss Raber, would pick out words from the Reader 'Digest to test our vocabulary.Today, more tha n 45 years later, I always check out “ pays to En rich Your Word Power ” first whe n the Digest comes each mon th. I am impressed with that idea, word power. Reader 'Digest knows the power that words have to move people —to en tertai n, in form, and in spire. The Digest editors know that the big word isn t always the best word. Take just one example, a Quotable Quote form the February 1985 issue: ” Time is a playful thin g. It slips quickly and drinks the day like a bowl of milk. ”Nineteen words, only two of them more than one syllable, yet how much they convey! That 'usually how it is with Reader 'Digest. Small and simple can be profo und.As chairma n of a foun dati on to restore the Statue of Liberty, I v e bee n making a lot of speeches lately. I try to keep them fairly short. I use small but vivid words: words like hope f g uts f faith f d reams ‘‘.Those are words that move people and say so much about the spirit of America.Don 'get me wrong. I m not aga inst using big words, whe n it is right to do so, but I have also lear ned that a small word can work a small miracle —if it' right word, in the right place, at the right time. It 'a secret”that I hope never forget.16. The passage is mainly about ________ .A. one of the many old memoriesB. using simple words to express profo und ideasC. Reader 'Digest and school speechesD. how to make effective speeches17. It seems that Reader 'Digest is a magazine popular with _________ .A. people of all agesB. Teen agersC. school teachersD. elderlyreaders18. The example the author gives in the sec ond paragraph mightmean ______ .A. one spe nds his day play ing and drinkingB. don 'waste your time as one doesC. time slips easily if you don' make good use of itD. time is just like drinking milk from a bowl19. The author '“ecret ” is ______ .A. to avoid using big words at any timeB. to use words that have the power to move peopleC. to work a miracle by using a small wordD. to use small and simple words where possible20. Accord ing to the author, well-chose n words can give people _________ .A. hope, courage and ideasB. con fide nee, determ in ati on and stre ngthC. pleasure, kno wledge and en courageD. en terta inmen t, i nformati on and powerPart IV Tran slation (共35 分)Section A (共5小题，每小题4分，共20分)Directions: Translate the following sentences into Chinese. You may refer to the corresponding passagesin Part I.81、It has a bank of electr onic pens which write like the Preside nt writes, in his favorite light blue ink. (Passage One)82、In order to learn to be one 'true self, it is necessary to obtain a wide and exte nsive kno wledge of what has bee n said and done in the world. (Passage Two)83 、Almost 30 million Americans weight at least 20 percent more than their ideal weight. In fact, the United State is the most overweight country in the wild. (Passage Three)84 、One of them was from my school days, when our ninth grade teacher, MissRaber, would pick out words from the Reader 's Digest to test our vocabulary. (Passage Four)85 、I m' not against using big words, when it is right to do so, but I have also learned that a small word can work a small miracle —if it 's right word, in the right place, at the right time. (Passage Four) 参考答案01-05 BCCAD 06-10 CDBAC11-15 DDCAB 16-20 BACCC81、它有一排电子笔，能用总统最喜欢的浅蓝色墨水写出他的笔迹。
文献阅读与翻译Unit 2
Unit 2 Professional Papers（4hrs）1. Definition of professional papersA professional paper is a typewritten paper in which professionals present their views and research findings on a chosen topic. It is variously known as the “research paper”, “course paper”, “thesis paper” or “library paper”. Despite the various names, the task of the author of a paper is essentially the same: to read on a particular topic, gather information about it, and report the findings in it.A professional paper can not be written randomly. It must conform to a special format, which governs the entire paper from the placing of the title to the width of the margins, and to the notation used in acknowledging material drawn from other sources.A professional paper differs from other non-professional essays in that it involves the use of library sources from which facts, quotations, and the opinions of others are drawn to explain , support , or authenticate ideas in the paper. These sources are identified by numbered notes, places at the end of the paper or at the bottom of the page. A professional paper usually concludes with a bibliography , and an alphabetical list of all sources cited.2.Classification of professional papersThe four kinds of papers usually assigned in universities and colleges are (1) report papers; (2) research papers; (3) course papers, and (4)thesis papers.1) Report PaperThe report paper summarizes and reports the findings of an other on a particular subject. The writer neither judges nor evaluates the findings, but merely catalogs them in a sensible sequence. For instance, a paper that listed the opinions of statesmen during the debate over a certain event would be a report paper. Likewise, a paper that chronologically narrated the final days od a personality would also becalled a report paper.2) Research paperA research paper can be intelligent, well informed, interesting, and original in its conclusions. It draws its material from many sources and aims to assemble facts and ideas by studying them to draw new conclusions on the basis of obtained data observed facts , or to present the material in the light of a new interest.3) Course PaperDifferent from report papers and research papers, course papers are written after a specific course is learned or are designed at the end of a term. This type of paper is, therefore, also called “term paper”.4) Thesis PaperUnlike report papers, the thesis paper takes a definite stand on an issue. A thesis is a proposition or point of view that a writer or speaker is willing to argue against or defend. A paper that argued for ratification of a certain event would therefore be a thesis paper. Writing a thesis paper requires a writer to exercise judgment, evaluate evidence, and construct a logical argument, whereas writing a report paper does not. The candidate must also complete examinations and present a written thesis or dissertation. The doctoral thesis represents an original contribution to knowledge, and is a more detailed study of a research problem than that requ ired for the master‟s degree. In general, dissertation is a lengthy, formal treatise, especially one written by a candidate for the doctoral degree at university.3. Linguistic Features of Professional Papers1) Formal StyleA professional paper deals with the study of some objective facts or problems, and the conclusion that is drawn should be based on relevant data, not on personal likes and dislikes. It is particularly important in any kind of scientific inquiry; it does not matter who is conducting the experiment or investigation. Being impersonal and free from emotional factors is one of the important features in professional writing. The need to be formal comes from the fact that science reflects the objective facts, and it is free from bias and prejudice. The need for objectivity becomesa matter of special concern whenever a research or investigation touches upon human actions or attitudes. The focus of professional writing is upon the data and upon the analysis of the data, for example, instead of writing:I carried out an experiment to investigate the effect of light on plant growth.It would be more conventional to say:An experiment was carded out to investigate the effect of light on plant growth.Generally speaking, formal writing sets an unusually high value on objectivity, meticulousness, accuracy, and restraint. It is directed to the reader‟s mind and makes little efforts to appeal to his emotions. Its purposes are utilitarian, and it is usually intended for readers who already have, to some degree, a special interest in the subject matter or are even experienced colleagues in the same trade. Consequently, though it places a high value on interest, it does not try to be so colorful and entertaining that it runs the risk of becoming flashy.2) Specialized TermsThe terms in professional papers are typically specialized. Take the word “normal”as an example. Generally, it means “iEee”; but in mathematics, it represents “法线”; and in the field of chemistry, “当量” Again the word “power.” In electronics, it is rendered as “电力” or “电源”; in mechanics, “动力”; whereas in mathematics, “幂”Even in the same field, the meanings of the same word may vary slightly due to its different collocations, for example:filter 滤波器, 滤色器tramp filter 干扰滤除器amplitude filter 振辐滤色器filter paper 滤纸primary filter 基色滤色器What is more, a great number of professional words and terms can only be understood by the specialists in the fields, e.g., decoder (译码器), photophor (磷光核), multi-quantum transition (多量子跃迁), Read Only Memory (只读储存器) and conversational implicatures (会话含义), etc. Examples like these are too numerous to mention one by one.3) Rigid Sentence StructureAs we know, the function of professional papers is to reveal creative research achievements and exchange latest research information. The arguments in professional papers will be convincing if they are presented concisely and concretely. A rigid sentence structure is therefore reflected tomeet this requirement.4) Formatted Elements（格式化内容）Though there are no set rules, a complete professional paper in its finished form usually has a regular format composed of the following elements: the title, author(s), affiliation(s), abstract, keywords, introduction, body of the paper (theoretical description including calculation, inference, reasoning, conclusion, etc. or experimental description including techniques, methods, materials, results and analysis, etc.), acknowledgments, appendices, references or bibliography, etc.4. Search for Professional PapersDifferent kinds of papers can be found from various sources:1) JournalsJournals are usually edited and published by learned societies or associations monthly, bi-monthly, or quarterly; for example, transactions, published by the American IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers), and circulated widely in academic circles all over the world.2) Acta（学报）Acta are mainly published by institutions of higher learning. Their contributors are chiefly university professors and regional research scholars, including graduate students, in academic institutions.3) Bulletins, Circulars （通告）or Gazettes（公报）Such bulletins are mainly edited and designated for the publication of briefs of research findings, preliminary results on some research programs, science news or notices of scientific seminars and conferences. Among the most famous of such publications are the Bulletin of the American Physical Society and the Bulletin of American Mathematical Society, etc.4) Rapid CommunicationsThis kind of publication belongs to the public correspondence and letter-form publications. Their contributors are mainly scientific workers, professional technical information and data workers, editors of professional journals and engineers. Rapid Communications enjoy popularity among professionals for being quick, direct and brief.5) ReviewsCommentary or summary articles are usually carried in specialized journals called Reviews, such as Comments on Modern Physics (published by the Physics Society under the Royal Academy of Sciences, U.K.) and Physical Review (published by the American Society of Physics, U.S.A.). The articles and papers published in such reviews are various in length and scope. They may include original research papers, comments and reviews on some authors and their papers or books, survey of current developments and research tendency analysis. Many famous international scholars, researchers and physicists are invited to work for and contribute to these reviews.6) ProceedingsProceedings are collections of papers of the corresponding academic conferences at which these papers or commentaries are presented. Such proceedings are often published in the form of special issues, supplements or proceedings series. Category titles like “technical”, “scientific”, “academic”, “research”, “development”, etc. are usually put before the paper titles to help the readers in their choice.7) Dissertation Abstract InternationalDissertation Abstract International (DAI) is published monthly by University Microfilms International and includes abstracts of doctoral dissertations submitted to UMI by 550 participating institutions in North America and throughout the world.Each author-prepared abstract, up to 350 words in length, describes in detail the original research project on which the dissertation is based. Most of the approximately 35,000 dissertations published by UMI each year are abstracted in DAI and may be purchased in microform or as paper copies.DAI is published in three sections:Section A--The Humanities and Social SciencesI--Communications and the ArtsII--EducationIII--Language, Literature and LinguisticsIV--Philosophy, Religion and TheologyV--Social SciencesSection B--The Sciences and EngineeringI--Biological SciencesII--Earth SciencesIII--Health and Environmental SciencesIV--Physical SciencesV--PsychologySection C--Worldwide (formerly European Abstracts) is published quarterly and includes abstracts of dissertations in all disciplines accepted for doctoral and post-doctoral degrees at institutions throughout the world. Most of these dissertations are not available from UMI; those which are for sale are also listed in Section A or B. Beginning with Volume 50 (Spring 1989), DAI-C was expanded to include institutions worldwide.8) Comprehensive Dissertation Index (CDI)Comprehensive Dissertation Indent (CDI) provides citations from 1861. It includes international coverage of engineering and technological literature. Corresponds to the printed Engineering Index. There are monthly updates. Abstracts and keywords are provided. American Doctoral Dissertation is included.9) On line Access to DissertationOn line Access to Dissertation describes searching the Comprehensive Dissertation Index database on DIALOG. General background and file content are presented. Numerous DIALOG search techniques are demonstrated and illustrated with actual examples. Notes the lack of in-depth subject indexing and stresses the need to search the title field. Other online sources of dissertations are briefly noted.Supplementary Readings on Dissertations, etc.1. A Diploma, the approximate equivalent of a bachelor‟s degree in the United State s, is awarded after a 4- to 5-year course of study. After an additional three years of study and the completion of a dissertation, a doctoral degree is awarded. Further study and the completion of a second dissertation lead to a second doctorate, the Habilitation, which qualifies the recipient to teach in a university. The Habilitation degree is the approximate equivalent of a doctoral degree in the United States.2. Academic Degree is title granted by a college or university, usually signifying completionof an established course of study. Honorary degrees are conferred as marks of distinction, not necessarily of scholarship; some, such as D. Litt. (doctor of letters), are generally honorary in the U.S.3. European Degrees In Germany and at most Continental universities, only the doctor‟s degree is conferred, except in theology, in which the licentiate, or master‟s degree, is also presented. Granting of the doctorate is contingent upon the acceptance of a dissertation and the passing of examinations. The bac calaureate, or bachelor‟s degree, is usually not a university degree in Europe. In France, it is acquired by passing a state examination at the completion of secondary education; the only university-conferred baccalaureate is that awarded by the faculty of law.The University of Cambridge and the University of Oxford in England grant the bachelor‟s degree after the satisfactory completion of a 3-year course. Since the 18th century these universities have also given tripos, or examinations for honors. A candidate for graduation must pass all parts of the tripos for a particular subject in order to qualify for an honor degree. The master‟s degree in arts or science is granted after a further period of residence and study and the payment of fees. Other English universities grant the master‟s degree only after a candidate has passed a series of examinations and presented an approved thesis. Various doctorates are awarded for distinguished scholarly work.4. U.S. Degrees The most commonly granted degrees in the U.S. are the BA, or bachelor of arts, and the BS, or bachelor of science, both given generally after the completion of a 4-year course of study …and sometimes followed by a mark of excellence, such as cum laude, with praise; magna cum laude, with great prais e; or summa cum laude, with highest praise. The master‟s degree is granted after one or two years of postgraduate work and may require the writing of a thesis or dissertation. The doctorate requires two to five years of postgraduate work, the writing of a thesis, and the passing of oral and written examinations. In a recent year U.S. institutions of higher learning granted about 988,000 bachelor‟s degrees, some 289,000 master‟s degrees, and 34,000 doctor‟s degrees. The most familiar degrees are shown in the accompanying table.5. The academic dress worn at degree-granting ceremonies consists of a long, black, full-cut gown, and a mortarboard, a stiff square-shaped cap with a tassel. The tassel is either black or of the color indicating the field of study, such as blue for philosophy, purple for law, or scarlet fortheology. Some also wear a hood lined with colored silk indicating the graduate‟s institution and decorated with velvet strips to designate the field of study. The bachelor‟s gown, usually of cotton, has pointed sleeves. The master‟s gown, of cotton, silk, or worsted, has oblong sleeves. The doctor‟s gown, generally of silk, has colored velvet facings down the front. The bell-shaped sleeves are decorated with three similarly colored velvet bands.6. In the United States, the research doctorate requires at least two or three additional years of study beyond the master‟s degree. Most doctoral students are expected to have a reading knowledge in two foreign languages. The candidate must also complete examinations and present a written thesis or dissertation. The doctoral thesis represents an original contribution to knowledge, and is a more detailed study of a research problem than that required for the master‟s degree.The Doctor of Philosophy degree is the most important research doctorate and may include specialization in almost any academic subject. The Doctor of Education, Doctor of Medicine, and Doctor of Dental Surgery degrees represent advanced professional training. Students in such professions as medicine and dentistry can obtain a doctor‟s degree without first receiving a bachelor‟s or master‟s degree. But most acquire a bachelor of science degree before entering medical training.Reflections and Practice (1)I. Topics for group discussion.1. How is a professional paper defined? What is your understanding of a professional paper?2. How are papers classified? What are the similarities and differences between/among them?3. What are the linguistic features of professional papers?4. Where can you search for different kinds of papers from various sources?II. Fill in each space with one proper word and translate the sentences into Chinese.1. The National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) gopher allows you to search_______ particular NBER working papers and reprints by key word(s), author, title, or paper number. The gopher contains a document outlining papers that are available_______ anonymous FYP. Papers that are not available, but outlined_______ the NBER database, must be ordered_______ . phone,fax, or e-mail. There is a directory in this gopher menu_______ the Penn-World tables, which_______ data such as population, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, real consumption, government and investment shares of GDP per capita, capital stock per worker, standard of living indexes, and many other data sets. There is also a link_______ the Economics Working Papers Archive (papers not from the NBER) and a link_______ search the NBER Macro-Economic Historical Database.2. The Cambridge University Eng ineering Department‟s FFP server features a wide_______ of engineering-related documents, tutorials, abstracts, full-text dissertations, and programming code. A good place to start is the/pub/reports subdirectory. Read the message file first, and then browse Abstracts or the Index to_______ the reports you want to pursue further. Much of the engineering work focuses_______ speech analysis, ultrasound imaging, and robotics. If you‟re particularly interested in speech analysis, you may want to check_______ the comp. speech FTP site that‟s also_______ here. To access it, go to the fip:///pub/comp.speech directory. Be sure to read the FAQ and Readme files first. Among the technical information here, you‟ll find project source code_______ spe ech recognition, speech analysis software, information speech synthesis, and more.3. The average Ph.D. thesis is nothing_______ a transference of bones one graveyard to another.4. Master‟s theses from 214 colleges and universities in the United States ar e found. With V olume 18, the coverage was expanded to_______ Canadian universities of which twenty-seven are_______ in Volume 25.5. Forty-four disciplines are presently covered which __ agriculture, astronomy, chemistry, geology, nuclear science, etc. A n ote on the contents page states: “Mathematics and most life sciences have been_______ from this publication.., to limit the scope of the work.”6.The University of Minnesota‟s On-line Dissertations site is a searchable index of the bibliographic records an d abstracts_______ UMI‟s Dissertation Abstracts database from 1980 to the present. Most of the documents are_______ in both Adobe Acrobat and PostScript formats.7. A Diploma, the approximate equivalent of a bachelor‟s degree in the United States, is awarded_______ a 4- to 5-year course of study. After an additional three years of study and the completion_______ a dissertation, a doctoral degree is_______ . Further study and the completionof a second dissertation lead_______ a second doctorate, the Habilitation, which qualifies the recipient to teach in a university. The Habilitation degree is the approximate equivalent_______ a doctoral degree in the United States.8. The demand that every teacher should write a master‟s_______ , a doctor‟s_______ , and, for the rest of his career, publish with reasonable frequency learned_______ and scholarly books, has led_______ a mass of scholarship of widely varying standards and value. Some is trivial and absurd, but the best has perfected the texts and thoroughly illuminated the significance of nearly all the world‟s great literature.9. Most countries also provide_______ higher degrees_______ law. In common-law countries there is usually a series of steps, ascending_______ a degree of master of laws_______ a doctorate or senior doctorate. In civil-law countries it is normal to go straight_______ a first degree to a doctorate. Master‟s degrees are, as a rule, based_______ advanced examination after courses of instruction, though sometimes they are_______ for research or for a combination of examination and dissertation. Doctorates are awarded_______ theses expounding the results of original research and senior doctorates_______ published contributions_______ scholarship in the subject. In many countries there are also specialized postgraduate diplomas or certificates particular subjects.Translation Skills (2): DictionBy “diction” we mean the proper choice of words and phrases in translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original.In the practice of translation, what perplexes a translator most is how to find the equivalents in the language to be translated into. Great care is called for in the translation of “familiar” English words into Chinese, as their meanings vary with the change in collocation or context. Take the following simple sentence for example:Tension is building up.Without a given context, both “tension” and “build up” may have various explanations. Thus this simple English sentence can be translated into different Chinese versions:(1)形势紧张起来。
学术论文文献阅读与机助汉英翻译
学术论文文献阅读与机助汉英翻译IntroductionAs technology advances, artificial intelligence has become an integral part of our lives. With the help of machine learning and natural language processing, machines are not only able to perform routine tasks but are also able to understand, reason and learn. In the translation industry, machine translation has become increasingly popular in recent years.This paper will explore the use of machine translation in translation tasks by reviewing scholarly articles on the topic. Furthermore, we will explore the role of machine translation in automating translation tasks and the impact it has on the translation industry.Advantages of Machine TranslationMachine translation has several advantages in translation tasks. One of the greatest advantages is speed. Machines are able to perform translations in a fraction of the time it would take a human translator. Furthermore, machines can translate large volumes of text quickly and accurately.Another advantage of machine translation is cost. The cost of machine translation is significantly lower than human translation. This is because machines can complete translations without the need for payment, benefits, or time off.Machine translation is also consistent. Machines are not prone tofatigue or errors in the same way humans are. This means that the quality of translations is more consistent and reliable. Disadvantages of Machine TranslationHowever, there are also several disadvantages to using machine translation. One of the biggest disadvantages is accuracy. Machine translation is not always accurate, and can produce errors or awkward translations.Another disadvantage is that machines lack the cultural and linguistic knowledge of a human translator. This means that machines may not be able to properly translate idiomatic expressions or slang.Additionally, machines are not suitable for translations that require a higher level of precision, such as legal or medical translations. This is because these types of translations require a strong understanding of specific terminology and jargon.Research FindingsIn a study conducted by Hasegawa and Kojima (2011), machine translation was compared to human translation for translations of user manuals. The study found that machine translation produced more errors than human translation, and that the quality of machine translation varied widely depending on the source language.On the other hand, a study by Koehn et al. (2003) found that machine translation can produce high-quality translations when thesource text is straightforward and lacks nuanced meaning.Another study by Nitzke and Burchardt (2016) investigated the impact of machine translation on the translation process. They found that machine translation can be a useful tool for translators, but that it is important to take into account factors such as domain, text type, and translation direction.ConclusionMachine translation has several advantages and disadvantages in translation tasks. While it can be useful for translations of certain texts, it is not always accurate and lacks the cultural and linguistic knowledge of a human translator. In conclusion, machine translation has the potential to automate translation tasks and increase efficiency in the translation industry, but cannot replace the role of a human translator entirely.The use of machine translation in the translation industry has been increasing over the years. This is due to the advances in artificial intelligence and natural language processing that have made it possible for machines to understand and translate languages.One of the benefits of machine translation is that it can increase the efficiency of the translation process. This is particularly important for industries that require the translation of large volumes of text. For example, the news media industry relies heavily on machine translation to quickly translate news articles from one language to another. This allows them to deliver news to their audience faster and more efficiently.Moreover, machine translation can also be used in industries such as ecommerce, where the translation of product descriptions can be a time-consuming and costly process. By using machine translation, businesses can translate product descriptions quickly and with greater accuracy, which can lead to increased sales and reduced costs.However, it is important to note that machine translation has limitations. It may not always produce accurate translations, especially when dealing with complex or nuanced texts. In some cases, human translators may be necessary to ensure that the translation accurately captures the meaning and tone of the original text.Furthermore, machine translation can be particularly challenging when translating idiomatic expressions or slang. These types of expressions are often unique to a particular culture or community, and may not have direct translations in other languages. A machine translator may not be able to accurately capture the nuanced meaning of these expressions, resulting in a translated text that may be difficult for the reader to understand.Despite its limitations, there are several ways in which machine translation can be optimized to improve its accuracy and efficiency. One of these methods is by using post-editing, which involves a human translator checking and editing the machine-translated text for accuracy and fluency.Another way is by training the machine translator with domain-specific data. For example, if the machine is being used formedical translations, it can be trained with medical terminology to improve the accuracy of translations in this domain.Additionally, machine translation can also be improved by using a hybrid approach, which combines machine translation with human translation. This approach involves using the machine translator to translate the bulk of the text, then having a human translator edit and refine the translation to ensure accuracy and fluency.Overall, machine translation has become an integral part of the translation industry, and its use is expected to increase in the future. While it has its limitations, it also offers several benefits, such as increased efficiency and reduced costs. With ongoing improvements in artificial intelligence and natural language processing, it is likely that machine translation will become even more advanced, leading to greater accuracy and efficiency in translation tasks.。
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U1 General DescriptionII. Translation1. Put the following sentences into Chinese, using either literal or free translation.1) It was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness; it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity; it was the season of the Light, it was the season of Darkness; it was the spring of Hope, it was the winter of Despair; we had everything before us, we had nothing before us; we were all going to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way.这是最美好的时期，这是最坏的时期，这是智慧的年代，这是愚蠢的年代，这是从满信仰的时代，这是顾虑重重的时代，这是光明的季节，这是黑暗的季节，这是富有希望的春天，这是充满绝望的寒冬；我们拥有一切，我们一无所有；我们正笔直走向天堂，我们正笔直走向地狱。
2) A greeting card can warm a heart, hold a hand, lend an ear, pat a back, light up a face, tickle a funny bone, dry an eye, surprise a child, woo a sweetheart, toast a bride, welcome a stranger, wave a good-bye, shout a bravo, blow a kiss, mend a quarrel, ease a pain, boost a morale, stop a worry and start a tradition.一张小小贺卡可以温暖一颗心，握紧一双手，倾听肺腑言，轻拍友人背；它另人喜洋洋，撩得心痒痒，抹去泪汪汪；它给孩子以惊喜，给恋人以温纯，给新娘以祝福，给路人以欢迎；它可用以挥手道别，高声喝彩，遥寄飞吻，也可用以弥补嫌隙，减轻痛苦，提高士气，解除忧虑，开创一种新风尚。
2. Put the following passage into Chinese.As an important means for preserving knowledge, various literatures have become precious resources or treasures for the mankind, which have greatly contributed to the social progress of the human race.Professional literatures have been regarded as “intangible assets” of the whole world because they are, on the one hand, the summary, generalization, and development of the achievements obtained on the basis of previous experiences or studies; and on the other hand, they have been accumulated and handed down from generation to generation. In this sense, therefore, all kinds of literature are records of precious research findings and academic achievements, and the crystallization of human civilization.作为一种重要的知识储备手段，各类文献已成为宝贵的资源宝藏，大大促进了人类社会的进步。
专业文献一向被认为是全世界的“无形财产”。
因为一方面它们是对前人的经验或研究成果的总结，概括和发现；另一方面，又是人类长期积累、世代相传的遗产。
因此，从这种意义上讲，一切文献都是前人的研究发现和学术成就的宝贵记载，是人类文化的结晶。
3. Put the following passage into English.翻泽的意义是将词句从一种语言转换成另一种语言。
简单地讲，它是用与原作不同的语言将作者的真正意思准确地复述出来的一种艺术。
从以上翻译的定义来看，我们知道词句的原意必须尽可能保持准确，不可有所增删。
翻译者的任务只是变换词汇而不是改变其意思。
因此，翻译有两种要素：准确性与表达性。
准确性是翻译的首要条件。
译者必须谨慎地遵循原作者的意思。
字词的选择与句式结构必须如实传达原作的思想。
表达性是使译文易于理解。
换言之，译者必须用自己的文字尽可能将原作思想清楚而有力地表达出来。
准确性是使译文的意义确切无误，而表达性则是使译文生动，引人入胜。
Translation means the conversion of an expression into another language. To say plainly it is an art to reproduce the exact idea of the author by means of a language different from the original. From the above definition of translation we know that the original thought of the expression must be kept as exactly as possible. Nothing should be added to or taken away from the original work. The duty of the translator is simply to change the vocabulary not the thought. In translation therefore, there are two essential elements: accuracy and expressiveness.Accuracy is the first requisite of translation. The translator must stick to the author’s idea. Words selected and sentences constructed must be of such nature as will convey the exact original thought. Expressiveness is to make the translation readily understood. In other words, the translator must express his author’s idea as clearly and as forcibly as he can by the medium he employs. Accuracy is to make the thought definite and exact; while expressiveness is to make the translation vivid and attractive.U2 Professional Paper(1) This war is becoming the most important story of this generation.(2) It is quite another story now.(3) Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story.(4) He'll be very happy if that story holds up.(5) The Rita Haywoth story is one of the saddest.(6) A young man came to Scotti's office with a story.(1)这场战争将成为这一代人经历的最重大的事件。
(2)现在的情况完全不同了。
(3)有些没让参加那次会议的记者把内情捅出去了。
(4)如果这一说法当真，那他就太高兴了。
(5)丽泰•海华丝的遭遇算是最悲惨的了。
(6)一个年轻人来到斯科特的办公室报案。
U4 AbstractsMore than three thousand IPC symbols jammed into the chart. He certainly was not scanning the rows with a magnifier.图表中密密麻麻地排满了三千多个国际专利分类符号。
他肯定不会拿着放大镜一排排往下看。
Although no one has yet set foot on Vesta, and no spacecraft has been near, planetary scientists have obtained conclusive evidence during the last decade that cold, silent Vesta was once the scene of volcanic activity.尽管从未有人登上过灶神星，也从未有过太空飞船飞近过灶神星，但是研究行星的科学工作者在最近十年中已经获得了可靠的证据证明寒冷而宁静的灶神星曾经（一度）是火山活动的场所。
Despite the long-standing availability of effective antibiotics, particularly penicillin, pnumococcai disease continues to take a heavy death toll, particularly among people suffering from other chronic diseases.尽管有效的抗菌素，特别是青霉素应用已久，但肺炎球菌引起的疾病仍然造成大量死亡，尤其是对患有其他慢性病的人来说更是如此。