世界法律体系简介(中英文)
Unit 1 Legal Systems
Unit 1 Legal SystemsText AText translation由于美国实行联邦制，美国人通常会意识到不同管辖区的法律可能会有所不同。
从政治上而言，每一个独立的司法管辖区都有自己独立的法律制度的说法是很正确的。
但是，在法律传统和法律方法方面，世界上大多数的法律制度都可以归于为数不多的几个法律传统之一。
在西方以及在世界上那些被殖民化的或受到西方强烈影响的地区，存在着两个主要的法律传统或者法系——大陆法系和普通法系。
美国的法律制度属于普通法系（路易斯安那州除外）。
这篇文章为你介绍普通法系和大陆法系的起源和发展，以及这两大法系之间的主要区别，尤其是法律方法方面的区别。
1. 两大法系的起源以及它们在世界各地的分布情况1）普通法系普通法系起源于英国。
早在1066年，一种新的法律秩序就由威廉征服的英国所建立。
但在1066年，普通法并不存在。
征服者威廉（英王威廉一世）并没有废除地方的习惯法和法院。
地方法院继续适用当地的习惯法。
对于整个王国来说并没有统一适用的法律。
尽管如此，国王还是在威斯敏斯特建立了一些王室法院。
它们最初的管辖权是很有限的，但是最终扩大到使地方法院被废止。
王室法院的判决成为整个王国通行的法律，即普通法。
普通法的渊源是先前的判例，因而普通法最主要的传统意义上的渊源是判例而不是立法，这一点是很正确的。
当普通法发展成为一整套不公正的、非常严格的正式的程序时，国王创设了新的法院而不是以立法的形式修改法律。
当一个臣民认为普通法的判决导致了不公正的结果时，他（在这种时候通常不是她）会向国王请愿。
请愿是如此之多，以至于国王创设了衡平法院。
它会准许酌情的救济以修正普通法。
这个法院判决产生了一系列可被称为衡平法的法律。
这种衡平法也是建立于先前的司法判例的基础之上的。
普通法和衡平法都是普通法系传统的部分。
大不列颠帝国把普通法带到了世界各地。
普通法在许多国家得以“继受”。
但它的继受在欧洲殖民者成为主要居民并且将他们的法律强加于当地的土著居民的那些国家中最为成功。
五大法律体系
五大法律体系在当今社会，法律作为维护社会秩序、保障公民权利和促进公平正义的重要工具，其体系的多样性和复杂性反映了不同国家和地区的历史、文化、政治和社会背景。
在全球范围内，主要存在着五大法律体系，分别是大陆法系、英美法系、伊斯兰法系、中华法系和印度法系。
大陆法系，又称民法法系，起源于古罗马法，以 1804 年的《法国民法典》和 1896 年的《德国民法典》为代表逐步发展起来。
大陆法系强调成文法的权威性，法律条文通常规定得较为详细和具体，法官在审判过程中主要依据成文法典进行裁决。
其特点包括法典化、逻辑性强、体系完整。
在大陆法系国家，法律的制定和修改通常由立法机关负责，法官的角色相对较为被动，主要是对法律条文进行解释和适用。
英美法系，又称普通法系，起源于英国，并在美国等国家得到广泛应用。
与大陆法系不同，英美法系以判例法为主要法律渊源，即法官通过对以往案例的判决形成具有约束力的法律规则。
英美法系注重司法实践和经验，法官在审判过程中具有较大的自由裁量权，可以根据案件的具体情况和公平正义的原则做出裁决。
此外，英美法系还强调程序正义，对司法程序的要求较为严格。
伊斯兰法系，以伊斯兰教教义为基础，广泛应用于伊斯兰国家。
伊斯兰法不仅涵盖了宗教、道德和法律规范，还涉及到人们生活的各个方面，如婚姻、家庭、继承、商业等。
其法律渊源主要包括《古兰经》和圣训，以及伊斯兰学者的权威解释。
伊斯兰法系强调宗教信仰与法律的紧密结合，法律的执行往往受到宗教机构和宗教领袖的监督和指导。
中华法系，是中国古代法律的总称，具有悠久的历史和深厚的文化底蕴。
中华法系以儒家思想为指导，强调礼法结合、德主刑辅。
在法律形式上，既有成文法，也有习惯法和判例。
中华法系注重维护社会等级秩序和家族伦理，其法律制度在历史上对周边国家产生了重要影响。
然而，随着社会的发展和变革，中华法系在近代逐渐衰落，但其中的一些法律理念和制度仍然对现代中国的法治建设具有一定的借鉴意义。
法律英语汇总
Unit 1 The Common Law and Its CompetitorsI. Give the Chinese Meaning of the Underlined Word or Phrase The curriculum and the materials studied are much the same in all law schools. （课程）Outside its home base, law has no validity at all.（有效性）Each legal system is specific to its country or its jurisdiction.（管辖范围）There never was an English equivalent of the Napoleonic Code.（等同物）The common law reigns wherever the English language is spoken （统治）In Canada, the civil law is dominated in the French-speaking province of Quebec.（处于支配地位）These superstatutes are enacted by the national parliament.（超级成文法典）This tenacious local system was the so-called common law.（本地系统）For one thing, the common law resisted codification.（法典化）The English brought the common law to their colonies and it took root and thrived.（繁荣）The legal systems of the English-speaking world have a definite family resemblance.（相似性）The English were not seduced by the majesty of Rome.（诱导）For example, the jury is a common-law institution.The common law also has its own peculiar features of substance, structure, and culture.（特征）In the 1990s, the countries of Eastern Europe renounced communism.（放弃）Lawyers in Mexico work in the private sector and are not employees of the government.（部门）In general, it is a fairly crude business to assign legal systems to this or that family.（粗制的）We have to remember that a legal system is not an exercise in history.（一成不变）II. Fill in Each Blank with a Proper Word or Phrase Given BelowA law student usually studies the law of a single country. 一名法科学生同城会学习单个国家的法律。
法律体系legal systems
The contemporary legal systems of the world are generally based on one of three basic systems: civil law, common law, and religious law– or combinations of these. However, the legal system of each country is shaped by its unique history and so incorporates individual variations.Religious law refers to the notion of a religious system or document being used as a legal source, though the methodology used varies.Common law (also known as case law or precedent) is law developed by judges through decisions of courts and similar tribunals that decide individual cases, as opposed to statutes adopted through the legislative process or regulations issued by the executive branch.Basic principles of common lawCommon law adjudicationIn a common law jurisdiction several stages of research and analysis are required to determine "what the law is" in a given situation. First, one must ascertain the facts. Then, one must locate any relevant statutes and cases. Then one must extract the principles, analogies and statements by various courts of what they consider important to determine how the next court is likely to rule on the facts of the present case. Later decisions, and decisions of higher courts or legislatures carry more weight than earlier cases and those of lower courts. Finally, one integrates all the lines drawn and reasons given, determines "what the law is” and one applies that law to the facts.The common law evolves to meet changing social needs and improved understanding “common law does not work from pre-established truths of universal and inflexible validity to conclusions derived from them deductively,”“its method is inductive, and it draws its generalizations from particulars.”The common law is more malleable. First, common law courts are not absolutely bound by precedent, but can (when extraordinarily good reason is shown) reinterpret and revise the law, without legislative intervention, to adapt to new trends in political, legal and social philosophy. Second, the common law evolves through a series of gradual steps, that gradually works out all the details, so that over a decade or more, the law can change substantially but without a sharp break, thereby reducing disruptive effects. In fact, the legislative process is very difficult to get started, as legislatures tend to delay action until a situation is totally intolerable.This illustrates two crucial principles: (a) The common law evolves, this evolution is in the hands of judges, and judges have "made law" for hundreds of years. (b) The reasons given for a decision are often more important in the long run than the outcome in a particular case.Interaction of constitutional, statutory and common lawIn almost all areas of the law, legislature-enacted statutes generally give only brief statements of general principle because legislatures operate under the assumption that statutes will be interpreted against the backdrop of the pre-existing common law and custom. So to find out what the precise law is that applies to a particular set of facts, one has to locate precedential decisions on the topic, and reason from those decisions by analogy.Overruling precedent—the limits of stare decisisDecisions of one circuit court are binding on the district courts, but are only persuasive authority on sister circuits. District court decisions are not binding precedent at all, only persuasive.Most of the U.S. federal courts of appealhave adopted a rule that the earlier panel decision is controlling, and to overrulea panel decision is very difficult. Also, the older decision remains controlling when an issue comes up the third time.Common law as a foundation for commercial economiesThe reliance on judicial opinion is a strength of common law systems, and is a significant contributor to the robust commercial systems. Because there is reasonably precise guidance on almost every issue, parties can predict whether a proposed course of action is likely to be lawful or unlawful, and have some assurance of consistency. This ability to predict gives more freedom to come close to the boundaries of the law. For example, many commercial contracts are more economically efficient, and create greater wealth, because the parties know ahead of time that the proposed arrangement, though perhaps close to the line, is almost certainly legal. Newspapers, taxpayer-funded entities with some religious affiliation, and political parties can obtain fairly clear guidance on the boundaries within which their freedom of expression rights apply.Contrasts between common law and civil law systemsConstant jurisprudence•Common law systems tend to give more weight to separation of powers between the judicial branch and the executive branch (which focuses in administrative law). In contrast, civil law systems often allow individual officials to exercise both powers.•In common law systems, a single decided case is binding common law. In contrast, in civil law systems, individual decisions have only advisory, not binding effect.General principles of lawIn common law systems, judge made law is binding to the same extent as statute or regulation. In civil law systems, case law is advisory, not binding. Civil law lawyers consult case law to obtain their best prediction of how a court will rule, but comparatively, civil law judges are less bound to follow it.Adversarial system vs. inquisitorial systemCommon law courts usually use an adversarial system, in which two sides present their cases to a neutral judge. In contrast, civil law systems usually use an inquisitorial system in which an examining magistrate serves two roles by developing the evidence and arguments for one side and then the other during the investigation phase and a judge or group of judges investigates the case.Contrasting role of treatises and academic writings in common law and civil law systemsIn common law jurisdictions, treatises are not the law, and lawyers and judges tend to use these treatises as only "finding aids" to locate the relevant cases.In common law jurisdictions, scholarly work is seldom cited as authority for what the law is. When common law courts rely on scholarly work, it is almost always only for factual findings, policy justification, or the history and evolution of the law, and the court's legal conclusion is reached through analysis of relevant statutes and common law.In contrast, in civil law jurisdictions, courts give the writings of law professors significant weight, partly because civil law decisions traditionally were very brief, sometimes no more than a paragraph stating who wins and who loses.。
世界主要法律体系 第四讲英美法系
• 普通法法系的法典和大陆法系的法典具有区别： 1、普通法系的法典在体系上和结构上缺乏系统性 和逻辑性，许多条文前后重复甚至矛盾，大都不 过是对以前制定法的汇编。 2、在普通法法系国家，一个法典的颁布，并不意 味着该领域存在的法律失去效力。在大陆法系国 家，新法颁布意味着以前同类法律自然失去效力。 3、在普通法法系，法典的适用受到法官解释的限 制，只有法官加以适用，它们才是真正的法律。 由于传统，法官们经常把法典置于一旁，而依照 判例法处理案件。在大陆法系国家，法官必须忠 实地恪守法典规定。
第四讲 普通法法系法系与普通法 • “普通法”一词具有不同含义： • 1、在广义上，指12世纪以后通行于英格兰的法律，它是在中央集权 下形成的，由国王领导下的国家法院统一加以适用，区别于英格兰领 主法院适用的习惯法，也区别于适用于特殊阶层和行业的商人法。 • 2、在狭义上，指12世纪以后由英格兰皇家法院所创立、适用和加以 发展的判例法。从表现形式上和产生途径上，它区别于来自立法机构 的制定法。 • 3、从比较法的角度，泛指以英格兰法为基础，以判例法为主要渊源 的国家或地区的法律制度，相对于以制定法特别是编纂法典为特征的 民法法系国家或地区的法律制度。 普通法法系是一个以英格兰普通法为基础而形成的世界性法律体系， 是当代世界法系之一；美国法在其中占有重要地位，故又称英美法系。
二、普通法法系的主要特点
• （一）以英国为中心、英国普通法为基础 • 普通法法系在形成和发展过程中，是以英国为中 心向世界各地输出的，在传播方式上呈放射式。 • 在普通法系，英国普通法是基础，英语是普通法 传播的媒介和工具，英联邦是加强成员国之间的 联系和维持统一的纽带。20世纪特别是二战以来， 美国在世界的重要地位，使其与英国法成为普通 法法系的核心。
The Legal System 西方宪法介绍 英文
Back
A Law Court
It is a place where legal matters are decided by a judge and jury or by magistrate（地方法官）.
Supreme Court
Back
Types of Law Courts
the supreme court（最高法院） a court of appeal（上诉法院）(in U.K. the House of Lords（上议院）) a criminal court（刑事法庭） a civil court（民事法庭） a juvenile court（未成年人法庭）
The Legal System
--by Vicky Yao 江苏教育学院
The Legal System
Constitution(宪法)
Two main branches of the law
A law court Process
A landmark decision
Legal advice, legal aid
Types of Constitution
1 written constitution The U.S.
2 unwritten constitution Britain
The British Constitution
The British Constitution
The British Constitution
mainsubdivisionsofthecivillaw?thefamilylaw家庭法?thelawofintellectualproperty知识产权法?thelawofcontract合同法?thelawoftorts民事侵权法?thelawofproperty财产法?theadministrativelaw行政法?thelawoflabour劳动法?themercantilelaw商业法?thecompanylaw公司法backalawcourt?itisaplacewherelegalmattersaredecidedbyajudgeandjuryorbymagistrate地方法官
外国法律制度
复习要点1、“法系”法系，是“法律族系”的简称，英语中称Legal genealogy 或Legal family，也可以译为“法族” 。
它是具有相同历史渊源和传统、相同（或相近）存在样式和运行方式的数个国家（或地区）的法律制度的归类。
注意：“法系”不是“法律体系”的简称，而是“法律族系”的简称。
2、民法法系也称罗马法法系、大陆法系、日耳曼法系。
原是欧洲大陆诸国（法国、德国、西班牙、葡萄牙等）的法律所构成的法律族系，在罗马法的基础上发展而来，以《法国民法典》为其典范，以成文法典为主要法律形式。
后来，历史上曾是法国、德国、西班牙、葡萄牙殖民地的国家和地区（如中国澳门地区），以及亚洲的日本、韩国、泰国、土耳其等国的法律，也成为民法法系的成员。
3、普通法法系普通法法系，也称为判例法系、英美法系、海洋法系。
是英联邦、原英国殖民地诸国和地区（英国、美国、加拿大、印度、巴基斯坦、孟加拉、马来西亚、新加坡、澳大利亚、新西兰、中国香港地区、以及非洲的部分国家和地区）的法律所构成的法律族系，由英国中世纪以来法律传统为基础发展而来，采用判例法和衡平法为主要形式。
民法法系和普通法法系，基本精神和原则是相同的。
但是在法律渊源、法律分类、法典化、法律术语、法律推理技术、法律发展方式、诉讼程序等方面，都存在很大的差异。
4、世界上第一部成文法典乌尔第三王朝的《乌尔纳姆法典》。
约公元前21世纪末，乌尔纳姆国王统一两河流域南部，创建乌尔第三王朝，实行中央集权统治，集军事、行政和司法大权于国王一身。
《乌尔纳姆法典》除序言外，有29条条文，内容涉及到损害与赔偿、婚姻、家庭和继承以及刑罚等，3、《汉穆拉比法典》公元前18世纪汉穆拉比（第六代巴比伦王）统一两河流域，制定《汉穆拉比法典》（又称石柱法），楔形文字法典范，标志着楔形文字法发展到较完备的程度。
4、《摩奴法典》印度法制史上第一部较为正规的法律典籍，约形于BC前2世纪至AD2世纪，较为全面地论述了吠陀的精义，规定种姓制度。
世界主要法律体系概要
世界主要法律体系概要世界主要法律体系概要大陆法系概念：又称民法法系、罗马--日耳曼法系。
是西方社会中，以罗马法为基础发展起来的历史最长、分布最广、影响最大的法系。
它以欧洲大陆法国和德国为代表，在罗马法的基础上，融合各种有关法律成分，以民法为典型，以法典化的成文法为主要形式，分为法德国两个支系。
范围：欧洲大陆各国。
法国派的国家包括：法国、比利时、荷兰、意大利、西班牙等。
德国派的国家包括：德国、希腊、奥地利、瑞士、日本等。
大陆法系的特点：（一）全面继承罗马法：不是照搬照抄，在实体和程序的规定上同古代罗马法有了很大不同。
五大法学家的法学著作和法律解释具有同等法律效力。
《民法大全》：由《查士丁尼法典》、《学说汇纂》和《法学阶梯》《新律》组成。
它的问世，标志着罗马法已发展到最发达、最完备阶段。
大陆法系的形成与政权的肯定或者某一最高权力机关实行的中央集权毫无关系(在欧洲大陆这一时期政治上不统一)，是以文化的共同性为基础建立起来的。
（普通法的发展同王权的扩张与高度集中的皇家法院的存在相互联系。
）罗马法的复兴是从12世纪开始的。
大陆法系继承罗马法的表现：1、接受了罗马法学家推动法律发展的一整套技术方法，以公私法的划分为例:2、吸收了许多罗马私法的原则和制度，特别是直接间接与保护私有财产和调整商品所有者之间的关系有关的原则和制度。
（二）实行法典化近代以后，各国都以法典编纂作为法律统一和法制建设完成的标志。
民法法系国家一般都建立了六法体系，即宪法、民法、商法、刑法、民事诉讼法、刑事诉讼法为主体，再以若干单行法作为补充的完整的成文法体系。
补救措施包括：解释法律、参考“判例”、修改法律和颁布单行法。
（三）明确立法与司法的分工，强调制定法的权威，不承认法官的造法功能。
特点表现:1、在法律渊源中制定法具有优先效力。
2、法官解释法律的任务只限于阐明法律的真意。
这种解释不能侵犯立法权，只能探求立法者赋予该法律条文的含义，并加以遵循。
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1.how to understand the separation of power?The separation of powers, often imprecisely used interchangeably with the triaspolitica principle, is a model for the governance of a state (or who controls the state). The model was first developed in ancient Greece. Under this model, the state is divided into branches, each with separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility so that the powers of one branch are not in conflict with the powers associated with the other branches. The typical division of branches is into a legislature, an executive, and a judiciary. It can be contrasted with the fusion of powers in a parliamentary system where the executive and legislature (and sometimes parts of the judiciary) are unified.三权分立，往往不准确交替使用的三叠纪政治学原则，是一个典范的状态的治理（或谁控制的状态）。
在古希腊最早开发的模式。
在这种模式下，状态分为分支，每个单独的和独立的权力和责任领域，使得一个部门的权力不与与其他部门相关的权力冲突。
分支机构的典型划分成一个立法机关，行政和司法机关。
它可以对比权力的议会制度，其中行政机关和立法机关（司法机关有时部分）是统一的融合。
Comparison between tripartite and bipartite national systems[edit]Constitutions with a high degree of separation of powers are found worldwide. The UK system is distinguished by a particular entwining of powers. In Italy the powers are completely separated, and even though the Council of Ministers needs a vote of confidence from both chambers of Parliament, that represents a large number of members (almost 1,000).[14] A number of Latin American countries have electoral branches of government.Countries with little separation of power include New Zealand and Canada. Canada makes limited use of separation of powers in practice, although in theory it distinguishes between branches of government.Complete separation of powers systems are almost always presidential, although theoretically this need not be the case. There are a few historical exceptions, such as the Directoire system of revolutionary France. Switzerland offers an example of non-Presidential separation of powers today: It is run by a seven-member executive branch, the Federal Council. However, some might argue that Switzerland does not have a strong separation of powers system, as the Federal Council is appointed by parliament (but not dependent on parliament) and although the judiciary has no power of review, the judiciary is still separate from the other branches.三方和双方国家制度的比较与宪法权力分立的高度在世界各地找到。
英国系统是由权力的特定缠绕在一起区分。
在意大利的权力是完全分开的，即使部长会议需要表决的议会两院的信心，表示有大量的成员（近1,000）的。
[14]一些拉美国家有分支机构选举政府。
带电源的小分离的国家包括新西兰和加拿大。
加拿大使得有限的使用在实践中三权分立，虽然在理论上区分政府部门之间。
完整的三权分立制度几乎都是总统，虽然理论上这不一定是这种情况。
有一些历史的例外，如法国大革命的督系统。
瑞士今天提供权力的非总统分离的一个例子：它是由七名成员组成的行政部门，联邦委员会运行。
不过，有些人可能会争辩说，瑞士没有权力系统的强大的分离，作为联邦委员会是由议会任命的（但不依赖于议会），尽管司法机构审查没有权力，司法机关仍是从其他分离分支机构。
2.How to Understand the American Judicial SystemStep 1 Investigate the origin Investigate the origin of the law. The United States Constitution was finalized in 1788 and is still the supreme law of the land. It was based on the principal that all people have the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. The Constitution protects the sovereignty of each state while mandating that they are unified as one nation. Step 2 Understand the authority Understand the authority of the branches. The power of the federal government was balanced among three equal branches to create a long-lasting government that would serve everyone. The three branches are the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.Americans vote to elect the members of the executive and legislative branches. The members of the judicial branch are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate.Step 3 Study the Supreme Court's power Study the Supreme Court’s power. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest court and all lower courts are obligated to follow the guides set by the Supreme Court when making decisions.Step 4 Learn about the inferior courts Learn about the lower courts: district courts and the courts of appeals. District courts handle most federal law cases. The U.S. courts of appeals review the appealed district court cases.Step 5 Learn the difference between state and federal courts Learn the difference between the state and federal courts. Each state has its own court system. State courts have hierarchy levels with the highest level being the state’s supreme court. Federal courts make sure that state laws obey federal laws. Now you have a good understanding of the American judicial system.Congress determines the number of Supreme Court Justices. There have been as many as 9 and as few as 6.第1步调查的起源调查法的起源。