英语教学研究方法 实验法

Controls and counterbalance
● How to control for systematic biases among the people participating
to assign them to the treatment groups at random. match the students as closely as possible by having them do tests of proficiciency level,attitude,personality type,aptitude and so forth
Indepedent variables (IV):
Usually a diference between the participants which may systematima -tically or unsystematically affect the results. In a questionaire study, interst might focus on the way two different kinds of pupil,e.g. girls and Dependent variables ( DV ): boys, answered the questions. Here sex would be a moderator variable. These are the measures of the effect of the manipulation of the IV. In our example ,the interaction level-- presumably some measure of amount of Us talk number of student, turns of speach, and so on. Often it is difficult to seperate out variables from one another satis Confounding variables (CV): -factorily in the present case,the researcher would have a difficult time sorting out the difference between a groupwork task and a groupwork seating position.These two variables,which might be important,are so far confouded. Confounding variables are
If the experiment found there was a difference,this hypothesis would be rejected.The direction of the difference would then be evaluated favouring one or other of the treatment
Quasi-experiment Share many similarities with the traditional experimental design,while relax some expects of control to estimate the causal impact of an intervention on its target.
Causes: in practice it is rare for teachers to have the power to manipulate the contexts and the tasks to the extent that true experimentation demands, and usually too many variables for them all to be effectively controlled.
实验研究是为验证某理论或 假设所开展的有计划的实践 实验时要确定实验组和对照 组，设定自变量与因变量， 排除干扰变量。研究者通过 操纵自变量，观察实验组与对照 组在因变量上的差异，最终确定 两类变量之间的因果关系，从而 得到一定的科学结论，实验研究 一般回答类似 ”A是否对B产生影 响”这一类问题
Experiment 一般用于自然科学实验中，实验 对象一般是自然物质或动植物。 实验时需要对实验对象、实验环境 实验步骤进行严格控制，排除一切 干扰变量的影响所得结果才能揭示 所要研究变量之间的真正关系。
Moderator variables (MV ):
The crucial variables being manipulated which the hopothesis concerns. argument about experimental techniques often concerns the validity of the relationship between the IV and the hypothesis.
The precise question
There will be no difference in interaction levels following whole-class questions and questions addressed to groups ... whole-classroom questions will stimulate less interaction than question addressed to subgroups whole-classroom questions will stimulate more interaction than question addressed to subgroups
Some examples
Experiment VS Other methods
Concen treatment of enviroment nt
Experiment
Try to manipulate elements of the enviroment ,that is to control some variables to see effect of the performance ,that is to establish or prove some consequence
to reduce possible rival Consequences: interpretations by controlling their effects to increase the artificiality of the situation at least as compared to the normal context of the learners' and teacherers' everyday experience. the greater the influence of such design measures, the nearer the
Other methods Emphasize to research in as natural an enviroment as possible
What is experiment
An experiment is a 'controlled look at natrue. The experimenter set up a task in which the structure of the task is explicit, the nature of the performance being studied is explicit, and the question that is being asked is precise'.
Sufficient particpant
The same students at different times Require fewer people and be more sensitive, subject to problems of order Sufficient particpant In the case, there would have to be sufficient participants to ensure a meaningful differentce between the whole class and the subgroups
Representative -ness of some some larger A An correlated grouping independent sample groups two different groups design design Require more people, be less sensitive,not subject to order effects.
An explicit set of variables
Basic features of experiment
Controls and counterbalances to eliminate rival interpretations
An explicit task which can be measured (at whatevever level of measurement
An explicit task which can be measured
Independent variables: Dependent variables：
The measurable task performance refers
to both independent and dependent variables: both have to be precisely defined and clearly identifiable