自考本科英语专业《英汉翻译教程》词汇翻译汇总
自考本科英语专业《英汉翻译教程》词汇翻译汇总
2012年4月
II. Word and Phrase Translation (20 points, 1 point each)
A. Translate the following words and phrases into Chinese. Write down your translation on your Answer Sheet.
16. gamma rays 伽马射线17. the New Testament 《新约全书》
18. ecologist 生态学者19. entrepreneurial spirit 创业精神
20. court of appeals 上诉法院21. Royal Society 皇家学会
22. a letter of patent 授权书23. consecutive interpretation 交替翻译
24. instrument of ratification 批准书25. the six-party talks 六方会谈
B. Translate the following words and phrases into English. Write down your translation on your Answer Sheet.
26.诺贝尔奖获得者the Nobel Prize Winner 27.福利基金welfare fund
28.国际经济合作International Economic Cooperation29.珠江三角洲Pear River Delta 30.北洋军阀政府the Northern Warlord Government31.民族团结ethnic harmony
32.金融服务业financial services 33.大陆架continental shelf
34.世界文化遗产world cultural legacy
35.联合国教科文组织United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
2011年7月
A.Directions: Put the following words and phrases into Chinese.
16.a slender man 身材瘦长17.country-wide trade 国内贸易
18.the Ethiopian highlands 埃塞俄比亚高原
19.economic policy经济政策20.great-grandmother 外祖母
21.open sea 公海
22.part-time river 季节性河流23.mineral oil 矿物油
24.environmental law环境保护法25.welcoming banquet 欢迎宴会
B.Directions: Put the following words and phrases into English.
26.逃学play truant27.军阀政府Warlord Government
28.九龙壁Nine-Dragon Wall
27.基本方针basic policies30.游记travels
31.祥林嫂Aunt Xianglin
28.排队queue up33.大陆架continental shelf
34.董事会board 35.深刻影响profound impact
2011年4月
16. appreciation dinner答谢宴会17. birth defect 天生缺陷
18. applied entomology 应用昆虫学19. member state 成员国(缔约国）
20. maternity hospital 妇产科医院21. over-the-counter medicine成药
22. green belt 绿化带23. inland waters 内陆水域
24. room temperature 室温25. debt chain三角债
B. Directions: Translate the following words and phrases into English.
26.中低纬度low and middle latitude 27.双向贸易two-way trade
28.噪音污染noise pollution 29.版权保护copyright protection
30.客串演出31.福利基金welfare fund
32.社会保障society security33.国际竞争力international competitiveness 34.候机室waiting room35.防火墙fire wall
2010.4
II. Word and Phrase Translation (20 points, 1 point for each)
16. anti-doping agency 反兴奋剂机构17. Achilles’ heel致使一击
18. enforcement power 执法权力19. Geologist 地质学家
20. entrepreneurial spirit 创业精神21. life imprisonment 终身监禁
22. duty-free goods 免税产品23. the New Testament 《新约全书》
24. global positioning system 全球卫星定位系统25. blue chips 蓝筹股
B. Directions: Turn the following words and phrases into English. (Please write your answer on the answer sheet.)
26.琉璃瓦Glazed tile 27.残奥会Paralympic Games
28.丝绸之路the Silk Road29.旅游旺季tourist boom
30.余震aftershock 31.中国红十字会the Red Cross Society of China 32.履行义务fulfill obligation33.知识密集型产业knowledge intensive product 34.多边外交multilateral diplomacy35.同声传译simultaneous interpretation
09.7
二、词语翻译（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分）
（一）将下列词语译成中文（10分）
16. full diplomatic relations 正式外交关系17. graduate school 毕业学校
18. racial discrimination 种族歧视19. bilateral trade 双边贸易
20. a major economy 主要经济21. sustainable development 可持续发展22. traffic congestion 交通拥堵23. the international community 国际社会24. gene mutation 基因突变25. income tax个人所得税
（二）将下列词语译成英语（10分）
26. 全国人民代表大会NPC (National People’s Congress)
27. 北洋军阀政府the Northern Warlord Government
28. 劳动密集型产业labor intensive industry29. 固定资产fixed assets
30. 外交部diplomatic department31. 副教授associated professor
32. 国民生产总值GNP (gross national product) 33. 自然遗产natural heritage
34. 全球化globalization 35. 生物工程biological engineering
09.4
Ⅱ. Word and Phrase Translation (20 points, 1 point for each)
A. Directions: Turn the following words and phrases into Chinese. (Please write your answer on the answer sheet.)
16. exclusive right 专有权17. A1-Qaeda基础组织
18. livestock raiser 饲养员19. Epicenter 震中
20. bear market 熊市21. arable land 耕地
22. CPI 消费者物价指数（consumer price index) 23. historic sites 历史名胜
24. bull’s-eye 靶心25. urban dweller 城市居民
B. Directions: Turn the following words and phrases into English. (Please write your answer
on the answer sheet.)
26.文学界literary circles literary circles 27.节能减排
28.火炬接力torch relay 29.一项长期的战略任务a long-time strategy mission 30.法律咨询31.反腐败anti-corruption
32.畅销书33.自然资源natural recourse
34.海峡两岸关系35.双赢win-win
08.7
II. Words and phrases translation（20 points，1 point for each）
A. Directions: Put the following words and phrases into Chinese.
16. VIP 重要人物17. arteries of communication 交通动脉
18. annual flood 每年发生的水灾19. global economy全球经济
20. maternal grandmother 外祖母21. Gone with the Wind 飘
22. in one’s early teens 十二三岁23. the Arctic Ocean 北冰洋
24. to enact legislation 立法25. magnificent dinner 盛宴
B. Directions: Put the following words and phrases into English.
26. 大思想家great thinker 27. 第一次世界大战the First World War
28. 文物historical relic
29. 宜农荒地arable land suitable for farming
30. 儿童文学children literature 31. 初冬in the early winter
32. 中国大戏院Chinese Theater
33. 可持续发展战略sustainable development
34. 平等互利原则the principle of equality and mutual benefit
5. 归根到底in the final analysis
08.4
Ⅱ. Word and Phrase Translation(20 points,1 point for each)
A. Directions:Put the following words and phrases into Chinese and write your answer on the answer sheet.
16. man of letters 文学家17.Roman Catholic cathedral 罗马天主教大教堂18.maternal grandfather 外祖父19.mineral deposits 矿藏
20.offshore oil exploration近海石油勘探21.arteries of communication交通动脉22.director-general理事长23.the Clean Air Act Amendment 空气洁净法修正案24.Olympic mascot奥运吉祥物25. global warming 全球变暧
B．Directions:Put the following words and phrases into English and write your answer on the answer sheet.
26.外汇交易foreign exchange dealing27.手语gesture language
28.荒漠desert29.海洋旅游业marine tourism
30.水产品aquatic product31.调解或仲裁mediation and arbitration
32.上海合作组织Shanghai Cooperation Organization33.食品安全food safety
34.中共十七大the 17th national congress of the CPC35.志愿者volunteer
07.7
二、词语翻译（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分）
（一）将下列词语译成中文（10分）
16. candidate 候选人17. to build canals 开凿运河
18. wild west 西部荒原19. surveyor general测量总监
20. aggregate output总计21. ownership 所有权
22. registered capital 注册资金23. popular science 科普知识
24. the World Health Organization世界卫生组织
25. environmental quality assessment 环境质量评估
（二）将下列词语译成英语（10分）
26. 工业产权i ndustrial property right 27. 交通阻塞traffic jam
28. 生态平衡ecological balance 29. 平民文学common people literature 30. 故宫博物馆the Palace Museum 31. 合营企业joint venture
32. 丝绸之路the Silk Road 33. 希望工程the Hope Project
34. 可持续发展sustainable development
35. 国际经济合作international economic cooperation
06.7
二、词语翻译（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分）
（一）将下列词语译成中文（10分）
16. environmental law环境保护法17. industrial revolution工业革命
18. the gold rush 淘金热19. floods and droughts 水灾和干旱
20. British Association for the Advancement of Science英国科学促进协会
21. foreign exchange 外汇22. self-reliance 自力更生
23. infrastructure 基础建设24. copyright protection 版权保护
25. World Cultural Heritage 世界文化遗产
（二）将下列词语译成英语（10分）
26. 国民生产总值GNP27. 福利工厂welfare factory
28. 战争与和平war and peace29. 新民主主义New Democracy
30. 十五世纪初in the early 15th century 31. 儿童文学Children Literature 32. 双边贸易bilateral trade 33. 知识经济knowledge economy
34. 个人所得税personal income tax 35. 发展中国家the developing country
07.4
二、词语翻译（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分）
（一）将下列词语译成中文（10分）
16. Ethiopia 埃塞俄比亚17. Encyclopaedia Britannica 大英百科全书
18. the budget for revenues and expenditures 收支预算
19. Investment in cash and in kind 以现金和实物进行投资
20.multilateral principles 多边原则
21.geneticist 遗传学家22. Self-sufficiency through self-reliance通过自力更生实现自给23.diesel locomotive 柴油机车24.aviation and marine insurance航空和海事保险25. Appreciation of RMB人民币升值
（二）将下列词语译成英语（10分）
26.润滑剂lubrication 27.《世界版权分约》Universal Copyright Convention
28.欢迎宴会welcome banquet29.欧洲联盟European Union
30.非政府组织non-governmental organization 31.文学流派School of Literature
32.京杭大运河Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal33.专属经济区exclusive economic zone 34.青藏铁路the Qinghai-Tibet Railway35.社会保障social security
06.4
二、词语翻译（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分）
（一）将下列词语译成中文（10分）
16. Saint Valentine’s Day 情人节17. Right to know 知情权
18. the stock of foreign investment外汇存量19. Summer resort避暑圣地
20.a breach of contract 违反合同21.presidential campaign 总统竞选
22.advanced agricultural technology 先进的农业技术23.economic sanctions经济制裁
24.pharaoh 法老25. G8 Summit 八国峰会
（二）将下列词语译成英语（10分）
26.互不干涉内政non-interference in each other’s internal affairs
27.平等互利的原则the principle of equality and mutual benefit
28.科教兴rejuvenate China through science and education
29.享受免税的优惠待遇enjoy the preferential treatment(优惠待遇）of tax exemption（免税）
30.社会主义市场经济the socialist market economy
31.完成祖国统一大业achieve the national reunification
32.七届人大第三次会议the third session of the Seventh National People’s Congress
33.合同的中止或终止the termination of the contract
34.安理会常任理事国permanent member of the Security Council 35.和谐社会harmonious society
05.7
二、词语翻译（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分）
（一）将下列词语译成中文（10分）
16. artery of communication 交通动脉17. sounding-line 测深绳
18. per capita 人均19. copyright proprietor 版权所有人
20. pitch lake 沥青湖21. summer resort 避暑胜地
22. BCCI国际商业信贷银行（Bank of Credit and Commerce International)
23. bell-boy服务员
24. the Blue Nile 青尼罗河25. infertile eggs未受精卵
（二）将下列词语译成英语（10分）
26. 巴黎和会the Paris Peace Conference
27. 单产per unit area yield
28. 梵蒂冈Vatican 29. 个人所得税personal income tax 30. 可持续发展sustainable deveplpment31. 阿克苏Alkasu
32. 辛亥革命the Revolution of 1911 33. 专属经济区exclusive economic zone
34. 太庙the Imperial Ancestral Temple
35. 落汤鸡a drowned rat
05.4
II. Word and Phrase Translation(20 points,1 point for each)
A. Directions: Put the following words and phrases into Chinese.
16．articles of association 公司章程17．Telecommunications 电讯
18．come into force 生效19．poisonous chemicals 有毒化学物质
20．V atican梵蒂冈21．the science of biotic control 生物控制学22．academic exchanges 学术交流23．weapons of mass destruction 大规模杀伤性武器24．Undermanned 人手不足25．instrument of ratification 批准书
B. Directions: Put the following words and phrases into English.
26．诺贝尔奖获得者the Nobel Prize Winner 27．奥运会the Olympic Games
28．北洋军阀政the Northern Warlord Governmnet
29．预算budget
30．生产力productive forces31．御花园the imperial garden
32．基金会foundation 33．渔场Fishing ground
34．振兴中华rejuvenation of China
35．人类文明的发祥地the cradel of human civiliaztion
04.7
Ⅱ.Phrase Translation (20 points,1 point for each)
A. Direction: Put the following phrases into Chinese.
11.tangible assets 有形资产12.the Nile Delta尼罗河三角洲
13.a summer resort 避暑胜地14.job market 人才市场
15.CEO执行总裁16.the realm of cyberspace网络空间
17.strong currency 强通货https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e2425783.html,ser typesetting激光排版
19.financial executive 财务主管20.child abuse 虐待儿童
B. Direction: Put the following phrases into English.
21.集装箱港口container ports 22.汉白玉the white marble
23.世界贸易组织WTO 24.可持续发展susutainable development 25.净利润net-income26.永久正常贸易关系pernment normal trading relationship 27.环保革命environmental revolution 28.水陆交通land and water transportation
29.议案bill 30.军事法庭court-martial
04.4
Ⅱ. Word and Phrase Translation (20 points, 1 point for each)
A. Directions: Put the following words and phrases into Chinese.
16. Premier 总理17. foreign exchange dealings 外汇交易
18. financial deficit 财政赤字19. arbitration agency 仲裁机构
20. regional autonomy 区域自治21. waste disposal废物处理
22. automobile components 汽车零部件23. sum total 总数
24. inland waters 内陆水域
25. ASEAN 东盟（Association of Southeast Asian Nation)
B. Directions: Put the following words and phrases into English.
26. 金字塔pyramid 27. 中国公民Chinese citizen
28. 维生素Vitamin 29. 载人飞船inhabited spacecraft
30. 生态环境ecological environment 31. 世界贸易组织WTO
32. 平等互利的原则the principle of equality and mutual benefit
33. 内燃机internal combustion engine
34. 版权保护copyright protection 35. 可耕地arable land
03.7
Ⅱ.Phrase Translation：(20 points,1 point for each)
A. Directions: Put the following phrases into English.
11.人均per capita 12.可再生资源renewable resource
13.专属经济区exclusive economic zones 14.统一战线united front
15.北伐战争the Northern Expedition 16.故宫博物院Palace Museum
17.单位面积产量yield per unit 18.归根到底in the final analysis
19.君主专制制度absolute monarchy 20.董事会board
B. Directions: Put the following phrases into Chinese.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e2425783.html,mon ground 共同点https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e2425783.html,e into force 生效
23.strip mining 露天采矿24.The European Union欧盟
25.the international community 国际社会
26.international bank lending世界银行贷款
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e2425783.html,bor intensive industry 劳动密集型产业28.knowledge economy 知识经济
29.coastal erosion海岸侵蚀30.subsistence agriculture 自给农业
03.4
Ⅱ.Phrase Translation (20 points ,1 point for each)
A.Directions: put the following phrases into Chinese.
16. natural enemies of insects昆虫的天敌17.consumer goods消费品
18.sedimentation basins沉淀池19.footbridge 人行桥
20.keen interest 浓厚的兴趣21.subtropical plant 亚热带植物22.the Nile Delta尼罗河三角洲23.social security system 社会保障制度
24.pension fund养老金25.financial institutions财政机关
B.Directions: Put the following phrases into English.
26.“三个代表”重要思想Three Represents important thought
27.辛亥革命the Revolution of 1911
28.淡水资源fresh water resources29.纬度latitude
30.郁金香tulip 31.首相premier
32.百科全书encyclopedia 33.失业率rate of unemployment
34.知识产权intellectual prosperity
35.集装箱container
02.7
Ⅱ.Phrase Translation (20 points,1 point for each).Write the answer on the Answer Sheet.
A.Directions:Put the following phrases into English.
11.丝绸之路the Silk Road 12.社会动荡social unrest
13.区域自治regional autonomy
14.和平共处五项原则Five principles of peaceful coexistence
15.仲裁机构arbitration agency 16.个人所得税personal income tax
17.联合国海洋法公约United Nations Convention on the law of the sea
18.可持续发展sustainable development
19.大陆架continental shelf 20.半封建半殖民地社会seim-feudal semi-colonial society
B.Directions:Put the following phrases into Chinese.
21.national security民族安全22.on behalf of代表23.copyright protection版权保护24.energy consuming society耗能社会
25.Per capita GNP 人均国民生产总值26.The World Trade Organization世贸组织
27.self-made career 自我奋斗的生涯28.drainage system排水系统
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e2425783.html,bor Union 工会30.crude oil 原油
02.4
Ⅱ.Phrase Translation (20 points, 1 point for each)
A. Directions: Put the following phrases into Chinese.
16.a man of letters 文学家17.the gold rush淘金热
18.national census全国人口普查19.sustainable development可持续发展
20.arid gully 干涸的峡谷21.science fiction科幻小说
22.like a drowned rat 像只落汤鸡23.applied entomology应用昆虫学
24.an insect-free world 无昆虫的世界https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e2425783.html,mon ground共同点
B. Directions: Put the following phrases into English.
26.手语sign language27.《新民主主义论》on New Democracy
28.北伐the Northern Expedition 29.市政府the Municipal Governmen t
30.跨国公司transnational company 31.丝绸之路the Silk Road
32.泰晤士河the Thames 33.安理会the Security Council
34.大陆架continental shelf 35.祝酒词toast
2001年4月
II. Phrase Translation (20 points, 1 point for each)
A. Directions: Put the following phrases into Chinese.
16.the Industrial Revolution 工业革命17.joint venture 合资企业
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e2425783.html,bor intensive industries劳动密集型产业19.court of appeals 上诉法院
20.registered capital注册资金21.force majeure 不可抗力
22.Universal Copyright Convention世界版权公约23.per capita 人均
24.internal combustion engine 内燃机25.economic globalization 经济全球化
B. Directions: Put the following words and phrases into English.
26.自然资源natural resources 27.营业执照business license
28.修正案Amendment
29.29.香港特别行政区Hongkong Special Administrative Region
30.保险公司insurance company 31.原料raw material
32.太和殿the Hall of Supreme Harmony
33.金融危机financial crisis
34.原油crude oil 35.国民生产总值GNP
2000年4月
II. Phrase Translation (20 points, 1 point for each)
11.stock market股票市场
12.overseas investment 海外投资
13.trade surplus贸易顺差
14.mean temperature 平均温度
15.continental shelf 大陆架
16.freedom from noise pollution 无噪声污染
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e2425783.html,rmation superhighway信息高速公路
18.full diplomatic relations正式外交关系
19.the principle of equality平等的原则
20.books on popular science科普书籍
B、Directions: Put the following phrases into English.
21.全国人民代表大会the national people’s congress
22.市场经济market economy
23.珠江三角洲the Zhujiang Delta
24.纯利润net profit
25.故宫博物馆Palace Museum
26.世界贸易组织WTO
27.和平共处peaceful coexistence
28.个人所得税personal income tax
29.版权公约copyright convention
30.社会稳定social stability
●Late October 十月底 fellow countrymen 同胞
●Gleaming eyes 眼睛闪着光辉 VIP 贵宾
●中国共产党 Chiese Communit Party 中等身材 average height
●二十五六岁 in one’s middle twenties 候机室 waiting hall
● a deep langour 身心疲惫 grope one’s way摸索着向前走
●the immeasurable contrast 迥然不同 wordless cry无声的呼唤
●来来往往to and fro 浓雾dense fog
●Ugly monster 丑八怪
●Let a hundred shcools of thought contend百家争鸣
●浓妆艳抹heavy make-up 花言巧语flowery language
●文学界literary circles 最高境界the hightest state
●Grammar school 英国中等学校 confrom to 遵从
●Royal Society 皇家学会 the Church of England 英国国教
●cottage industry家庭手工业从早到晚from dawn to dark
●新兴城市the rising city stock-raising 畜牧业
●Homestead Act 宅地法 the Great Lakes 五大湖
●山区mountainous regions 高原high plains
●教育机构educational institution
●科学研究中心centers for scientific research
●the May 4th Movenment五四爱国运动 left wing 左翼
●Communist ideology 共产主义思想
●the Paris Peace Conference 巴黎和会
●to go on strike 罢工 to hold a demonstration示威游行●defend our sovereignty, punish the traitors外争国权，严惩卖国贼
●exclusive right专有权民族危机national crisis
●废除二十一条Abolish the Twenty-One Demands
●Aswan High Dam 阿斯旺大坝 drop anchor抛锚
●Half in, half our of the river一半泡在海里，一半在陆运上
●地中海mediterranean 荒漠desert
●被遗弃而无人烟的村镇ghost town 赤道the Equator
●旱涝灾害floods and droughts
●珠江三角洲the Pearl River Delta 中低纬度mdeium and low latitudes ●Business district and residential section 商业区和居民区
●Municipal government 自治政府
●艺术节 Festival of arts
●自然历史博物馆Natural History Museum
●市长职位lord mayoralty The Hall of Preserving Harmony 保和殿●The Sun Yat-Sen Park中山路 Historical site 古迹
●Green belt绿化带 Cobbled roadway 鹅卵石路
●金水桥the Golden Water Bridge 护城河moat
●九龙壁the Nine-Dragon Screen 琼岛Qiong Island
●文物the cultural relics sovereign nation 主权国家
●Fortunes and tied together命运紧密相连
●Economic performance 经济实力 debt chain 三角债
●共同繁荣mutual prosperity 总产量aggregate output
●Vast size and resources地大物博
●对外开放政策the policy of opening to the oustside world
●经济大国major economy 金融服务业financial services sector ●发育健全的市场established markets
●可耕地 arable land basic principle 首要原则
●At the present stage 现阶段
●the total grain output target粮食总产量目标
●Water-control projects 水利工程
●Self-sufficiency through self-reliance 通过自力更生实现自给自足
●CPI消费者价值指数
●复种指数the multiple crop index
●单位面积产量 the yield per unit area
●青藏铁路 the Qinghai-Tibet Railway
●水产品aquatic products 集约化intensification
●供需 supply and demand 和谐社会 a harmonious society
●节能减排 energy-saving and emission reduction
●中共十七大 the 17th National Congress of the CPC
●Agonizing flashbacks 痛苦的回忆 reel down蹒跚地走
●River bed 河床 teem wtih充满
●Downpour倾盆大雨 arid gully干涸的峡谷
●Foodbridge人行桥瞬间，片刻in an instanct
●坍塌，四分五裂fall apart 春夏两季in spring and summer ●瞬时即去come and go great-grand mother 曾祖母
●Absorption in the past 沉浸于过去 the flowery of one’s youth风华正茂●Maternal grandfather外祖父
●反思，细想 think to oneself 幼年期的长度length of infancy
●酸甜苦辣joys and sorrows 高等教育higher education
●St,Peter’s 圣彼得（教堂） the Westminster Abbey威斯敏斯特教堂●Flower bed 花坛 historic sites历史古迹
● A frog at the bottom of a well井底之蛙
●Vatican梵蒂冈中国少年儿童出版社the Chinese Children Press ●作序 write a preface 大英博物馆the British Museum
●游记 travel notes 散文集 a collection of essays
●郁金香tulip lineal representative嫡系子孙
●Be well-dressed衣着讲究 from head to toe人头到脚
●Over-the-counter medicine非处方药仔细挑选to pick and choose ●哼着小曲 hum a tune 客串演出guest performance
●By nature本性、本质 drugstore 杂货店
●To hover about犹豫，徘徊 maternity hospital妇产医院
●Achilles’ heel唯一致使的弱点向他一瞥cast at him a glance
●领班the captainof the boys 生性有点暴躁by nature a little irritalbe ●The go-between中间人家 not to spare oneself不惜力气
●The New Year’s Sacrifice祝福 lackluster eyes没有神采的眼睛
●Bull’s-eye靶心初冬early winter
●祥林嫂Xinag Lin’s Wife 小叔子 brother-in-law
●试工期内druing one’s trial period
● A long narrow swale狭长的洼地 wind and twist蜿蜒曲折
● A part-time river 季节性河流 life imprisonment终身监禁
●暮春the late spring 灌木林带brush line
●阳光璀璨full of sun
●In well-mannered silenc规规矩矩，一声不响 take in 打量
● A far cry fromg与......迥然不同 the New Testament《新约全书》
●十来岁的女孩a girl in her early teens 点名call sb.by name
●非常惊奇in utter amazement 畅销书best-seller
●Opera troupe 剧社 cigarette stubs烟头
●To run a fever发烧 it rains cats and dogs倾盆大雨
●be saddled with big families拉家带口
●露天，户外 in the open air 零工odd jobs
●中国评剧院the China Pingju Theatre
●志愿者Volunteer sedimentary rocks 沉积岩
●Geologist 地质学家 pitch lake 沥青湖
●Oril drillers 钻探石油的人 crude oil 原油
●Mineral oil 矿物油 diesel locomotive 柴油机车
●room temperature 室温 blue chips 蓝筹股
●北冰洋the Arctic seas 低沸点 a low boiling point ●润滑油lubrication 庞然大物 enormous creature
●古代 antiquity 维生素 vitamin
●海洋微生物 minute sea creature 内燃机 internal combustion engine ●食品安全food safety ecologist 生态学家
●Geneticist 遗传学家 marine biologist海洋生物学家
●Living organisms 生物体 gamma rays伽马射线
● A full-scale test大规模实验 livestock raiser牲畜
●高速公路 Superhighway 尖端工作为pioneering work
●在......推动下Under the impetus of 岔路口fork of the road
●上海合作组织Shanghai Cooperation Organization
●Ammount of freshwater resources 淡水资源总量
●Natural resources per capita 自然资源人均占有量
●UN Convention联合国公约 sedimentation basins沉积盆地
●Bio-support system 生命支持系统
● the regenerable energy resources可再生资源
●海洋旅游业 marine tourism 前言forword
●调节器regulators 观光景点scenic spots
●双赢win-win court of appeals
●The Clean Air Act Amendment 空气污染法修正案
●Waste disposal 废料处理诉讼 court action
●生态环境 ecological environment 噪音污染noise pollution ●公众关注public concerns 联邦法 Federal Law
●执法权 enforcemnet power
●联邦电力委员会 Federal Power Commission
●中国红十字会 the Red Cross Society of China
●反腐败 anti-corruption
●Instrument of ratification批准文件 Contracting States缔约国
●Geneva日内瓦 director-general总干事
● A letter of patent 专科证书世界公约Universal Convention
●人类精神产品works of the human mind 国际制度international system
●如下 as follows 版权保护copyright protection
●《世界版权公约》Universal Copyright Convention
●合同中止the termination of the contract
●一项长期的战略任务a long-term strategic task
●Lawful rights and interests合法权益 gross profit毛利润
●The budget for revenues and expenditures收支预算
●Articles of association公司章程
●Force majeure不可抗力 the termination of business停止营业
●储备基金Reserve fund 奖金与福利bonus and welfare
●注册资本registered capital 依法according to law
●有限责任公司limited liability company
●外汇账户foreign exchang account
●调解或仲裁 conciliation or arbitration
●法律咨询legal advice in the spirit of frankness本着坦率的精神
●At the outset首先开始 the form of government政体形式
●Appreciation dinner 答谢宴会 the six-party talks六方会谈
●AL-Qaeda基地组织
●此时此刻 at this very monment 分歧differences
●多边外交 multilateral diplomacy 妥协compromise
●注定要be destined to do sth. 火炬接力torch relay
●全体随行人员entire party 希望与憧憬hope and vision
●联合国科教文组织united nations eductional,scientific,and cultural organization
●国际竞争力international competitiveness
●海峡两岸关系cross-strait relation
●Neighboring environment 周边环境
●历史文化传统historical and cultural traditions
●民族团结national unity 政治基础political foundation
●先秦the pre-Qin days 独立自主independence
●现代建设 modernization drive
●
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汽车专业英语翻译综合
第一章汽车总论 1)Today’s average car contains more than 15,000 separate, individual parts that must work together. These parts can be grouped into four major categories: body, engine, chassis and electrical equipment 。P1 现在的车辆一般都由15000多个分散、独立且相互配合的零部件组成。这些零部件主要分为四类：车身、发动机、底盘和电气设备。 2)The engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion engine is most common: this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine: gasoline (also called a spark-ignition engine) and diesel (also called a compression-ignition engine). Both engines are called heat engines; the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the power train. P3 发动机作为动力设备，常见的类型是内燃机，其原理是通过发动机缸内的液体燃料燃烧而产生能量。发动机可分为两类：汽油机（点燃式）和柴油机（压燃式），都属于热力发动机。燃料燃烧产生热量使缸内气压上升，产生的能量驱动轴旋转，并传递给动力传动系。 第二章内燃机 1)Power train system: conveys the drive to the wheels 2)Steering system: controls the direction of movement 3)Suspension system: absorbs the road shocks 4)Braking system: slows down the vehicle P4 传动系把发动机输出的扭矩传递给驱动轮。传动系包括离合器（对应机械变速器）或液力变矩器（对应液力自动变速器）、变速器、驱动轴、主减速器、差速器和驱动桥。 5)Drum brakes have a drum attached to the wheel hub, and braking occurs by means of brake shoes expanding against the inside of the drum. With disc brakes, a disc attached to the wheel hub is clenched between two brake pads. P6 鼓式制动器的制动鼓和轮毂连接，制动蹄张开压紧制动鼓内侧从而产生制动。在盘式制动器上，连着轮毂的制动盘被紧紧夹在两个制动块之间。 1)Linking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through half a turn.The power stroke"uses up"the gas,so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture:this control of gas movement is the duty of the valves;An inlet valve allows the mixture to enter at the right time and an exhaust valve lets out the burnt gas after the gas has done its job . P10 活塞通过连杆和曲轴连接，使得气体带动曲轴旋转半圈。作功冲程耗尽了所有的气体，这样就必须采取相应的措施排出废气并且向气缸内充入新的可燃混合气：气体的运动由气门来控制。进气门使可燃混合气在恰当的时刻进入气缸，排气门使燃烧后的废气排出气缸。 2)The spark-ignition engine is an internal-combustion engine with externally supplied in ignition,which converts the energy cntained in the fuel to kinetic energy.The cycle of operations is spread over four piston strokes. To complete the full cycle it takes two revolutions of the crankshaft. P11 火花点火式发动机是由外部提供点火的内燃机，从而将含在燃料内的能量转化成动能。发动机的一个工作循环分布在活塞的四个行程中，一个完整的工作循环曲轴需要转动两圈。 3)The oil pump in the lubricating system draws oil from the oil pan and sends it to all working parts in the engine. The oil drains off and runs down into the pan. Thus,there is constant circulation of oil between the pan and the working parts of the engine. P15
商务英语翻译英汉词汇大全
商务英语翻译技能等级考试英汉词汇表 （以英语字母顺序排序） 翻译员（五级）所要掌握的词汇为5 高级翻译员（四级）所要掌握的词汇为5+4 助理翻译师（三级）所要掌握的词汇为5+4+3 翻译师（二级）所要掌握的词汇为5+4+3+2 A 4 权力委托 5 旷工，旷职 2 绝对配额 3 绝对值 5 吸收，减轻（冲击、困难等）作用或影响 3 吸收游资 5 ; 摘要 2 承兑费 2 不记名承兑 3 承兑信用证 3 抽样认可 4 ; 承兑银行 4 进入市场（的机会） 5 意外事故 3 无法控制的意外事故 3 意外事故保险 4 意外损坏 4 设施；住宿；欠单 3 顺民意；合民情 5 会计帐目 4 账户结金 5 账本（账册、账簿） 3 客户经理（常指广告公司） 5 解释；说明 4 账目编号；账户号码 2 结欠清单 5 账户名称 5 会计工作；会计行业 5 会计 5 会计长 5 会计学 3 会计档案 5 往来帐目 2 账目不清
3 应付账 4 应收账 2 ; ; 应付费用 4 累计资本 3 资本积累 2 累计佣金 5 收购 5 行动计划 2 盘活基础设施存量资产 5 畅销 3 出口加工贸易 5 成交活跃的股票 3 ; 贸易顺差 5 业务类型 3 实际成本 4 实际交货 4 时价；实际价格；实价 4 实际全损 2 ( ) 从价税 3 ; 附加费用 4 额外投资 2 附加保险费 2 追加税 2 ; 防范和化解金融风险2 充分需求 4 核算 3 海损理算书 5 ; 实施，经营，行政 4 行政预算；管理预算 2 行政开支；办公费 4 行政保护 5 预付费用 2 a 预付定金 4 预计货样 5 预付工资 4 预收货款 4 规模经营优势 3 贸易逆差 5 公布；做广告 5 广告业 3 通知行 3 信用证转让通知 3 吁请团，游说团体
汽车专业英语翻译
About car engine Of all automobile components,an automobile engie is the most complicated assembly with dominant effects on the function of an autombile.So, the engine is generally called the"heat"of an automobile. 在汽车的所有部件中，汽车发动机是最复杂的组件，其对整车性能有着决定性的作用。因而发动机往往被称作发动机的“心脏”。 There are actually various types of engines such as electric motors,stream engines,andinternal combustion engines.The internal combustion engines seem to have almost complete dominance of the automotive field.The internal combustion engine,as its name indicates,burns fuel within the cylinders and converts the expanding force of the combustion into rotary force used to propel the vehicle. 事实上，按动力来源分发动机有很多种，如电动机、蒸汽机、外燃机等。然而内燃机似乎在发动机领域有着绝对的统治地位。就像其字面意思一样，内燃机的染料在气缸内燃烧，通过将燃烧产生气体的膨胀力转换成转动力来驱动发动机前进。 Engine is the power source of the automobile.Power is produced by the linear motion of a piston in a cylinder.However,this linear motion must be changed into rotary motion to turn the wheels of cars or trucks.The puston attached to the top of a connecting rod by a pin,called a piston pin or wrist pin.The bottom of the connecting rod is attached to the crankshaft.The connecting rod transmits the up-and-down motion of the piston to the crankshaft,which changes it into rotary motion.The connecting rod is mounted on the crankshaft with large bearings called rod bearing.Similar bearings, called main bearings,are used to mount the crankshaft in the block. 发动机是整部车的动力来源。能量来自于活塞在气缸内的（往复）直线运动。然而这种（往复）直线运动必须要转换成旋转运动才能驱动车轮。活塞与连杆通过一个销来连接，这个销称为活塞销。连杆的下部连接于曲拐。连杆把活塞的上下往复运动传递给曲拐，从而将往复直线运动转变成旋转运动。连杆和曲拐的连接使用大的轴承，称之为连杆轴承，类似的轴承也用于将曲轴连接到机体，称之为主轴承。 They are generally two different types of cooling system:water-cooling system and air-cooling system.Water-cooling system is more common.The cooling medium, or coolant, in them is either water or some low-freezing liquid, called antifreeze.A water-cooling system consists of the engine water jacket, thermostat, water pump, radiator, radiator cap, fan, fan drive belt and neccessary hoses. 主要有两种类型的冷却系统：水冷和风冷。水冷系统更为普遍。系统所用冷却介质或是冷却液常委水或其他低凝固点液体，称为抗凝剂。一个完整的水冷系统包括机体水套，节温器，水泵，散热器，散热器罩，风扇，风扇驱动皮带和必需的水管。 A water-cooling system means that water is used as a cooling agent to circulate through the engine to absorb the heat and carry it to the radiator for disposal.The ebgine is cooled mainly through heat transfer and heat dissipation.The heat generated by the mixture burned in the engine must be transferred from the iron or aluminum cylinder to the waterin the water jacket.The outside of the water jacket dissipates some of the heat to the air surrounding it, but most of the heat is carried by the cooling water to the radiator for dissipation.When the coolant temperature in the system reaches 90°,the termostat valve open fully, its slanted edge shutting off
自考英语词汇学翻译精华整理
学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考 English Lexicology(英语词汇学) 1.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.英语词汇学旨在调查和研究英语单词和单词的等价物的形态结构,其语义结构、关系、历史发展、形成和用法。 2.English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论）and lexicography(词典学) Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary 1.Word（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence 词语是语言最小的自由形式，拥有固定的声音和意义以及句法作用。 2.Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”词语是一个符号，代表着世界上其他的事物。每种世界文化已经赞成一定的读音将代表一定的人，事，地方，特性，过程，行动，当然是在语言系统之外。这种象征性的联系几乎总是主观的，并且“在代表事物和思想的声音和实际的事物和思想之间没有法定关系” 3.Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other内因是因为英语字母表采用罗马字母，罗马字母没有独立的字母代表每个读音，因此一些字母代表两个读音或者组合在一起发音。 （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years另一个原因是发音比拼写的变化快，在一些时候还拉开了距离。在最近五百年里，尽管口语发音已经出现了显著的变化，却没有相应的拼写变化。 （3）some of the difference were created by the early scribes第三个原因是一些早期的书写员发明了一些不同。（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary最后借词来了，这是丰富英语词汇的重要途径。 （5）printing印刷已经变得非常普及。它有助于固定单词的拼写、standardization标准化使得拼写不容改变。、dictionary字典在拼写终结中得到好处。 —Old English,The speech of the time was represented very much more faithfully in writing than it is today. 古代英语中的口语比今天更忠实的代表书面语 —The written form of English is an imperfect representation of the spoken form。英语的书写是发音形式不完善的代表 4.What is vocabulary？ （1）Total number of the words in a language一个语言的单词综合 （2）Words used in a particular historical period 特殊历史时期使用的单词 （3）All the words of a dialect，a book ，a discipline...某个方言，书籍，学科中的所有单词 5.Classification of English Words：英语词汇由所有种类的词汇组成。它们可以根据不同的标 准或者不同的目的进行分类。 By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabulary根据使用频率，单词可以分为基础词和非基础词。 By notion:content words&functional words可以根据概念分成实词和虚词
汽车专业英语_单词表
unit1 body 车身chassis 底盘enclosure外壳、套hood车棚、车顶sway 摇摆frame车架steering转向、操作brake 制动weld焊接rivet铆钉bolt螺钉washer垫圈vibration 振动stabilizer稳定器ride乘坐舒适性handling操作稳定性linkages转向传动机构plier钳子distributor分电器alternator交流发电机regulator调节器carburetor化油器radiator散热器、水箱defroster除冰装置sludge金属碎屑transmission变速器differential 差速器power train 传动系unitized body 承载式车身suspension system 悬架系统steering system 转向系braking system 制动系shock absorbers减震器control arms控制臂steering wheel 转向盘steering column转向管柱steering gears 转向器tie rod 横拉杆idler arm随动臂brake shoe制动蹄disc brake 盘式制动器drum brakes 鼓式制动器ignition system 点火系统exhaust system 排气系统lubrication system 润滑系oil filters 机油滤清器drive（or propeller）shaft传动轴universal joints 万向节dynamo发电机horn喇叭swived 旋转steering box转向器timing gear 正时齿轮bevel gear 锥齿轮mesh with与啮合leaf spring 钢板弹簧stub axle 转向节 unit2 longitudinal纵向的transverse横向的reciprocate往复spin旋转piston活塞ignite点火rub摩擦quart夸脱reservoir油箱mechanical机械的enclosed被附上的gallon加仑stroke冲程camshaft凸轮轴combustion燃烧disengaged脱离啮合的flywheel飞轮internal-combustion engine内燃机diesel-fuel柴油LPG=Liquefied Petroleum Gas液化石油气体CNG=Compressed natural gas压缩天然气spark ignition火花点火compression ignition压缩点火spark plug火花塞gas-turbine engine蒸汽机Stirling engine斯特灵发动机lubricating system润滑系统oil pan油底壳oil pump机油泵exhaust system排气系统emission-control system排放控制系统energy conversion能量转换air/fuel ratio空燃比connecting rod连杆TDC=Top Dead Center上止点BDC=Bottom Dead Center 下止点intake stroke进气冲程compression stroke压缩冲程power stroke作功冲程exhaust stroke排气冲程compression ratio压缩比lifter挺柱rocker摇臂retainer弹簧座seal密封件tappet 推杆lobe凸起gasket垫圈valve train配气机构cam follower气门挺柱rocker arm摇臂combustion chamber燃烧室intake valve进气阀exhaust valve排气阀valve stem气门杆valve cover气门室盖valve port阀口valve guide气门导管 unit3
自考英语词汇学部分章节重点归纳EnglishLexicology
《英语词汇学》（课程代码：00832）试卷结构 Chapter 5 Word Meaning(词的意义) Reference(所指关系) is the relationship between language and the world. Concept(概念)，which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition n.认识；知识；认识能力, reflecting the objective world in the human mind. Sense(语义)denotes the relationship inside the language. Every word that has meaning has sense (not every word has reference) Motivation (词义理据)account for the connection between the linguistic(word) symbol and its meaning. Onomatopoeic motivation(拟声理据) words were created by imitating the nature sounds or noises. Morphological motivation(形态理据)compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined. 很多合成词和派生词都是这类， Semantic motivation(语义理据)refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.( 由字面义派生出来的引申 义) Etymological motivation (词源理据) the meaning of many words often relate words the history of the word explain the meaning of the word. associative meaning 关联意义 Lexical meaning 词汇意义 Types of Meaning conceptual /denotative meaning 词义的分类概念意义 Grammatical meaning 语法意义directly to their origins. In other connotative meaning 内涵意义 stylistic meaning 文体意义 affective meaning 感情意义 collocative meaning 搭配意义 Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships. Conceptual meaning also known as denotative meaning( 外延意义 ), is the meaning given in the dictionary and
汽车专业英语翻译
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE 引擎燃烧室 1. principle of operation 原理 Engine and power : Engine is used to produce power. The chemical energy in fuel is converted to heat by the burning of the fuel at a controlled rate. This process is called combustion. If engine combustion occurs with the power chamber. ,the engine is called internal combustion engine. If combustion takes place outside the cylinder, the engine is called an external combustion engine. Engine used in automobiles are internal combustion heat engines. Heat energy released in the combustion chamber raises the temperature of the combustion gases with the chamber. The increase in gas temperature causes the pressure of the gases to increase. The pressure developed within the combustion chamber is applied to the head of a piston to produce a usable mechanical force, which is then converted into useful mechanical power. 译: 引擎和能量: 引擎为汽车提供能量，燃料的化学能通过燃烧，转化为热能，这个过程叫燃烧。假如燃烧在燃烧室，这样的发动机叫内燃机。假如燃烧在气缸外，这样的发动机叫外燃机。 用在汽车上的一般是内燃机，热能在燃烧室释放，燃烧室气体温度升高。气体温度的升高使气体的压力曾加，燃烧室内的高压气体作用在活塞头部产生可以利用的化学能，化学能转化为机械能。 Engine T erms : Linking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through half a turn. The power stroke “uses up” the gas , so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture :this control of gas movement is the duty of the valves ;an inlet valve allows the new mixture to enter at the right time and an exhaust valve lets out the burnt gas after the gas has done its job. Engine terms are : TDC(Top Dead Center):the position of the crank and piston when the piston is farther away from the crankshaft. BDC(Bottom Dead Center):the position of the crank and piston when the piston is nearest to the crankshaft. Stroke : the distance between BDC and TDC; stroke is controlled by the crankshaft. Bore : the internal diameter of the cylinder. Swept volume : the volume between TDC and BDC Engine capacity : this is the swept volume of all the cylinder e.g. a four-stroke having a capacity of two liters(2000cm) has a cylinder swept volume of 50cm. Clearance volume: the volume of the space above the piston when it is at TDC. Compression ratio = (swept vol + clearance vol)\(clearance vol) Two-stroke : a power stroke every revolution of the crank.
武汉理工大学汽车专业英语复习题及答案
汽车专业英语复习题 名词翻译： 1、活塞环 piston ring 2、电控系统electronic control system 3、里程表speedometer 4、发动机排量engine capacity 5、自动变速器automatic transmission 6、机油表oil gauge 7、方向盘steering wheel 8、做功冲程power stroke 9、exhaust gas废气 10. electric current电流 11. high gear高速档 12. automobile dealing汽车贸易 13. sports car 跑车 14. instrument panel仪表板 15. accelerator pedal加速踏板 16. physical property 物理性能 17、电子燃油计量系统electronic fuel metering system 18、减速slow down 19、刹车蹄brake shoe 20、General Motor 通用 21、wheel drum 车轮毂 22、TDC 上止点 23、BDC 下止点 翻译（中译英）： 上海汽车工业总公司已与德国大众和美国通用两大汽车公司建立了合资公司。 The Shanghai Auto Industry Corportion has established joint ventures with German V olkswagen and American General Motors. 四冲程发动机—曲柄旋转两圈做功一次。 Four stroke —a power stroke every other revolution of the crank. 液体冷却系由水泵、水套、发动机风扇、散热器等组成。 The liquid cooling system consists of water pumps，water jackets，engine fan ，radiator and so on. 在仪表板上，我们能看见几个显示发动机运转情况的仪表。
商务英语翻译词汇整理
Between..and…在..之间 Country of origin and manufacture生产国别和制造厂商 Time of shipment装运期限 Port of shipment）装运口岸 Port of destination 到货口岸 Be liable for 对…负责 On account of由于 Attribute to 造成 Take measures采取措施 Shipping mark唛头 Gross weight毛重 Net weight净重 Do not stack up side down此端向上 Handle with care小心轻放 Keep away from moisture切勿受潮 Terms of payment付款条件 Payment by L/C信用证付款 Payment by collection信托付款 Payment by M/T信汇付款 In case of在情况下，以某种方式 Freight to collect运费到付 Insurance policy/certificate保险单/证明 War risk兵险 Breakage and leakage破碎渗漏 In the event of在发生情况下if Upon arrival of在到达之时 Invoice of quintuplicate发票5份 Packing list in duplicate装箱单2份 Certificate of quality质量证明 Technical document技术资料 Foundation drawings基础图 Wiring instructions布线说明 Terms of shipment装运条款 Shipping agent装运代理人 In the matter of如有。。if Be free from defects不存在缺陷 For a period of 2 years from the date of purchase自购买之日起两年内Warranty 保修期 Batch number批号 Forwarder 代运人 Shipment date装运日期 Design specification设计规格 Risk assessment风险评估
英语自考本科翻译重点词汇
fellow countrymen 同胞 militarist军阀 Chinese Communist Party 党组织 the Grand Canal （京杭）大运河 Industrial Revolution 工业革命 dawn to dark从早到晚 especially English 具有英国特征的 cottage industry 农村手工业 Indian summer 最后的余辉 stock-raising 畜牧业 Homestead Act 宅地法 wild west 西部荒原 the gold rush 淘金热 basic occupation 基础产业 Department of Agriculture 农业部门 the Nile Delta 尼罗河三角洲 coastal erosion 水土流失 Mediterranean climate 地中海型气候 surveyor general 测量总监 sovereign nation 主权国家 aggregate output 总产量 coastal area 沿海地区 telephone connections 电话用户 economic well-being 生活水平 two way trade 双向贸易 lucrative export market 出口市场 foreign exchange 外汇 sum total 总数 per capita 人均 GNP 国民生产总值 joint ventures 合资企业 net income 净收入 world investment system世界投资体系 the stock of foreign investment 外资存量 major economy 经济大国 the stimulus, the technology and the funding 动力、技术和资金international trade and investment 国际贸易和投资 popular science 科普读物Arctic seas 北冰洋 vegetable oil 植物油 mineral oil煤油 internal combustion engine内燃机
汽车专业英语部分翻译
（6）Maintain correct viscosity (free flowing at all temperatures). 保持正确的粘度（在所有温度下自由流动）。 When the brake fluid boils, it becomes vapor. A vapor can be compressed, but a liquid cannot be compressed. Pressing on the brake pedal will compress the vapor in the lines instead of transferring the pressure through the fluid. This can lead to partial or complete braking system failure, sometimes called brake pedal fade. Mountain driving puts increased duty on brakes and brake fluid. The boiling point drops at high altitude. This naturally increases the tendency towards vapor lock. In fact, vapor lock in the hydraulic braking system is the primary reason for brake pedal fade. 当制动液沸腾时，它变成蒸汽。可以压缩蒸汽，但不能压缩液体。按压制动踏板将压缩管线中的蒸汽，而不是将压力传递通过流体。这可能导致部分或完全制动系统故障，有时称为制动踏板褪色。山地驾驶增加了刹车和制动液的使用。沸点在高海拔下降。这自然增加了气体锁定的趋势。事实上，液压制动系统中的汽油锁是制动踏板褪色的主要原因。 Vehicle manufacturers recommend brake fluid that meets or exceeds SAE (Societyof Automotive Engineers)andDOT (Department of Transportation) specifications. 车辆制造商推荐符合或超过SAE（汽车工程师协会）和DOT（运输部）规格的制动液。 Standard brake fluid (DOT 3) is composed chiefly of equal parts of alcohol and castor oil. This combination of fluids works well under normal conditions but it easily boils and becomes a vapor under heavy-duty applications. It also tends to separate when exposed to low temperatures. 标准制动液（DOT 3）主要由酒精和蓖麻油组成。这种流体组合在正常条件下工作良好，但在重载应用下容易沸腾并成为蒸气。暴露于低温时也容易分离。The increasing requirements of brake fluid led to the development of silicone brake fluid,such as DOT 5. This fluid achieved low water pickup and good corrosion protection and also provides good lubrication qualities and rubber compatibility. 制动液的要求越来越高，导致了DOT 5等硅胶制动液的开发。该液体实现了低吸水率和良好的防腐蚀性能，并且还具有良好的润滑性能和橡胶相容性。 5.Brake valves 5.闸阀 There are typically five types of valves in vehicle braking system to adjust the braking force distribution. 车辆制动系统中通常有五种类型的阀门来调节制动力分布。 (1)Metering valve （1）计量阀 Most vehicles that have front disc and rear drum brakes are equipped with metering valve. This metering valve controls, or delays the flow of brake fluid to the front brakes. The rear drum brakes take longer to respond than the front disc brakes. The valve ensures that front disc brake do not act before the rear drum brake. The delays is long enough to allow the rear drum brakes time to react. This delay is particularly necessary during light braking and on slick road surfaces.