四级综合分类
大学英语4级题型分析大全
大学英语4级题型分析大全第一部分：听力长对话题型分析听力长对话（Long Conversations）的长度一般在6-20句之间，字数在120-25 0字之间。
针对每篇长对话的问题可能会有2-5个。
与短对话相比，长对话涉及的内容更深入，人物态度，语气，情感变化更复杂，一般不能简单依赖某个关键词来判断整篇对话的含义。
一人一句的短对话涉及的只是一个“点”，而长对话涉及的是一个“面”。
短对话的答案一般是“显而易见”的，而长对话有时更依赖于推断和判断。
尽管如此，长对话必然有一个中心议题，中心议题正是该“面”的凝聚点，对话双方都是围绕该中心而展开话题，对于长对话而言，做出正确选择的关键就是把握住对话的中心思想。
由于对话较多，长对话的场景就显得格外重要，准确判断对话的场景（situati on），对把握对话的中心思想是非常有帮助的。
这里所谈到的场景，是指人物，身份或职业，议论的问题，时间，地点等等的综合概念。
清晰的场景会在考生头脑中形成氛围，容易把握对话的发展脉络，使对话情节的发展更加顺理成章。
对长对话的题型分析，不易于采取诸如：“关键词，因果关系，But转折，情感，态度”等分类方法。
根据多年的实践经验，依据场景的不同，对长对话进行分类，有助于考生对“面’的把握能力的提高。
下面是对长对话经常涉及到的几种情况做了归类，主要分成三大类：学习相关类，生活相关类和工作相关类。
顾名思义，学习相关类与学习有密切联系，比如：选课，考试，论文等；生活相关类主要涉及到家庭，校院生活，娱乐，运动等；生活相关类多是找工作，面试等题材。
下面列举几个常用典型场景的题型。
学习相关类学习相关类往往是长对话的重点。
内容粗略可分为教务场景，选课场景，补课场景和论文场景等。
（1）教务场景场景人物：由教师（导师）或学监等教务人员向学生说明一些学校课程的安排情况。
场景涉及内容：学期计划，调课信息，考试安排，课程介绍等。
解题思路：教务人员总是细致地描述各项事务的细节问题，时间，地点，计划推迟或变更的原因往往是考查的重点。
[大学英语考试复习资料]大学英语四级分类模拟题95
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[大学英语考试复习资料]大学英语四级分类模拟题95
大学英语四级分类模拟题95
Reading Comprehension
Keep Our Seas Clean
A. By the year 2050 it is estimated that the world's population could have increased to around 12 billion. Of these, some 60 percent will live within 60 km of the sea. The agricultural and industrial activities required to support this population will increase the already significant pressures on fertile coastal areas. Death and disease caused by pollБайду номын сангаасted coastal waters costs the global economy US $12.8 billion a year. Plastic waste kills up to 1 million sea birds, 100,000 sea mammals and countless fish each year.
四级成绩的划分标准
四级成绩的划分标准
四级成绩的划分标准是根据考试成绩进行等级划分的，具体标准如下：
1. 优秀（A级）：成绩在650-710分之间，表示考生的英语水平非常高，能够流利地使用英语进行交流，且在阅读、写作、听力等方面表现出色。
2. 良好（B级）：成绩在600-649分之间，表示考生的英语水平较高，能够较好地使用英语进行交流，但在某些方面可能存在一些不足。
3. 中等（C级）：成绩在550-599分之间，表示考生的英语水平一般，能够进行基本的交流，但在某些方面可能存在较大的困难。
4. 及格（D级）：成绩在425-549分之间，表示考生的英语水平基本达标，能够进行简单的交流，但仍然存在一些问题。
5. 不及格（E级）：成绩在0-424分之间，表示考生的英语水平未达标，无法进行基本的交流。
需要注意的是，四级成绩的划分标准并不是绝对的，它只是一个相对的参考。
不同的考试机构或学校可能对四级成绩的划分标准略有不同。
此外，四级成绩并不能完全代表一个人的英语水平，它只是评价英语水平的一种方式之一。
因
此，在评价一个人的英语水平时，应该综合考虑多个方面的因素。
大学英语四级分类模拟题402
大学英语四级分类模拟题402Reading ComprehensionSection AWhen we think about the growth of human population over the last century or so, it is all too easy to imagine it merely as an increase in the number of humans. But as we 1 , so do all the things associated with us, 2 our livestock (牲畜). At present, there are about 1.5 billion cattle and domestic buffalo and about 1.7 billion sheep and goats. With pigs and poultry, they form a 3 part of our enormous biological footprint upon this planet.Just how enormous was not really apparent until the 4 of a report, called Livestock's Long Shadow, by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.Consider these numbers. Global livestock grazing (放牧) and feed production use 30 percent of the land surface of the planet. Livestock—which consume more food than they 5 —also compete directly with humans for water. And the drive to expand grazing land destroys more biologically sensitive terrain, 6 rain forests, than anything else.But what is even more striking, and alarming, is that livestock are 7 for about 18 percent of the global warming effect, more than transportation's 8 . The culprits (罪魁祸首) are methane—the natural result of bovine digestion—and the nitrogen emitted by manure. Deforestation of grazing land adds to the effect.There are no easy trade-offs when it comes to global warming—such as cutting back on cattle to make room for cars. The human 9 for meat is certainly not about to end anytime soon. As Livestock's Long Shadow makes clear, our health and the health of the planet depend on pushing livestock production in more 10 directions.A. available I. multiplyB. certainly J. passionC. concerning K. publicationD. contribution L. responsibleE. critical M. sustainableF. especially N. wasteG. including O. yieldH. liableSection BFirefighter TrainingA. To a typical American kid, the only thing cooler than a firetruck is somebody who rides in one. Firefighters drive through the city at high speeds and climb ladders to sickening heights. These highly trained specialists risk their lives every day fighting fires. It's easy to see why so many people want to become firefighters: serving as one is heroic and adventurous. But becoming a firefighter takes more than strength and courage.B. Before you can become an active-duty firefighter, you need to spend about 600 hours in training, over the course of 12 to 14 weeks. That's somewhere between 40 to 48 hours per week, which makes firefighter training a full-time job. Training typically occurs at a fire academy, which is often run by the fire department, a division of the state government or a university. Much of this training is actually in the classroom. During their academic coursework at the fire academy, students study English, Physics, Chemistry, Mathematicsand Fire Science in relation to real-life fire situations. To be effective problem solvers and keep up good communication on the job, a firefighter needs to be strong.C. Firefighting is a highly competitive field. Thousands of applicants apply every year across the country, but most are rejected. Many departments hire every two years, and typically give staff positions to about 30 applicants at a time. While some fire departments only require applicants to hold a high school diploma, many look for applicants with two years of college credits from an accredited college or university. Firefighting is so competitive, in fact, that many applicants obtain EMT or paramedic (护理人员) certification before applying to become a firefighter, making them more desirable to hiring departments. Today, more applicants than ever before have four-year degrees in Fire Science or related fields, which has made the field even more competitive.D. To enter a training program, applicants take three exams: a written test, a Candidate Physical Ability Test (CPAT) and an aptitude test. The written exam typically consists of around 100 multiple choice questions and covers spatial awareness, reading comprehension, mechanical reasoning, logic, observation and memory. The primary focus of the physical ability test is agility (机敏), upper body strength and endurance. Each task is timed and tests the applicant's capacity to endure sustained physical activity. These tasks are reflective of what students do in the fire academy throughout their training days in and out. It's unlikely that an applicant who strains to complete the tasks will survive 14 weeks of training, and so is a strong indicator of future success.E. Applicants train for the CPAT in some unusual ways. Often, applicants run up and down stairs or stadiums, lift heavy sacks of sand by rope, or jog in multi-level parking garages. Next, we'll take a look at the most exciting and dangerous aspect of firefighter training. In order to survive, firefighters must be able to think critically and clearly and solve problems quickly, under extreme stress. This can be especially difficult in an actual fire, so training instructors conduct live fire training drills: They purposely set buildings on fire to give students opportunities to develop these skills. The overall goal of this behavioral training is to instill (逐步培养) good habits in students through repeated exposure. Live fire training is conducted in burn buildings, which are structures, built or acquired, to be intentionally burned for firefighter training.F. There are three types of burn buildings: traditional, acquired structures and simulated structural fire buildings. Traditional bum buildings, built with special materials, can withstand multiple fires, although they do break down over time. Traditional burn buildings exist in communities, at fire academies and on university campuses. The fuel used to cause fires in these structures is typically straw, hay or wood things. Acquired structures are condemned houses or other abandoned buildings. Instructors locate a suitable building and begin a tedious process. First, an instructor gets written permission from the building's owner and acquires necessary permits and health clearances to proceed. They notify everyone in the surrounding community of the building, including residences and businesses. Instructors make certain there is no insurance on the property to prevent false claims and legal trouble. With the legal issues out of the way, they prepared the site for training purpose.G. Even with the preparations and precautionary measures, using an acquired structure can still be very dangerous. The fire is controlled, but that doesn't mean it's any less real. During the past 10 years, 99 firefighters were killed during training, some of these in live fire training. Statistics like these led fire instructors to adopt a new, safer method for live firetraining: simulated structural fire buildings.H. Simulated structural fire buildings are far more advanced and rely on computers to control the fire. These bum buildings' computers control built-in fire-producing devices that run on propane (丙烷) and natural gas, and use a non-flammable aerosol (气雾剂) to create real smoke. If there's an emergency, the burn building has systems to extinguish the fire and extract all of the smoke with the push of a button. The computer also lets the instructor choose how the fire will burn and at what temperature. The computers are capable of simulating fire scenarios for different things in the building, residential or otherwise. They can even simulate enflamed furniture, such as burning sofas or tables.I. Volunteer firefighters adhere to the same guidelines and requirements that career firefighters do, as outlined by the document NFPA 1001, but in many states, volunteers aren't required to become certified. Only a minority of volunteers ever make it that far. Most volunteer firefighters work other jobs and can't devote full-time hours to training. Instead, local fire departments offer weekly or monthly training events to ensure everyone develops the skills they need. Other than in the state of Florida, volunteer firefighters aren't restricted from any firefighting tasks. Some departments consist entirely of volunteers, including the truck drivers, called engineers, who often have experience driving big rigs or school buses. In addition to driving, engineers operate the hose pumps.11、 The built-in fire-producing devices controlled by burn buildings' computers rely on propane and natural gas to operate.12、 Students taking part in the firefighter training need to study several subjects at the fire academy.13、 In live fire training, instructors set fire to buildings which are prepared for training on purpose, in the hope of developing students' good habits in dangerous situations.14、 Acquiring the paramedic certification before applying for the position will make the applicants for firefighting more desirable to hiring departments.15、 To make the volunteer firefighters acquire the skills they need, local fire departments offer them training events weekly or monthly.16、 Before using the acquired structures for live fire training, an instructor is required to acquire the permission of the structures' owners in written form.17、 Advanced computer technology is adopted in the stimulated structural fire buildings.18、 Before becoming an active-duty firefighter in America, one needs to be trained 40 to 48 hours per week.19、 A new and safer method adopted by instructors for live fire training is to use simulated structural fire buildings.20、 The physical ability test will determine whether one can succeed in becoming a firefighter in the future or not.Section CPassage OneHave you ever noticed that lessons tend to repeat themselves? Does it seem as if you married or dated the same kind of person several times in different bodies with different names? Have you run into the same type of boss over and over again? If you don't deal well with authority figures at home, then you will have an opportunity to deal with them out in the world. You willcontinually draw your life into people who need to enforce authority, and you will struggle with them until you learn the lesson of obedience (服从). You will continually attract the same lesson into your life. You will also draw to your teachers to teach you that lesson until you get it right. You may try to avoid the situations, but they will eventually catch up with you. The only way you can free yourself of difficult patterns and issues that tend to repeat is by shifting your perspective so that you can recognize the patterns and learn the lessons that they offer. To face these challenges means you need to accept the fact that something within you keeps drawing you to the same kind of person or issue, though that situation or relationship may be very painful.The challenge, therefore, is to identify and release the patterns that you are repeating. This is no easy task, since it means you have to change, and change is not always easy. Staying just as you are may not help you advance spiritually, but it certainly is comfortable in its familiarity.Rising to the challenge of identifying and releasing your patterns forces you to admit that the way you have been doing things isn't working. The good news is that by identifying and releasing the pattern, you actually learn how to change. In order to facilitate your process of change, you will need to learn the lessons of willingness and patience. Once you master these, you will most likely find the challenge of identifying and releasing your patterns far less intimidating.21、 What does the author refer to by "lessons tend to repeat themselves"?A. You tend to marry and date the same person.B. There are the same authority figures inside your home and out of it.C. You tend to run into the same problems in your life.D. There are many difficult patterns and issues in your life.22、 How can you get rid of attracting the same lesson into your life?A. By trying your best to avoid those situations.B. By changing your perspective.C. By getting the courage to face those challenges.D. By changing your attitudes towards life.23、 Why do lessons tend to repeat themselves according to the author?A. Teachers haven't taught you how to deal with them.B. They are sticky enough to catch up with you eventually.C. You have been behaving in a badly-functioned way.D. You don't learn willingness and patience in the lessons.24、 What's the author's attitude towards the idea of staying just as you are?A. Intimidating.B. Disapproving.C. Supportive.D. Cautious.25、 What is the effect of mastering willingness and patience according to the passage?A. Making your change become easier.B. Helping you to identify your old patterns.C. Challenging you with difficult patterns.D. Arousing your inner desire to change.Passage TwoWhat are feelings for? Most non-scientists will find it a strange question. Feelings .justify themselves. They need serve no other purpose in order to exist. On the other hand, many evolutionary biologists, in contrast to animal behaviorists, acknowledge some emotions are primarily for their survival function. For both animals and humans, fear motivates the avoidance of danger, love is necessary to care for young, and anger prepares one to hold ground. But the fact that a behavior functions to serve survival need not mean that; that is why it is done. Other scientists have attributed the same behaviorto conditioning, to learned responses. Certain reflexes and fixed action patterns can occur without feelings or conscious thought. A gull chick pecks at a red spot above it. The parent has a red spot on its bill (喙); the chick pecks the parent's bill. The gull parent feeds its chick when pecked on the bill. The baby gets fed. The interaction need have no emotional content. At the same time, there is no reason why such actions cannot have emotional content. In mammals—including humans—that have given birth, milk is often released automatically when a new baby cries. This is not under voluntary control; it is reflex. Yet this does not mean that feeding a new baby is exclusively reflex and expresses no feeling like love. Humans have feelings about their behavior even if it is conditioned or reflexive. Yet since reflexes exist, and conditioned behavior is widespread, measurable, and observable, most scientists try to explain animal behavior using only these concepts. It is simpler.Preferring to explain behavior in ways that fit scientific methods most easily, scientists have refused to consider any causes for animal behavior other than reflexive and conditioned ones. Scientific orthodoxy (_正统观念) holds that what cannot be readily measured or tested cannot exist, or is unworthy of serious attention. But emotional explanations for animal behavior need not be impossibly complex or unstable. They are just more difficult for the scientific method to verify in the usual ways, cleverer and more sophisticated approaches are called for. Most branches of science are more willing to make successive approximations (近似值) to what may prove ultimately unknowable, rather than ignoring it altogether.26、 What do many evolutionary biologists believe?A. Some emotions do not exist.B. Emotions are helpful for people's survival.C. Emotions give meaning and depth to life.D. Only humans have emotions.27、 What can we learn from the example of a gull chick pecking the parent's bill?A. Behaviors can be learned and have no emotional content.B. It is the innate characteristic for adults to look after the young.C. It takes time for animals to be conditioned.D. Emotions are very important to survival.28、 Why does the author think most scientists explain animal behavior in terms of reflexes and conditioning?A. They are the most essential factors for animals to surviveB. They are important for animals to develop learned and emotional behaviorsC. They are convenient for scientists to explain animals' behaviorD. They will lead to a better understanding of animal emotions29、 What should scientists do to study animal emotions?A. They should set up improved and refined skillful experiments.B. They should analyze human emotions.C. They should distinguish what is emotional and what is conditioned.D. They should learn from animal behaviorists.30、 What is the author's main purpose of writing this passage?A. To make the point that emotions are worth our attention.B. To explain what reflexive behavior is.C. To compare human emotions with animal emotions.D. To discuss the importance of emotions.答案:Reading ComprehensionSection A1、[解析] 本空应填动词。
英语四级分类词汇
Smart 词汇记忆组群1 indeed ad. 真正地；确实，实在deed n. 行为，行动；功绩；契约相关单词act vi. 行为，做；起作用n. 行为ag,act=to act(行动) agency n. 代理；代理处agent n. 代理人，代理商agony n. 极度痛苦action n. 行动；作用active a. 活跃的，积极的；在活动中的activity n. 活动，活跃；行动actor n. 男演员actress n. 女演员actual a. 实际的，事实的actually ad. 实际上；竟然react vi. 起作用，反应；反对，起反作用；起化学反应reaction n. (to)反应；反作用exact a. 确切的，精确的exactly ad. 确切地；恰恰正是，确实interaction n. 相互作用，相互影响inter=between,amo nginterfere vi. 干涉，介入；阻碍，干扰interference n. 干涉，介入；阻碍，干扰interior a. 内部的；内地的，国内的n. 内部；内地intermediate a. 中间的；中级的n. 中间体，媒介物interpret vt. 解释，说明vi. 口译，翻译interpretation n. 解释，口译interpreter n. 译员，口译者interview n./v. 接见，会见；面谈，面试interval n. 间隔，间距；（幕间）休息internal a. 内的，内部的；国内的，内政的相关单词external a. 外部的，外面的ex-=fully,outexterior a. 外部的，外面的n. 外部explain v. 解释，说明example n. 例子；榜样，模范形近单词sample vt. 抽样，取样Smart词汇记忆组群2block n.街区；木块；障碍物；vt.堵塞，拦阻barrier n.屏障；障碍bar=bar(横木)embarrass vt.使窘迫，使为难bar n.酒吧间，售酒的柜台；条，杆；栅，栏；vt.阻止，阻拦barrel n.桶，筒与“容器”相关的单词basin n.盆，洗脸盆；盆地bucket n.水桶，桶drum n.鼓状的桶；鼓pail n.桶，提桶tub n.桶，盆，浴盆jar n.罐子，坛子，广口瓶kettle n.水壶pot n.壶，罐can n.罐头，听头tin n.锡；罐头container n.容器，集装箱tain,ten,tin=tohold,to keep(保持)content n.内容，目录；容量content a.满意的，满足的；vt.使满意，是满足continual a.不停的，频频的continue vt.继续，延伸continuous a.连续不断的，持续的contain vt.包含，容纳attain v.(尤指经过努力)达到，获得entertain vt.招待；是欢乐entertainment n.娱乐fountain n.喷泉maintain vt.维持，保持；赡养，负担；维修，保养；坚持，主张maintenance n.维持，保持；维修，保持obtain vt.获得，得到sustain vt.保持，使......持续不息；供养，维持（生命等）；支持rentain vt.保持，保留形近单词remain vi.剩下；留待；依然是remains n.残余，剩余；遗迹main a.主要的，总的mainly ad.主要地，大体上Smart词汇记忆组群3bio=life(生命)biography n.传记biology n.生物学；生态学log=to speak(说话)catalog(ue) n.目录（册）；vt.将（书籍，资料等）编入目录dialog(ue) n.对话，对白logical a.逻辑上的，符合逻辑的apology n.道歉，认错，谢罪apologize vi.道歉，认错psychological a.心理的，心理学的technology n.工艺，技术techn(o)=art(技艺),skill(技术)technical a.技术的，工艺的technician n.技术员，技师technique n.技术；技艺相关单词science n.科学，科学研究sci=to know(知道)scientific a.科学（上）的scientist n.（自然）科学家unconscious a.不省人事的；未意识到的consciousness n.意识，觉悟conscience n.良心，道德心conscious a.意识到的；有意的；神智清醒的相关单词aware a.知道的，意识到的recognize vt.认识，认出；承认recognition n.认出，识别；承认realize vt.认识到；实现reality n.现实；真实（性）identify vt.认出，识别；（with）把...视为相同，认为...等同于indentical a.（to,with）完全相同的相关单词equal a.（to）相等的；平等的；胜任的n.（地位）相等的人，事物vt.等于，相等；比得上equ=equal(相等)equality n.平等，同等equation n.(with)相等，均衡；方程式，等式equivalent a.相等的，相当的n.相等物，等价物Smart词汇记忆组群4fare=to go(走)welfare n.幸福，福利farewell int.再会n.告别fare n.（车，船）费用，票价相关单词charge vt.费用，价钱；控告，指控；充电v.索价，要...支付；控告，指控；充电car,char=car(车)，torun(跑)discharge vt.允许...离开，释放；排出，放出n.获准离开，释放；排出career n.生涯，职业，经历cargo n.船货，货物carry vt.携带，运载；传递，传输carriage n.四轮马车；（火车）客车厢carrier n.运载工具与“运输工具”相关的单词traffic n.交通，通行；交通量cart n.二轮运货马车coach n.长途公共汽车lorry n.运货汽车，卡车tram n.（有轨）电车van n.大篷车，运货车wagon n.四轮运货马车ambulance n.救护车；野战医院vehicle n.传播媒介，手段；（航天）运载工具；交通工具auto n.（口语）汽车auto-=selfautomatic a.自动的automation n.自动，自动化automobile n.汽车，机动车与“汽车”相关的单词brake vi.刹车，（车）被刹住n.闸，刹车tyre(tire) n.轮胎，车胎wheel n.轮，车轮garage n.车库ride n./v.（乘）车，骑（马）rider n.骑马的人；乘车的人drive vt.驾驶，开动；打人；驱，赶；迫使，驱使vi.驾驶，开车n.驾驶，驱车旅行steer v.驾驶Smart词汇记忆组群5 foreigner n.外国人foreign a.对外的；无关的相关单词local a.地方的；局部的domestic a.本国的；家庭的；驯养的native a.出生地的；本土的，本国的n.本地人，本国人nat=born(出生，天生) nature n.大自然；天性，性质natural a.自然的，正常的；出于本性的，天赋的；自然界的，天然的naturally ad.当然，自然地；天然地，天生地nation n.民族；国家national a.民族的；国家的，全国的international a.国际的，世界（性）的nationality n.国籍；民族，族相关单词world n.世界；世人；世间world-wide a.遍及全球的globe n.地球，世界；地界仪Smart词汇记忆组群6 altitude n.高度，海拔形近单词attitude n.态度，看法；姿势gratitude a.感激，感谢grat,grac,gree=to please(喜好)grateful a.感激的，感谢的agree vi.同意，赞同；相符，一致；（气候，食物等）相宜vt.同意，承认agreement n.协定，协议；同意disagree vi.有分歧；不一致congratulate v.祝贺，向...道喜congratulation n.祝贺；祝贺词grace n.优美，文雅；恩惠，恩赐graceful a.有礼貌的；仁慈的gracious a.有礼貌的；仁慈的相关单词polite a.有礼貌的；有教养的与“友好”相关的单词friendly a.友好的friendship n.友谊friend n.朋友相关单词kindness n.仁慈，好意mercy n.仁慈，宽恕，怜悯pity n.怜悯；遗憾vt.同情，惋惜enthusiasm n.热情，热诚enthusiastic a.热情的，热心的zeal n.热情，热诚zealous n.热心的，热情的goodness n.善良merit n.优点，价值v.值得，应得virtue n.优点，长处；美德moral a.道德的；合乎道德的形近单词humor n.幽默，诙谐humorous a.富于幽默的，诙谐的Smart词汇记忆组群7crazy a.疯狂的，荒唐的；狂热爱好者，着迷的mad a.发疯的；恼火的，狂怒的；狂热的，着迷的相关单词angry a.愤怒的，生气的ang,anxi=tostrangle(勒死；窒息)anger n.发怒vt.激怒anxious a.忧虑的；渴望的anxiety n.焦虑，忧虑；渴望相关单词hunger n.饿，饥饿；渴望与“饥渴”相关的单词hungry a.饥饿的；渴望的thirsty a.渴的；渴望的，渴求的famine n.饥荒starve v.挨饿，使饿死形近单词carve vt.(雕)刻，把...切碎相关单词chop v.砍，劈，斩n.排骨，肉块slit vt.切开，撕开n.裂缝，狭长的口子slice n.薄片，切片；一份，部分vt.切（片）Smart词汇记忆组群8log n.原木，木料lumber n.木材，木料timber n.木材，木料carpenter n.木匠，木工butcher n.屠夫，屠杀者barber n.理发师与“理发，毛发”相关的单词comb v.梳理（头发）；彻底搜查n.梳子razor n.剃刀blade n.刀刃，刀片；叶片shampoo vt.洗(发)n.洗发膏shave vi.修面vt.剃，刮n.刮脸haircut n.理发beard n.胡须frown vi.皱眉brow n.眉，眉毛bristle n.短而硬的毛，鬃毛feather n.羽毛；翎毛；羽状物leather n.皮革；皮革制品fur n.软毛；皮毛，裘皮Smart词汇记忆组群9bond=to bind(捆绑)bond n.联结，联系；公债，债券形近单词bound a.一定的，必然的；受约束的，有义务的；准备到...去的，开往...的v.跳；限制，束缚boundary n.分界线，边界相关单词border v.边，边缘；边界，边境frontier n.边境，边界；边疆；新领域fac,fic,front=face(面部，正面)，forehead(前额)front a.前面的，正面的n.前面，正面；前线，战线face n.脸，面孔；表面，外表superficial a.表面的，肤浅的surface n.表面，外表preface n.序言，前言pre-=before(在...之前)precaution n.预防，预备prejudice n.偏见，成见prevail vi.占优势，获胜；流行Smart词汇记忆组群10junior a.年少的；地位较低的n.晚辈形近单词senior a.年长的；地位较高的n.长辈superior a.较高的，优越的；上级的n.上级，长官prior a.在前的，优先的相关单词foremost a.最初的；第一流的ad.首先，最重要的形近单词therefore ad.因此，所以forecast n./v.预测，预报forehead n.额头，前部head=head(头)head n.头，头部；顶部，前端；首脑，领导v.主管，率领；居...之首；朝特定方向行进ad.迎面地（作状语）heading n.标题，题词headline n.大字标题，［pl.］新闻提要headquarters n.司令部，指挥部；总部headache n.头痛；令人头痛的事与“伤痛”相关的单词ache vi.痛，疼痛n.疼痛pain n.疼痛；（精神上的）痛苦；［pl.］努力，辛苦painful a.疼痛的sore a.疼痛的；令人痛心的n.痛处，伤口bruise n.青肿，伤痕；擦伤burn v.燃烧，点燃n.烧伤，灼伤Smart词汇记忆组群11cast=to throw(投掷) cast vt.投，扔，抛；浇铸broadcast n./v.广播，播音形近单词broad a.宽的，阔的；广泛的abroad ad.（在）国外；传开aboard ad./prep.在船（车）上，上船board v.上（船、车等）n.板，木板；委员会，董事会；（包饭的）伙食cupboard n.碗柜，碗碟橱；食橱keyboard n.键盘blackboard n.黑板black a.黑色的与“颜色”相关的单词color n.颜色，彩色；颜料brown n.褐色，棕色cream n.奶油色；奶油，乳酪dark a.暗的；黑色的golden a.金色的；极好的gold n.黄金a.金制的gray a.灰色的n.灰色pale a.苍白的；浅的pink n.粉红色a.粉红色的purple n.紫色a.紫的tan n.棕褐色a.棕黄色的white a.白的n.白色whitewash vt.粉刷n.粉刷水green a.绿色的n.绿色同根单词greenhouse n.温室，玻璃暖房house n.房子，住宅vt.为...提供住处；存放，收藏household n.家庭，户，全家人a.家庭的housewife n.家庭主妇Smart 词汇记忆组群12 abridge v.缩短，简写brief a.简短的，短暂的vt.向...作简要的介绍形近单词：thief n.窃贼，偷窃犯chief a.主要的，首要的n.首领，领袖handkerchief n.手帕hand=hand(手)handful n.一把，一小撮handle n.柄，把手vt.拿，触，摸；操作；处理，应付handwriting n.笔迹，手迹handy a.手边的，附近的；方便的hand n.手；人手，雇员；指针vt.交，递，给相关单词foot n.脚，足；最下部，底部；英尺football n.足球与“球”相关的单词soccer n.英式足球ball n.球，球状物；舞会balloon n.气球，玩具气球volleyball n.排球badminton n.羽毛球cricket n.板球；蟋蟀golf n.高尔夫球racket n.球拍Smart 词汇记忆组群13happen vi.发生；碰巧，恰好sudden a.突然的，意外的suddenly ad.突然地相关单词accident n.以外的事；事故cad,cid,cas=tofall(落下)accidental a.偶然发生的，意外的casual a.偶然的；随便的occasion n.场合，时刻；时机occasional a.间或发生的，偶尔的occasionally ad.偶尔地incident n.发生的事；事件相关单词case n.情况，状况；事实；实例；案例，病例；盒子，箱子形近单词staircase n.楼梯相关单词stair n.楼梯downstairs ad.在楼下a.楼下的upstairs ad.在楼上a.楼上的up-=up,aloftup ad.向上；起床，起来；变大（高，多...）；...完，...光；封闭prep.向（高处）；向...的上游upright a.竖直的，直立的ad.竖立着n.柱子，直立的支撑物upward a.向上的，上升的ad.向上，上升-ward(s)形容（副）词词尾，表示“方向”upwards ad.向上；向上游；在上部forward vt.促进；转交a.向前的，进步的ad.进步inward a.里面的ad.向内toward(s) prep.向，对于；接近downward ad.向下地a.向下的afterward ad.后来，以后backward a.向后的，倒行的；落后的；迟钝的ad.向后，朝相反方向形近单词award n.奖，奖品v.授予，奖给reward n.报答，报偿；报酬，酬金vt.报答Smart 词汇记忆组群14back vt.使后退，使倒退；支持vi.倒退a.后面的ad.在后，向后；回原处，复原状；以前n.背，背面，后面feedback n.反馈，反应background n.背景，经历ground n.地，地面；场地；原因underground a.地下的；秘密的ad.在地下；秘密地n.地铁under-=under,beneathundergo vt.经历忍受undertaking n.任务，事业；许诺undertake vt.承担；答应；着手做under prep.在...下面；少于，低于；在...情况下，在...之中understand vt.理解，懂；了解，谅解；熟悉，听说vi.理解，懂得；表示同情，给予谅解misunderstand vt.误会，曲解understanding n.理解（力）；谅解a.了解的，通情达理的underline vt.划线于...之下同根单词outline n.轮廓；轧钢，纲要vt.勾画出轮廓；列提纲，概述pipeline n.管道，管线pipe v.用管道输送n.导管，管子；烟斗；笛子line n.线，绳；一行（字等）；航线，路线；队伍；轮廓；行业v.排队相关单词queue vi.排成长队n.行列，长队row n.（一）排，行；吵嚷，口角v.划船，荡桨；争吵series n.（单复数同）连续，一系列，一连串；一套丛书，电视连续剧chain vt.（用链条）栓住，束缚n.链条；[pl.]镣铐，束缚；一连串range n.范围，领域；射程；连续v.排成行；（在某范围内）变化batter n.一组（套）；电池（组）与“小机电产品”相关的单词disk n.唱片，磁带cassette n.盒式录音机tube n.管，电子管，显象管video a.录象的n.录象torch n.手电筒；火炬，火把bulb n.电灯泡；球状物形近单词bulk n.（巨大的）物体；容积，体积；大批；主体Smart 词汇记忆组群15exit n.出口；退场vi.退出，离去entrance n.入口，门口；进入，入学entry n.入口处，河口，通道；进入enter v.进入；参加；登记相关单词access n.（to）接近的机会；通道，入口cede,ceed,cess=to go(去)，to yield(让步) exceed vt.超过，胜过；越出exceedingly ad.极端地，非常excess n.超越，超过；过量，过剩a.过量的，额外的excessive a.过多的，极度的process n.过程，进程；工序，制作法，工艺vt.加工，处理procession n.加工，处理proceed vi.进行；继续下去preceding a.在前的，在先的success n.成功，胜利successful a.成功的succession n.连续，接续；继任，接替successive a.连续的，接连的succeed vi.成功；接着发生，继承继...之后，接替suc-;sub-=under submarine a.水底的，海底的n.潜水艇subway n.地道；底下地铁submerge v.浸没，淹没submit vt.递交，程送vi.屈服，听从substance n.物质；实质；要旨，基本内容；根据，理由substantial a.可观的，大量的；牢固的，结实的；实质的substitute n.代替品，代替者vi.（for）代替，取代suburb n.郊区，市郊subject n.主题，题目；科目，科学；主语a.（to）易遭...的，受...支配的vt.（to）使遭受，是服从ject,jac=tothrow(投，掷)object n.事物，物体；目的；对象；宾语vi.（to）反对，不赞成objection n.（to）反对，异议objective a.客观的，无偏见的n.目标，目的project vi.伸出，突出vt.投射，放映；使伸出n.方案，计划；工程；项目injection n.注射，射入reject vt.拒绝，驳回；退回，舍弃相关单词deny vt.否认，不承认；拒绝给予，拒绝（某人的）要求refuse v.拒绝，谢绝fuse,found=topour(倾，倒)refusal n.拒绝confusion n.混乱，混淆confuse vt.使混乱，混淆相关单词puzzle n.难题；谜vt.使迷惑riddle n.谜，谜语Smart 词汇记忆组群16joint n.接头，接洽处；关节a.接连的，联合的join vt.参加，加入；连接，联合相关单词participate vi.参与，参加ceive,cept,cip,cipate=to take(取)anticipate vt.预料，期望accept v.接受，领受；认可pcceptable a.可接受的，合意的acceptance n.接受，接纳；承认，认可concept n.概念，观念deceit n.欺骗，欺诈行为deceive vt.欺骗，蒙骗perceive vt.察觉，感知；认识到，意识到except prep.除...之外exception n.例外，除外reception n.接待处；招待会；接待；接收，接收效果receipt n.收到；收条，收据receive vt.收到，接到；遭受，受到；接待，接见receiver n.电话听筒；收音机，电视机相关单词fridge n.电冰箱refrigerator n.冰箱，冷藏库stove n.炉，火炉furnace n.炉子，熔炉；鼓风炉oven n.炉，灶；烘箱Smart 词汇记忆组群17part=part(部分)，topart(分开)partly ad.在一定程度上，部分地partial a.部分的，不完全的；（to）偏向一方的，偏心的partially ad.部分地particle n.微粒，颗粒；极小量partner n.伙伴，合伙人；搭档，配偶apart ad.相间隔；分开，分离apartment n.公寓，住宅depart vi.离开，出发department n.部，局，处，系departure n.离开，出发，启程particular a.特殊的，特别的；特定的，某一的；（过分）讲究的，挑剔的n.详情，细目particularly ad.特别，尤其，格外part n.一部分，部分；零件；角色，作用；（争论，交易等中的）一方v.（使）分开相关单词portion n.一部分proportional a.比例的，成比例的proportion n.比，比率；部分相关单词rate n.比率，速率；等级；价格；费用vt.评级，估价；列为classify vt.把...分类，把...分级classification n.分类，分级classical a.古典的，经典的Smart 词汇记忆组群18lens n.透镜，镜头focus v.（on）使聚集，集中于n.（pl.tocuses,foci）焦点相关单词concentrate v. 集中；聚集；浓缩vi.集中，专心centr=center(中心)concentration n.集中；专注；浓缩center n.中心vt.集中相关单词amongst prep.在...之中（=among）medium n.（pl.media）媒质，传导体；中间a.中等的middle n.中部a.中部的，中级的midst n.中间形近单词midnight n.午夜，子夜fortnight n.两星期，十四天overnight ad.一夜；突然over-=above,across,beyondover prep.在...的上方，在...的上面；越过，从一边至...的另一边；关于，在...方面；高于，超过；在...期间；遍布在...上面，扩展到...全部ad.倒下，翻转过来；从一边至另一边；全部地，从头到尾；再次地，重复地；过分地，太overcome vt.战胜，克服overhead a.在头顶上的，空架的ad.在头顶上overlook vt.眺望，俯瞰；没注意到；放任overseas ad.海外a.在海外的overtake vt.追上，赶上；压倒overtime a.超时的ad.超时地，加班同根单词time n.时间，时候，时刻；时机，机会；次，回；倍，乘；（pl.）时代，时期vt.为...安排时间，为...定时；测定...时间timetable n.时间表，时刻表lifetime n.一生，终身sometime ad.在某一时间sometimes ad.不时，有时springtime n.春季，春天meantime n.其间ad.当时mean a.自私的，吝啬的；平均的v.作...解释；意指；打算，意欲n.平均值meaning n.意义，意思；意图means n.方法，手段；财富，财产（谓语用复数）meanwhile ad.同时，当时worthwhile a.值得干的（作表语，定语或宾补）worth a.值得n.价值worthy a.有价值的，值得的；可尊敬的worthless a.无价值的，无用的与“价值”相关的单词cheap a.廉价的；卑鄙的，低劣的inexpensive a.花费不多的，廉价的expense n.花费，消费，费用；（pl.）开支，业务费用cost n.价格，成本，费用；代价，损失vt.价钱为，（使）花费；使付出（代价），丧失costly a.昂贵的，价值高的costless a.无价的，珍贵的price v.标价n.价格，代价luxury n.奢侈，奢华；奢侈品valuable a.值钱的，有价值的n.（pl.）贵重物品（指首饰）val=strong(强壮的)，worth(价值)valuable n.（pl.）贵重物品（指首饰）a.贵重的，宝贵的invaluable a.无价的value vt.评价，给...估价；评价，尊重，重视n.价值，价格；有用性，重要性evaluate vt.评价，估...的价相关单词estimate vt.估计，估量，评价n.估计；评价，看法Smart 词汇记忆组群19 tribut=to pay(付),to bestow(赠与) contribute v.捐献，捐助；（to）有助于，促成；投稿distribution n.分发，分配；分布distribute vt.分发，分送；分布，分散相关单词spread n.传播，蔓延v.伸开，展开；散布，蔓延；涂，敷filter vt.过滤vi.（消息等）走漏，慢慢传开；透（过）n.过滤嘴scatter vt.撒，散播；使散开，驱散vi.分散circulate v.（使）流传，散布，传播；（使）循环，（使）流通circ,cyc=ring(环)cycle n.自行车，循环circle n.圆，圆周；圈子circular a.圆的；循环的circus n.马戏团，圆形竞技场circuit n.环行，巡回；电路，线路circumference n.圆周，周长，周围circum-=around,round aboutcircumstance n.（pl.）情况，境况相关单词environment n.环境，外界surroundings n.（pl.）周围的事物，环境round a.圆的，球形的；整整的，用整数表示的n.（一）回合，（一）局，（一）圈；巡视，循环ad.在附近；朝反方向prep. 围绕，绕过；向...各处；在...附近；大约v.环绕...而行；（使）成圆形surround vt.包围；环绕，围绕super-=above,over(变化型)sur-super a.极好的，超级的supermarket n.超级市场surname n.姓同根单词namely ad.即，也就是name n.名字，名誉vt.给...取名，为...定名；说出；提名；说出...的名字，列举与“名气”相关的单词fame n.名声，名望famous a.著名的well-known a.众所周知的，出名的know vt.知道，了解；熟悉，认识；通晓，会vi.知道，了解，懂得knowledge n.知识，熟悉，了解acquaintance n.认识，了解；熟人acquaint vt.使了解，使认识ignore vt.不顾，忽视ignorant a.无知的，愚昧的；（of）不知道的Smart 词汇记忆组群20sult=to leap(跳)insult vt.侮辱，凌辱consult vt.请教，与...商量；查阅（词典，书籍等）vi.（with）商量，商议result n.成果，结果，成绩vi.（in）导致，结果是；（from）起因于，因...而造成相关单词conclusion n.结论，推论；结尾；缔结，议定clud,clos=to shut(关闭)conclude vt.推断出，推论出；结束；缔结，议定vi.结束，终了exclude vt.把...排除在外，排斥exclusively ad.专门地，排除其他include vt.包括，包含exclude v.排除enclose vt.（用篱笆等）围住，圈起；（随函）封入close v.关，闭；结束n.结束，终止a.接近的；亲密的；严密的ad.接近地，亲密地disclose vt.揭露，透露相关单词leak vi.漏；泄露（消息等）n.泄露；漏洞，漏隙betray vt.泄露，流露；背叛，出卖reveal vt.揭示，揭露；展现，显示uncover vt.揭开，揭露cover=to cover(掩盖)discover vt.发现discovery n.发现；被发现的事物cover n.盖子，套子，（书的）封面vt.盖，覆盖；包括，涉及recovery n.收回，复得；痊愈，恢复recover vt.重新获得，重新找到；收回，挽回vi.恢复，痊愈相关单词refresh v.（使）恢复精力renew v.（使）更新，恢复；续借（图书），延长（合同）Smart 词汇记忆组群21cur,course=torun(流，跑)current n.（空气，水等的）流，潮流，流速；电流；趋势，趋向a.当前的，现时的；通用的，流行的；流通的occur vi.发生，出现，存在；（to）被想起，被想到occurence n.发生的事情，事件；发生，出现course n.课程，教程；过程，进程；一道菜excursion n.远足，短途旅行，（集体）游览相关单词travel n.旅行vi.旅行，行进，被传播tour n./vi.旅行，游历journey n.旅行，旅程vi.旅行journ=day(一日)journalist n.记者，新闻工作者journal n.日报，杂志；日记相关单词diary n.日记，日记簿形近单词dairy n.牛奶场，乳品店；乳制品daily a./ad.每日的（地）n.日报相关单词routine n.例行公事a.日常的，常规的route n.路，路线，路程road n.道路highway n.公路，大路way n.路，道路；习惯，作风；方式，方法；路线；距离sideways ad.斜着，斜向一边地Smart 词汇记忆组群22med,mend=toheal(治疗)medical a.医学的；内科的medicine n.内服药；医学mend vt.修理，修补remedy n.治疗措施，补救方法；药品vt.纠正，补救；治疗，医治相关单词heal vt.治愈；使和解cure v.治愈，治好；改正，消除n.治愈，治疗；药cure=to take care(注意，留心)accurate a.准确的，正确无误的accuracy n.准确（性），精确（性）curious a.好奇的curiosity n.好奇心security n.安全secure a.安全的，可靠的；放心的vt.得到，获得；使安全，保卫相关单词get vi.变成，变得；达到；被，受；开始，逐渐vt.获得，弄到；受到，收到；使得，把...弄得；（去）拿来；了解，明白；感染上，得（病）make vt.做，制造，建造；作出，制定，产生；使，使得；获得，挣得；总计，等于；成为，使成为；准备，整理；认为，估计gain v.获得，博得；增加；（钟、表）走快n.增加，增进；（pl.）好处，收益，利润earn vt.获得，得到；增加vi.获益，改进；增加，取得进展；（钟表）快于正确时间earnings n.工资，收入相关单词income n.收入，收益wage n.（pl.）工资，报酬vt.开始进行salary n.薪金，薪水sal=salt(盐)salad n.色拉，莴苣，生菜salt n.盐，盐类vi.加盐于与“调料”相关的单词vinegar n.醋pepper n.胡椒，胡椒粉sauce n.调味汁，酱汁形近单词saucer n.茶托，浅碟与“餐具”相关的单词bowl n.碗，体；碗状物dish n.碟，盘子，菜肴plate n.板，片，盘vt.电镀tray n.（浅）盘，托盘，碟pan n.平底锅，盘子fork n.餐叉；叉；分叉knife n.小刀，刀，餐刀spoon n.匙，调羹Smart 词汇记忆组群23duce,duct=tolead(领导)procedure n.手续，过程produce v.生产，制造；显示，出示n.农产品reproduce v.繁殖，生殖；复制product n.产品，产物；（乘）积production a.生产，产量；产品，作品productive a.生产的；丰饶的conduct v.处理，管理；指挥，引导；传导，传（热、电）n.举止，行为conductor n.售票员；（乐队）指挥；导体introduce vt.介绍；引进，传入；引言，导论reduce vt.减少，减小；简化；使成为reduction n.减少，减小deduce vt.演绎，推断educate vt.教育，培养education n.教育，培养与“教育”相关的单词academy n.私立中学；转科学院academic a.学院的；学术的campus n.校园，学校场地grade n.（学校的）年级；成绩，分数；等级，级别vt.给...分等级class n.班，班级，阶级monitor n.班长，监视器v.监听headmaster n.校长master n.男主人，雇主；师傅，名家；（Master）硕士vt.精通，掌握a.主要的bachelor n.学士doctor n.医生，医师；博士degree n.程度；度数；学位；等级pupil n.（小）学生；瞳孔scholarship n.学业成绩；奖学金scholar n.学者（尤指文学方面）learned a.有学问的，博学的learning n.学习；学问，知识semester n.半年，学期，半学年term n.（pl.）条件；术语；期限，某特定的期间；学期tuition n.教，教诲；学费tutor n.家庭教师，导师professor n.教授fess=to speak(说)profession n.职业，自由职业professional a.职业的，专业的，专门的n.专业人员，自由职业者confess vt.供认，坦白，承认Smart 词汇记忆组群24able a.有能力的；出色的ability n.能力，才能unable a.不能的，不会的disable vt.使无能，使伤残enable vt.使能够，使可能相关单词capable a.有能力的，有才能的cap=to take(取)，head(头)captive a.被俘虏的，被监禁的n.俘虏，战俘capture vt.捕获，俘获n.捕获，俘获capability n.性能，容量；能力，才能incapable a.没有能力的cap vt.覆盖于...顶端n.便帽，盖子capital n.首都；大写字母；资本a.大写的；主要的，基本的captain vt.做...的首领，指挥n.首领，队长；船长，舰长；上尉形近单词curtain n.帘，窗帘；幕（布）Britain n.不列颠，英国与“国家、地域”相关的单词British a.不列颠的，英联邦的America n.美洲，美国American a.美洲的n.美国人Africa a.非洲African a.非洲的n.非洲人Arabian a.阿拉伯的Asia n.亚洲Asian a.亚洲的n.亚洲人Atlantic a.大西洋的n.大西洋Australia n.澳大利亚Australian a.澳大利亚的n.澳大利亚人Canada n.加拿大Canadian a.加拿大的n.加拿大人China n.中国Chinese a.中国的n.中国人china n.瓷器，陶瓷England n.英格兰，英国English n.英语a.英国人的Engliashman n.英国男子Europe n.欧洲European a.欧洲的n.欧洲人France n.法国，法兰西French a.法国的n.法国人German a.德国的n.德国人Germany n.德意志，德国Greek a.希腊的n.希腊人India n.印度Indian a.印度的n.印度人Italian a.意大利的n.意大利人Japan n.日本，日本国Japanese a.日本的n.日本人Latin a.拉丁的n.拉丁语Oceania n.大洋洲pacific a.和平的n.太平洋Portuguese n.葡萄牙人；葡萄牙语Roman n.古罗马人a.罗马的Russian a.俄罗斯的n.俄国人Soviet n.苏维埃a.苏维埃的Spanish a.西班牙的n.西班牙人Swiss a.瑞士的n.瑞士人Jewish a.犹太人的Negro n.黑人race n.人种，种族；（速度上的）比赛vi.跑；（使）比速度racial a.种族的，人种的tribe n.部落，宗族Smart 词汇记忆组群25 spell vt.拼写spelling n.拼字，拼写法dictionary n.词典，字典dict,dit=to say(说) dictate v.口授；命令dictation n.口授笔录，听写condition n.状况，状态；环境，形势，条件predict v.预言，预告contradiction n.矛盾，不一致；否认contra-=against[变化形]counter-contrary a.相反的n.相反encounter vt.遭遇，遇到n.遭遇counter n.柜台；计数器a.相反的vt.反对ad.相反地count=to count(计算) account n.讲述，说明；帐，帐户；考虑，顾及count v.有价值；数，计数；算数，值得考虑n.计数，总数相关单词calculate vt.计算，核算；估计，推测；打算，计划cale=lime(石灰) calculation n.计算，计算结果calculator n.计算器，计算者Smart 词汇记忆组群26 banner n.旗，旗帜，横幅slogan n. 标语，口号flag n.旗，旗帜相关单词march vi.行军；游行示威demonstrate vt.说明；论证；表露vi.游行示威parade n.游行；检阅vi.游行par,pair=toprepare(准备)paradise n.天堂prepare v.准备，预备preparation n.准备，预备repair n.（pl.）修理，修补vt.修理，修补；补救，纠正apparatus n.器械，器具，设备separately ad.分离地separation n.分离，分开separate a.分离的，分开的v.（使）分离，（使）分开相关单词divide v.划分，分；分配；隔开；（by）除divid,divis=todivide(分割)division n.分，分开；分配，分担；除（法）；部门individual n.个人，个体a.个别的，单独的；独特的lect,leg,lig=tochoose(选择)，togather(集合)，toread(读)collect v.收集，聚集；取，接；收（帐，税等）collection n.收集；收集品recollect vt.回忆，想起lecture n./vi.演讲，讲课elect v.选举，推选；选择election n.选举，选择权；当选select v.选择，挑选selection n.选择intellectual n.知识分子a.智力的intelligence n.智力，聪明；消息，情报intelligent a.聪明的，明智的legend n.传说，传奇diligent a.勤勉的，勤奋的neglect vt.忽视，忽略；疏忽neg=deny(否认)negative a.否定的；消极的，反面的；负的，阴性的n.负片，底片；负数相关单词positive a.确定的，明确的；积极的，肯定的；正的，阳性的pos=to place,toput(置放)position n.位置；职位，职务；姿势，姿态；见解，立场composition n.构成，成分；作文，作品compose v.组成，构成；创作，为...谱曲post v.贴出，张贴；邮寄，投寄；（用布告）宣布，公告n.杆，柱；哨所；邮寄postage n.邮费deposit vt.使沉淀，使沉积；存放，寄存；储蓄n.沉积物；存款；押金dispose vt.安排，处理vi.（of）丢掉，销毁expose v.暴露；（to）使处于...作用（或影响）下；揭露exposure n.暴露；揭露；曝光impose vt.把...强加于；征（税）opposite a. 对面的；相反的，对立的n.对立物，对立面prep./ad.在对面propose vt.建议；打算vi.（to）求婚proposal n.提议，建议；求婚purpose n.目的，意图；用途；效果suppose vt.猜想，以为；（用于祈使句）让，假设oppose vt.反对，反抗相关单词offend vt.冒犯，得罪，使恼火revenge vt.替...报仇n.报仇Smart 词汇记忆组群27endless a.无止境的ending n.结尾，结局；死亡end n.端；结束；目的v.终止，结束与“结束、停止”相关的单词stop vt.停止，中断；塞住，堵塞vi.停止；逗留，歇宿n.停车站；停止，终止cease v./n.停止，终止halt n.停住，停止v.（使）停止quit v.放弃，停止；辞（职）pause vi.中止，暂停n.暂停与“打扰”相关的单词interrupt v.打断，打扰；中止，阻碍interruption n.中断，打断；障碍物bother vt.打扰，麻烦vi.烦闷；特意做...n.麻烦（的事）disturb vt. 打扰，妨碍；扰乱，弄乱vi.妨碍（睡眠，休息，工作）annoy vt.使烦恼，使生气，打扰trouble n.麻烦；困难；纷争，纠纷（常用复数）vt.烦恼，困扰，使担心；使麻烦，加以打扰vi.操心，打扰（常用否定句）；麻烦troublesome a.令人讨厌的，麻烦的nuisance n.讨厌的人/东西；麻烦事bore v.烦扰，使厌烦；钻孔，打眼n.讨厌的人，麻烦事boring a.枯燥的相关单词tedicus a.冗长的，枯燥无味的dull a.枯燥的，单调的；暗淡的；迟钝的；不锋利的Smart 词汇记忆组群28scribe,script=towrite(写)prescribe v.开（药）；规定，指定description n.描写，形容；种类describe vt.（as）形容；（to/for）描写，描绘相关单词draw n.平局v.画，描绘；拖，拉；拨出，取出draw=to draw(拉，引)drawing n.图画，素描；绘图drawer n.抽屉withdraw v.收回；撤回vi.撤退同缀单词withstand vt.抵挡，反抗同根单词stand vi.站；坐落vt.经受，容忍n.架，台standard n.标准。
特殊物品abcd四级分类标准
特殊物品abcd四级分类标准一、引言特殊物品在现代社会中日益增多，为了更好地管理和监管特殊物品的流通和使用，各国纷纷建立了相应的分类标准。
在我国，特殊物品的分类标准主要采用了abcd四级分类标准，这一分类标准旨在根据特殊物品的性质和用途将其划分为不同的等级，以便进行更加精细化的管理。
二、a级特殊物品1. 定义a级特殊物品是指具有较高危险性和敏感性的特殊物品，可能对人体健康和社会安全造成严重威胁的物品。
这些物品通常需要特殊的许可和监管，并且只能由具有特定资质的单位或个人进行生产、销售和使用。
2. 具体范围a级特殊物品包括但不限于：- 放射性物质：包括核材料、放射性同位素等放射性物质，通常用于医疗、科研和工业领域。
- 毒品和精神药品：包括各类毒品和精神药品，如海洛因、可卡因、安非他明等。
- 生物制品：包括各类病原体、毒素和疫苗等，通常用于医药领域。
3. 管理要求a级特殊物品的管理要求非常严格，生产、销售和使用这些物品的单位或个人必须取得相关的许可和资质，严格遵守相关的法律法规和标准，确保特殊物品的安全和合法性。
三、b级特殊物品1. 定义b级特殊物品是指具有一定危险性和敏感性的特殊物品，可能对人体健康和社会安全造成一定威胁的物品。
这些物品需要一定的许可和监管，但相对于a级特殊物品来说，管理要求较为灵活。
2. 具体范围b级特殊物品包括但不限于：- 爆炸物品：包括各类火药、炸药和烟花爆竹等。
- 危险化学品：包括各类易燃、易爆、腐蚀、毒害化学品等。
3. 管理要求b级特殊物品的管理要求相对宽松一些，但依然需要严格遵守相关的法律法规和标准，确保特殊物品的安全和合法性。
相关单位和个人需要经过相关部门的认可和登记，方可生产、销售和使用这些物品。
四、c级特殊物品1. 定义c级特殊物品是指具有一定特殊性质和用途的物品，需要特殊许可和监管的物品。
这些物品通常对人体健康和社会安全造成较小威胁，但仍然需要谨慎管理。
2. 具体范围c级特殊物品包括但不限于：- 各类农药和兽药：包括杀虫剂、杀菌剂、除草剂等农药，以及抗生素、疫苗等兽药。
大学英语四级综合分类模拟试卷(含答案)
大学英语四级综合分类模拟试卷Part ⅠWritingDirections: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: Being Punctual. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below.1、守时的表现，(2) 不守时的表现及危害。
Part ⅡClozeDirections: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices markedA.,B.,C. andD. on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.We usually think of pollution as a harmful waste substance that threatens the air and water. 2 some people have become 3 about another kind of pollution. It can be everywhere, depending on the time of day. 4 it is not thought of as a 5 . It is light.The idea of light pollution has 6 with the increase of 7 in cities. In many areas, this light makes it 8 to observe stars and planets in the night sky. In 1922, the International Dark-Sky Association formed. This organization wants to reduce light pollution in the 9 sky. It also 10 the effective use of electric lighting.Light pollution is the 11 of wasted energy. Bright light that shines into the sky is not being used to provide light 12 it is needed on Earth. 13 designed 14 causes a great deal of light pollution. Lights that are brighter than 15 also cause light pollution.Most people in America are 16 to find out that they are not able to see our own galaxy, The Milky Way, with their own eyes. 17 about three-fourths of Americans cannot see the Milky Way because of 18 light.Objects in the night sky are 19 that provide everyone 20 wonder. But light pollution threatens to prevent those wonderful sights 21 being seen.2、A. So B. But C. And D. Hence3、A. concerned B. careful C. considerable D. thankful4、A. If B. Therefore C. So D. And5、A. material B. thing C. matter D. substance6、A. disappeared B. developed C. evolved D. occurred7、A. lights B. noises C. pollutions D. buildings8、A. difficult B. easy C. possible D. able9、A. day B. night C. blue D. dark10、A. removes B. relieves C. discourages D. urges11、A. source B. result C. cause D. progress12、A. where B. that C. which D. that13、A. Carefully B. Purposely C. deliberately D. Poorly14、A. airing B. lights C. building D. lighting15、A. conditions B. necessary C. days D. inquired16、A. surprised B. disappointed C. unlikely D. impossible17、A. Then B. Also C. But D. Therefore18、A. moon B. star C. man-made D. natural19、A. lights B. resources C. channels D. pollutions20、A. of B. on C. with D. for21、A. to B. on C. for D. fromPart ⅢTranslationDirections: Complete the sentences on Answer Sheet 2 by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets.22、As the course becomes more difficult and demanding, there is usually ______ (出勤率相应下降)。
四级分类法
四级分类法是一种常用的层次分类方法，通常用于组织和整理大量的信息、数据或对象。
它将事物按照不同的特征或属性进行层次化划分，分为四个层级。
以下是四级分类法的常见表示方式：
第一级分类：将事物按照最大的区别或共同特征进行分类，形成一级分类。
这一级别通常是大的类别或领域。
例如，在动物分类中，第一级分类可以是动物界、植物界等。
第二级分类：在第一级分类的基础上，按照更具体的特征或属性进行分类，形成二级分类。
这一级别通常是第一级分类的子类别。
例如，在动物分类中，第二级分类可以是哺乳动物纲、鸟纲等。
第三级分类：在第二级分类的基础上，按照更具体的特征或属性进行分类，形成三级分类。
这一级别通常是第二级分类的子类别。
例如，在动物分类中，第三级分类可以是猫科、犬科等。
第四级分类：在第三级分类的基础上，按照更具体的特征或属性进行分类，形成四级分类。
这一级别通常是第三级分类的子类别或具体类别。
例如，在动物分类中，第四级分类可以是虎、狮、豹等。
四级分类法可以根据实际情况进行调整和灵活运用，具体的分类标准和层次可以根据需求和目的进行设置。
它可以帮助组织和管理信息，使得分类更加有条理和易于理解。
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四级综合（翁华）sophia整理词汇：*为超纲词⒈场景类词汇（名词、动词、形容词）（一）经济类currency通货currency inflation通货膨胀home/foreign currency 本国／外国货币order订单，订购指示claim根据自身的条件提出要求，索赔，赔偿purchase成批，大批量地购买fare公共交通费fee 学生学费，医生出诊费，律师出庭费tip小费pay工资，支出wage一天／一周的工资salary 一月／一年的工资expense花费，日常花销，零花钱expenditure支出revenue收入，税收income收入和所得banking银行业banker银行家accounting会计学accountant会计open account开账户balance 余额deposit 存款，存折，抵押款pension 养老金bonus 红利，奖金commission 委员会，佣金，回扣，手续费（二）法律类charge sb. with doing sth.accuse sb. of sth.sue sb. for sth. 控告，起诉prosecute sb. for sth.indict* sb. for sth.indictee 被告indicter 原告be sentenced to (12 years) 被判刑commit a crime 犯罪guilty 有罪的innocent 无罪的，清白的，无辜的lawyer <美>律师attorney <美>律师，商业事务中的代理律师，法定代理人barrister <英>律师，高级法庭中的辩护律师（三）能力，能量，力量strength 力气，力量at length 最终，最后；详细，详尽人潜在的发展能力capacity 存储，包容能力交易量，交易额possibility 可能性小probability 可能性大likelihood 可能性大potential （人／物）潜在的能力和能量power权势，权力ability实际的操作能力和应用能力be (un)able to do 没有能力做某事disable (vt.) 使…失去工作能力，使…（物）停止工作，使…（人）残废inability 无能力和无才能的状况be capable of 有（融会贯通、学习、接受、理解、交流）能力做某事5（四）点、标点、标记、记号、物点、特点时间点、地点、观点、要点、小数点、指点to the point where到…的程度上feature 面部特征和特点、地貌特征mark 标记、记号signal 信号sign 迹象，象征，征兆，属相symbol 象征P74T63syndrome <医>综合症label 标签spot 大而醒目的，圆或椭圆的污点on the spot 当场，立即，马上stain 一片或好几处污点pimple （永陪选项）痘痘dimple （永陪选项）酒窝diagram （永陪选项）平面示意图symptom <医>症状track 轨道，路，跑道trace 比喻意，事物在发展过程中留下的痕迹（五）事情、问题thing 指一切事物event 重大的历史、政治事件matter vi.有关系，有所谓，重大且紧急紧迫之事，不解决会带来后果case 案例，病例，例子business 生意，商业not of your business不关你的事issue 重大的社会问题引起人们的普遍关系question 小问题，要求直接给予回答problem 抽象，综合的问题，但每个人都有的问题incident 特殊的、非凡的、不同寻常之事、蓄谋已久的事件incidence*发生的几率，比率accident 意外事故，偶然、偶发事件accidence*基础知识，词尾的变化coincidence*巧合，巧合之事it is no coincidence绝非巧合affairs 事物（国内、国外、个人风流）（六）情感、脾气、态度feeling 人的具体情怀／情感I have feelings for you. 我已经对你有了感情。
emotion 包括喜怒哀乐的抽象的词emotional 感情用事的，情绪化的（贬）attitude 人的心态，姿势mood 情绪in no mood / in a good moodpassion 激情，热情passionate 激情飞扬的，热情洋溢的compassion 同情心compassionate 富有同情心的sentimental 多愁善感的sentiment 怀旧的，温柔的，伤感的，浪漫的，细腻的，难以察觉的，高尚的，高级的情感和情操temper 脾气lose one’s temper / hold or keep one’s temper（七）看view 美丽的风景和景色，人的观点sight 看到的内容和对象look 面部表情，神色scene 场景，布景，场面vision 人的视力look at 看一眼glare at 怒目而视stare at 因为迷惑不解、好奇、惊讶而盯着或瞪着某人glance at 快速而有目标地看，而且往往看清了目标catch a glimpse of 匆匆一瞥，往往没看清（八）破坏spoil√宠坏，对氛围的破坏hurt 肉体的，心灵的，情感的伤害harm 客观事物对主体的危害（强光对皮肤，吸烟对身体）injure 皮外伤，轻伤wound 刀伤，剑伤，战争中受伤damage 部分的破坏，且往往可以修复destroy 彻底地毁坏，不可修复wreck√海难事件，船只受损crash √空难事件，飞机坠毁collide 火车相撞，两个运动物体相撞crush 揉碎，挤碎，压碎tear√撕碎，扯碎ruin 对园林，建筑物造成毁坏，以及留下的遗址smash 砸碎，粉碎，捣碎clash 刀光剑影，刀剑相碰发出的铿锵之声clash with 和…有冲突，与…有矛盾slash 猛砍，猛剁（九）坚持stick to +观点，原则hold to +观点，原则hold on to 牢牢地抓住，固守自己的原则和理念keep to +原则，理念+ oneself 不与外人交流，孤僻；不透露秘密给别人adhere to + principles 遵守，遵照comply with 遵守日常行为规范conform to 顺从，依然，不敢改革（微贬）＋风土人情，风俗习惯reform改革（十）忍受bear 精神、心灵、肉体上承受了巨大的压力而忍受着stand 不屈不挠，顽强地忍耐stand up to 勇敢地抵住，经得住，耐得住tolerate 宽容，对不喜欢的人或事的一种不予理会endure 长时间的忍耐put up with <口>忍受live with <口>同居；忍耐（十一）适应adapt oneself to 使某人适应；改编自( be adapt at ) 擅长于( adopt ) vt.收养，抚养；采纳，采取，后接建议acclimate 适应当地的气候accustom 适应当地的风俗accommodate oneself to 容纳，为某人提供住宿（十二）取消Cancel call off（十三）空bare 光秃秃的，不长草的，裸露的blank 空白处，空白纸blank face 茫然，无表情go blank 变得一片空白hollow 内部中空，人内部空虚vacant 空缺的（职位等）vacancy 空缺的职位empty 空荡荡的，屋子里没有人vast 因太大，而显得空荡荡的nothingness*虚无缥缈的状态，不存在的状态barren 贫瘠的，不肥沃的（土地）（十四）大considerable 相当大的，非凡的，值得考虑的enormous 巨大的，但不超出想象gigantic 悬殊的比例，构成的巨大，巨人一般的大titanic 巨大的，神秘的numerous 数量巨大，巨多monumental 巨大的价值，不朽的价值，具有纪念碑的价值的immense 大的无法测量，无穷无尽的（十五）永恒永久永远lasting√持久的（印象impression）permanent√长期地定居在某个地方不离开perpetual eternal everlasting 一直持久的（十六）方式方法method 有计划性，已被人规划好的，系统性的方式方法way 有特殊的个人的方法means 手段tactics 战术，具体的technique 个人化的技巧和技能⒉押头韵押尾韵词汇押头韵：trans- (12个) a+双写辅音字母-con/m/l/r- im/n/l/r- ex- re-transform 进行，演化；神秘地变化；激烈的变化，彻底的变化，往往给人以耳目一新的感觉transfuse 输血transmute （永陪选项）物质内部结构发生变化transfer 地点的转移，职位的调动，财产、账户、权力的转移transit 过渡transact 交易，贸易translate 翻译transplant 移植transport 传送transgress 跨过边境、边界，侵略transmit 声音的传播，疾病的传播，货物的传送transcend 超载transparent*透明的transcultural*跨文化的company 公司；陪伴，伴侣compel 强迫，迫使compile 编写comply with 后接法律法规押尾韵：-tion-ty-ious-ible-able-ive√（表主动意义）-erior-fy-ize√-izationintensive 精密的，强烈的，特别的或重病的护理extensive 延伸的，扩展的，覆盖的，广博的expensive 昂贵的expansive 膨胀的，肿胀的，（人）豪放的destructive 极具破坏性的descriptive 描绘性的，描述的instructive 指导性的，指示性的，具有教育意义的constructive 富有建设性的abusive 诽谤的，诋毁的altitude 海拔，高度attitude 态度，姿势amplitude 丰富，大量，宽度，振幅aptitude 天才，才能，天资⒊异形近义usual 频率高，通常ordinary 无特别之处general 普遍common 经常见到／听到average (family/height)普通⒋近形近义assure (+sb. of sth./ that从句) 向某人保证某事insure给…上保险，以免受到损失ensure接单宾语，保证某事reassure使某人放心，使某人不担心（物做主语）reserve (保护，保留，保存)preserveconserveobserve⒌词组短语句型习惯表达法at stake （木桩，赌注）利害攸关，危在旦夕at random 随机地抽取at large 在未被逮捕的过程中逍遥法外at interval 每隔一段时间at a loss 茫然不知所措，亏损at a profit 盈利at length 最后，最终call in 邀请某人进来参加call out 大声呼吁，号召call after 在某人后面大声招唤而引起注意call up 召集起来，动员起来，打电话call for√要求call off √取消call at 拜访某地call on 拜访某人break up 关系的破裂break down 抛锚；精神崩溃；物质分解和瓦解break of 关系的中断，断绝了供应的来源break away 摆脱了…的束缚break in 插嘴，插话，突然打断break out 大火或瘟疫的爆发break into 破门而入，突然…起来（tears）break through 打破，突破短文改错：名词：（一）基本问题1．单复数（主谓一致）：3000 dollars are (is) a big money for a person like me,金钱、价值、重量、距离、时间的名词形式是复数，谓语是单数。