三大法律系统英文介绍
法学专业英语词汇
法学专业英语词汇法律渊源 source of law制定法 statute判例法 case law; precedent普通法 common law特别法 special law固有法 native law; indigenous law继受法 adopted law实体法 substantial law程序法 procedural law原则法 fundamental law例外法 exception law司法解释 judicial interpretation习惯法 customary law公序良俗 public order and moral自然法 natural law罗马法 Roman Law私法 private law公法 public law市民法 jus civile万民法 jus gentium民法法系 civil law system英美法系 system of Anglo-American law大陆法系 civil law system普通法 common law大陆法 continental law罗马法系 Roman law system衡平法 equity; law of equity日尔曼法 Germantic law教会法 ecclesiastical law寺院法 canon law伊斯兰法 Islamic law民法法律规范 norm of civil law授权规范 authorization norm禁止规范 forbidding norm义务性规范 obligatory norm命令性规范 commanding norm民法基本原则 fundamental principles of civil law 平等原则 principle of equality自愿原则 principle of free will公平原则 principle of justice等价有偿原则 principle of equal value exchange 诚实信用原则 principle of good faith行为 act不作为 omission合法行为 lawful act违法行为 unlawful act民事权利权利能力 civil right绝对权 absolute right相对权 relative right优先权 right of priority先买权 preemption原权 antecedent right救济权 right of relief支配权 right of dominion请求权 right of claim物上请求权 right of claim for real thing形成权 right of formation撤销权 right of claiming cancellation否认权 right of claiming cancellation解除权 right of renouncement代位权 subrogated right选择权 right of choice承认权 right of admission终止权 right of termination抗辩权 right of defense一时性抗辩权 momentary right of defense永久性抗辩权 permanent counter-argument right不安抗辩权 unstable counter-argument right同时履行抗辩权 defense right of simultaneous performance 既得权 tested right期待权 expectant right专属权 exclusive right非专属权 non-exclusive right人身权利 personal right人权 human right人格权 right of personality生命健康权 right of life and health姓名权 right of name名称权 right of name肖像权 right of portraiture自由权 right of freedom名誉权 right reputation隐私权 right of privacy私生活秘密权 right of privacy贞操权 virginity right身份权 right of status亲权 parental power; parental right亲属权 right of relative探视权 visitation right配偶权 right of spouse荣誉权 right of honor权利的保护 protection of right公力救济 public protection私力救济 self-protection权利本位 standard of right社会本位 standard of society无责任行为 irresponsible right正当防卫 justifiable right; ligitimate defence 防卫行为 act of defence。
法律英语核心词汇
*Unit One Legal systemfederation联邦制federalism联邦制度/政治jurisdiction 管辖权(区)legal system 法律体系legal tradition 法律传统legal method 法律方法civil law system 大陆法系common law system 普通法系royal court 女王法庭legislation 立法petition 申请，诉求Court of Chancery 大法官法庭、衡平法庭discretion自由裁量（权）equity 衡平法Twelve Tables 十二表法Canon law 教会法source of law 法律渊源civil code 民法典private law/public law私法/公法law doctrine 法条legal education 法学教育tribunal 审判员席，法官席；特别法庭breach of contract 违反合同precedent 先例，前例predictability 可预期性legal doctrine 法律原则stare decisis 遵循先例trial court初审法院、审判法院intermediate appellate court 中级上诉法院Supreme Court of the United States Res Judicata 已决事件[已裁决的案例]reversal 撤销；推翻[下级法院的裁决]overrule 推翻判决，驳回judicial precedent 司法先例plaintiff （民事）原告defendant （民事、刑事）被告the accused (刑事) 被告a right of privacy 隐私权the losing party 败诉方bring one’s suit against sb 起诉reverse the decision 推翻裁判binding 有约束力的reasoning 推理dictum 法官的附带意见Unit Two Court Systemcourt of last resort 最高上诉法院Court of Common Pleas普通诉讼法院out-of-state lawyer州外律师inferior trial court初级法院petty trial court小型审判法院trial court of general jurisdiction 具有一般审判权的初审法院Superior Court高级法院、上级法院District Court地区法院Supreme Judicial Court最高法院diversity of citizenship多样公民身份管辖venue审判地judicial circuit巡回审判区Federal Circuit court 联邦巡回法院Court of Customs and Patent Appeals 海关和专利上诉法院en banc法庭全体法官【出庭审理案件】certiorari 调卷令barrister出庭律师solicitor初级律师prosecutor公诉人subpoena传票inquisitional审问的、审问的magistrate地方法官、治安法官Unit Three Constitutional Law vital role 重要的法条democracy 民主政体bond 合约popular sovereignty 人民主权checks and balance 制衡separation of powers 分权procedural safeguards 程序保障framer 制定者（尤指立宪者）suffrage选举权Articles of Confederation 邦联条例amendments 修正案Constitutional 宪法legislature立法机构Senate 参议院legislative power 立法权executive power 行政权judicial power 司法权necessary-and-proper clause of the Constitution 宪法中的必要性和合理性条款United States Supreme Court ruling 美国联邦最高法院的裁决powers and duties 权力和职责impeachment 弹劾Supreme Court （美）最高法院discretion 自由裁量权criminal cases 刑事案件crime of treason 叛国罪original jurisdiction 原审管辖appeal 上诉ratify 批准alteration 修改submit 提交representation 代表approval 通过resolution 决议implementation执行tyranny 专制bail 保释金；保释；保证人enactment 制定（法律）；（制定的）法律constitutional convention 宪法惯例;立宪大会authority权力due process 正当法律程序full faith and credit 完全的信赖和尊重privileges and immunities clause 特权和免责条款process of amendments 宪法修正程序national convention 全国性修宪会议judicial review 司法审查Unit Three ＢJurisdiction n.司法管辖区judicial review n.司法审查government structure 政府结构hierarchy n.等级制度precedence n.先例the Senate 参议院commission n.委任状mandate n./ vt.命令；授权a writ of mandamus上级法院给下级法院的训令appointment n.任命；约定；任命的职位tenure n.任期；vt.授予…终身职位desegregation n.废止种族歧视nullify vt.使无效，作废；取消judiciary n. 司法部门、制度statute n.制定法；法律vest v.授予；归于cede vt.放弃、割让rescind vi.废除；撤回；解除fraudulent adj.诈骗性的thwart vt.妨碍、挫败acquiesce vi.默认、默许sidestep vt.回避syllogism n.推论；诡计supremacy clause 最高条款constitutional right 宪法权利constitutional crisis 宪法危机constitutional interpretation 宪法性解释congressional enactment 议会颁布的法令criminal proceeding 刑事诉讼程序the Judiciary Act 司法法executive privilege行政特权Unit Four Criminal Law restitution 返还原物；恢复原状；tort 侵权civil/crime wrong 民事不法行为/刑事违法press charges/bring charges 起诉prosecutor 公诉人general/special/punitive/exemplary damages 一般/特别/惩罚性/惩戒性损害赔偿金substantive/procedural law 实体法/程序法statute/ordinance 制定法，成文法/条例，法令apprehension 逮捕Miranda warnings 米兰达警告felony/misdemeanor/infraction 重罪/轻罪/一般性违法Incarceration 监禁，下狱motive (犯罪) 动机intent (犯罪/侵权)故意mens rea 犯意actus reus 犯罪行为causation 因果关系acquittal 无罪判决，宣告无罪justifiable 可证明是正当的commission 犯下（罪行）legal concept 法律概念strict liability 严格责任制度self-defense 正当防卫criminal liability 刑事责任a first degree murder 一级谋杀罪capital punishment/death penalty 死刑the U.S Constitution 美国联邦宪法the Bill of Rights 人权宣言Amendment to Constitution宪法修正案inflict on 使、、、遭受underprivileged 享有较少权利的、被剥夺基本权利的disproportionate 不相称、不成比例aggravating circumstance 加重情节a first degree murder 一级谋杀mitigating circumstance 减轻情节judicial review 司法审查sentencing discretion判决自由权irrevocable 不可撤销unconstitutional 违宪的deliberately 故意地a bank robbery 银行抢劫beyond a reasonable doubt 排除合理怀疑imprisonment 监禁detention 拘留fine 罚金court costs 堂费Equal Protection Clause 平等保护条款be vested with wide discretion 被授予广泛的自由裁量权legislative enactment 立法statutory ceiling 法定上限forfeiture 没收；没收物; 罚金economic sanction 经济制裁contraband 违禁品Uniform Controlled Substance Act 统一控制物质法Unit Five Criminal Procedurepresumption of innocence 无罪推定self-incrimination 自证其罪adversary system 对抗制；inquisitorial system 纠问制preventive detention 防范性监禁double jeopardy 双重追诉的危险search and seizure 搜查和查封actus reus 犯罪行为mens Rea 犯意bill of information起诉书complaint 诉状the grand jury process 大陪审团程序booking 登记arrest 拘留in custody 被监管；被拘留contraband 违禁品preliminary investigation 初步调查decision to prosecuted 提起指控的决定the initial appearance 首次开庭formal indictment 正式起诉书preliminary hearing 预审the arraignment 传讯insanity 精神错乱bench trial 无陪审团的庭审/法官审判voir dire /selection of jury筛选陪审团opening statement 开庭陈述the prosecutor’s case 公诉人举证motion for a directed verdict 直接裁决的动议the defendant’s present ation辩护词closing arguments 结案陈词jury instruction 陪审团指令jury deliberation 陪审团审议probation 缓刑voluntary/involuntary manslaughter 故意/过失杀人verdict 陪审团的判断、裁定sentence 宣判、判决sentencing guide 量刑指南capital punishment/capital sentence 死刑appeal 控诉、上诉search warrant 搜查令breach the precedent 打破先例good-faith exception 善意例外exclusionary rule 排除原则justiceships 大法官地位（职务、任期）chief justice 审判长、首席法官、法院院长brutal physical force残酷的体罚corporal/physical punishment体罚arbitration 仲裁coerced confession 强迫认罪adjudication 判决、宣告Unit Six Civil Procedureprocedure 诉讼程序action 诉讼(多指民事诉讼);行为，作为wrong不法行为(侵犯个人的不法行为; 公共不法行为)citation法院传票; 警方传讯; 引注ordinance （地方政府）条例,法令homicide 杀人felony 重罪、misdemeanor 轻罪custody监管、监护；羁押；拘禁；监禁custodian 监护人applicable law适用的法律appellate courts 上诉法院burden of proof 举证责任cross-examinations 交叉质证direct-examination 直接质证directed verdict 直接裁决debtor 债务人default 缺席demurrer抗辩execution 执行federal courts 联邦法院motions 议案/动议pleading theory辩护理论personal injury人身伤害property damage财产损害personal jurisdiction属人管辖replead再辩护the parties 当事人sheriff 警长治安官trial court 初审法院trial stage 庭审阶段Unit Eight Tort Lawwarden 警卫；典狱长；监狱长confinement 限制；监禁；拘禁；关押lawsuit 诉讼(尤指非刑事案件) tortfeasor 侵权行为者arguably 可论证的fallibility 不可靠，易混admonitory 警告的、劝诫的cautionary 警戒的substantive 有实质的，独立的litigation 诉讼，起诉sue （民事）起诉punitive damage 惩罚性赔偿compensatory damages补偿性赔偿金circuit court of appeals 巡回上诉法院Unit 8civil wrong 民事不法行为damages赔偿金act or omission 作为和不作为tort liability/ contract liability 侵权责任／合同责任intentional tort故意侵权personal/property tort人身／财产侵权compensatory/punitiv /exemplary damages 补偿／惩罚／惩戒性赔偿金state of mind主观状态circumstantial evidence间接证据false imprisonment 非法监禁trespass to land/ chattels侵入领地／动产right to exclusive use of land 土地的排他性使用权ownership 所有权charge 控罪physical harm 身体伤害standard of care/duty of care注意的标准／义务contributory /comparative negligence 共同／相对过失assumption of the risk 自我承担危险proximate cause近因foreseeablity可预见性actionable 可诉的tortuous/intervening act侵权行为／介入行为strict liability 严格责任privity of contract合同的私密条款deformation/ slander/libel 诽谤／口头／书面诽谤Jury(petty) jury 陪审团grand jury 大陪审团jury trial 陪审团审判right to jury 拥有陪审团审判的权利hung jury 悬案陪审团dismiss a jury 解散陪审团challenge for cause 有因回避peremptory challenges无因回避jury box 陪审团席位jury oath 陪审团宣誓jury selection 挑选陪审团potential/perspective juror 潜在的陪审团成员impartial jury 公正的陪审团jury of one’s peers同阶陪审团（指陪审团成员必须是与被审判者有相同社会背景、处于同一阶层的人员）jury pool待选陪审员库jury summon 陪审团传票juror 陪审团成员bailiff 法警jury instruction/ jury charge（法官）对陪审团的指令deliberation （陪审团）审议unanimous decision 全体一致的裁决simple majority 简单多数Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution 美国宪法第五修正案guilty decision 有罪裁决verdict （陪审团）裁决foreman of the jury 陪审团团长render the verdict （陪审团向法庭）提交裁决speak the verdict （陪审团团长在法庭）宣读裁决fact-finder 事实的发现者jury box 陪审团席位jury room 陪审团审议时witness 证人testimony 证词common sense 常识state attorney 检察官true bill （大陪审团签发的）予以起诉书no bill （大陪审团签发的）不予以起诉书summary judgment 即决判决Jurisdiction n.司法权，审判权，管辖权under the jurisdiction of the trial courtThe court has jurisdiction over this case.territorial/hierarchy/inferior/general/specialized/appellate jurisdiction地域/级别/有限/一般/特殊/上诉管辖权adj. Judicial 法庭的，司法的，法官的a judicial inquiry/review/system 法庭的审讯、复审、司法制度judicial relief 司法救济n. judiciary 一国的法官总称Apply vi/vt实施，适用apply a law/rule 执行法律、规则apply local customs 适用当地的风俗习惯The regulations and rules of local governments apply within respective jurisdiction. apply for a retrial/deferment 申请再审/延期n. application 实施，生效the strict application of the law 严明执法adj. （作表语）applicable可适用be applicable to sb/sthDecision n.判决=judgmentLegislation n.[u]立法legislation of the People’s Congress 人大立法make new legislation=enact a new lawvi. legislate legislate for/agist sthadj. legislative legislative reform 立法改革Procedure n.法律程序civil procedure 民事诉讼程序（对比proceedings 诉讼过程：proceedings against sb/for sth）adj. Procedural procedural rules 程序规则Amend vt.修改Amend the existing/current law 修改现行法=make amendments to the current law Subject n. 法律主体Petition vt/vi 向。
法律英语词汇大全(完美打印版)76199
法律渊源source of law制定法statute判例法case law; precedent普通法common law特别法special law固有法native law；indigenous law继受法adopted law实体法substantial law程序法procedural law原则法fundamental law例外法exception law司法解释judicial interpretation习惯法customary law公序良俗public order and moral自然法natural law罗马法Roman Law私法private law公法public law市民法jus civile万民法jus gentium民法法系civil law system英美法系system of Anglo—American law 大陆法系civil law system普通法common law大陆法continental law 罗马法系Roman law system衡平法equity；law of equity日尔曼法Germantic law教会法ecclesiastical law寺院法canon law伊斯兰法Islamic law民法法律规范norm of civil law授权规范authorization norm禁止规范forbidding norm义务性规范obligatory norm命令性规范commanding norm民法基本原则fundamental principles of civil law 平等原则principle of equality自愿原则principle of free will公平原则principle of justice等价有偿原则principle of equal value exchange 诚实信用原则principle of good faith行为act作为ac不作为omission合法行为lawful act违法行为unlawful act民事权利权利能力civil right绝对权absolute right相对权relative right优先权right of priority先买权preemption原权antecedent right救济权right of relief支配权right of dominion请求权right of claim物上请求权right of claim for real thing形成权right of formation撤销权right of claiming cancellation否认权right of claiming cancellation解除权right of renouncement代位权subrogated right选择权right of choice承认权right of admission终止权right of termination抗辩权right of defense一时性抗辩权momentary right of defense永久性抗辩权permanent counter—argument right不安抗辩权unstable counter-argument right同时履行抗辩权defense right of simultaneous performance既得权tested right期待权expectant right专属权exclusive right 非专属权non-exclusive right人身权利personal right人权human right人格权right of personality生命健康权right of life and health 姓名权right of name名称权right of name肖像权right of portraiture自由权right of freedom名誉权right reputation隐私权right of privacy私生活秘密权right of privacy贞操权virginity right身份权right of status亲权parental power；parental right 亲属权right of relative探视权visitation right配偶权right of spouse荣誉权right of honor权利的保护protection of right公力救济public protection私力救济self—protection权利本位standard of right社会本位standard of society无责任行为irresponsible right正当防卫justifiable right；ligitimate defence防卫行为act of defence自为行为self—conducting act紧急避险act of rescue；necessity自助行为act of self—help不可抗力force majeure意外事件accident行为能力capacity for act意思能力capacity of will民事行为civil act意思表示declaration of intention意思表示一致meeting of minds; consensus完全行为能力perfect capacity for act限制行为能力restrictive capacity for act准禁治产人quasi-interdicted person保佐protection自治产人minor who is capable of administering his own capacity无行为能力incapacity for act禁治产人interdicted person自然人natural person公民citizen住所domicile居所residence经常居住地frequently dwelling place 户籍census register监护guardianship个体工商户individual business农村承包经营户leaseholding rural household合伙partnership合伙人partner合伙协议partnership agreement合伙财产property of partnership合伙债务debt of partnership入伙join partnership退伙withdrawal from partnership合伙企业partnership business establishment个人合伙partnership法人合伙partnership of legal person特别合伙special partnership普通合伙general partnership有限合伙limited partnership民事合伙civil partnership隐名合伙sleeping partnership；dormant partnership 私营企业private enterprise; proprietorship法人legal person企业法人legal body of enterprise企业集团group of enterprise关联企业affiliate enterprise个人独资企业individual business establishment国有独资企业solely state-owned enterprise中外合资企业Sino—foreign joint venture enterprise 中外合作企业Sino-foreign contractual enterprise社团法人legal body of mass organization财团法人legal body of financial group联营joint venture法人型联营association of legal persons合伙型联营coordinated management in partnership协作型联营cooperation-type coordinated management合作社cooperative民事法律行为civil legal act单方民事法律行为unilateral civil legal act双方民事法律行为bilateral civil legal act多方民事法律行为joint act civil legal act有偿民事法律行为civil legal act with consideration无偿民事法律行为civil legal act without consideration; civil legal act without award实践性民事法律行为practical civil legal act法律翻译公司诺成性民事法律行为consental civil legal act要式民事法律行为formal civil legal act不要式民事法律行为informal civil legal act要因民事法律行为causative civil legal act不要因民事法律行为noncausative civil legal act主民事法律行为principal civil legal act 从民事法律行为accessory civil legal act附条件民事法律行为conditional civil legal act附期限民事法律行为civil legal act with term生前民事法律行为civil legal act before death死后民事法律行为civil legal act after death准民事法律行为quasi-civil legal act无效行为ineffective act可撤销民事行为revocable civil act违法行为illegal act；unlawful act侵权行为tort欺诈fraud胁迫duress乘人之危taking advantage of others’precarious position以合法形式掩盖非法目的legal form concealing illegal intention恶意串通malicious collaboration重大误解gross misunderstanding显失公平obvious unjust误传misrepresentation代理agency本人principal被代理人principal受托人trustee代理人agent本代理人original agent法定代理人statutory agent；legal agent委托代理人agent by mandate指定代理人designated agent复代理人subagent再代理人subagent转代理人subagent代理权right of agency授权行为act of authorization授权委托书power of attorney代理行为act of agency委托代理agency by mandate本代理original agency复代理subagency次代理subagency有权代理authorized agency表见代理agency by estoppel; apparent agency 律师代理agency by lawyer普通代理general agency全权代理general agency全权代理委托书general power of attorney共同代理joint agency独家代理sole agency居间brokerage居间人broker行纪commission; broker house 信托trust时效time limit; prescription; limitation时效中止suspension of prescription/limitation时效中断interruption of limitation/prescription时效延长extension of limitation取得时效acquisitive prescription时效终止lapse of time; termination of prescription期日date期间term涉外民事关系civil relations with foreign elements冲突规范rule of conflict准据法applicable law; governing law反致renvoi；remission转致transmission识别identification公共秩序保留reserve of public order法律规避evasion of law国籍nationality国有化nationalization法律责任legal liability民事责任civil liability/responsibility行政责任administrative liability/responsibility刑事责任criminal liability/responsibility违约责任liability of breach of contract; responsibilityof default有限责任limited liability无限责任unlimited liability按份责任shared/several liability连带责任joint and several liability过失责任liability for negligence; negligent liability 过错责任fault liability；liability for fault单独过错sole fault共同过错joint fault混合过错mixed fault被害人过错victim's fault第三人过错third party's fault推定过错presumptive fault恶意bad faith; malice故意deliberate intention；intention；willfulness 过失negligence重大过失gross negligence疏忽大意的过失careless and inadvertent negligence 过于自信的过失negligence with undue assumption 损害事实facts of damage有形损失tangible damage/loss无形损失intangible damage/loss财产损失property damage/loss人身损失personal damage/loss精神损失spiritual damage/loss 民事责任承担方式methods of bearing civil liability停止侵害cease the infringing act排除妨碍exclusion of hindrance；removal of obstacle消除危险elimination of danger返还财产restitution of property恢复原状restitution; restitution of original state赔偿损失compensate for a loss; indemnify for a loss支付违约金payment of liquidated damage消除影响eliminate ill effects恢复名誉rehabilitate one’s reputation赔礼道歉extend a formal apology物权jus ad rem; right in rem；real right物权制度real right system；right in rem system一物一权原则the principal of One thing, One Right物权法定主义principal of legality of right in rem物权公示原则principal of public summons of right in rem物权法jus rerem物property生产资料raw material for production生活资料means of livelihood；means of subsistence流通物res in commercium； a thing in commerce限制流通物limited merchantable thing禁止流通物res extra commercium； a thing out ofcommerce资产asset固定资产fixed asset流动资产current asset; floating asset动产movables; chattel不动产immovable；real estate特定物res certae; a certain thing种类物genus；indefinite thing可分物res divisibiles; divisible things不可分物res indivisibiles；indivisible things主物res capitalis； a principal thing从物res accessoria; an accessory thing原物original thing孳息fruits天然孳息natural fruits法定孳息legal fruits无主物bona vacatia; vacant goods; ownerless goods 遗失物lost property漂流物drifting object埋藏物fortuna；hidden property货币currency证券securities债券bond物权分类classification of right in rem/real right自物权jus in re propria; right of full ownership 所有权dominium; ownership; title所有权凭证document of title；title of ownership占有权dominium utile; equitable ownership使用权right of use; right to use of收益权right to earnings；right to yields处分权right of disposing；jus dispodendi善意占有possession in good faith恶意占有malicious possession按份共有several possession共同共有joint possession他物权jus in re aliena用益物权real right for usufruct使用权right to use; right of use土地使用权right to the use of land林权forest ownership采矿权mining ownership经营权managerial authority；power of management承包经营权right to contracted management相邻权neighboring right; relatedright地上权superficies永佃权jus emphyteuticum；right to landed estate granted in perpetuity through a contract地役权servitude; easement人役权servitus personarum; personal servitude担保物权real right for security物的担保security for thing物的瑕疵担保warranty against defect of a thing抵押权hypotheca；hypothecation；right to mortgage抵押权的设定creation of right to mortgage抵押人mortgagor抵押权人mortgagee抵押标的物collateral；estate under mortgage抵押权的效力deffect of right to mortgage抵押权的次序sequence of right to mortgage抵押权的抛弃abandonment of right to mortgage抵押权的让与alienation of right to mortgage抵押权的实现materialization of right to mortgage抵押权的消灭extinction of right tomortgageregistration of estate under mortgage抵押物登记registration of estate under mortgage抵押优先权priority of mortgage留置权lien一般留置权general lien特别留置权special lien质权hypotheque; pledge; right of pledge佃权tenant right债权jus in personam；right to give or procure；claim；creditor’s right债权人creditor 债务人debtor相对人counterpart; offeree给付give; pay债务debt；liability；obligation债务的偿还payment of debt债务的偿清discharge of debt债务的担保guarantee of debt债务的合并consolidation of debt债务的给付日期debt maturity债务的免除exemption of debt债的分类obligatio; obligation法定之债legal obligation任意之债voluntary obligation简单之债simple obligation选择之债alternative obligation主债prime/principal obligation从债accessory obligation单一之债single obligation按份之债several obligation连带之债joint obligation特定之债certain obligation种类之债indefinite obligation合同之债contractual obligation侵权行为之债tort obligation损害赔偿之债obligation of compensation for injury；obligation of damages人身损害damage to person精神损害moral/mental/spiritual damage 医药费hospital treatment expense医疗费medical charge抚恤金pension慰问金consolation money产品瑕疵defect of product不当得利unjust enrichment无因管理voluntary service债的担保guarantee of obligation财产担保property guarantee信用担保credit guarantee让与担保alienation guarantee保证guaranty明示保证express guaranty默示保证implied guaranty保证人guarantor保证合同contract of guaranty/suretyship 保证金guaranty bond; security deposit 押金deposit; foregift预付款advanced payment定金earnest money；deposit违约金liquidated damages法定违约金liquidated damages by law 约定违约金liquidated damages by agreement债的履行performance of obligation实际履行原则doctrine of specific performance情事变更原则doctrine of change of circumstances不当履行misfeasance清偿discharge; satisfaction提存debtor’s submission of the subject matter of obligation to competent authority抵销setoff知识产权intellectual property知识产权国际保护international protection of intellectual property国民待遇原则doctrine of national treatment优先权原则a right of priority doctrine自动保护原则doctrine of automatic protection特许权使用费royalties智力成果intellectual property著作权copyright版权copyright著作权人copyright owner创作creation作品opus; product; work著作人格权right of personality of copyright发表权right of publication署名权right of authorship；right of paternity修改权right of modification；right of revision完整性保持权right to maintain integrity不可侵犯权inviolability收回权right of recall; right of retrieval自费出版publish a book at the author’s own expense著作财产权property right in work使用收益分享权right to share usufruct利用权right to make use of获得报酬权right to get payment重播权right of rebroadcasting录制权right of fixation机械复制权right of mechanograph; right of mechanical reproduction著作邻接权neighboring right of copyright剽窃plagiary；plagiarism盗版pirate盗版VCD pirated VCD伪造forge工业产权industrial property专利权patent right优先权日priority date申请在先原则prior application rule使用在先priority of use新颖性novelty创造性creativity 实用性practicability发明创造invention and creation实用新型utility model外观设计design；industrial design发明权right of invention发现权right of discovery专利申请patent application专利异议objection to a patent专利公告patent gazette专利续展费renewal fee of patent专利许可协议patent licensing agreement技术诀窍know-how专有技术know-how专利证书certificate of patent专利事务所patent office专利代理patent agency中华人民共和国专利局Patent Office of the People's Republic of China商标权trademark right商标国际注册international registration of trademark商品商标commodity trademark服务商标service trademark驰名商标reputed trademark广告商标advertisement trademark近似商标similar trademark商标评审委员会trade review and appraisal board商标审查trademark examination商标侵权trademark infringement商标注册registered trademark商标公告trademark gazette注册商标使用许可licensing of registered trademark 注册商标转让assignment of registered trademark商标使用许可协议trademark licensing agreement商标事务所trademark office商标代理trademark agency婚姻、家庭、继承、收养marriage, family，inheritance，adoption婚姻法marital law; marriage law包办婚姻arranged marriage财产分割partition; dismemberment of property重婚bigamy独生子女only child法律婚legal marriage非婚生子女illegitimate child夫妻共同财产community property夫妻关系conjugal relationship夫妻分居divorce a mensa et thoro; divorce from bed and board复婚resumption of marriage感情破裂incompatibility 婚后财产公证notarization of postnuptial properties 婚姻登记marriage registration婚生子女ligitimate child计划生育birth control结婚marry离婚divorce买卖婚姻mercenary marriage拟制血亲blood relations in fiction of law旁系血亲collateral relation blood relation涉外婚姻marriage with foreign elements配偶spouse事实婚de facto marriage诉讼离婚divorce by litigation探视权visitation right同居cohabitation晚婚late marriage无效婚姻void marriage协议离婚divorce by agreement一夫一妻制monogamy早婚early marriage直系血亲lineal descent自然血亲natural blood relation收养法adoption law收养协议adoption agreement收养人adoptive parent送养人person or institution placing out a child for adoption涉外收养adoption with foreign elements继承法inheritance law；law of succession法定继承legal seccession遗嘱继承intestate succession遗赠继承succession by devise自然继承natural succession代位继承representation；succession by subrogation世袭继承hereditary succession间接继承indirect succession转继承subsuccession共同继承joint succession单独继承single succession继承人heir; successor第二顺序继承人successor second in order第一顺序继承人successor first in order继承参与人succession participant遗产inheritance; heritage遗产继承人heir to property；inheritor遗言last will and testament遗书last words遗赠bequest; legacy; devise遗赠抚养协议legacy—support agreement 会计法accounting law税法tax law；taxation law反不正当竞争法anti-unfair competition law消费者权益保护法consumer’s interest protection law产品责任法production liability law消费者权益法consumer rights and interests law公司法company law; corporate law公司company; corporation有限责任公司limited liability company股份有限公司company limited by shares无限公司unlimited company股份两合公司joint stock limited liability partnership两合公司joint liability company控股公司holding company集团公司group company合资公司joint venture company联营公司associated company; affiliated company国营公司state—own company国有公司state-owned company民营公司civilian-run company本国公司national/domestic company外国公司foreign company上市公司listed company母公司parent company子公司subsidiary皮包公司briefcase company; fundless company募集设立incorporation by stock floatation发起人floater; initiator公司名称name of company公司住址domicile of company出资contribution; capital subscription现金出资investment in cash实物出资investment in kind工业产权出资investment in industrial property right非专有技术出资investment in non-patent technology劳务出资investment in labor高新技术成果出资investment in hi—tech achievements注册资本registered capital实缴资本paid—in capital验资报告capital verification report会计师事务所certified public accountants注册会计师certified public accountant资本三原则three doctrine of capital资本确定原则doctrine of capital determination资本维持原则doctrine of capital maintenance资本不变原则doctrine of unchanging capital最低资本额制度minimum capital system公司章程articles of association；articles of incorporation；bylaw 公司登记incorporation; corporate registration公司存续existence of company公司合并分立merger and split of company公司并购corporate merger and acquisition公司管理corporate governance；company management公司法律顾问corporate counsel公司整顿company rectification公司歇业closure of business公司和解company composition公司解散company dissolution公司清算company liquidation公司清理company winding—up竞业禁止non-commpete; competition prohibition招股章程prospectus股本stock capital股东shareholder股东大会shareholders’meeting股东大会决议resolution of shareholders’meeting股东大会议事规则rule of procedure of shareholders’meeting表决权voting right; right to vote董事director董事长president/chairman of the board首席执行官chief executive officer(CEO)首席运营官chief operation officer(COO)执行董事executive director常务董事managing director董事会board of directors董事会领导下的经理负责制responsibility system of the chief executive officer under the leadership of the board of directors经理独立负责制manager independent responsibility system监事supervisor监事会board of supervisors股share；stock普通股common stock特别股special stock资格股qualification stock优先股preferred stock劣后股inferior stock表决权股stock with voting power溢价股premium stock折价股converting stock国家股state—owned share集体股collective share法人股corporate share企业股enterprise share个人股individual share股息dividend红股bonus stock；dividend stock法定公积金legal accumulation fund 资本公积金capital accumulation fund盈余公积金surplus accumulation fund任意公积金optional accumulation fund公司犯罪corporate crime证券法securities law证券发行issuance of securities证券上市list securities; float an issue证券交易所stock exchange证券商securities dealer证券公司securities company证券承销商consortium of underwriters证券承销合同underwriting contract证券经纪人securities broker披露制度disclosing system交割日closing date风险投资基金venture capital fund上海证券交易所Shanghai Stock Exchange深圳证券交易所Shenzhen Stock Exchange证券监督委员会securities supervision committee 票据法law of negotiable instrument票据notes；bills; commercial instruments商业票据bill；commercial instrument远期票据time bill;；long-dated bill到期票据matured bill即期票据sight bill记名票据bill payable to order; note to order 不记名票据bearer instrument本票promissory note支票cheque汇票bill of exchange发票日ticket day出票日date of draft/issue发票地place of draft/issue票据到期日bill to mature票据金额sum of bill票面价额face value票据出票人drawer票据持票人bill holder票据承兑人bill acceptor票据行为act on commercial paper承兑票据honor a bill票据议付negotiation拒付票据protest a bill票据付款人drawee票据支付人payer on commercial instrument 票据收款人bill collector票据背书人endorser/indorser of a bill被背书人endorsee票据保证人bill guarantor 票据被保证人bill pledgee/warrantee再追索人renewed recourser前手remote holder后手subsequent endorser票据权利right of bill票据期限term of bill；tenor票据债务人debtor of commercial instrument追索权right of recourse票据抗辩exception to bill票据丧失loss of bill票据时效prescription of exchanges票据贴现discount of bill再贴现rediscount of bill恩惠期间term of benevolence票据代理agency for notes/bills/commercial instruments海商法maritime law船舶国籍证书certificate of registry；certificate of ship's nationality船棋国flag country船舶所有权证书certificate of ship ownership船舶检验register of ship船舶保险insurance on hull船舶保险单hull insurance policy船舶登记证书certificate of registry船舶丈量tonnage measurement of ships船舶进港费groundage船舶抵押ship mortgage船舶租赁ship chartering船舶转租ship subchartering船舶所有人责任限制limitation of liabilities of ship owners船舶碰撞ship collision船舶遇难maritime distress海上灾难perils of the sea海上拖航marine towage船舶扣押detention of ship船舶债权ship’s credit船级社classification society船级证书certificate of class海上留置权maritime lien船舶留置权maritime lien船舶抵押权maritime mortgage海上优先请求权priority claim to seagoing ships救助优先权priority claim to salvage共同海损优先权priority claim to general average服务优先权priority claim to service货物损害优先权priority claim to cargo damage传播抵押借款和货物抵押借款优先权priority claim to ship credit and goods credit海运合同shipping contract 提单bill of lading（B/L)空舱费dead freight租船费charterage租船合同charter—party contract of affreightment期租船合同time charter—party；time CP航次租船合同voyage charter—party定期租船合同time charter—party光船租船合同bareboat charter—party; bareboat CP包租运输合同shipping charter-party海上旅客运输合同contract for carriage of passengers by sea远洋拖带合同contract of ocean towage港内拖带合同contract of port towage海难救助合同salvage contract海事报告master’s protest；; sea protest海事声明书sea protest海事争议maritime dispute海事法院maritime court；；admiralty court海事诉讼程序maritime proceedings船舶碰撞案件的民事管辖权civil jurisdiction of sea collision船舶碰撞案件的刑事管辖权criminal jurisdiction of sea collision海事争议的审理hearing/trial of maritime disputes海事诉讼保全措施measures for maritime attachment海事优先请求权preferential right top maritime claim海事请求保全申请书application/petition for maritime attachment海事诉讼法律文书送达service of legal instruments in maritime action/proceedings涉外海事诉讼管辖权jurisdiction of maritime action involving for elements强制变卖被扣押船舶compulsory realization of the distrained ship海事仲裁程序规则rules of maritime arbitration procedure保险法insurance law自愿保险voluntary insurance强制保险compulsory insurance商业保险commercial insurance财产保险property insurance人身保险personal insurance人寿保险life insurance健康保险health insurance意外保险accident insurance社会保险social insurance养老保险endowment insurance医疗保险medical insurance失业保险unemployment insurance信用保险credit insurance保证保险guaranty insurance保险合同insurance contract 保险人insurer；underwriter被保险人the insured受益人benificiary投保人applicant for insurance;; policy holder 保险单insurance policy保险标的insurance object保险费premium保险期限time limit of insurance保险利益insurable interest保险金额insurance; insurance compensation 保险事故insurance accident保险赔偿insurance indemnity保险代理人insurance agent保险经纪人insurance broker索赔claim代位索赔claim by subrogation理赔settlement of claim代位求偿权right of subrogation委付abandonment退保cancellation/discharging of insurance。
法律英语词汇大全(完美打印版)
法律渊源source of law制定法statute判例法case law;precedent 普通法common law特别法special law固有法native law; indigenous law继受法adopted law实体法substantial law程序法procedural law原则法fundamental law例外法exception law司法解释judicial interpretation习惯法customary law公序良俗public order and moral自然法natural law罗马法Roman Law私法private law公法public law市民法jus civile万民法jus gentium民法法系civil law system 英美法系system of Anglo-American law大陆法系civil law system 普通法common law大陆法continental law罗马法系Roman law system衡平法equity;law of equity 日尔曼法Germantic law教会法ecclesiastical law寺院法canon law伊斯兰法Islamic law民法法律规范norm of civil law授权规范authorization norm禁止规范forbidding norm 义务性规范obligatory norm命令性规范commanding norm民法基本原则fundamentalprinciples of civil law平等原则principle ofequality自愿原则principle of freewill公平原则principle ofjustice等价有偿原则principle ofequal value exchange诚实信用原则principle ofgood faith行为act作为ac不作为omission合法行为lawful act违法行为unlawful act民事权利权利能力civilright绝对权absolute right相对权relative right优先权right of priority先买权preemption原权antecedent right救济权right of relief支配权right of dominion请求权right of claim物上请求权right of claimfor real thing形成权right of formation撤销权right of claimingcancellation否认权right of claimingcancellation解除权right ofrenouncement代位权subrogated right选择权right of choice承认权right of admission终止权right of termination抗辩权right of defense一时性抗辩权momentaryright of defense永久性抗辩权permanentcounter-argument right不安抗辩权unstablecounter-argument right同时履行抗辩权defenseright of simultaneousperformance既得权tested right期待权expectant right专属权exclusive right非专属权non-exclusiveright人身权利personal right人权human right人格权right of personality生命健康权right of life andhealth姓名权right of name名称权right of name肖像权right of portraiture自由权right of freedom名誉权right reputation隐私权right of privacy私生活秘密权right ofprivacy贞操权virginity right身份权right of status亲权parental power;parental right亲属权right of relative探视权visitation right配偶权right of spouse荣誉权right of honor权利的保护protection ofright公力救济public protection私力救济self-protection权利本位standard of right社会本位standard ofsociety无责任行为irresponsibleright正当防卫justifiable right;ligitimate defence防卫行为act of defence自为行为self-conducting act紧急避险act of rescue; necessity自助行为act of self-help不可抗力force majeure意外事件accident行为能力capacity for act意思能力capacity of will民事行为civil act意思表示declaration of intention意思表示一致meeting of minds;consensus完全行为能力perfect capacity for act限制行为能力restrictive capacity for act准禁治产人quasi-interdicted person保佐protection自治产人minor who is capable of administering his own capacity无行为能力incapacity for act禁治产人interdicted person 自然人natural person公民citizen住所domicile居所residence经常居住地frequently dwelling place户籍census register监护guardianship个体工商户individual business农村承包经营户leaseholding rural household 合伙partnership合伙人partner合伙协议partnership agreement合伙财产property ofpartnership合伙债务debt of partnership入伙join partnership退伙withdrawal frompartnership合伙企业partnershipbusiness establishment个人合伙partnership法人合伙partnership oflegal person特别合伙specialpartnership普通合伙generalpartnership有限合伙limitedpartnership民事合伙civil partnership隐名合伙sleepingpartnership;dormantpartnership私营企业private enterprise;proprietorship法人legal person企业法人legal body ofenterprise企业集团group ofenterprise关联企业affiliate enterprise个人独资企业individualbusiness establishment国有独资企业solelystate-owned enterprise中外合资企业Sino-foreignjoint venture enterprise中外合作企业Sino-foreigncontractual enterprise社团法人legal body ofmass organization财团法人legal body offinancial group联营joint venture法人型联营association oflegal persons合伙型联营coordinatedmanagement in partnership协作型联营cooperation-type coordinatedmanagement合作社cooperative民事法律行为civil legalact单方民事法律行为unilateral civil legal act双方民事法律行为bilateralcivil legal act多方民事法律行为joint actcivil legal act有偿民事法律行为civillegal act with consideration无偿民事法律行为civillegal act withoutconsideration;civil legal actwithout award实践性民事法律行为practical civil legal act法律翻译公司诺成性民事法律行为consental civil legal act要式民事法律行为formalcivil legal act不要式民事法律行为informal civil legal act要因民事法律行为causative civil legal act不要因民事法律行为noncausative civil legal act主民事法律行为principalcivil legal act从民事法律行为accessorycivil legal act附条件民事法律行为conditional civil legal act附期限民事法律行为civillegal act with term生前民事法律行为civillegal act before death死后民事法律行为civil legal act after death准民事法律行为quasi-civil legal act无效行为ineffective act可撤销民事行为revocable civil act违法行为illegal act; unlawful act侵权行为tort欺诈fraud胁迫duress乘人之危taking advantage of others’precarious position以合法形式掩盖非法目的legal form concealing illegal intention恶意串通malicious collaboration重大误解gross misunderstanding显失公平obvious unjust误传misrepresentation代理agency本人principal被代理人principal受托人trustee代理人agent本代理人original agent法定代理人statutory agent; legal agent委托代理人agent by mandate指定代理人designated agent复代理人subagent再代理人subagent转代理人subagent代理权right of agency授权行为act of authorization授权委托书power of attorney 代理行为act of agency委托代理agency bymandate本代理original agency复代理subagency次代理subagency有权代理authorized agency表见代理agency byestoppel;apparent agency律师代理agency by lawyer普通代理general agency全权代理general agency全权代理委托书generalpower of attorney共同代理joint agency独家代理sole agency居间brokerage居间人broker行纪commission;brokerhouse信托trust时效time limit;prescription;limitation时效中止suspension ofprescription/limitation时效中断interruption oflimitation/prescription时效延长extension oflimitation取得时效acquisitiveprescription时效终止lapse of time;termination of prescription期日date期间term涉外民事关系civilrelations with foreignelements冲突规范rule of conflict准据法applicable law;governing law反致renvoi;remission转致transmission识别identification公共秩序保留reserve ofpublic order法律规避evasion of law国籍nationality国有化nationalization法律责任legal liability民事责任civilliability/responsibility行政责任administrativeliability/responsibility刑事责任criminalliability/responsibility违约责任liability of breachof contract;responsibility ofdefault有限责任limited liability无限责任unlimited liability按份责任shared/severalliability连带责任joint and severalliability过失责任liability fornegligence;negligentliability过错责任fault liability;liability for fault单独过错sole fault共同过错joint fault混合过错mixed fault被害人过错victim’s fault第三人过错third party’sfault推定过错presumptive fault恶意bad faith;malice故意deliberate intention;intention;willfulness过失negligence重大过失gross negligence疏忽大意的过失carelessand inadvertent negligence过于自信的过失negligencewith undue assumption损害事实facts of damage有形损失tangible damage/loss无形损失intangible damage/loss财产损失property damage/loss人身损失personal damage/loss精神损失spiritual damage/loss民事责任承担方式methods of bearing civil liability停止侵害cease the infringing act排除妨碍exclusion of hindrance;removal of obstacle消除危险elimination of danger返还财产restitution of property恢复原状restitution; restitution of original state 赔偿损失compensate for a loss;indemnify for a loss支付违约金payment of liquidated damage消除影响eliminate ill effects恢复名誉rehabilitate one’s reputation赔礼道歉extend a formal apology物权jus ad rem;right in rem;real right物权制度real right system; right in rem system一物一权原则the principal of One thing,One Right物权法定主义principal of legality of right in rem物权公示原则principal of public summons of right inrem物权法jus rerem物property生产资料raw material forproduction生活资料means oflivelihood;means ofsubsistence流通物res in commercium;a thing in commerce限制流通物limitedmerchantable thing禁止流通物res extracommercium;a thing out ofcommerce资产asset固定资产fixed asset流动资产current asset;floating asset动产movables;chattel不动产immovable;realestate特定物res certae;a certainthing种类物genus;indefinitething可分物res divisibiles;divisible things不可分物res indivisibiles;indivisible things主物res capitalis;aprincipal thing从物res accessoria;anaccessory thing原物original thing孳息fruits天然孳息natural fruits法定孳息legal fruits无主物bona vacatia;vacantgoods;ownerless goods遗失物lost property漂流物drifting object埋藏物fortuna;hiddenproperty货币currency证券securities债券bond物权分类classification ofright in rem/real right自物权jus in re propria;right of full ownership所有权dominium;ownership;title所有权凭证document oftitle;title of ownership占有权dominium utile;equitable ownership使用权right of use;right touse of收益权right to earnings;right to yields处分权right of disposing;jus dispodendi善意占有possession ingood faith恶意占有maliciouspossession按份共有severalpossession共同共有joint possession他物权jus in re aliena用益物权real right forusufruct使用权right to use;right ofuse土地使用权right to the useof land林权forest ownership采矿权mining ownership经营权managerial authority;power of management承包经营权right tocontracted management相邻权neighboring right;relatedright地上权superficies永佃权jus emphyteuticum;right to landed estate granted in perpetuity through a contract地役权servitude;easement 人役权servitus personarum; personal servitude担保物权real right for security物的担保security for thing 物的瑕疵担保warranty against defect of a thing抵押权hypotheca; hypothecation;right to mortgage抵押权的设定creation of right to mortgage抵押人mortgagor抵押权人mortgagee抵押标的物collateral; estate under mortgage抵押权的效力deffect of right to mortgage抵押权的次序sequence of right to mortgage抵押权的抛弃abandonment of right to mortgage抵押权的让与alienation of right to mortgage抵押权的实现materialization of right to mortgage抵押权的消灭extinction of right to mortgageregistration of estate under mortgage抵押物登记registration of estate under mortgage抵押优先权priority of mortgage留置权lien一般留置权general lien特别留置权special lien质权hypotheque;pledge;right of pledge佃权tenant right债权jus in personam;rightto give or procure;claim;creditor’s right债权人creditor债务人debtor相对人counterpart;offeree给付give;pay债务debt;liability;obligation债务的偿还payment ofdebt债务的偿清discharge ofdebt债务的担保guarantee ofdebt债务的合并consolidationof debt债务的给付日期debtmaturity债务的免除exemption ofdebt债的分类obligatio;obligation法定之债legal obligation任意之债voluntaryobligation简单之债simple obligation选择之债alternativeobligation主债prime/principalobligation从债accessory obligation单一之债single obligation按份之债several obligation连带之债joint obligation特定之债certain obligation种类之债indefiniteobligation合同之债contractualobligation侵权行为之债tortobligation损害赔偿之债obligation ofcompensation for injury;obligation of damages人身损害damage to person精神损害moral/mental/spiritualdamage医药费hospital treatmentexpense医疗费medical charge抚恤金pension慰问金consolation money产品瑕疵defect of product不当得利unjust enrichment无因管理voluntary service债的担保guarantee ofobligation财产担保propertyguarantee信用担保credit guarantee让与担保alienationguarantee保证guaranty明示保证express guaranty默示保证implied guaranty保证人guarantor保证合同contract ofguaranty/suretyship保证金guaranty bond;security deposit押金deposit;foregift预付款advanced payment定金earnest money;deposit违约金liquidated damages法定违约金liquidateddamages by law约定违约金liquidateddamages by agreement债的履行performance ofobligation实际履行原则doctrine ofspecific performance情事变更原则doctrine ofchange of circumstances不当履行misfeasance清偿discharge;satisfaction 提存debtor’s submission of the subject matter of obligation to competent authority抵销setoff知识产权intellectual property知识产权国际保护international protection of intellectual property国民待遇原则doctrine of national treatment优先权原则a right of priority doctrine自动保护原则doctrine of automatic protection特许权使用费royalties智力成果intellectual property著作权copyright版权copyright著作权人copyright owner 创作creation作品opus;product;work著作人格权right of personality of copyright发表权right of publication 署名权right of authorship; right of paternity修改权right of modification; right of revision完整性保持权right to maintain integrity不可侵犯权inviolability收回权right of recall;right of retrieval自费出版publish a book at the author’s own expense 著作财产权property right in work 使用收益分享权right toshare usufruct利用权right to make use of获得报酬权right to getpayment重播权right ofrebroadcasting录制权right of fixation机械复制权right ofmechanograph;right ofmechanical reproduction著作邻接权neighboringright of copyright剽窃plagiary;plagiarism盗版pirate盗版VCD pirated VCD伪造forge工业产权industrialproperty专利权patent right优先权日priority date申请在先原则priorapplication rule使用在先priority of use新颖性novelty创造性creativity实用性practicability发明创造invention andcreation实用新型utility model外观设计design;industrialdesign发明权right of invention发现权right of discovery专利申请patent application专利异议objection to apatent专利公告patent gazette专利续展费renewal fee ofpatent专利许可协议patentlicensing agreement技术诀窍know-how专有技术know-how专利证书certificate ofpatent专利事务所patent office专利代理patent agency中华人民共和国专利局Patent Office of the People’sRepublic of China商标权trademark right商标国际注册internationalregistration of trademark商品商标commoditytrademark服务商标service trademark驰名商标reputed trademark广告商标advertisementtrademark近似商标similar trademark商标评审委员会tradereview and appraisal board商标审查trademarkexamination商标侵权trademarkinfringement商标注册registeredtrademark商标公告trademark gazette注册商标使用许可licensing of registeredtrademark注册商标转让assignmentof registered trademark商标使用许可协议trademark licensingagreement商标事务所trademarkoffice商标代理trademark agency婚姻、家庭、继承、收养marriage,family,inheritance,adoption婚姻法marital law;marriage law包办婚姻arranged marriage财产分割partition; dismemberment of property 重婚bigamy独生子女only child法律婚legal marriage非婚生子女illegitimate child夫妻共同财产community property夫妻关系conjugal relationship夫妻分居divorce a mensa et thoro;divorce from bed and board复婚resumption of marriage感情破裂incompatibility婚后财产公证notarization of postnuptial properties婚姻登记marriage registration婚生子女ligitimate child计划生育birth control结婚marry离婚divorce买卖婚姻mercenary marriage拟制血亲blood relations in fiction of law旁系血亲collateral relation blood relation涉外婚姻marriage with foreign elements配偶spouse事实婚de facto marriage诉讼离婚divorce by litigation探视权visitation right同居cohabitation晚婚late marriage无效婚姻void marriage协议离婚divorce by agreement一夫一妻制monogamy 早婚early marriage直系血亲lineal descent自然血亲natural bloodrelation收养法adoption law收养协议adoptionagreement收养人adoptive parent送养人person or institutionplacing out a child foradoption涉外收养adoption withforeign elements继承法inheritance law;lawof succession法定继承legal seccession遗嘱继承intestatesuccession遗赠继承succession bydevise自然继承natural succession代位继承representation;succession by subrogation世袭继承hereditarysuccession间接继承indirectsuccession转继承subsuccession共同继承joint succession单独继承single succession继承人heir;successor第二顺序继承人successorsecond in order第一顺序继承人successorfirst in order继承参与人successionparticipant遗产inheritance;heritage遗产继承人heir to property;inheritor遗言last will and testament遗书last words遗赠bequest;legacy;devise遗赠抚养协议legacy-support agreement会计法accounting law税法tax law;taxation law反不正当竞争法anti-unfaircompetition law消费者权益保护法consumer’s interestprotection law产品责任法productionliability law消费者权益法consumerrights and interests law公司法company law;corporate law公司company;corporation有限责任公司limitedliability company股份有限公司companylimited by shares无限公司unlimitedcompany股份两合公司joint stocklimited liability partnership两合公司joint liabilitycompany控股公司holding company集团公司group company合资公司joint venturecompany联营公司associatedcompany;affiliated company国营公司state-owncompany国有公司state-ownedcompany民营公司civilian-runcompany本国公司national/domesticcompany外国公司foreign company上市公司listed company母公司parent company子公司subsidiary皮包公司briefcase company;fundless company 募集设立incorporation by stock floatation发起人floater;initiator公司名称name of company 公司住址domicile of company出资contribution;capital subscription现金出资investment in cash实物出资investment in kind工业产权出资investment in industrial property right非专有技术出资investment in non-patent technology劳务出资investment in labor高新技术成果出资investment in hi-tech achievements注册资本registered capital 实缴资本paid-in capital验资报告capital verification report会计师事务所certified public accountants注册会计师certified public accountant资本三原则three doctrine of capital资本确定原则doctrine of capital determination资本维持原则doctrine of capital maintenance资本不变原则doctrine of unchanging capital最低资本额制度minimum capital system公司章程articles of association;articles of incorporation;bylaw公司登记incorporation;corporate registration公司存续existence ofcompany公司合并分立merger andsplit of company公司并购corporate mergerand acquisition公司管理corporategovernance;companymanagement公司法律顾问corporatecounsel公司整顿companyrectification公司歇业closure ofbusiness公司和解companycomposition公司解散companydissolution公司清算companyliquidation公司清理companywinding-up竞业禁止non-commpete;competition prohibition招股章程prospectus股本stock capital股东shareholder股东大会shareholders’meeting股东大会决议resolution ofshareholders’meeting股东大会议事规则rule ofprocedure of shareholders’meeting表决权voting right;right tovote董事director董事长president/chairmanof the board首席执行官chief executiveofficer(CEO)首席运营官chief operationofficer(COO)执行董事executive director常务董事managing director董事会board of directors董事会领导下的经理负责制responsibility system ofthe chief executive officerunder the leadership of theboard of directors经理独立负责制managerindependent responsibilitysystem监事supervisor监事会board of supervisors股share;stock普通股common stock特别股special stock资格股qualification stock优先股preferred stock劣后股inferior stock表决权股stock with votingpower溢价股premium stock折价股converting stock国家股state-owned share集体股collective share法人股corporate share企业股enterprise share个人股individual share股息dividend红股bonus stock;dividendstock法定公积金legalaccumulation fund资本公积金capitalaccumulation fund盈余公积金surplusaccumulation fund任意公积金optionalaccumulation fund公司犯罪corporate crime证券法securities law证券发行issuance of securities证券上市list securities; float an issue证券交易所stock exchange 证券商securities dealer证券公司securities company证券承销商consortium of underwriters证券承销合同underwriting contract证券经纪人securities broker披露制度disclosing system 交割日closing date风险投资基金venture capital fund上海证券交易所Shanghai Stock Exchange深圳证券交易所Shenzhen Stock Exchange证券监督委员会securities supervision committee票据法law of negotiable instrument票据notes;bills; commercial instruments商业票据bill;commercial instrument远期票据time bill;; long-dated bill到期票据matured bill即期票据sight bill记名票据bill payable to order;note to order不记名票据bearer instrument本票promissory note支票cheque汇票bill of exchange发票日ticket day出票日date of draft/issue 发票地place of draft/issue票据到期日bill to mature票据金额sum of bill票面价额face value票据出票人drawer票据持票人bill holder票据承兑人bill acceptor票据行为act oncommercial paper承兑票据honor a bill票据议付negotiation拒付票据protest a bill票据付款人drawee票据支付人payer oncommercial instrument票据收款人bill collector票据背书人endorser/indorser of a bill被背书人endorsee票据保证人bill guarantor票据被保证人billpledgee/warrantee再追索人renewedrecourser前手remote holder后手subsequent endorser票据权利right of bill票据期限term of bill;tenor票据债务人debtor ofcommercial instrument追索权right of recourse票据抗辩exception to bill票据丧失loss of bill票据时效prescription ofexchanges票据贴现discount of bill再贴现rediscount of bill恩惠期间term ofbenevolence票据代理agency fornotes/bills/commercialinstruments海商法maritime law船舶国籍证书certificate ofregistry;certificate of ship’snationality船棋国flag country船舶所有权证书certificateof ship ownership船舶检验register of ship船舶保险insurance on hull船舶保险单hull insurancepolicy船舶登记证书certificate ofregistry船舶丈量tonnagemeasurement of ships船舶进港费groundage船舶抵押ship mortgage船舶租赁ship chartering船舶转租shipsubchartering船舶所有人责任限制limitation of liabilities ofship owners船舶碰撞ship collision船舶遇难maritime distress海上灾难perils of the sea海上拖航marine towage船舶扣押detention of ship船舶债权ship’s credit船级社classificationsociety船级证书certificate of class海上留置权maritime lien船舶留置权maritime lien船舶抵押权maritimemortgage海上优先请求权priorityclaim to seagoing ships救助优先权priority claimto salvage共同海损优先权priorityclaim to general average服务优先权priority claimto service货物损害优先权priorityclaim to cargo damage传播抵押借款和货物抵押借款优先权priority claim to ship credit and goods credit海运合同shipping contract 提单bill of lading(B/L)空舱费dead freight租船费charterage租船合同charter-party contract of affreightment期租船合同time charter-party;time CP航次租船合同voyage charter-party定期租船合同time charter-party光船租船合同bareboat charter-party;bareboat CP 包租运输合同shipping charter-party海上旅客运输合同contract for carriage of passengers by sea远洋拖带合同contract of ocean towage港内拖带合同contract of port towage海难救助合同salvage contract海事报告master’s protest;; sea protest海事声明书sea protest海事争议maritime dispute 海事法院maritime court;; admiralty court海事诉讼程序maritime proceedings船舶碰撞案件的民事管辖权civil jurisdiction of sea collision船舶碰撞案件的刑事管辖权criminal jurisdiction of sea collision 海事争议的审理hearing/trial of maritimedisputes海事诉讼保全措施measures for maritimeattachment海事优先请求权preferential right topmaritime claim海事请求保全申请书application/petition formaritime attachment海事诉讼法律文书送达service of legal instrumentsin maritimeaction/proceedings涉外海事诉讼管辖权jurisdiction of maritimeaction involving for elements强制变卖被扣押船舶compulsory realization of thedistrained ship海事仲裁程序规则rules ofmaritime arbitrationprocedure保险法insurance law自愿保险voluntaryinsurance强制保险compulsoryinsurance商业保险commercialinsurance财产保险propertyinsurance人身保险personalinsurance人寿保险life insurance健康保险health insurance意外保险accidentinsurance社会保险social insurance养老保险endowmentinsurance医疗保险medical insurance失业保险unemploymentinsurance信用保险credit insurance保证保险guarantyinsurance保险合同insurance contract保险人insurer;underwriter被保险人the insured受益人benificiary投保人applicant forinsurance;;policy holder保险单insurance policy保险标的insurance object保险费premium保险期限time limit ofinsurance保险利益insurable interest保险金额insurance;insurance compensation保险事故insuranceaccident保险赔偿insuranceindemnity保险代理人insurance agent保险经纪人insurancebroker索赔claim代位索赔claim bysubrogation理赔settlement of claim代位求偿权right ofsubrogation委付abandonment退保cancellation/discharging ofinsurance。
法律英语汇总
Unit 1 The Common Law and Its CompetitorsI. Give the Chinese Meaning of the Underlined Word or Phrase The curriculum and the materials studied are much the same in all law schools. （课程）Outside its home base, law has no validity at all.（有效性）Each legal system is specific to its country or its jurisdiction.（管辖范围）There never was an English equivalent of the Napoleonic Code.（等同物）The common law reigns wherever the English language is spoken （统治）In Canada, the civil law is dominated in the French-speaking province of Quebec.（处于支配地位）These superstatutes are enacted by the national parliament.（超级成文法典）This tenacious local system was the so-called common law.（本地系统）For one thing, the common law resisted codification.（法典化）The English brought the common law to their colonies and it took root and thrived.（繁荣）The legal systems of the English-speaking world have a definite family resemblance.（相似性）The English were not seduced by the majesty of Rome.（诱导）For example, the jury is a common-law institution.The common law also has its own peculiar features of substance, structure, and culture.（特征）In the 1990s, the countries of Eastern Europe renounced communism.（放弃）Lawyers in Mexico work in the private sector and are not employees of the government.（部门）In general, it is a fairly crude business to assign legal systems to this or that family.（粗制的）We have to remember that a legal system is not an exercise in history.（一成不变）II. Fill in Each Blank with a Proper Word or Phrase Given BelowA law student usually studies the law of a single country. 一名法科学生同城会学习单个国家的法律。
法律体系legal systems
The contemporary legal systems of the world are generally based on one of three basic systems: civil law, common law, and religious law– or combinations of these. However, the legal system of each country is shaped by its unique history and so incorporates individual variations.Religious law refers to the notion of a religious system or document being used as a legal source, though the methodology used varies.Common law (also known as case law or precedent) is law developed by judges through decisions of courts and similar tribunals that decide individual cases, as opposed to statutes adopted through the legislative process or regulations issued by the executive branch.Basic principles of common lawCommon law adjudicationIn a common law jurisdiction several stages of research and analysis are required to determine "what the law is" in a given situation. First, one must ascertain the facts. Then, one must locate any relevant statutes and cases. Then one must extract the principles, analogies and statements by various courts of what they consider important to determine how the next court is likely to rule on the facts of the present case. Later decisions, and decisions of higher courts or legislatures carry more weight than earlier cases and those of lower courts. Finally, one integrates all the lines drawn and reasons given, determines "what the law is” and one applies that law to the facts.The common law evolves to meet changing social needs and improved understanding “common law does not work from pre-established truths of universal and inflexible validity to conclusions derived from them deductively,”“its method is inductive, and it draws its generalizations from particulars.”The common law is more malleable. First, common law courts are not absolutely bound by precedent, but can (when extraordinarily good reason is shown) reinterpret and revise the law, without legislative intervention, to adapt to new trends in political, legal and social philosophy. Second, the common law evolves through a series of gradual steps, that gradually works out all the details, so that over a decade or more, the law can change substantially but without a sharp break, thereby reducing disruptive effects. In fact, the legislative process is very difficult to get started, as legislatures tend to delay action until a situation is totally intolerable.This illustrates two crucial principles: (a) The common law evolves, this evolution is in the hands of judges, and judges have "made law" for hundreds of years. (b) The reasons given for a decision are often more important in the long run than the outcome in a particular case.Interaction of constitutional, statutory and common lawIn almost all areas of the law, legislature-enacted statutes generally give only brief statements of general principle because legislatures operate under the assumption that statutes will be interpreted against the backdrop of the pre-existing common law and custom. So to find out what the precise law is that applies to a particular set of facts, one has to locate precedential decisions on the topic, and reason from those decisions by analogy.Overruling precedent—the limits of stare decisisDecisions of one circuit court are binding on the district courts, but are only persuasive authority on sister circuits. District court decisions are not binding precedent at all, only persuasive.Most of the U.S. federal courts of appealhave adopted a rule that the earlier panel decision is controlling, and to overrulea panel decision is very difficult. Also, the older decision remains controlling when an issue comes up the third time.Common law as a foundation for commercial economiesThe reliance on judicial opinion is a strength of common law systems, and is a significant contributor to the robust commercial systems. Because there is reasonably precise guidance on almost every issue, parties can predict whether a proposed course of action is likely to be lawful or unlawful, and have some assurance of consistency. This ability to predict gives more freedom to come close to the boundaries of the law. For example, many commercial contracts are more economically efficient, and create greater wealth, because the parties know ahead of time that the proposed arrangement, though perhaps close to the line, is almost certainly legal. Newspapers, taxpayer-funded entities with some religious affiliation, and political parties can obtain fairly clear guidance on the boundaries within which their freedom of expression rights apply.Contrasts between common law and civil law systemsConstant jurisprudence•Common law systems tend to give more weight to separation of powers between the judicial branch and the executive branch (which focuses in administrative law). In contrast, civil law systems often allow individual officials to exercise both powers.•In common law systems, a single decided case is binding common law. In contrast, in civil law systems, individual decisions have only advisory, not binding effect.General principles of lawIn common law systems, judge made law is binding to the same extent as statute or regulation. In civil law systems, case law is advisory, not binding. Civil law lawyers consult case law to obtain their best prediction of how a court will rule, but comparatively, civil law judges are less bound to follow it.Adversarial system vs. inquisitorial systemCommon law courts usually use an adversarial system, in which two sides present their cases to a neutral judge. In contrast, civil law systems usually use an inquisitorial system in which an examining magistrate serves two roles by developing the evidence and arguments for one side and then the other during the investigation phase and a judge or group of judges investigates the case.Contrasting role of treatises and academic writings in common law and civil law systemsIn common law jurisdictions, treatises are not the law, and lawyers and judges tend to use these treatises as only "finding aids" to locate the relevant cases.In common law jurisdictions, scholarly work is seldom cited as authority for what the law is. When common law courts rely on scholarly work, it is almost always only for factual findings, policy justification, or the history and evolution of the law, and the court's legal conclusion is reached through analysis of relevant statutes and common law.In contrast, in civil law jurisdictions, courts give the writings of law professors significant weight, partly because civil law decisions traditionally were very brief, sometimes no more than a paragraph stating who wins and who loses.。
大陆法系和英美法系 英语
大陆法系和英美法系英语The comparison between the continental legal system and the common law system, often associated with the English and American legal traditions respectively, is a nuanced exploration of legal philosophy, history, and practical application. Each system has its own unique characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses, which have evolved over centuries of legal development. Understanding these differences is crucial for legal practitioners, scholars, and anyone interested in thefunctioning of legal systems worldwide. The continental legal system, also known as the civil law system, is primarily based on codified laws, with a strong emphasis on written statutes and comprehensive legal codes. This system traces its roots back to ancient Rome and the Roman civil law tradition, which heavily influenced the legal systems of continental Europe and many other parts of the world. In continental legal systems, judges are seen more as interpreters and appliers of the law rather than law creators. This adherence to codified laws provides a sense of predictability and stability in legal outcomes, as decisions are often based on statutory provisions rather than judicial precedent. On the other hand, the common law system, originating in England and subsequently spreading to other English-speaking countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia, and India, relies heavily on judicial precedent and case law. Underthis system, judges have the authority to interpret the law and create legal precedent through their decisions in individual cases. Over time, these precedents accumulate and form the basis of legal principles that guide future rulings. As a result, the common law system is characterized by its flexibility and adaptability, as legal doctrines evolve in response to changing societal norms and values. One significant difference between the two systems lies in their approach to legal reasoning and interpretation. In the civil law tradition, the emphasis is placedon deductive reasoning, where judges apply legal rules to the specific facts of a case to reach a decision. This deductive approach prioritizes legal certainty and predictability, as decisions are based on established legal principles foundwithin statutory provisions and legal codes. In contrast, the common law tradition employs a more inductive reasoning process, where judges analyze the specifics of each case and draw broader legal principles from past judicial decisions. Thisinductive approach allows for greater flexibility and adaptability in response to new and unforeseen legal issues. Furthermore, the role of judicial precedent differs significantly between the two systems. In the common law tradition, stare decisis, or the principle of precedent, plays a central role in legal reasoning. Courts are bound to follow the precedents set by higher courts within the same jurisdiction, ensuring consistency and stability in the law. However, courts also have the authority to depart from precedent in certain circumstances, such as when a previous decision is found to be erroneous or no longer applicable to thecurrent case. In contrast, the continental legal system places less emphasis on precedent, as decisions are primarily based on statutory law rather than judicial interpretation. While judicial decisions may still influence future cases to some extent, they do not carry the same binding authority as in the common law tradition. Another key distinction between the two systems is their approach to legal education and professional training. In countries with a civil law tradition, legal education often emphasizes the study of legal codes and statutes, with less emphasis on case law and judicial reasoning. Law students are trained to analyze and apply statutory provisions, preparing them for careers as legal practitioners or civil servants. In contrast, legal education in common law countries places greater emphasis on case law and legal reasoning, with students studying landmark judicial decisions and learning how to construct legal arguments based on precedent. This difference in educational emphasis reflects the underlying principles of each legal system and shapes the way legal professionals approach their work. Despite these differences, both the civil law and common law systems share the common goal of administering justice and upholding the rule of law.While they may diverge in their approaches to legal interpretation, reasoning, and precedent, both systems seek to resolve disputes, protect individual rights, and maintain social order. Moreover, globalization and international legal harmonization efforts have led to increased interaction and mutual influence between the two systems, blurring the lines between civil law and common law principles in certain areas of law such as international trade, human rights, and environmental protection. As legal systems continue to evolve and adapt to the complexities of the modern world, understanding the similarities and differencesbetween the civil law and common law traditions remains essential for promoting cross-cultural understanding and cooperation in the field of law.。
世界法律体系简介(中英文)
1.how to understand the separation of power?The separation of powers, often imprecisely used interchangeably with the triaspolitica principle, is a model for the governance of a state (or who controls the state). The model was first developed in ancient Greece. Under this model, the state is divided into branches, each with separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility so that the powers of one branch are not in conflict with the powers associated with the other branches. The typical division of branches is into a legislature, an executive, and a judiciary. It can be contrasted with the fusion of powers in a parliamentary system where the executive and legislature (and sometimes parts of the judiciary) are unified.三权分立，往往不准确交替使用的三叠纪政治学原则，是一个典范的状态的治理（或谁控制的状态）。
在古希腊最早开发的模式。
在这种模式下，状态分为分支，每个单独的和独立的权力和责任领域，使得一个部门的权力不与与其他部门相关的权力冲突。
世界法律体系简介(中英文)
1.how to understand the separation of power?The separation of powers, often imprecisely used interchangeably with the triaspolitica principle, is a model for the governance of a state (or who controls the state). The model was first developed in ancient Greece. Under this model, the state is divided into branches, each with separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility so that the powers of one branch are not in conflict with the powers associated with the other branches. The typical division of branches is into a legislature, an executive, and a judiciary. It can be contrasted with the fusion of powers in a parliamentary system where the executive and legislature (and sometimes parts of the judiciary) are unified.三权分立，往往不准确交替使用的三叠纪政治学原则，是一个典范的状态的治理（或谁控制的状态）。
在古希腊最早开发的模式。
在这种模式下，状态分为分支，每个单独的和独立的权力和责任领域，使得一个部门的权力不与与其他部门相关的权力冲突。
法律英语重点专业词汇
Unit oneUnited States Supreme Court联邦最高法院Common law legal system普通法系Civil law legal system民法体系Case law 判例法Statutory law制定法classical Roman law古罗马法private law私法binding interpretation约束力itinerant judges巡回法官English royal court英国皇家法院Enforcement强制执行Claim请求Action诉讼行为Writ法院令状writ upon the case本案令状equity law衡平法equity case law衡平判例法ex aequo et bono公平且善良specific performance特殊履行injunction禁令equitable relief衡平救济common law relief普通法救济common law damages普通法赔偿civil suit民事诉讼Jurisdictions司法辖区，行政辖区Title权利trial by jury陪审团审判judge-made law法官定法judicial precedent 司法先例stare decisis 遵循先例的原则jurisdiction 司法管辖权、司法管辖区trial court / court of the first instance 一审法院case of (the) first impression 无先例可循的案件appellate court 上诉法院Unit twoLegal Profession法律职业Multistate Bar Exam 多州可采用的（律师资格）考试federal courts联邦法院boards of directors公司的董事会Judge法官Attorney General司法部长（检察长）Chief Justice首席大法官Barristers出庭律师，大律师，诉讼律师Solicitors诉状律师，非诉律师，事务律师Attorney律师practice of law律师实务Lawyers in private practice独立开业的律师single practitioner单独开业者house Counsel专职法律顾问corporate counsel公司法律顾问The United States Department of Justice美国司法部public prosecutors公共检察官Federal prosecutors联邦检察官district attorneys地区检察官Congress of the United States美国国会Unit fourThe supreme Court最高法院Courts of Appeals上诉法院District Courts地区法院Special courts特别法院The Court of Claims索赔法院The Customs Court关税法院Three-tiered model三级审判制Trail Court,审判法院Circuit Court巡回法院Appellate Court , Court of Appeals上诉法院Supreme Court最高法院Justice大法官Judge法官justice of the peace治安法官magistrate司法官Chief Justice首席大法官Associate Justice副（助理）大法官Circuit Judge巡回法官Associate Judge副（助理）发法官Litigant诉讼人Plead his case before诉情由…之前The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit美国联邦巡回上诉法院specialized federal tribunals专门的联邦法庭capital punishment死刑writ of certiorari调案复审令on the bench担任法官期间career judiciary职业法官popular vote公众投票President总统Senate参议院gross misconduct重大失误The American Bar Association’s code of Judicial Conduct美国律师协会的法官行为准则Unit fiveArticles of Confederation 联邦条例BILL OF RIGHTS人权法案Doctrine of constitutional supremacy宪法至上原则Lifetime appointment终身任命Ballot box投票箱Impeachment弹劾misconduct or malfeasance失职或渎职T reason叛国罪Bribery受贿罪Misdemeanor轻罪House of Representatives众议院Senate参议院Legislative立法机关Executive执法机关Judicial司法机关Amendment修正案The doctrine of judicial review司法审查原则The rules and regulations 法规和规章Unit sevenCriminal Law刑法Model Penal Cod e标准刑法典Crime犯罪Punishment刑罚Criminal liability刑事责任Capital punishment 死刑Insanity defense精神不正常辩护Homicide杀人Self-defense正当防卫forcible felony暴力性重罪Robbery抢劫Burglary盗窃gross negligence严重过失criminal homicide有罪杀人Malice恶意deliberate intention故意Murder谋杀Death (Death penalty)死刑Prison terms extending to “life”终生监禁Prison to a special number of years一定年限的监禁Felony –murder重罪恶意谋杀Co-felons guilty of murder重罪共犯谋杀the commission of the crime实施犯罪Degrees of murder恶意杀人的等级—First degree murder一级谋杀Second degree murder二级谋杀Manslaughter非恶意杀人Voluntary manslaughter自愿性非恶意杀人，故意杀人Involuntary manslaughter非自愿性非恶意杀人，过失杀人great provocation巨大挑衅in the heat of passion激情之下criminal sanction刑事制裁conviction rate定罪率Acquittal 无罪判决“the unwritten law”不成文法“reasonable man”理智的人Unintentional killing 无意的杀人gross negligence重大过失dangerous unlawful conduct非法的危险行为Reckless homicide疏忽大意杀人罪Negligent homicid e过失杀人罪fine 罚款incarceration 禁闭penitentiary 监狱Imprisonment监禁Bank robber fugitive银行抢劫逃犯the commission of a very serious crime实施严重的犯罪robbery, burglary or rape抢劫、盗窃、强奸Sentence of death判处死刑Execution执行imposition of the death penalty死刑判决Prospective jurors即任陪审员Conscientious scruples 良心顾忌Unit nineUniform Commercial Code统一商法典Consumer Protection Statutes消费者保护法律Labor Law劳工法Insurance Law保险法Offer要约acceptance,承诺considerationContract performance合同履行Contract interpretation合同解释Breach 违约Remedy补救方法Damages赔偿金Expectation damages预期赔偿金Agreed upon remedies补救协议Equitable relief衡平救济T angible 有形的,Intangible property无形的财产Real property不动产personal property动产T reason叛国罪T ax evasion偷税罪SLander诽谤Ownership of property财产所有权Legal mechanism法律机制Fraud诈欺Primary source首要法源Secondary source次要法源Restatements of the Law法律注释汇编Stare decisis遵从先例Precedents案例preservation of the status quo保持现状“statute of frauds”欺诈条例Uniform Commercial Code统一商法典constitutional authority宪法授权American Law Institute美国法律研究所The Restatement of Contracts合同法注释汇编judicial discretion司法自由裁量权Unit tenT ort Law侵权法Federal T ort claims Act联邦侵权索赔法Intentional tort故意侵权行为Negligence or negligent tort过失侵权行为Strict liability tort严格责任侵权行为Personal tort人身侵权行为Property tort财产侵权行为civil suits民事诉讼damages claims要求赔偿Plaintiff原告Compensation补偿Damages损害contingent fee赔偿金Verdict判决Conversion转换Breach of warranty违反保证诺言state immunity国家豁免heirs or next of kin继承人或近亲属T estator立遗嘱人wrongful death action非正常死亡之诉Dram - shop acts小酒店法令Battery 殴打Assault 侵犯他人身体Conversion of property 非法侵占财产False imprisonment 非法拘禁T respass to personal and real property 侵占动产、不动产Defamation 诽谤Invasion of privacy 侵犯隐私权Products liability 产品质量责任Liability for Negligence过失侵权责任Causality，Negligent act，Injury因果关系，疏忽行为，损伤duty of care照看义务Guest statutes宾客法规Contributory negligence共同过失Comparative negligence比较过失last clear chance最后明显机会Strict Liability严格责任No fault无过错责任The doctrine of resipsa loquitur不言自明原则fault principle过错原则Medical malpractice 医生渎职insurance premium保险费Actual loss实际损失Unit twelvePublic Corporation,公有公司private Corporation私有公司Corporation sole独有公司Corporation aggregate合有公司Parent Corporation母公司subsidiary Corporation子公司brother Corporation兄弟公司Profit Corporation营利公司Nonprofit Corporation非营利公司Publicly hold Corporation公众持股公司Closely Held Corporation内部持股公司Joint Venture Corporation合资公司Shell Corporation空壳公司Individual proprietorship s个体业主Partnerships合伙Corporations公司Uniform Partnership Act同意合伙条例Model Business Corporation Acts标准商务公司条例Securities Act证券法案Securities Exchange Act证券交易条例existing securities现有证券Blue Sky Laws蓝天法Federal Antitrust Laws联邦反托拉斯发Monopolization垄断separate legal entities独立的法律实体written partnership agreement书面合伙协议General partnerships一般合伙Limited partnership s限制合伙Assets, liabilities , dissolution资产，负债，解散publicly held corporations公众持股公司close corporations内部持股公司Secretary of state office州务部长the principal place of business主要营业地Unit fourteenCommercial Law商法The Uniform Commercial Code统一商法典economic welfare经济福利commerce clause商务条款complete grant of power完全的授权commerce power商务条例Modern Commerce Power T ests现代商务权利检验标准Modern Delegation of Power Doctrine 现代授权原则Executive Branch 行政部门interstate commerce 州际商务unconstitutional delegation 违宪的代表团Rulemaking制定行政法规executive agencies行政机构due process 正当程序American Law Institute美国法学会law merchant商业习惯法commercial transaction商务交易business transaction商业交易Sales 买卖Commercial Paper 商业票据Bank Deposit and Collections 银行存款和收款Letters of Credit 信用证Bulk T ransfers 大宗转让Documents of Title 所有权凭证Investment Securities 投资证券Secured T ransactions 担保交易。
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The French Napoleonic Code of 1804, Austrian civil code of 1811 and the German civil code of 1900 were the most influential national civil codes.
Subgroups
So, the mix of Roman law and customary (local) law ceased to exist, and the road opened for law codification, which could contribute to the aims of the above mentioned political ideal.
It is the most prevalent and oldest surviving legal system in the world.
Continental legal system is sometimes inappropriately referred to as Roman law or otherwise called Romano-Germanic law, especially by people under its jurisdiction.
History
The civil law system is based on Roman law, especially the Corpus Juris Civilis of Emperor Justinian, as later developed by the Middle Ages
The acceptance of Roman law had different characteristics in different countries. In some of them its effect resulted from legislative act - it became positive law, whereas in other ones it became accepted by way of its processing by legal theorists.
The political ideal of that era was expressed by the concepts of democracy, protection of property and the rule of law. That ideal required the creation of certainty of law, through the recording of law and through its uniformity.
Major legal systems
Three major legal systems
The three major legal systems of the world today consist of
– Continental legal system (civil law) – Anglo-American legal system (common law) – Religious legal systems
A second characteristic, beyond Roman law foundations, is the extended codification of the adopted Roman law - its inclusion into civil codes. The concept of codification dates back to the Code of Hammurabi in ancient Babylon.
Each country often develops variations on each system or incorporates many other features into the system.
Continental legal system
It is a legal system inspired by Roman law, the primary feature of which is that laws are written into a collection, codified, and not determined, as in common law, by judges.
However, since continental European traditions are by no means uniform, scholars of comparative law usually subdivide civil law into four distinct groups:
The principle of this system is to provide all citizens with an accessible and written collection of the laws which apply to them and which judges must follow.
Codification
The concept of codification was further developed during the 17th and 18th century, as an expression of both Natural Law and the ideas of the Enlightenment.