罗森财政学复习资料(双语版)
罗森财政学第七版（英文版）Chap013
罗森财政学第七版（英文版）Chap013CHAPTER 13 - Taxation and EfficiencyMultiple-Choice Questions1. An income effecta) is measured as the change in prices over time.b) is not possible when people are unemployed.c) requires interest rates to remain constant.d) is the change in the quantity demand, due to the fact that real income changeswhen prices change.e) is none of the above.2. Equivalent variation meansa) finding an equivalent change in income that puts a person on the same utility as achange in price would.b) finding equal tax rates that insure quantity demanded does not change.c) equalizing excess burden across all markets.d) moving the same distance in either direction from a starting point on anindifference curve.e) price variations that ensure quantity demanded does not change.3. The compensated demand curvea) shows how the quantity demanded changes when the price changes.b) shows how income is compensated, so that the individual’s commodity bundlestays on the same indifference curve.c) is sometimes referred to as the Hicksian demand curve.d) is all of the above.e) is none of the above.4. The slope of the production possibilities curve is thea) marginal rate of substitution.b) contract curve.c) offer curve.d) Engel curve.e) marginal rate of transformation.5. Lump sum taxesa) create no excess burden.b) are not as widely used as other forms of taxation.c) generally lack a sense of equity.d) are all of the above.e) are none of the above.6. The marginal rate of substitution isa) the slope of the utility curve.b) the slope of the contract curve.c) the slope of the utility possibilities curve.d) none of the above.7. Points on the same utility curve area) points where the person is indifferent between bundles on the line.b) points where utility is maximized.c) never possible.d) known as “points of light.”e) all of the above.8. In the double-dividend hypothesis, if the proceeds from a Pigouvian tax are used to________ income tax rates, then efficiency _________ in bothmarkets.a) increase; increasesb) reduce; reducesc) increase; reducesd) reduce; increasese) none of the above9. A tax that causes the price that producers receive for a commodity to deviate from thebuyer’s price isa) a unit tax.b) a compensated tax.c) an income tax.d) a price-distorting tax.10. Which of the following would be an example of a lump-sum tax?a) a compensated taxb) a retail sales taxc) a head taxd) an admission fee11. Which of the following is a unit excise tax?a) a tax of 15%b) an admissions fee of $2.00 on each ticket purchasedc) an ad valorem tax of $3.00d) an income tax of $3.00e) none of the above12. The economic incidence of a unit tax isa) generally borne by the buyers.b) generally borne by sellers.c) generally borne by the government.d) independent of the statutory incidence for the tax.e) none of the above13. Excess burden is largest witha) lump-sum taxes.b) unit taxes.c) no taxes.d) all of the above.14. When a demand curve is vertical, the elasticity of demand is equal toa) 0.b) 1.c) .d) -1.15. A tax wedge causesa) consumer prices to equal producer prices.b) producer prices to rise above consumer prices.c) consumer prices to separate from producer prices.d) all prices to fall.e) none of the above.Discussion Questions1. Refer to Figure 13.5 in your textbook. Suppose that the demand curve for barley can becharacterized by the equation X d = 26 –P/2. Suppose further that price was $10.00 and a $4.00 tax is imposed on the market.a) What is the amount of tax revenue generated by the tax?b) How much excess burden is generated by the tax?2. Refer to Figure 13.7 in your textbook. If the supply curve for labor can be written as L =w/2 –3/2 and the initial wage was $10, how much excessburden is created if there is a tax on wages of $2?3. Suppose the inverse demand curve for good A is given by the equation P A = 10 – Q A/10,and the supply curve is perfectly elastic (horizontal) at $1. Good A is presently taxed at $2 per unit. Good B (which is independent of good A) has an inverse demand curve, P B = 5 –Q B/20, and is also perfectly elastic at $1. Good B is untaxed.a) How much tax revenue is collected and what is the excess burden of the $2 tax onA?b) How much revenue is collected if the tax on good A is reduced to $1 per unit andgood B is taxed at $1 per unit?c) What is the total excess burden of taxing both goods at $1 per unit?d) Which tax system is preferable from the point of view of economic efficiency?4. Suppose that demand is perfectly inelastic. Supply is normal and upward sloping. Whatis the economic incidence of a unit tax placed on suppliers?5. Refer to Figure 13.8 in your textbook. If VMP mkt can be characterized by the equationVMP mkt= 50 –2H mkt, where H is the number of hours worked, and VMP home can be characterized by the equation VMP home = 45 –3H home, where H is the number of hours worked, what is H* if there are a total of 40 hours to be worked between work and home? True/False/Uncertain Questions1. When a single tax is imposed, the excess burden is proportional to the compensatedelasticity of demand and to the square of the tax rate.2. A lump sum tax can create an excess burden.3. The logic of the double-dividend hypothesis may not hold because the Pigouvian taxexacerbates pre-existing distortions in the labor market.4. Taxing in labor markets creates more excess burden than taxing in commodity markets.5. The differential taxation of inputs does not create an excess burden.6. Lump sum taxes do not distort behavior.7. Taxes that create an excess burden are bad.8. Excess burden calculations typically assume no other distortions.9. Unit taxes vary along with the price of the taxed commodity.10. Taxes impose an excess burden.Essay Questions1. Suppose you had to design an economic system for a country that had never existedbefore, like one of the former Soviet Union countries. What criteria would you consider to minimize the excess burden of the system of taxation?2. Equivalent variation is a method employed to measure excess burden. Comment on whya method such as compensating variation would not be appropriate for this analysis.3. Is it possible to design a tax that does all of the following:i) leaves behavior unchangedso that the quantity demanded of goods and services does not change, ii) creates no excess burden, iii) is not regressive, and iv) is welfare enhancing?Answers to CHAPTER 13 - Taxation and EfficiencyAnswers to Multiple-Choice Questions1. a2. a3. d4. e5. d6. a7. a8. d9. d10. c11. b12. d13. b14. a15. cAnswers to Discussion Questions1. a) Tax revenue generated is (4)(19) = 76.b) Excess burden is (1/2)(4)(2) = 4.2. Excess burden is the area of the triangle idh, which is (1/2)(2)(1) = 1.3. a) Tax revenue = (2)(70) =140. Excess burden = (1/2)(2)(20) = 20.b) Total tax revenue = (1)(80) + (1)(60) = 140.c) Total excess burden = (1/2)(20)(1) + (1/2)(10)(1) = 15.d) Both systems raise the same amount of tax revenue, 140, but the second systemdoes it with less excess burden, 15 < 20. Therefore, the second system would bemore efficient.4. The economic incidence of the tax falls entirely on the consumers.5. Setting the two equations equal to each other gives 50 –2H mkt = 45 –3H home and,keeping in mind the total time constraint, that H mkt + H home = 40 yields that H home * = 25 and H mkt* = 15.Answers to True/False/Uncertain Questions1. T2. F3. T4. U5. F6. T7. F8. T9. F10. UAnswers to Essay Questions1. Reducing excess burden would be critical, but there has to be a great deal of careinvolved in ensuring that the tax system is fair. This would be very important for a new country that has no institutional history to draw upon.2. Compensating variation measures the change in income that would be required to return aperson to his original utility curve after a commodity tax/subsidy had moved him from it.Equivalent variation measures the amount of income change that would be necessary to move a person to the same level ofutility that a commodity tax/subsidy moved him to. 3. No. Currently, it would be difficult to design a tax system that can do all of these things.。
罗森财政学知识点
罗森财政学知识点1. 罗森财政学的定义和背景罗森财政学是以美国经济学家罗森（Rosen）为代表的公共经济学派的一个重要分支。
它主要研究公共部门和私人部门之间的关系以及公共支出和税收对经济运行的影响。
罗森财政学在20世纪60年代兴起，并在之后几十年中得到了广泛发展和应用。
2. 罗森财政学的基本假设罗森财政学基于一系列基本假设，其中最重要的是“人们对于公共产品和服务具有非排他性消费特征”。
这意味着，一旦公共产品或服务得到提供，任何人都无法排除其他人享受它们带来的好处。
这种特征使得私人市场无法提供足够数量和质量的公共产品，需要相关部门来进行干预。
3. 公共产品与私人产品在罗森财政学中，将产品分为公共产品和私人产品两类。
公共产品具有非排他性消费特征，并且一旦提供给一个人使用，其他人也可以免费享受到它们带来的好处。
而私人产品则具有排他性消费特征，只有购买者支付了相应的费用，才能享受到产品的好处。
4. 公共产品的特征公共产品具有以下几个基本特征：（1）非排他性消费特征：一旦公共产品提供给一个人使用，其他人也可以免费享受到它们带来的好处。
（2）非竞争性消费特征：一个人对公共产品的使用不会减少其他人对该产品的使用。
（3）无法通过市场供给：私人市场无法提供足够数量和质量的公共产品。
5. 公共支出和税收罗森财政学研究了公共支出和税收对经济运行的影响。
根据罗森财政学理论，相关部门通过提供公共产品和服务来改善社会福利，并通过税收来融资。
合理配置公共支出和税收可以实现社会资源最优化配置，并提高整体福利水平。
6. 公共支出与经济增长罗森财政学认为，合理增加公共支出可以促进经济增长。
适当投资于基础设施建设、教育、医疗保健等领域，可以提高生产力和劳动力素质，进而推动经济发展。
然而，过度的公共支出可能会导致财政赤字和债务累积，对经济稳定产生负面影响。
7. 税收与经济效应罗森财政学研究了税收对经济的影响。
税收可以用来调节收入分配、实现资源再分配，并提供公共产品和服务。
罗森财政学第七版（英文版）Chap009
罗森财政学第七版（英文版）Chap009CHAPTER 9 – Social Insurance I:Social Security and Unemployment InsuranceMultiple-Choice Questions1. A pay-as-you-go system meansa) you pay for your dinner as you go to the table to eat.b) current working citizens pay for current retired citizens.c) there is no need for taxes since current workers pay for current retirees.d) retirees are paid from accounts that have accumulated with interest over theirworking lives.e) all of the above.2. Asymmetric information generally impliesa) information between parties is not equal.b) all parties are fully informed.c) information is costless.d) information is too costly to transmit.e) a and c.3. A fully funded plan requiresa) you to pay for your dinner as you go to the table to eat.b) current working citizens to pay for current retired citizens.c) no taxes since current workers pay for current retirees.d) retirees to be paid from accounts that have accumulated with interest over theirworking lives.e) all of the above.4. An actuarially fair return meansa) returns on investments are indexed to the stock market.b) returns on investments have to be positive.c) benefits received, on average, would be equal to the premiums paid.d) premiums for insurance are generally paid by the government.e) none of the above.5. When workers save less during their working lives due to the fact that they have beenpaying Social Security taxes, this is known asa) the Social Security effect.b) the wealth substitution effect.c) the bequest effect.d) the life cycle hypothesis.6. The Social Security earnings testa) applies only to workers between 65 and 69 years of age.b) was redesigned in the 1980s to include foreign workers.c) has a tax rate of no more than 16.9 percent.d) does all of the above.7. Social Security pension benefits area) subject to income taxes for those with certain income levels.b) nontaxable for all retirees.c) subject to state, but not federal, income taxes.d) subject to capital gains taxes.e) all of the above.8. The Social Security Administration has which program(s) to administer?a) disability paymentsb) health benefitsc) pensionsd) survivors' benefitse) all of the above9. The percentage of unemployed Americans that actually collects unemployment insurancebenefits isa) 9 percent.b) 18 percent.c) 25 percent.d) 33 percent.10. An earnings test as it relates to Social Security impliesa) benefits are reduced by some predetermined amount for those who have notreached normal retirement age.b) the amount of money earned during the working life of an individual determinesthe amount of benefits received.c) family earnings determine the amount of benefits received.d) all of the above.11. Social security taxes are projected to fall short of benefits starting ina) 2005.b) 2010.c) 2016.d) 2020.e) 2030.12. Social insurance can be justified on the grounds ofa) adverse selection.b) decision-making costs.c) income distribution.d) paternalism.e) all of the above.13. The retirement effect isa) when people retire later than they normally would have due to Social Security.b) when people decide not to retire at all because of problems with Social Security.c) when people retire earlier than they normally would have due to Social Security.d) when people save less for their retirement due to Social Security.e) none of the above.14. The gross replacement rate isa) the proportion of pretax earnings replaced by unemployment insurance.b) a rate of employment in key sectors of the economy.c) the percentage of each paycheck that is removed for unemployment insurance.d) the rate that tax receipts are used to cover tax expenditures.e) none of the above.15. A current worker may save more towards retirement so that he or she will have more toleave his or her children later. This altruistic motive is known as thea) altruism effect.b) bequest effect.c) income effect.d) savings effect.Discussion Questions1. Suppose in the market for labor that the labor supply curveis perfectly inelastic. Thiswould mean that the supply curve is vertical. Furthermore, suppose that demand is normal and downward sloping. Your textbook has explained that unemployment taxes are paid entirely by the employer (demanders). Who actually pays the tax in the scenario described above?2. Suppose that a fresh college grad gets a new job initially paying $20,000 a year. Theemployee gets a 3 percent raise annually. After 5 years of working, the employee quits and never works again. How much will this worker have earned over her brief working career? How much will she have paid in Social Security and Medicare taxes if the tax rate is 7.45 percent?3. Suppose that the ratio of retirees to working citizens is currently 1 to 5, meaning thatthere are 5 working people for every retiree. Suppose that in thirty years the ratio will change to 1 to 2. If benefits remain the same, what will happen to the tax rate assuming retirees are provided benefits in a pay-as-you-go system? How much would benefits decrease if the tax rate remained the same?4. A worker within the middle-income class is preparing to retire. In the year before heretired, his gross monthly earnings are $2,000. His Social Security benefits will be $1,200 per month. Before he retired, his income was subject to a tax of 25 percent. Find his before-tax and after-tax replacement rates.True/False/Uncertain Questions1. Having unemployment insurance available makes people work less.2. The percentage of retired older workers has decreaseddramatically since the introductionof Social Security.3. Social Security benefits have played an important role in the improved economic statusof the elderly over time.4. Unemployment taxes are collected from both employees and employers.5. A pay-as-you-go system of financing Social Security is not as good as a fully fundedsystem.6. A worker can begin receiving benefits as early as age 62.7. Social Security is used to redistribute income.8. Average indexed monthly earnings are derived from the worker’s earnings history anddetermine the primary insurance amount (PIA).9. Having a Social Security program makes people less inclined to save for their ownretirement.10. The gross replacement rate is typically 95% of pretax earnings.Essay Questions1. Work disincentives in the system of Social Security have seen the number of persons inthe program increase dramatically. What incentives could be put in place to reverse, or at least slow, this trend?2. Why should firms in industries with higher levels of turnover be required to pay more inunemployment insurance payments?3. Do you feel that when you retire there will still be Social Security? If so, do you feel thatbenefits will be at present levels or tax rates will have increased? Finally, has this discussion changed your plans regarding your own personal savings for your retirement?Answers to CHAPTER 9 - Social Insurance I:Social Security and Unemployment InsuranceAnswers to Multiple-Choice Questions1. b2. a3. d4. c5. b6. a7. a8. e9. d10. a11. c12. e13. c14. a15. bAnswers to Discussion Questions1. The suppliers of labor (employees) would be totally responsible for the paying the tax,despite the fact that the tax was levied on employers.2. The worker will have earned a total of approximately $106,182. She will have paidapproximately $7,910.59 in taxes.3. Initially, a worker paid for 20 percent of a retiree’s benefits. In the future, the sameworker would be responsible for paying for half of a current retiree’s benefits. If benefits remained the same, then each worker’s tax burden would increase by approximately30 percent of the cost of benefits. If tax rates remained the same, then benefits wouldneed to fall by approximately 60 percent.4. His before-tax replacement rate would be 1,200/2,000 = 0.6. His after-tax replacementrate would be 1,200/1,500 = 0.8.Answers to True/False/Uncertain Questions1. U2. F3. T4. F5. U6. T7. T8. T9. U10. FAnswers to Essay Questions1. Increasing the retirement age would see fewer people in the program. Other solutionsinclude removing the survivor’s benefits and introducing a more stringent wealth threshold that says that those persons with a certain wealth are not allowed to receive benefits.2. The employees in these industries are more likely to need unemployment benefits in thefuture.3. This is a personal question but, as recently as August 2004,the current chairman of theFederal Reserve, Alan Greenspan, has warned that benefits will need to be reduced for future recipients or that there will need to be increases in taxes. Many working adults today are changing their saving patterns because of this outlook.。
罗森财政学知识点
罗森财政学知识点在当今社会，财政学作为一门重要的社会科学学科，对于国家和个人的财务状况起着至关重要的作用。
罗森财政学作为财政学领域的重要分支之一，旨在研究相关部门与市场之间的关系，探讨如何有效地运用金融资源来满足社会需求，并在保证市场自由的前提下实现公平与效率的平衡。
本文将从罗森财政学的相关知识点出发，探讨其理论与实践的应用，以期对社会的财政管理与金融决策提供一定的参考与借鉴。
首先我们从罗森财政学的基本概念入手，了解其研究的核心内容。
罗森财政学，又称作微观财政学，主要关注相关部门与市场之间的互动关系，尤其是在资源配置和公共制定方面的作用。
在传统的财政学理论中，相关部门主要扮演着资源配置和社会福利的调节者角色，而市场则被认为是资源分配的最佳机制。
然而，罗森财政学认为相关部门与市场应当相辅相成，各自发挥自己的优势，实现资源的最优配置与公共的最大效益。
在罗森财政学的研究范畴中，有一系列重要的理论框架和方法论，如社会成本工程、效率与公平的权衡、激励与约束机制等。
其中，社会成本工程是罗森财政学的核心概念之一，其主张通过对社会成本和边际效用的评估，来确定相关部门干预的必要性和程度。
在现实世界中，相关部门面临着各种不同的社会问题和挑战，需要通过财政手段来解决这些问题，社会成本工程为相关部门提供了一种科学的方法来制定公共和财政预算。
此外，罗森财政学还强调了效率与公平的权衡，在相关部门干预和市场机制之间寻求平衡点。
在经济学中，效率通常被定义为资源的最佳利用程度，而公平则意味着资源的合理分配和社会的公正性。
在实际的制定中，相关部门既要追求经济效率，又要考虑社会公平，这要求相关部门在制定公共和税收时，要考虑到各方利益的平衡，避免出现资源分配的失衡和社会不公的问题。
激励与约束机制是罗森财政学中另一个重要的研究领域，其主要关注个体行为与公共之间的互动关系。
在现实社会中，人们的行为往往受到各种激励与约束机制的影响，相关部门通过税收、补贴、奖励和惩罚等手段来引导个体行为，实现经济效率和社会公平的平衡。
罗森财政学复习资料（双语版）
罗森财政学复习资料（双语版）第一篇：罗森财政学复习资料(双语版)罗森财政学复习资料（双语版）Unified budget: The document which itemizes all the federal government’s expenditures and revenues.统一预算：联邦政府在一种文件中将其支出逐项列出的文件Regulatory budget: an annual statement of the costs imposed on the economy by government regulations 管制预算：政府管制对经济产生的成本Entitlement programs: programs whose expenditures are determined by the number of people who qualify ,rather than preset budget allocations.公民权利性计划：（是指有关社会保障、公共福利计划、农产品价格维持等法律规定受益人和收益数额的政府支出项目）项目的成本不是由固定的美元数额来决定，而是由符合条件的人的数量决定。
Substitution effect :the tendency of an individual to consume more of one good and less of another because of a decrease in the price of the former relative to the latter.替代效应：是指一种商品价格的变化所引起的使消费者调整该种商品与其他商品需求量比例的效应。
Income effect : the effect of a price change the quantity demanded due exclusively to the fact that the consmer’s income has changed 收入效应：收入效应指由商品的价格变动所引起的实际收入水平变动，进而由实际收入水平变动所引起的商品需求量的变动。
财政学（双语）超全重点难点考点~~湖南农大重点
财政学（双语）超全重点难点考点~~湖南农大重点财政学。
Chapter 11、Unified budget: The document which itemizes（逐项列出）all the federal government’s expenditures（支出）and revenues （收入）.统一预算：联邦政府在一种文件中将其支出逐项列出。
2、regulatory budget: An annual statement of the costs imposed on（施加影响于）the economy by government regulations.(Currently, there is no such budget.)管制预算：政府管制给经济造成的成本的年度报告。
（目前尚无）3、entitlement programs: Programs whose expenditures are determined by the number of people who qualify, rather than preset budget allocations（分配）.公民权力性计划其支出由符合条件的人数而非预先的预算安排来决定的计划。
Summary :1、public finance ,also known as public sector economics or public economics, focuses on the taxing and spending activities of government and their influence on the allocation of resources and distribution（分配）of income.财政学，也称公共部门经济学或公共经济学，以政府的收支活动及其资源配置与收入分配的影响为研究对象2、I n an organic view of society ,individuals are valued only by their contribution to the realization of social goals. These goals are determined by the government.按照社会有机论，个人只有在有助于社会目标实现时才有价值。
罗森财政学知识点
罗森财政学知识点1. 什么是罗森财政学？罗森财政学（Rosen’s Public Finance）是一门研究政府如何收入和支出的经济学分支，它主要关注公共部门的经济活动和决策。
罗森财政学涵盖了许多重要的知识点，如税收、公共支出、社会保障、公共债务等。
通过研究这些知识点，我们可以更好地理解政府在经济中的作用和影响。
2. 税收税收是罗森财政学中一个重要的知识点。
它是指政府从个人和企业等经济单位征收的一种强制性非对等交换关系。
税收有许多不同的类型，包括所得税、消费税、财产税等。
税收的目的主要有三个方面：平衡财政预算、调节经济和实现社会公平。
在罗森财政学中，我们还研究了税收的效率和公平性问题。
效率指的是最大化社会总福利，而公平性则包括垂直公平性（富人应缴纳更多税款）和水平公平性（相同财富状况的人应缴纳相同的税款）。
3. 公共支出公共支出是指政府为了满足公众需求而进行的支出活动。
它包括教育、医疗、基础设施建设等各个方面。
罗森财政学研究了公共支出的决策过程和效果评估。
政府在进行公共支出时需要考虑资源配置效率、社会福利最大化和可持续发展等因素。
4. 社会保障社会保障是罗森财政学中一个重要的议题。
它包括养老金、医疗保险、失业保险等各种社会福利项目。
罗森财政学研究了社会保障的融资和管理问题，以及其对经济和社会的影响。
在社会保障领域，我们还需要关注可持续性问题。
由于人口老龄化和生育率下降等原因，许多国家面临着社会保障系统不可持续的挑战。
罗森财政学提供了一些解决方案，如增加税收收入、调整退休年龄等。
5. 公共债务公共债务是指政府通过发行债券等形式借入的资金。
罗森财政学研究了公共债务的融资、管理和影响。
公共债务可以用于满足紧急需求、推动经济增长和实现社会福利，但也可能带来财政风险和经济不稳定。
在研究公共债务时，我们需要考虑其可持续性和影响因素。
可持续性指的是政府能否按时偿还债务，而影响因素包括利率、经济增长率等。
总结罗森财政学是一门研究政府收入和支出的重要学科，它涵盖了税收、公共支出、社会保障和公共债务等知识点。
哈维罗森财政学全英笔记Chapter1
Chapter One IntroductionThis book is about the taxing and spending activities of government, a subject usually called public finance.This term is something of a misnomer, because the fundamental issues are not financial (that is, relating to money). Rather, the key problems relate to the use of real resources. For this reason, some authors prefer the label public sector economics or simply public economics.We focus on the microeconomic function of government- the way government affects the allocation of resources and the distribution of income.This book follows tradition by focusing on governmental spending and revenue-raising activities.Public Finance and IdeologyOpinions on how government should function in the economic sphere are influenced by ideological views concerning the relationship between the individual and the state. Political philosophers have distinguished two major approaches.1. Organic View of GovernmentSociety is conceived of as a natural organism. Each individual is a part of this organism, and the government can be thought of as its heart. The individual has significance only as part of the community, and the good of the individual is defined with respect to the good of the whole. Thus, the community is stressed above the individual.The goals of the society are set by the state, which attempts to lead society toward their realization. The choice of goals differs considerably.Because societal goals can differ, a crucial question is how they are to be selected. Proponents of the organic view usually argue that certain goals are natural for the societal organism.2. Mechanistic View of GovernmentGovernment is not an organic part of society. Rather, it is a contrivance created by individuals to better achieve their individual goals.Virtually everyone agrees that it is good for individuals when government protects them from violence. To do so government must have a monopoly on coercive power.Opinions within the mechanistic tradition diverge. Libertarians, who believe in a very limited government, argue against any further economic role for the government. Libertarians are extremely skeptical about the ability of governments to improve social welfare.Social democrats believe that substantial government intervention is required for the good of individuals.3. Viewpoint of This BookThe mechanistic view of government has come to dominate Anglo-American political thought. Not surprisingly, Anglo-American economic thought has alsodeveloped along individual lines. Within the individualistic tradition there is much controversy with respect to how active government should be.Economic policy is not based on economic analysis alone. The desirability of a given course of government action inevitably depends in part on ethical and political judgments.Government at a Glance1. The Legal Framework2. The Size of GovernmentA more sensible (and common) approach is to measure the size of government by the volume of its annual expenditures, of which there are basically three types:(1) Purchase of goods and services.(2) Transfers of income to people, businesses, or other governments.(3) Interest payments.The federal government itemizes its expenditures in a document referred to a as the unified budget. However, some government activities have substantial effects on resource allocation even though they involve minimal explicit outlays. For example, issuing regulations per se is not very expensive, but compliance with the rules can be very costly. Some have suggested that the costs imposed on the economy by government regulations be published in an annual regulatory budget. Unfortunately, computing such costs is exceedingly difficult so it is unlikely there will ever be an official regulatory budget.The figure is a misleading indicator of the growth of government for several reasons:(1) Because of inflation, the dollars decreased in value over time.(2) The population has also grown over time. An increasing population by itself creates demands for a larger public sector.(3) It is sometimes useful to examine government expenditure compared to the size of the economy. If government doubles in size but at the same time the economy triples, then government has relatively shrunk.Government expenditures have increased in both nominal and real absolute terms, in per capita terms, and as a percentage of GDP.3. ExpendituresNational defense and Social Security are the largest spending items in the federal budget.Much of the government budget consists of so-called entitlement programs-programs determined by the number of people who qualify which are out of hands of the current government. The fast-growing areas such as Social Security and interest payments are relatively fixed in the sense that they are determined by the previous decisions.The share of national defense spending in federal expenditure has fallen over time, while Social Security, public welfare, and payments on outstanding debt have increased in importance. The combination of entitlement programs and interestof the payments reduces yearly control over the level of expenditures. About 34federal budget is relatively uncontrollable.It is useful to break down total expenditures by level of government. State and local governments are clearly important players.4. RevenuesAt the federal level, personal income taxation is currently the single most important source of revenue, accounting for about 45% of the tax collections. Socialof federal revenue collections, which are payroll tax Insurance accounting for 13collections used to finance Social Security and Medicare. The federal corporate income tax decreases. In the state and local sector, the property tax decreases and individual income taxes increase.Changes in the Real Value of Debt When the government is a debtor and prices increase, changes in the real value of the debt may be an important source of revenue.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
罗森财政学复习资料（双语版）Unified budget:The document which itemizes all the federal government’s expenditures and revenues.统一预算：联邦政府在一种文件中将其支出逐项列出的文件Regulatory budget: an annual statement of the costs imposed on the economy by government regulations管制预算：政府管制对经济产生的成本Entitlement programs: programs whose expenditures are determined by the number of people who qualify ,rather than preset budget allocations.公民权利性计划：（是指有关社会保障、公共福利计划、农产品价格维持等法律规定受益人和收益数额的政府支出项目）项目的成本不是由固定的美元数额来决定，而是由符合条件的人的数量决定。
Substitution effect :the tendency of an individual to consume more of one good and less of another because of a decrease in the price of the former relative to the latter.替代效应：是指一种商品价格的变化所引起的使消费者调整该种商品与其他商品需求量比例的效应。
Income effect : the effect of a price change the quantity demanded due exclusively to the fact that the consmer’s income has changed收入效应：收入效应指由商品的价格变动所引起的实际收入水平变动，进而由实际收入水平变动所引起的商品需求量的变动。
Welfare economics: the branch of economic theory concerned with the social desirability of alternative economic states. 福利经济学：研究各种经济状态的社会合意性的经济理论的一个分支Pareto efficient : an allocation of resource such that no person can be made better off without making another person worse off.帕累托效率：要使一个人的境况变好，唯一的办法就是使另一个人的境况变坏Pareto improvement: a reallocation of resources that makes at least one person better off without making anyone else worse off.对在不使其他任何人境况变坏的情况下使某人的境况变好的资源进行重新配置Pure public good : a commodity that is nonrival and nonexcludable in consumption.纯公共物品：指既没有排他性有没有竞争性的产品和服务Privatization ：the process of turning services that are supplied by the government over to the private sector for provision and production私有化：把由政府提供的服务交给私人部门去提供和生产Commodity egalitarianism : the idea that some commodities ought to be made available to everybody商品平均主义：要求某些商品人人有份Externality: an activity of one entity that affects the welfare of another entity in a way that is outside the market mechanism外部性：当某一实体的活动以市场机制之外的某种方式直接影响他人的福利时，这种影响称为外部性Coase theorem : provided that transaction costs are negligible ,an efficient solution to an externality problem is achieved as long as someone is assigned property rights independent of who is assigned those rights.科斯定理：认为只要财产权是明确的，并且其交易成本为零或很小，则无论在开始时财产权的配置是怎样的，市场均衡的最终结果都是有效率的理论。
Emissions fee（排污费）: a tax levied on each unit of pollutionCost effective : a policy that achieves a given amount of pollution reduction at the lowest cost possible成本有效：一种以可能的最低成本实现的结果Cap-and-trade(总量控制与交易制度) : a policy of granting permits to pollute , with the number of permits set at the desired pollution level ,and allowing polluters to trade the permits .Incentive-based regulations(激励型管制) : policies that provide polluters with financial incentives to reduce pollutionCommand-and-control regulations（命令控制型管制）: policies that require a given amount of pollution reduction with limited or no flexibility with respect to how it may be achieved .Crowd out（排挤）: when public provision of a good substitutes for private provision of the good . in the presence of crowd out , when the government increases public education ,the net change in the amount of education is less than the amount provided by the government.Charter schools : public school that operate under special state government charters. Within limits established by their charters , these schools can experiment with a variety of approaches to education and gave some independence in making spending and hiring decisions.特许学校：特许学校属于公立学校，它们在政府特许的情况下，按国家标准办学，但教学有自由，在开支和雇佣方面也有一定的独立性。
School voucher : a voucher given to a family to help the family pay for tuition at any qualified school . the school redeems the voucher for cash .教育券：教育券是指政府把教育经费折算成一定数额的有价证券发给每位学生Social insurance programs（社会保险）: government programs that provide insurance to protect against adverse eventsInsurance premium（保险费）: money paid to an insurance company in exchange for a guarantee of compensation given a specified adverse event.Risk aversion（风险厌恶）: a preference for paying more than the actuarially fair premium in order to guarantee compensation if an adverse event occurs .Risk premium（风险溢价）: the amount above the actuarially fair premium that a risk-averse person is willing to pay to guarantee compensation if an adverse event occurs.Asymmetric information（不对称信息）: a situation in which one party engaged in an economic transaction has better information about the good or service traded than the other party.Adverse selection（逆向选择）: the phenomenon under which the uninformed side of a deal gets exactly the wrong people trading with it .由于信息不对称，保险公司得到的客户恰恰是有毛病的人Community rating （团体费率法）: the practice of charging uniform insurance premiums for pelple in different risk categories within a community , thus resulting in low-risk people subsidizing high-risk people.向某一由不同健康风险的个人组成的团体收取统一保费Moral hazard（道德风险）: when obtaining insurance against an adverse outcome leads to changes in behavior that increase the likelihood of the outcome.道德风险指在委托一代理关系中，代理人为了追求自身利益最大化而不惜损害委托人利益的行为Deadweight loss（无谓损失）: the waste that exists when trades occur in which marginal cost exceeds marginal benefit ,or when trades in which marginal benefit exceeds marginal cost do not take place .Third-party payment （第三方支付）: payment for services by someone other than the consumer .是指一些和国内外各大银行签约、并具备一定实力和信誉保障的第三方独立机构提供的交易支持平台Cost-based reimbursement or fee-for-service（按费用补偿制度或一次一付医疗费制度）: a system under which health care providers receive payment for all services required保单对包间提供者的支付都是以治疗病人的实际费用为基础的Managed care（管理保健）: any of a variety of health care arrangements in which prices are kept down by supply-side control of services offered and prices charged从市场的供给面而非需求面入手，即限制利用并降价的做法Capitation-based reimbursement （按人头补偿制）: a system in which health care providers receive annual payments for each patient in their care ,regardless of services actually used by that patient.保健提供者每年按服务的病人得到费用支付，而不管该病人实际接收的而医疗服务是多少Medicare（医疗保险）: federally funded government program that provides health insurance to people aged 65 and over and to the disabled .政府向65岁以上的老人和伤残人提供健康保险Medicaid （医疗补助）: federal – and state- financed health insurance program for the poor医疗补助是对低收入者的最大政府支出计划，为现金福利计划的受益者提供健康保险，由联邦政府和州政府共同管理Catastrophic insurance policy（灾难保单）: an insurance policy that has a high deductible and generous coverage for high medical costs.Fully funded（完全积累制）: a pension system in which an individual’s benefits are paid out deposits that have been made during his or her working life ,plus accumulated interest个人把新进的一定比列存入某种基金，随着时间推移该基金会积累利息，到退休时本金和应计利息用来支付退休金Pay-as-you-go（现收现付制）: a pension system in which benefits paid to current retirees come from payments made by current workers .退休者领取的养老金来自目前正在工作的人的缴款HI : hospital insurance（医院保险）：part A component of medicare that covers inpatient medical care and is founded through a payroll tax参加医院保险是强制的，它覆盖住院病人的医疗保险SMI: supplementary medical insurance（补充医疗保险）：part B component of medicare that covers physician services and medical services rendered outside the hospital and is funded by a monthly premium and by general revenues它对医院之外的医生、医生订购的用品及提供的医疗服务付费，补充医疗保险是资源的，。