heroic couplet 英雄双韵体
英美文学名词解释1
1.Allegory (寓言)A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities.寓言，讽喻：一种文学、戏剧或绘画的艺术手法，其中人物和事件代表抽象的观点、原则或支配力。
2.Alliteration (头韵)Alliteration is the repetition of the same initial consonant sound within a line or a group of words.头韵：在一组词的开头或重读音节中对相同辅音或不同元音的重复。
3.Allusion (典故)A reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to.典故：作者对某些读者熟悉并能够作出反映的特定人物，地点，事件，文学作品的引用。
4.Analogy (类比)A comparison made between two things to show the similarities between them.类比：为了在两个事物之间找出差别而进行的比较。
5. Antagonist (反面主角)The principal character in opposition to the protagonist or hero or heroine of a narrative or drama.反面主角：叙事文学或戏剧中与男女主人公或英雄相对立的主要人物。
6. Antithesis (对仗)The balancing of two contrasting ideas, words, or sentences.对仗：两组相对的思想，言辞，词句的平衡。
英国文学知识点整理
英国文学知识点整理不同的分类，会有交叉。
有交叉，才能理解，才能清晰，才能快速记忆，这才是真正的笔记。
(一)各个时期的文学创作术语中世纪文学时期Medieval Literature英雄双韵体the heroic couplet【特点】两行两行押韵，也被称作五步抑扬格iambic pentameter【创始人】杰弗里·乔叟Geoffrey Chaucer文艺复兴时期Renaissance十四行诗sonnet【特点】1韵律：一行隔一行押韵一节中的最后一行又与下一节的第一行押韵第四节只有两行独自押韵，一共十四行。
例一：abab bcbc cdcd ee例二：abab bcbc efef gg 2行数：十四行【创始人】威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeare斯宾塞诗体Spenserian【特点】1韵律：韵律复杂，具有音乐性2行数：每节九行【创始人】埃德蒙·斯宾塞Edmund Spenser 素体诗blank verse没有押韵道德剧Morality Play神秘剧Mystery Play奇迹剧Miracle Play抑扬格四音步iambic tetrameter书信体意识流stream of consciousness(二)各种荣誉称谓"之父"称号Title作家主要作品时代流派英国诗歌之父Father of English Poetry杰弗里·乔叟Geoffrey Chaucer坎特伯雷故事集The Canterbury TalesMedieval Literature 十四世纪英国小说之父Father of English Novels丹尼尔·笛福Daniel Defoe鲁宾逊漂流记The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson CrusoeEnlightenment 18世纪Realistic西欧历史小说之父The Father of Western European Historical Novel沃尔特·司各特Walter Scott密得洛西恩监狱The Heart of MidlothianRealistic Literature十九世纪Romanticism桂冠诗人Poet Laureate约翰·德莱顿John Dryden阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生Alfred Tennyson【作品】记忆方式伊诺克·阿登。
英语诗歌的类别
6、英雄双韵体(Heroic Couplet), the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter
是一种英国古典诗体，由乔叟首创。由十音 节双韵诗体演化而来，每行五个音步,每个音 步有两个音节,第一个是轻音,第二个是重音. 句式均衡、整齐、准确、简洁、考究。 举例 拿四行诗的押韵方式为例，有abab型，有 abcb型，有abba型，有aabb型， 还有aaab 型。第四种（aabb型）实际上是双行押韵， 英语称之为couplet,如果每行五音步，则称之 为“英雄双押韵”(heroic couplet)；
5、Epic poetry
it is a long verse narrative on a serious subject, told in a formal and elevated style, and centered on a heroic or quasi-divine figure on whose actions depends the fate of a tribe, a nation, or the human race. 史诗是叙述英雄传说和重大历史事件的叙事长诗。 一种庄严的文学体裁，内容为民间传说或歌颂英雄 功绩的长篇叙事诗，它涉及的主题可以包括历史事 件、民族、宗教或传说
Of silence such as baffled his best skill: Then, sometimes, in that silence, while he hung Listening, a gentle shock of mild surprise Has carried far into his heart the voice Of mountain-torrents; or the visible scene Would enter unawares into his mind With all its solemn imagery, its rocks, Its woods, and that uncertain heaven received Into the bosom of the steady lake. This boy was taken from his mates, and died In childhood, ere he was full twelve years old. Pre-eminent in beauty is the vale Where he was born and bred: the churchyard hangs Upon a slope above the village-school; And through that churchyard when my way has led On summer-evenings, I believe that there A long half-hour together I have stood Mute —looking at the grave in which he lies!
英国文学名词解释大全(整理版)
名词解释1.Epic(史诗)（appeared in the the Anglo-Saxon Period ）It is a narrative of heroic action, often with a principal hero, usually mythical in its content, grand in its style, offering inspiration and ennoblement within a particular culture or national tradition.A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey. It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. The action is simple, but full of magnificence.Today, some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age & its people, are also called epic.E.g. Beowulf （the pagan（异教徒），secular(非宗教的) poetry）Iliad 《伊利亚特》，Odyssey《奥德赛》Paradise Lost 《失乐园》，The Divine Comedy《神曲》2.Romance （传奇）(Anglo-Norman feudal England)•Romance is any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.•Originally, the term referred to a medieval (中世纪) tale dealing with the love and adventures of kings, queens, knights, and ladies, and including supernatural happenings.Form:long composition, in verse, in proseContent:description of life and adventures of a noble heroCharacter:a knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons; often described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments(骑士比武), or fighting for his lord in battles; devoted to the church and the king •Romance lacks general resemblance to truth or reality.•It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues.•It contains perilous (dangerous) adventures more or less remote from ordinary life.•It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair lady.①The Romance Cycles/Groups/DivisionsThree Groups●matters of Britain Adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table （亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士）●matters of France Emperor Charlemagne and his peers●matters of Rome Alexander the Great and the attacks of TroyLe Morte D’Arthur （亚瑟王之死）②Class Nature (阶级性) of the RomanceLoyalty to king and lord was the theme of the romances, as loyalty was the corner-stone（the most important part基石）of feudal morality.The romances were composed not for the common but for the noble, of the noble, and by the poets patronized （supported 庇护,保护）by the noble.3. Alliteration（押头韵）: a repeated initial(开头的) consonant(协调,一致) to successive(连续的) words.e.g. 1.To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.2.Sing a song of southern singer4. Understatement（低调陈述）（for ironical humor）not troublesome: very welcomeneed not praise: a right to condemn5. Chronicle《编年史》（a monument of Old English prose）6. Ballads （民谣）（The most important department of English folk literature ）①Definition:A ballad is a narrative poem that tells a story, and is usually meant to be sung or recited in musical form.An important stream of the Medieval folk literature②Features of English Ballads1. The ballads are in various English and Scottish dialects.2. They were created collectively and revised when handed down from mouth to mouth.3. They are mainly the literature of the peasants, and give an outlook of the English common people in feudal society.③Stylistic （风格上）Features of the Ballads1. Composed in couplets （相连并押韵的两行诗,对句）or in quatrains （四行诗）known as the ballad stanza （民谣诗节）, rhyming abab or abcb, with the first and third lines carrying 4 accented syllables （重读音节）and the second and fourth carrying 3.2. Simple, plain language or dialect （方言，土语）of the common people with colloquial （口语的，会话的）, vivid and, sometimes, idiomatic （符合当地语言习惯的）expressions3. Telling a good story with a vivid presentation around the central plot.4. Using a high proportion of dialogue with a romantic or tragic dimension （方面）to achieve dramatic effect.④Subjects of English Ballads1. struggle of young lovers2. conflict between love and wealth3. cruelty of jealousy4. criticism of the civil war5. matters of class struggle7. Heroic couplet （英雄双韵体）（introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer）Definition:the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter; a verse form in epic poetry, with lines of ten syllables and five stresses, in rhyming pairs.英雄诗体/英雄双韵体：用于史诗或叙事诗，每行十个音节，五个音部，每两行押韵。
英国文学总结一览表
英国的文学复习资料1 Old and medieval period中古时期的文学1 The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)The Story of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》：the poetry represents the highest achievement of the old english.2 The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) Canto 诗章romance 传奇文学代表作：《Sir Gawain and the Green Knight》高文爵士和绿衣骑士是一首押头韵的长诗3 Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟12、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：《the Canterbury Tales 》坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups. 朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。
小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信) and a blind belief in fate(盲目地相信命运). 他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来。
英美文学选读答案
莎士比亚，简奥斯丁，伍尔夫第一课Question 1♦Heroic Couplet（英雄双韵体）♦It refers to lines of iambic pentameter which rhyme in pairs: aa, bb, cc, and so on.♦The adjective “heroic” was applied in the later seventeenth century because of the frequent use of such couplets in heroic poems and dramas♦This verse form was introduced into English poetry by Geoffrey Chaucer.♦From the age of John Dryden through that of Samuel Johnson, the heroic couplet was the predominant English measure for all the poetic kinds; some poets, including Alexander Pope, used it almost to the exclusion of other metersQuestion 2♦The Knight has the qualities that knights are expected to have, namely, courage, honor, courtesy, loyalty, devotion to the weak and helpless, to the service of women.♦He has taken part in many famous battles and won one victory after another.♦He sits at table in the chair of honor above all nations.♦He fights for his faith.♦Although he is so distinguished and wise, he looks like a maid, modest, meek, not gaily dressed, never saying a vulgar word.Question 3♦Chaucer uses the rhyming couplet, which he introduced from France, in writing his major poems. He is the first great writer to use the dialect of London in writing.♦Chaucer is credited by some scholars as being被一些学者认为是the first author to demonstrate the artistic legitimacy of the vernacular English language英语方言作为文学语言在艺术上的合法性, rather than French or Latin♦Chaucer‟s language is close to modern English. Modern English is descended from Chaucer‟s English.Chaucer raised the language to a higher literary level by writing it with polish and ease.♦Chaucer‟s language is vivid and exact. His poetry is full of vigor and swiftness. His style is flexible. His prose is easy and informal. He uses mild satire when he deals with people‟s foibles and weaknesses第二课bacon♦ 1 According to Bacon, the general counsels, and the plots and marshaling of affairs, come best from those that are learned.♦That is to say, right decisions and judgments over important matters require comprehensive knowledge which is acquired by studies.♦Without a wide range of knowledge, a person cannot digest information, analyze information and take timely measures accordingly.♦2Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for abilities. But the general counsels, and the plots and marshaling of affairs, come best from those that are learned.♦Studies perfect nature, and is perfected by experience♦There is no stond or impediment in the wit but may be wrought out by fit studies.Studies can train (shape) a person‟s character and make up a person‟s deficiencies. Every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.3This essay analyzes what studies chiefly serve for, the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies, and how studies exert influence over human character.4The essay is peculiar for its clearness, brevity, and force of expression. The sentences are short, pointed, incisive, and of balanced structures.Conciseness of expression and simplicity of diction are two chief distinguishing features of the prose style of Bacon who was among the earliest of English essayists.MiltonQuestion 1♦To lose the battle does not lose all. They still have the unconquerable will, eagerness for revenge, immortal hate, and courage never to submit or yield.♦With all this, they can overcome all other thingsQuestion 2♦He is defeated in the battle against God, but he does not lose heart.♦He will not bow down to God.♦Instead, he is advising the serpent and followers to rise up again and fight another battle.Question 3♦To bow and sue for grace with suppliant knee and deify his power. To give in to God, to fall down on one‟s knees to beg for mercy submissively, worship God‟s power, become scared for God‟s authority and power, lose confidence.Question 4♦real hero, dare to revolt against the despot, persevering but not discouraged after the failure (Republicans including Milton)ShakespearQuestion 1♦In this soliloquy he compares death to sleep. If the many kinds of sufferings that naturally come to a human being disappear in the “sleep”, then death is what is wished for.♦But there may be dreams in the sleep. That is to say, the worldly sufferings may still occur in the dreams.That is the point at which doubt arises.Question 2♦People would rather bear all the suffering of the world instead o f choosing death to get rid of them because they do not know what the next life would be like. No traveler returns from boundary of the undiscovered country. The unknown sufferings may be more unbearable and more terrible.♦It would be better to bear those ills they have than to fly to others that they know not of.Question 3♦Serious thinking makes people lose their determination.♦Faced with the evil force, Hamlet can neither act in cahoots with it nor overturn and destroy it. He is isolated and helpless. Even if opportunities come, he cannot take them because of his indecisiveness.Here the shortcomings of the newly-arising bourgeoisie are shown. They think too much but do not act or act slowly第三课ben jonson♦1) A kiss in the cup♦2) The lovers express their love between eyes. The cup with a kiss has become a divine drink. The poet would not give his wine in exchange for Jove‟s nectar sup. In the eyes of the poet, the drink brewed with love is the most delicious in the world. Nothing can be compared with the wine♦3) The wreath is a symbol of love. The purpose of sending his lover a rosy wreath is not only to express his love, but to hope that the rose will never fade with the lover‟s love. The l over breathes to the rosy wreath and sends back to the poet. Then a miracle appears: It grows, and smells, but not naturally. It seems that the rosy wreath has produced a magic powerDonneQuestion 1♦The woman doesn‟t reject the flea entrée to her body, y et she denies the advancements of the speaker.The speaker shows the similarities between their lovemaking and the mingling of their blood within the flea. “It sucked me first, and now sucks thee, And in this flea our two bloods mingled be.”♦This argument shows the woman that the same physical exchange, which takes place between her and a flea, is the same type of union that he has in mind. Their act could not be considered a sin because a fleabite isn‟t considered one. This act could not be considered a l oss of innocence because it is so common that if it were to be true, nearly everyone would have lost his or her innocence. Therefore this lady should not be troubled about giving herself to him委身于他before they marry, because their only act is the mixing of their blood.Question 2♦Lines 14 and 15 of stanza 2, “Though parents grudge, and you, we are met, and cloistered in these living walls of jet,” describes how her parents do not accept that what he says is marriage. Her parents are against such a marriage.Question 3♦Three lives refer to you, me and the flea (implying our baby). The speaker argues that if she kills the flee she would be committing murder. She would kill the symbolic marriage realm and the baby.♦In addition to those murders, she would be killing herself.♦When the flea is killed, the speaker purposefully turns to another argument.♦The killing has done no harm to them.♦Likewise, their secret union will do no harm to them.♦They should not worry about their union. Their fears are unnecessary.第四课DefoeQuestion 1♦To think about securing himself against savages or wild beasts.♦To choose a proper place: He consulted four things before pitching his tent: health and fresh water, shelter from the heat of the sun, security from ravenous, a view to the sea.♦To set up a tent and dig a cave♦To avoid the blast of the power by lightning: He made bags and boxes to separate the power.♦To kill goats for food.Question 2To make his sounds reasonable and convincingQuestion 3♦From the creation of the image of Robinson Crusoe by the author, we can see that Defoe took positive attitude towards colonialism.♦His bourgeois outlook manifests itself in the fact that he does not condemn Negro-slavery in his book. Robinson Crusoe stands for a typical 18th-century English middle-class man, with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles, in struggling against the hostile natural environment. He is the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer co lonistFielding♦ 1. It serves as the title of chapter 8, which shows how the story is narrated. The narration of the story will follow the classical form of epic.♦ 2. Fielding depicts the combat and villagers in the Homerican style. (See the above)♦ 3. He does not strictly follow the classical form of epic. He uses a mock epic style.♦He tried to retain the grand epical form of the classical works but at the same time keeps faithful to his realistic presentation of common life as it is.♦Throughout, the ordinary and usually ridiculous life of the common people, from the middle-class to the underworld, is his major concern.♦Fielding treats Tom as a complicated, round character. Tom‟s nature is impulsive, but genuine. He showsgreat honor in the way he respects Molly, but he does give into her lust.♦This behavior would be shocking for Fielding's audience, and yet he continues to treat Tom with due deference, noting both his faults and virtues.♦When Tom sends a servant for a side saddle for the disheveled 零乱的Molly, it reveals his respect for people of all classes and positions♦Further, in protecting Molly from her attackers, Tom reveals another element of his character: an intense passion.♦The distinction between appearance (a libertine here) and inward character (a boy defined by respect and virtue) is most important in understanding the book's hero.♦Consider how Molly wears the dress of a lady to hide her pregnancy - it suggests that what we see is not what we get.♦Ironically, she is attacked not for her immoral pregnancy, but for attempting to dress as a lady.♦Fielding…s cynicism is time and again tempered调节，缓和only by his humor and delight in broadly comic and dramatic scenes.♦The fight outside the church is described in detail, with the individuals named to create realism in the scene, almost as a piece of drama.♦ 4. The narrator‟s direct address to the reader breaks the suspension of disbelief in the narrative. He refers to the construction of his text as a story with “sundry similes, descriptions and oth er kind of poetical embellishments润色,” reminding the reader that the novel is an artificial construct. By calling attention to the novel's form, Fielding is able to both explicitly extrapolate its ideas and have fun with its conventions第七课♦Mr. Bennet is an English gentleman with his ove rbearing wife. The Bennets‟ five daughters: the beautiful Jane, the clever Elizabeth, the bookish Mary, the immature Kitty and the wild Lydia.Unfortunately for the Bennets, if Mr. Bennet dies, their house will be inherited by a distant cousin whom they have never met.The family‟s future, happiness and security is dependent on the daughters‟ making good marriages. The main plot is about the five daughters, especially the main character Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy as they deal with matters of upbringing, marriage, moral rightness and education in her aristocratic societyWhat do you think about the characters of Mr. Bennet and Mrs Bennet?♦Mr. Bennet is a cynical person while Mrs Bennet is a philistine and shallow woman. She is a beautiful but empty-headed, snobbish and vulgar woman whose only goal in life is to marry her five daughters to rich, handsome young men. She is often teased by her husbandHow do you understand the first sentence?♦“In want of” and “fortune” are key words in the first sentence. “In want of” refers to “need” instead of “desire”. In another word, it implies objectivity rather than subjectivity. The truth of “a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife” is tested through the Bennet family.♦Another key wor d is “fortune”, suggestive of the primary importance of cash nexus（现金交易关系）in love and marriage. The opening sentence serves as an excellent start for the development of the plot.It is probably one of the most famous first sentences found in fiction.What does the first chapter describe?♦The first chapter describes the parents of the Bennet girls.♦Mr. and Mrs. Bennet are busy considering the prospects of their daughters‟ marriage, shortly after hearing of the arrival of a rich, unmarried young man as their neighbor.♦Mild satire may be found here in the author‟s seeming ly matter-of-fact description of a very ordinary, practical family conversation, though unmistakable sympathy is given to both Mrs. and Mr. Bennet What is the style of the chapter?♦The style is lucid and graceful with touches of humor and mild satire. The conversations are interesting and amusing, and immediately bring the characters to life. The author only inserts her observations occasionallyWhat is the theme of the novel?♦This book tells us a great deal about different attitudes toward marriage in Au sten‟s time.♦Austin satires and criticizes the marriage arranged by the parents of both sides or the marriiages built upon money or wealth.♦Elizabeth‟s attitude, which is not built upon wealth and money, but on spiritual understanding of each other, is praised by the writer.第八课dickens♦Noah Claypole‟s relationship with Oliver illustrates Victorian England‟s obsession with class distinctions.♦The son of destitute parents, Noah is accustomed to the disdain of those who are better off than he.♦Thus, he is relieved to have Oliver nearby, since, as an orphan, Oliver is even worse off than he is.♦Dickens shows that class snobbery is a universal quality, characteristic of the lowest as well as the highest strata of society.♦Moreover, snobbish behavior seems a component of class insecurity.♦The poor mercilessly taunt those who are poorer than they, out of anxious desire to distinguish themselves from those who are even worse off in life♦In protesting the parish‟s treatment of Oliver, Dickens criticizes th e Victorian characterization of the poor as naturally immoral, criminal, and filthy.♦His principal character, Oliver, after all, is virtuous, good, and innocent.♦Although we might expect a criticism of the popular conception of the lower classes to descr ibe many lower-class characters who are essentially good, honest, and hardworking, Dickens does not paint such a simplistic picture.♦The character of Noah, for example, exhibits the same stereotypes that Dickens satirizes in the first several chapters.♦Noah, the son of a drunkard, seems to have inherited all of the unpleasant traits that his father presumably has. Big, greedy, cowardly, ugly, and dirty, Noah is the quintessential Victorian stereotype of the good-for-nothing poor man.♦Oliver‟s attack on No ah is an important moment in the development of his character.♦Most of the time, he is portrayed as sweet, -docile, innocent, and naïve—sometimes to the point of seeming somewhat dim.♦Indeed, it might seem that Dickens, in his fervent desire to exact his Victorian audience‟s sympathy for the poor orphan, exaggerates by making Oliver angelic.♦Oliver‟s fit of rage, however, makes him seem more passionate and human, like an ordinary child.♦Oliver, raised in the workhouse, has never seen a functioning family except for the Sowerberrys, who are childless.♦His sense of familial love and duty is strong enough to compel him to violently come to his mother‟s defense.♦Dickens implies that loyalty to kin, and the desire for the love of a family, is an impulse with which children are born, not one that needs to be learned and nurtured第九课Dover Beach♦What is the tone of the poem?♦What is the theme of the poem?♦Do you think the view of human life presented here is applicable to today‟s world? Why or why not?♦Feelings of isolated loneliness, and fear of the future are the major tone of the poem♦The central theme is that the poet mourns the loss of faith in God, who provided security and meaningfor people in the past, and compares the passing of faith to the ebb of the tide.♦In Arnold‟s world, the pillar of faith supporting society was perceived as crumbling under the weight of scientific development.♦Consequently, the existence of God and the whole Christian scheme of things were cast in doubt.♦Arnold, who was deeply religious, lamented the dying of the light of faith.♦It is rather difficult to say it is true or not for today‟s world. With a positive viewpoint, we can perceive today‟s world as a prosperous and peaceful one. With a negative and critical eye, the wor ld today is full of misery, torture and disbelief, and is as a messy chaos as described in the poemMeeting at nightHow does the poem show the frame of mind 心情of the hero and the heroine? Meeting at night ♦The hero was sailing a boat on the gray sea. The little waves were startled and leaped in fiery ringlets under the moonlight. This image reflects the happy mood of the hero.♦When the boat landed the cove, it slowed down and got stranded on the sand. This suggests the swiftness of the boat and the eagerness of the hero.♦The repetition of the sounds “s” and “sh” produced the sound effect.♦The last four lines form an image of their meeting. It can be seen that the person inside had been waiting with the same eagerness.♦“Scratch” and “spurt” are onomatopoeias, which produced the sound effect of peace and quietude late at night.♦Their joy reached the climax in the last line. They were hugging each other tightly.How do you understand the poem? 早上的分别♦This poem describes the parting of the two after the meeting late at night.♦In the above poem the hero thinks that the joy of love is everlasting, but now he admits that this joy is transient. Love and comfort are not everything for a man. He has a lot of things to do. He should commit himself to his own cause.♦The sunlight travels in a straight line. Compared with the sunlight, the road of his cause is uneven and full of curves.丁尼生What is expressed in the poem?♦This short lyric was written in memory of the poet‟s very dear friend Arthur Hallam whose death was felt very keenly by Tennyson throughout his life. In the poem Tennyson contrasts his own feelings of sadness over the loss of a dear friend first with th e innocent joys of a fisherman‟s boy and of a sailor lad and then with the unfeeling waves of the sea that break upon the shore and with the insensate ships that enter into a harbor. The whole effect is one of genuine personal grief revealed through simple imagery and very musical language.What does stanza 2 describe? How does the poet feel?♦Stanza 2 describes the fisherman‟s boy shouting with sister at play and the sailor lad singing. The gaiety of the people in the setting is in contrast with the poet‟s gloomy feeling. The boy, the girl, and the lad are enjoying themselves despite the inner pains of the poet. The enjoyable setting intensifies the poet‟s mood. He feels more lonely and is plunged into deeper sorrow over the loss of his friend.What is the effect of the repetition of “Break, break, break”?♦“Break, break, break” appears in the first lines in the first and last stanzas. “Break” is a one-syllable word. It is read with much feeling and poignancy. The word easily fills the normal tempo of a metrical foot. “Break, break, break” is repeated for more that has not been mentioned above to be conveyed more clearly. We can see the following lines touch the memory of the experience in which the poet was with his friend.第10课萧伯纳Question 1♦He is afraid to betray his origin.♦He is the son of a Clerkenwell watchmakerQuestion 2♦In this play and in British society at large, language is closely tied with class.♦From a person's accent, one can determine where the person comes from and usually what the person's socioeconomic background is.♦She speaks English so well that they are curious about her and eager to know her identity.♦They stop talking to look at her, admiring her dress, her jewels, and her strangely attractive self.♦Some of the younger ones at the back stand on their chairs to see.♦According to the hostess, there has been nothing like her in London since people stood on their chairs to look at Mrs. Langtry (English actress).Question 3♦Class Distinction. The social hierarchy is an unavoidable reality in Britain,.♦Shaw includes members of all social classes from the lowest (Liza) to the servant class (Mrs. Pearce) to the middle class (Doolittle after his inheritance) to the genteel poor (the Eynsford Hills) to the upper class (Pickering and the Higginses).♦The general sense is that class structures are rigid and should not be tampered with改动, so the example of Liza's class mobility is most shocking.♦The issue of language is tied up in class quite closely; the fact that Higgins is able to identify where people were born by their accents is telling有力的说明.♦British class and identity are very much tied up in their land and their birthplace, so it becomes hard to be socially mobile if your accent marks you as coming from a certain location♦Here Higgins, and through him Shaw, shows that this great difference between human beings can be destroyed. And when this disappears, the class distinction it represents also largely disappears. The flower girl does not have to stay on the curbstone with her basket all her life. To re-make human speech is a method of re-making modern society.第11课WoolfWhat is the function of Big Ben?♦Big Ben is a bell in a clock at the Palace of Westminster. It chimes the hours.♦In the novel, Big Ben suggests the fear of death.♦Thoughts of death lurk constantly beneath the surface of everyday life in Mrs. Dalloway, especially for Clarissa, Septimus, and Peter, and this awareness makes even mundane 平凡的events and interactions meaningful, sometimes even threatening.What is the function of Big Ben?♦Big Ben is a bell in a clock at the Palace of Westminster. It chimes the hours.♦In the novel, Big Ben suggests the fear of death.♦Thoughts of death lurk constantly beneath the surface of everyday life in Mrs. Dalloway, especially for Clarissa, Septimus, and Peter, and this awareness makes even mundane 平凡的events and interactions meaningful, sometimes even threatening.♦Middle-aged Clarissa has experienced the deaths of her father, mother, and sister and has lived through the calamity of war, and she has grown to believe that living even one day is dangerous.♦Death is very naturally in her thoughts, and the line from Cymbeline, along with Septimus‟s suicidal embrace of death, ultimately helps her to be at peace with her own mortality.♦Peter Walsh, so insecure in his identity, grows frantic at the idea of death and follows an anonymous young woman through London to forget about it.♦Septimus faces death most directly. Though he fears it, he finally chooses it over what seems to him a direr alternative—living another day.How is the novel related to the disillusionment of the British Empire?♦English citizens lost much of their faith in the empire after the war. No longer could England claim to be invulnerable and all-powerful. Citizens were less inclined to willingly adhere to the rigid constraints imposed by England‟s class system,which benefited only a small margin of society but which all classes had fought to preserve.♦In 1923, when Mrs. Dalloway takes place, the old establishment and its oppressive values are nearing their end. English citizens, including Clarissa, Peter, and Septimus, feel the failure of the empire as strongly as they feel their own personal failures. The old empire faces an imminent demise, and the loss of the traditional and familiar social order leaves the English at loose ends.What can we see about Englis h Society from Clarissa‟s preparation for the party?♦Woolf strived to illustrate the vain artificiality of Clarissa‟s life and her involvement in it.♦The detail given and thought provoked in one day of a woman…s preparation for a party, a simple social event, exposes the flimsy没有价值的lifestyle of England's upper classes at the time of the novel. How is the stream of consciousness technique used in Mrs. Dallay?♦In literary criticism, stream of consciousness is a narrative mode that seeks to portray an i ndividual‟s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character's thought processes, either in a loose interior monologue, or in connection to his or her actions♦Stream of Consciousness is an innovative narration technique in the twentieth century to reflect the inner world of the characters and expose the social reality.Virginia Woolf's novel Mrs.Dalloway,which is the sign of maturity of Stream of Consciousness, is the best works of her.Through the use of stream of consciousness, which mainly includes montage, inner monologue and free association, the novel expresses the inner world of the protagonist directly.The story of the novel is of Clarissa Dalloway‟s preparations for a party of which she is to be hostess. She goes around London in the morning, getting ready to host a party that evening. The nice day reminds her of her youth at Bourton and makes her wonder about her choice of husband; she married the reliable Richard Dalloway instead of the enigmatic and demanding Peter Walsh, who will pay her a visit in the evening.♦Clarissa‟s party in the evening is a slow success. It is attended by most of the characters she has met in the book, including people from her past.♦At the party she hears about the suicide of a World War I veteran Septimus, who suffers from “shell shock”, and gradually comes to admire the act of this stranger, which she considers an effort to preserve the purity of his happiness♦With the interior perspective of the novel, the story travels forwards and back in time and in a nd out of the characters‟ minds to construct an image of Clarissa‟s life and of the inter-war social structure。
英国文学选读名词解释
1.epic 史诗An epic is a long oral narrative poem that operates on a grand scale and deals with legendary or historical events of national or universal significance .Most epics deal with the exploits of a single individual and also interlace the main narrative with myths, legends, folk tales and past events; there is a composite effect, the entire culture of a country cohering in the overall experience of the poem . Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period of its history.2.caesura 停顿a break or pause in a line of poetry, dictated by the natural rhythm of the languageand sometimes enforced by punctuation. In Old English verse, such as Beowulf, the caesura was used rather monotonously to indicate the half line.3.alliteration 头韵the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are close to each other. It is a feature of Beowulf and other Old English poems.4.alliterative verse 头韵诗poetry written in alliteration. Nearly all Old English verse, including Beowulf, is heavily alliterative, and the pattern is fairly standard –with either two or three stressed syllables in each line alliterating.5.kenning 隐喻语a metaphor usually composed of two words and used for description andassociation. Beowulf is full of kennings, such as “helmet bearer” for “warrior” and “swan road” for “sea”.6.protagonist 主角the principal character of a drama or fiction. Hamlet is the protagonist of William Shakespeare’s drama Hamlet.7.antagonist 反角In drama or fiction the antagonist opposes the hero or protagonist. In Hamlet Claudius is antagonist to Hamlet.8.romance 传奇a type of literature that was popular in the Middle Ages, usually containingadventures and reflecting the spirit of chivalry. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was a great verse romance, but its author remains unknown.9.bob and wheel诗节末尾的短行与叠唱a rhyming section of five lines that concludes a stanza in Sir Gawain and theGreen Knight. The “bob” is a very short line, sometimes of only two syllables, followed by the “wheel”, longe r lines with three stresses and internal thyme.10.poet’s corner 诗人角a part of Westminster Abbey, London, which contains the tombs or monuments ofsome famous English poets, such as Geoffrey Chaucer and John Milton.11.heroic couplet 英雄双韵体Two successive lines o f rhymed poetry in iambic pentameter. Geoffrey Chaucer’smasterpiece The Canterbury Tale was written in heroic couplet.Named from its use by Dryden and others in the heroic drama of the late 17th century, the heroic couplet had been established much earlier by Chaucer as a major English verse-form for narrative and other kinds of non-dramatic portry: it dominated English poetry of the 18th century, notably in the couplets of Pope, before declining in importance in the early 19th century.12.ballad meter 民谣体traditionally a four-line stanza containing alternating four-stress and three-stress lines, usually with a refrain and the rhyme scheme of abcb. Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose” is a great love ballad.13.refrain 叠句，副歌a phrase, line or lines repeated at intervals during a poem and especially at the endof a stanza. It is very often found in English ballads, such as Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose”.14.English Renaissance 英国文艺复兴the literary flowering of England in the late 16th century and early 17th century, with humanism as its keynote. William Shakespeare’s Hamlet is considered the summit of this renaissance.Renaissance(文艺复兴)The word “renaissance” means rebirth or revival. It is commonly applied to the movement or period in western civilization , which marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world . It sprang up first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe, the date differing for different countries. The Renaissance indicates a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism. The study and propagation of classical learning and art was carried on by the progressive thinkers of the humanists. They held their chief interest not in ecclesiastical knowledge, but in man, his environment and doings and his brave fight for the emancipation of man from the tyranny of the church and religious dogmas.Because in the ancient Greek and Roman mythology were found the ideas of universal love, respect to human beings and approval of man’s power, ability and knowledge. And at the same time worldly enjoyment on the earth was affirmed. In short, man became the center of the world instead of God as upheld in the Middle Ages. The Renaissance Movement is a great revolution carried out in the fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century Europe. It broke the chain and bondage of feudal and theological ties and brought human wisdom and capacity into full play.15.Elizabethan literature 伊丽莎白时代的文学literature written in the Elizabethan Age (1558-1603). William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet was a masterpiece of this period.16.sonnet 十四行诗a fixed form consisting of fourteen lines of 5-foot iambic verse. It first flourishedin Italy in the 14th century. William Shakespeare was a great English sonnet writer famous for his 154 sonnets.17.iambic pentameter 五步抑扬格the basic line in English verse, with five feet in a line, usually an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable. It was probably introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer and certainly established by him in The Canterbury Tales.18.meter 格律the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in verse. In English verse a line may have a fixed number of syllables and yet have a varying number of stresses;the commonest meter is iambic. William Shakespeare’s so nnets are written in iambic.19.foot 音步a group of syllables forming a metrical unit. We measure feet in terms of syllablevariation: long and short syllables, stressed and unstressed. The commonest foot in English verse is iamb; the commonest line is five-foot line, called pentameter.William Shakespeare’s “Sonnet 18” contains fourteen iambic pentameter lines. 20.rhyme scheme 押韵格式the pattern of end-thymes in a stanza or poem, generally described by using letters of the alphabet to denote the recurrence of rhyming lines. For example, heroic couplets are “aabbcc” and so on.21.quatrain 四行诗节a stanza of four lines, rhymed or unrhymed. It is the commonest of all stanzaicforms in English poetry. Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose” has four quatrains.22.image 意象a concrete representation of an object or sensory experience. Typically, such arepresentation helps evoke the feelings associated with the object or experience itself. Many images are conveyed by figurative language. An image may be visual, olfactory, tactile, auditory, gustatory, abstract and kinaesthetic. The rose in Robert Burns’ poem “A Red, Red Rose” is a beautiful image.23.poetic license 诗的破格the liberty allowed to the poet to wrest the language according to his needs in the use of figurative speech, archaism, rhyme, strange syntax, etc. An example is the last sentence of “A Red, Red Rose” by Robert Burns –“Tho’ it were ten thousand mile!”24.verse drama 诗剧drama written in the form of verse. It was most widely used in the Elizabethan Age. William Shakespeare’s dramas are all verse dramas, Hamlet being the most famous.25.blank verse 无韵诗，素体诗unrhymed iambic pentameter, the most widely used of English verse forms and usually used in English dramatic and epic poetry. William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet is written in blank verse.26.Globe Theatre 环球剧场One of the most famous of all theatres, it was built in 1599, with three stories. The roof was thatched, with the centre open to the sky. Many of William Shakespeare’s plays were performed in it. It was destroyed by fire in 1613, rebuilt the next year and finally demolished in 1644. Again it was rebuilt in 1997.27.essay 散文a composition, usually in prose, which may be of only a few hundred words or ofbook length and which discusses, formally or informally, a topic or a variety of topics. It is one of the most flexible and adaptable of all literary forms. Francis Bacon is a great essayist; his “Of Studies” is a model of good essay.28.English Romanticism 英国浪漫主义a literary movement that aimed at free expression of the writer’s ideas and feelingsand flourished in the early 19th century England. A great representative of this movement is Percy Bysshe Shelley, the author of “Ode to the West Wind”.ke poets 湖畔诗人are a group of English poets who all lived in the Lake District of England at the turn o f the nineteenth century. They are considered part of the Romantic Movement. The thr ee main figures of what has become known as the Lakes School are William Wordswo rth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Robert Southey.30.poet laureate 桂冠诗人A poet honored for his artistic achievement or selected as most representative of his countryor era; in England, a court official appointed by the sovereign, whose original duties included the composition of odes in honor of the sovereign’s birthday and in celebration of state occasions of importance. William Wordsworth became poet laureate in 1843.31. Humanism(人文主义)Broadly, this term suggests any attitude which tends to exalt the human element or stress the importance of human interests, as opposed to the supernatural , divine elements ---or as opposed to the grosser, animal elements.In a more specific sense, humanism suggests a devotion to those studies supposed to promote human culture most effectively----in particular, those dealing with the life,thought, language, and literature of ancient Greece and Rome. It proclaimed that man is the most important noble creature in the world; the goal of life is to enjoy oneself in this present world instead of afterlife. According to the humanists ; both man and world are hindered by external checks from infinite improvement. Man could mould the world according to his desires, and attain happiness by removing all external checks by the exercise of reason. In literary history the most important use of the term is to designate the revival of classical culture which accompanied the Renaissance.32. Ode(颂歌) Long, often elaborate formal lyric poem of varying line lengths dealing with a subject matter and treating it reverently. It aims at glorifying an individual, commemorating an event, or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally. Conventionally, many odes are written or dedicated to a specifie subject. For instance,Ode to the West Wind is about the winds that bring change of season in England. Ode to the Nightingale is about the nightingale that lures the poet temporarily away from his great misery. The earliest English odes include the Epithalamion and the Prothalamion,or marriage hymns by poet Edmund Spenser. 33. Romanticism(浪漫主义)The term refers to the literary and artistic movements of the late 18th and early 19th century. Romanticism rejected the earlier philosophy of the Enlightenment, which stressed that logic and reason were the best response humans had in the face of cruelty, stupidity, superstition, and barbarism. Instead ,theRomantics asserted that reliance upon emotion and natural passions provided a valid and powerful means of knowing and a reliable guide to ethics and living.The Romantic movement typically asserts the unique nature of the individual, the privileged status of imagination and fancy, the value of spontaneity over “artifice” and “convention”, the human need for emotional outlets, the rejection of civilized corruption, and a desire to return to natural primitivism and escape the spiritual destruction of urban life Their writings are often set in rural, or Gothic settings and they show an obsessive concern with “innocent”characters----children, young lovers, and animals. The major Romantic poets included William Blake, William Wordsworth, John Keats , Percy Bysshe Shelley, and Lord Gordon Byron.34. Aestheticism( 美学主义)The basic theory of the Aesthetic movement----“art for art’s sake”----was set forth by a French poet, Theophile Gautier. The first Englishman who wrote about the theory of aestheticism was Walter Pater, the most important critical writer of the late 19th century. The chief representative of the movement in England was Oscar Wilde,with his Picture of Dorian Gray. Aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life. According to the aesthetes, all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to objective. Art should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art’s sake,can it be immortal They believed that art should be unconcerned with controversial issues, such as politics and morality, and that it should be restricted to contributing beauty in a highly polished style. This was one of the reactions against the materialism and commercialism of the Victorian industrial era, as well as a reaction against the Victorian convention of art for morality’s sake, or art for money’s sake.35. Stream of Consciousness(意识流)(psychol organized by William James) individual conscious experience regarded as continuously moving forward in time in an uneven flow. In creative writing the interior monologue makes use of this to reveal character and comment on life.（由威廉·詹姆士创立的心理学）个人的内心体验以不平衡的方式不断流动着。
海归女电视应聘引互掐争议 神马是“英雄双韵体”？
海归女电视应聘引互掐争议神马是“英雄双韵体”？近日，一段来源于天津卫视职场节目《非你莫属》的视频“海归女对掐主持人”在网络爆红，在这段长达十几分钟的视频中，80后海归女孩刘俐俐跟主持人张绍刚以及现场BOSS团针锋相对，场面几度失控。
这段视频惹得网友们争论不休，有人批评主持人和BOSS团不该公开贬低一个无辜的求职者，也有人认为刘俐俐态度傲慢，缺乏面试技巧。
海归女孩刘俐俐引主持人失控的导火索就是表示自己喜欢英雄双韵体（英雄双行体）。
透过现象看本质，咱们且不论该事件孰是孰非，今天的【热门事件学英语】小编带大家文化扫盲下：什么是英雄双韵体？英雄双韵体跟文豪莎士比亚又有什么关系？1. 英雄双韵体（heroic couplets）：A heroic couplet is a traditional form for English poetry. It refers to poems constructed from a sequence of rhyming pairs of iambic pentameter lines.英雄双韵体是一种英国诗歌形式。
每行五个音步（pentameter），每个音步有两个音节，采用轻音+重音的抑扬格（imabus）的格律形式，诗尾的押韵方式为aabb型。
英语诗歌多数是以五音步抑扬格（iambic pentameter）的诗体形式写成。
2. 英雄双韵体都跟谁有关？（1）鼻祖：杰弗雷·乔叟Geoffrey Chaucer双韵体最初是英国诗歌之父乔叟在他的Legend of Good Women（《贤妇传说》）一诗中使用的，但注意，乔叟时期的双行体并不能严格地称为英雄双韵体，因为当时流行的是十音步双行体（decasyllbic couplet），乔叟只是在诗中采用双句押尾韵的形式：A thóusand tímes háve I hérd men télleThat thér is jóye in héven, and péyne in hélle…（2）集大成者：约翰·德莱顿John Dryden 亚历山大·蒲柏Alexander Pope英国古典主义时期著名批评家和戏剧家、有“桂冠诗人”（The Poet Laureate）美誉的约翰·德莱顿是第一个创作这种体裁诗作的作家，新古典主义的代表亚历山大·蒲柏的诗歌也多用英雄双韵体，这种诗歌形式使得他的词句工整精练，很多都成为哲理格言。
中华对联与英语英雄双行体对比及其启示
中华对联与英语英雄双行体对比及其启示*黄中习摘要：本文认为，中华对联与英语英雄双行体诗有同有异, 中华对联与英语英雄双行体分别是汉英语言典型的语言艺术形式, 最能体现汉英语言及汉英语言文字特色。
通过对两者的对比分析，找出其异同点，指出对比分析的启示，认为英译中华对联的首选形式是英语英雄双行体诗，一个短联翻译成一个对句就可以，中长联可以用两个或多个对句。
关键词：对联；英雄双行体；对比语言本身是工具，又是文化。
语言是文化的载体，是培育民族精神，孕育民族情结、民族文化和民族精神的一种手段。
参照德国哲学家、语言学家威廉·洪堡特的“语言世界观”理论, 潘文国（1997，27-31）认为，“语言反映了不同民族的概念和意义体系……语言反映不同民族的价值体系……语言反映不同民族的思维方式”。
中华对联与英语英雄双行体诗分别是汉英语言的传统文学形式，各具特色，有同有异，最能体现英汉语言文字及英汉文化特色。
两者都有悠久历史和鲜明特色：两行文字，讲究遣词，格律严谨，音韵和谐，看起来整齐醒目，听起来铿锵悦耳，读起来琅琅上口，有一定的可比性。
实际上，它们也反映了汉英民族的思维方式、传统文化及审美情趣的一些不同特点。
第一节英语英雄双行体简介英雄双行体诗歌（Heroic Couplet），又称英雄偶句诗体，是指a rhyming couplet in iambic pentameter （抑扬格五音步押韵两诗行）。
由于这种双行体常用于“英雄”诗歌（即史诗）和英雄剧中，故在17世纪下半叶被加上“英雄”这一定语。
双行体分为“闭合双行体（closed couplet）”和“开放双行体（unclosed couplet）”两种。
闭合双行体就是把一个句子或一个完整的句法单位的结尾保持一致，不依赖上下文，两行诗具有完整、独立的意义。
持续不变地使用闭合双行体意味着两行诗就相当于一个诗节；而开放双行体的重音句型常与抑扬格标准不尽相同：句子结构不对称，每对诗行自由发展，韵律的作用是为了增加色彩而不是作为诗歌的休止符。
英语诗歌的类别
1.十四行诗(Sonnet)源于中世纪民间抒情短诗，十三、十四世纪流行于意大利，意大利彼特拉克（Petrarch）为代表人物，每行十一个音节，全诗一节八行，加一节六行，韵脚用abba, abba, cdcdcd (cdecde)。
前八行提问，后六行回答。
后来，怀亚特（Thomas Wyatt,1503-1542）将十四行诗引人英国，五音步抑扬格，全诗三个四行一个二行,前三节提问，后二句结论。
斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser,1552-1599）用韵脚abab, bcbc,cdcd,ee。
莎士比亚（William Shakespeare,1564-1616）用韵脚abab,cdcd,efef,gg，称英国式或莎士比亚式。
2.打油诗（Limericks）通常是小笑话甚至是胡诌，一般没有标题也无作者姓名，含有幽默讽刺性，常运用双关，内韵等手法。
每首诗五个诗行，押韵为aabba，格律以抑扬格和抑抑扬格为主。
1) There was a young lady of NiggerWho smiled as she rode on a tiger;They returned from the rideWith the lady inside,And the smile on the face of the tiger.2) A tutor who taught on the fluteTried to teach two tooters to toot,“Is it harder to toot, orSaid the two to the tutor,To tutor two tooters to toot?”3、素体诗(无韵体诗)（Blank Verse）五音步抑扬格，不押韵诗体。
the unrhymed iambic pentameter lineWilliam Wordsworth: There Was a BoyThere was a Boy; ye knew him well, ye cliffsAnd islands of Winander! many a time,At evening, when the earliest stars beganTo move along the edges of the hills,Rising or setting, would he stand alone,Beneath the trees, or by the glimmering lake;And there, with fingers interwoven, both handsPressed closely palm to palm and to his mouthUplifted, he, as through an instrument,Blew mimic hootings to the silent owlsThat they might answer him.—And they would shoutAcross the watery vale, and shout again,Responsive to his call,—with quivering peals,And long halloos, and screams, and echoes loudRedoubled and redoubled; concourse wildOf jocund din! And, when there came a pauseOf silence such as baffled his best skill:Then, sometimes, in that silence, while he hungListening, a gentle shock of mild surpriseHas carried far into his heart the voiceOf mountain-torrents; or the visible sceneWould enter unawares into his mindWith all its solemn imagery, its rocks,Its woods, and that uncertain heaven receivedInto the bosom of the steady lake.This boy was taken from his mates, and diedIn childhood, ere he was full twelve years old.Pre-eminent in beauty is the valeWhere he was born and bred: the churchyard hangsUpon a slope above the village-school;And through that churchyard when my way has ledOn summer-evenings, I believe that thereA long half-hour together I have stoodMute —looking at the grave in which he lies!3.自由诗（Free Verse）自由诗（Free Verse）:现代诗中常见的体式，长短不同的诗行存在于同一首诗中，不讲究押韵与格律，只注重诗歌所表达的意象和传递的情感。