在职硕士英语考试2019试卷共65页
2019年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)真题答案
2019年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语（一）真题答案19考研今天已经落下帷幕，不管怎样都先为自己鼓个掌，接下来已经考完的同学也可以安心对答案了，超详细的英一答案无忧考网已备好，一起来看看吧2019年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语（一）试题解析Section ⅠUse of English1. C. Few2. C. run3. B. If4. D. literally5. A.back6. B. off7. D. unfamiliar8. C.way9. A. So10. D. eventually11. A. surprised12. B. option13. D. For example14. C. spot15. B. through16. D. breaks17. A. artificial18. D. Finally19. B. marks20. C. leadSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart AText 121 A. enhance banks’sense of responsibility22 D. "short-termism" in economic activities23 B. adverse24 C. the approaches to promoting "long-termism"25 B. patience as a corporate virtueText 226 D. The influence of consumer culture.27 A. To help freshmen adapt to college learning28 A. A obtain more financial support29 C. to be identical with each other.30 B.analyzing the causes behind it.Text 331 C. involves some concerns raised by AI today32 D.is too limited for us to reproduce it33 B. is still beyond our capacity34 A. affirmation35 C. The Conscience of AI: Complex But InevitableText 436 C. make more online shopper pay sales tax37 D. were considered unfavorable by states38 D. harmed fair market competition39 B. Big- chain owners40 D. cites some cases related to it and analyses their implicationsPart B 本篇新题型属于排序题。
2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语真题答案及详解共15页
2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语真题答案及详解Section I Use of English1-5 CDBBA 6-10 BADCA 11-15 BCDCB 16-20 DADAC1．C解析：语义逻辑题。
第一句含义是“古希腊哲学家亚里士多德把笑看作是“有益于身体健康的宝贵锻炼”，第二句意思是“但是一些人提出相反的意见，轻笑可能对身体健康影响极小”，两句之间是转折关系，A、B、C、D四个选项中只有C选项表转折“尽管”，故是正确选项。
2．D解析：语义辨析题。
上下文语境是“笑确实能短期的改变”。
A. reflect“反映”，B. demand“要求”，C. indicate“表明，暗示”，D. produce“产生”，只有D 选项符合语境，所以是正确答案。
3．B解析：语义搭配题。
文中提到“笑能够心律呼吸速率。
” A. stabilizing 意思是“安定，稳定”，B. boosting“促进，推进”，C. impairing“损害，削弱”，D. determining“决定”，根据语境应该是“笑能够促进心律呼吸速率”，B为正确答案。
4．B解析：语义辨析题。
这句话意思是“但是因为大笑很难，一次狂笑不可能……”，四个选项的含义分别是 A. transmit “传播”，B. sustain“维持”，C. evaluate “评估”，D. observe“观察”，根据语境，只有B. sustain符合语境。
5．A解析：语义辨析题。
这句话意思是“一次狂笑不可能像比如走路或者慢跑那样对心血管功能产生益处。
” A. measurable“重大的，重要的”，B. manageable“易控制的”，C. affordable“负担得起的”，D. renewable“可再生的”，四个选项中能和“益处”搭配的只有A. measurable，故是正确答案。
6．B解析：逻辑分析题。
第二段第一句是说“其他的锻炼可以拉紧增强肌肉，很显然笑确是起到了……作用”，对上文有承接还有转折的关系，A. In turn 意思是“轮流”，C. In addition是“另外”，D. In brief 意思是“简而言之”，都不符合语境，只有B. In fact“事实上”符合上下文语境，是正确选项。
2019年成考高起点《英语》真题及答案
2019年成人高等学校招生全国统一考试高起点英语本试卷分第Ⅰ卷(选择题)和第Ⅱ卷(非选择题)两部分。
满分150分。
考试时间120分钟。
第Ⅰ卷(选择题，共105分)一、语音知识：共5小题；每题1.5分，共7.5分。
在下列每组单词中，有一个单词的划线部分与其他单词的划线部分的读音不同。
找出这个词1.A.c oa t B.r oa d C.br oa d D.g oa l2.A.offi c ial B.de c lare C.a c tive D.pi c ture3.A.p u rse B.p u re C.c u rious D.c u re4.A.h i de B.l i ke C.t i me D.g i ve5.A.ques tion B.sta tion C.direc tion D.pollu tion二、词汇与语法知识：共15小题；每题1.5分，共22.5分。
从每小题的四个选择项中，选出最佳的一项。
6.He'sa great player and I have alot of respect_______him.A.ofB.inC.onD.for7.Don't forget to your_____school bag with you when you come here next time.A.bringB.deliverC.fetchD.take8.He was late for work this morning because he_____find his key.A.must n'tB.wouldn'tC.couldn'tD.should n't9.I asked him to goto the art exhibition，but he said he had_____seen it.A.stillB.alreadyC.alsoD.often10.—Where's your mother，Helen?—She_____the flowers in the garden.A.watersB.is wateringC.wateredD.has watered11.The children and their parents had great fun_____games in the park.A.playingB.playC.playedD.to play12.There is only one student_____will surely pass the diffcult test.A.whoseB.whichC.whomD.who13.一Do you like talking with your friends on the phone or through the Inte met?一_____.I enjoy writing letters.A.NoneB.EitherC.NeitherD.Both14.She asked me_____I would ike to go with her or not.A.howB.whenC.whetherD.where15.Before you leave the classroom，_____all the lights.A.turn upB.turnoverC.turn toD.turnoff16.If Mom looks out from the kitchen window，she_____us playing in the yard.A.is seeingB.will seeC.was seeingD.has seen17.一Can you stay here for a few more days?一_____,but I have to be home tomorrow.A.No，thankyouB.I'm afraid notC.I'd love toD.No problem18.With alot of work_____，Jerry had not me to goto the cinema with his daughter.A.doingB.having doneC.doneD.to do19.We'remaking good progress，_____we've still got along way to goA.butB.orC.soD.thus20.I hope you will have a_____week with us in China.A.pleasureB.pleasingC.pleasedD.pleasant三、完形填空：共15小题；每题2分，共30分。
在职研究生考试(英语)试题
在职研究生考试(英语)试题2019年同等学力人员申请硕士学位外国语水平全国统一考试英语试卷Paper One Part I Oral Communication (10 points) Section A Directions: In this section there are two incomplete dialogues and each dialogue has three blanks and three choices A, B and C, taken from the dialogue. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the choices to complete the dialogue and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.Dialogue OneA. It's the other man I'm talking aboutB. They had been in there for about 5 minutesC. I thought you said there were three men Burney: There were two men, I think. No, three. They ran into the bank and the one with the gunme all your money” and the other one - Police officer:_____1______? Burney: No, there were two men and a girl. ___2___the one carrying the suitcase,well, he goes up to the other guy - Police officer: The one with the gun? Burney: Yes, and he opens the suitcase and the cashier, well, she - well, all the other people behind the window - they hand over piles of money and two men put it into the suitcase and they run out. It was l:35._____3_____ Dialogue TwoA. They still make movies like thatB. I like a good storyC. People today don't like that Speaker A: I like watching old movies and I think they are the best. Speaker B: I agree with you, even though they're in black and white. I think a good story is more important than color. Speaker A: And there was no violence in old movies. Speaker B: No, therewasn't._____4_____. Speaker A: They like lots of action. Speaker B: ____5____. Speaker A: I like to see actors who are like real people. Speaker B: Like real people with real problems. Speaker A: ___6____.Speaker B: Yes, but they never make much money.，the tall one, he runs up to the window, and starts shouting something, I don't know, “GiveSection B Directions: In this section there is one incomplete interview which has four blanks and four choices A, B, C and D, taken from the interview. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the choices to complete the interview and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.A. I do a lot of my shopping on the net nowB. I do a lot of research on the Internet tooC. I document everythingD. Of course they mail their friends endlessly Interviewer: Ms. Chen, can you tell us which pieces of technology are important to you? Interviewee:Three things: my Sharp laptop; my iphone 5; and my Olympus digitalcamera.____7___: the kids, art, buildings, clothes, scenes that catch my eye as I walk past. Interviewer: What do you use your computer for? Interviewee: Well, I send emails all the time. But I do a lot of my designwork on screen now and I can send my ideas straight to directors and producers.___8____- there are some fantastic sites around now. Interviewer: Who uses the computer at home? Interviewee: The kids use the computer all the time at home.___9___ - and on top of that they're always texting on their mobilephones! They play computer games when they think I or their father aren't looking! They don't like doing homework, of course, but there are some really good revision sites on the Internet. ___10___- 15 minutes for a whole supermarketPart I I Vocabulary (10 points) Directions: In this part there are ten sentences, each with one word or phrase underlined. Choose the one from thefour choices marked A, B,C and D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet. 11. His poor performance may beattributed to the lack of motivation.A. taken forB. viewed asC. caused byD. focused on 12. The new cut in interest rate is meant to promote domestic investment. A. advertise B.publicize C. encourage D. obtain 13. Conditions for the growth of this plantare optimum in early summer. A. most desirable B. most favorite C. most expressive D. most acceptable 14. She often says her greatest happinessconsists in helping the disadvantaged children.A. relies onB. lies inC. is composed ofD. is proportionate to 15. Now and in the future, we will live as free people, not in fear and never at the mercy of any foreign powers.A. under the control ofB. in the interestC. at the cost ofD. for the sake of 16. Public acceptance of rabbit as an economical source of protein depends how aggressively producers market it .A. effectivelyB. efficientlyC. rigorouslyD. vigorously17. Many New England communities do not permit the construction of a “modernist” building, lest it alter their overall architectural integrity.A. in spite thatB. in case thatC. for fear thatD. in order that 18. Essentially, a theory is an abstract, symbolic representation of what is conceived to be reality.A. presentationB. expressionC. imaginationD. impression 19. Television commercial have been under constant scrutiny for the last few years.A. pressureB. attackC. examinationD. reflection 20. The mayor has spent a handsome amount of time in his last tern working to bring down the tax rate .A. considerableB. moderateC. sufficientD. plenty Part III Reading Comprehension (25 points) Section A Directions: In this section, there arefour passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet. Passage OneCheating is nothing new, But today, educators and administrators are finding that instances of academic dishonesty on the part of students have become more frequent–and are less likely to be punished–than in thepast.Cheating appears to have gained acceptance among good and poor students alike.Why is student cheating on the rise? No one really knows .Some blame the trend on a general loosening of moral values among today's youth. Others have attributed increased cheating to the fact that today's youth are far more pragmatic(，实用主义，的)than their more idealistic predecessors. Whereas in thelate sixties and early seventiesstudents were filled with visions about changing the worldtoday‟s students feel great pressure to conform and succeed.In interviews with students at high schools and colleges around the country, both young men and women said that cheating had become easy. Some suggestedthey did it out of spite for teachers they did not respect. Others looked atit as a game. Only if they were caught, some said, would they feel guilty. “People are competitive,” said a second-year college student named Anna,from Chicago. There's an underlying fear. If you don't do well, your life is going to be ruined. The pressure is not only form parents and friends but from oneself. To achieve .To succeed. It‟s almost as though we have to outdo other people to achieve our own goals.Edward Wynne, a magazine editor, blames the rise in academic dishonesty on the schools. He claims that administrators and teachers have been too hesitantto take action. Dwight Huber, chairman of the English department at Amarillo. sees the matter differently, blaming the rise in cheating on the way students are evaluated. “I wouldcheat if I felt I was being cheated,” Mr. Huber said. He feels that as longas teachers gives short-answer tests rather than essay questions and rate students by the number of facts they can memorize rather than by how well they can put information together, students will try to beat the system. “The concept of cheating is based on the false assumption that the system is legitimate and there is something wrong with the individual who are doing it,” he said.“That's too easy an answer. We've got to start looking at the system.”21. Educators are finding that students who cheat_______.A. are more likely to be punished than beforeB. have poor academic recordsC. are not only those academically weakD. tend to be dishonest in later years 22. According to the passage, whichof the following statements is true?A. Students' cheating has deep social roots.B. Students do not cheat on essay tests.C. Reform in the testing system will eliminate cheating.D. Punishment is an effective method to stop cheating. 23. Which of the following points of view would Mr. Huber agree with?A. Punishment for cheaters should be severe in this country.B. Parents must take responsibility for the rise in cheating.C. Cheating would be reduced through an educational reform.D. Students who cheat should be expelled from school.24. The expression “the individuals” (the last paragraph) refers to________.A. parentsB. teachersC. school administratorsD. students who cheat 25. The passage mainly discusses_______.A. the decline of moral standards of today's youthB. people's tolerance of students' cheatingC. ways to eliminate academic dishonestyD. factors leading to academic dishonestyPassage TwoOf all the lessons taught by the financial crisis, the most personal has been that Americans aren‟t so good at money-management. We take out home loans we can'tafford. We run up sky-high credit-card debt. We don't save nearly enough for retirement. In response, supporters of financial-literacy education are moving with renewed enthusiasm. School districts in states such as New Jersey and Illinois are adding money-management courses to their curriculums. The Treasury and Education departments are sending lesson plans to high schools and encouraging students to compete in the National Financial Capability Challenge that begins in March.Students with top scores on that exam will receive certificates –but chances forlong-term benefits are slim. As it turns out, there is little evidencethat traditional efforts to boost financial know-how help students make better decisions outside the classroom. Even as the financial-literacy movement has gained steam over the past decade, scores have been falling on tests that measure how well students learn about things such as budgeting, credit cards, insurance and investments. A recent survey of college students conducted forthe JumpStart Coalition for Personal Financial Literacy found that studentswho'd had a personal-finance or money-management course in high school scored no better than those who hadn't.“We need to figure out how to do this the right way,” says Lewis Mandell, a professor at the University of Washington who after 15 years of studying financial-literacy programs has come to the conclusion that current methodsdon't work. A growing number of researchers and educators agree that a more radical approach is needed. They advocate starting financial education a lot earlier than high school, putting real money and spending decisions into kids' hands and talking openly about the emotions and social influences tied to how we spend.Other initiatives are tacking such real-world issues as the commercial and social pressures that affect purchasing decisions. Why exactly do you want those expensive brand-name shoes so badly? “It takes confidence t o take a stand and to think differently,” says Jeroo Billimoria, founder of Aflatoun,a nonprofit whose curriculum, used in more than 30 countries, aims to helpkids get a leg up in their financial lives. “This goes beyond money and savings.” 26. The finan cial-literacy education is intended to________.A. increase Americans' awareness of the financial crisisB. renew Americans' enthusiasm about money-managementC. enable Americans to manage money wiselyD. help Americans to overcome the financial crisis 27. According to the author, the National Financial Capability Challenge will be_______.A. rewardingB. ineffectiveC. well-receivedD. costly 28. By saying thatA. has been regarded as imaginativeB. has received much criticismC. has gone through financial difficultiesD. has been more and more popular 29. Lewis Mandell suggests that weshould figure out how to ________.A. carry out financial-literacy education properlyB. manage money in a more efficient wayC. help students score better in money-management coursesD. improve the social awareness of financial education 30. JerooBillimoria is most likely to agree that commercial and social pressures make one's purchasing decisions________.A. difficultB. acceptableC. unwiseD. feasiblePassage ThreeThe American public's obsession with dieting has led to one of the most dangerous health misconceptions of all times. Many television ads, movies, magazine articles, and diet-food product labels would have consumers believe that carbohydrates (碳水化合物) are bad for the human body and that those who eat them will quickly become overweight. We are advised to avoid foods such as potatoes, rice and white bread and opt for meats and vegetables instead. Some companies promote this idea to encourage consumers to buy their“carb-free” food products. But the truth is, the human body needs carbohydrates tofunction properly, and a body that relies on carbohydrates but is exhausted of this dietary element is not in good shape after all.Most foods that we consume on a daily basis like potatoes and rice are loaded with carbohydrates. Contrary to popular belief, carbohydrates have many health benefits; some fight diseases such as high blood pressure and heart disease, and others help to prevent cancer and stroke. Cutting these foods out of your diet may deprive your body of the many health benefits of carbohydrates.One of the best benefits of carbohydrates is their ability to help to maintain the health of our organs, tissues, and cells. Scientific studies have shown that one type of carbohydrate called fiber reduces the risk of heart disease. Carbohydrates also containantioxidants (er.This does not mean that the human body can survive on a diet composed entirely of carbohydrates. We also need certain percentages of proteins and fats to maintain healthy bodies. But carbohydrates certainly should not be avoided altogether. In fact, the food pyramid, the recommended basis of a healthy diet, shows that a person should consume six to eleven servings of breads and grains, as well as three to four servings each of fruits andvegetables - all carbohydrate-containing foods. It is easy to see why cutting carbohydrates out of a person's diet is not a good idea.The only way to know what is truly healthy for your own body is to talk to a nutritionist or dietician, who can help you choose foods that are right for you as well as guide you toward a proper exercise program for weight loss, or muscle gain. These professionals will never tell you to cut out carbohydrates entirely! The bottom line: listen to the experts, not the advertisers!31. As is used in Paragraph l, the word “exhausted” most possiblymeans______A. starvingB. startledC. deprivedD. derived 抗氧化剂) , which protect the body's cells from harmful particles with the potential to cause canc32. According to the author, advertisers who sell “carb-free”products_______A. are not telling the truthB. value consumers' well-beingC. are responsible for obesityD. offer healthy options 33. Which of the following is NOT one of the health benefits of carbohydrates?A. Prevention of cancer.B. Prevention of stroke.C. Prevention of heart disease.D. Prevention of fiber reduction. 34. It can be inferred from the passage that a healthy diet .A. contains equal amounts of carbohydrates and proteinsB. is low in carbohydrates and high in proteins and fatsC. is balanced between carbohydrates, and proteins and fatsD. needs enough proteins but no fat for us to maintain energy 35. The main purpose of the passage is to .A. explain how to live a healthy lifeB. describe the variety of carbohydratesC. advocate a healthy dietD. promote more physical exercise Passage FourLast week, I read a story about a 34-year-old British woman who is extremely afraid of metal forks. She's been using plastic ones for 17 years because the sound of a fork rubbing against a plate gives her a panic attack.Strange, right? But she's not alone. While popular phobias(恐惧症) about snakes and spiders might get all of the attention, there are a wide variety of not-so-obvious horrors that make people nervous.While some phobias might seem a bit silly, they can cause seriousemotional distress. My co-worker Magda is terrified of pigeons, a phobia thatis taking over her life. She won't walk in certain parts of the city and runs screaming from the subway when one of these “rats with wings” finds its way onto the platform. Another friend is disgusted with cheese. Once I saw her run away from a slice of it. So where does an irrational fear of cheese come from?Are phobias something we inherit from our genes or do we acquire these unusual anxieties over time?Ever since I can remember I have been unreasonably frightened of elevators. There was no terrible childhood experience and I am fine with confined spaces, but something about elevators makes me nervous. And so, when my boyfriend andI found ourselves trapped in an elevator last year - because these sorts of things always happen eventually- I was anticipating the worst.While he gave me a suggestive eyebrow raise and proposed we “take advantage of the situation,”I began screaming uncontrollably. I was far from turned on by the whole facing my worst nightmare thing. However, after the fear subsided(消退)I realized that, yes, this was my greatest fear come true, and yet - it wasn't all that bad. Nervous and inconvenient maybe, but terrifying? Not so much. Liberating yourself from a deep-seated phobia can be a long and difficult process, but sometimes it can be as simple as confronting it head on. 36. The 34-year-old British woman is extremely afraid of metal forks becauseA. she is afraid that they may hurt herB. she couldn't bear their sound on plateC. she has been injured by them beforeD. she has never used them before37. The phrase “rats with wings” (Para. 3) refers to______A. exotic ratsB. devilsC. strange birdsD. pigeons 38. The author's fear of elevators is theresult of_______A. her terrible experienceB. her dislike of being in closed spacesC. her nervousness of being aloneD. her phobia for no reason 39. After the fear subsided, the authorrealized that______A. it was not as horrible as she had thoughtB. an elevator ride could be excitingC. she could have had a good time with her boyfriendD. her boyfriend's help was important 40. The purpose for the author to share her experience is to_______A. explain why people have strange fearsB. introduce what strange fears people haveC. encourage people to overcome their fearsD. illustrate conquering a fear can be difficult Section B Directions: In this section, you are required to read one quoted blog and the comments on it. The blog and comments are followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and markyour answer on the Answer Sheet. One of the central principles of raising kids in America is that parents should be actively involved in their children's education: meeting with teachers, volunteering at school, helping with homework, and doing a hundred other things that few working parents have time for. These obligations are so baked into American values that few parents stop to ask whether they‟re worth the effort.Until this January, few researchers did, either. In the largest-ever study of how parental involvement affects academic achievement, Keith Robinson and Angel L. Harris, two sociology professors at Duke, found that mostly it doesn‟t.The researchers combed through nearly three decades' worth of surveys of American parents and tracked 63 different measures of parental participationin kids' academic lives, from helping them with homework, to talking with them about college plans. In an attempt to show whether the kids of more-involved parents improved over time, the researchers indexed these measures tochildren's academic performance, including test scores in reading and math.What they found surprised them. Most measurable forms of parental involvement seem to yield few academic dividends for kids, or even tobackfire(反) -regardless of a parent's race, class, or level of education.Do you review your daughter's homework every night? Robinson and Harris's data show that this won‟t help her score higher on standardized tests. Once kids enter middle school, parental help with homework can actually bring test scores down, an effect Robinson says could be caused by the fact that many parents may have forgotten, or never truly understood, the material their children learn in school.While Robinson and Harris largely disproved that assumption, they did find a handful of habits that make a difference, such as reading aloud to young kids (fewer than half of whom are read to daily) and talking with teenagers about college plans. But these interventions don't take place at school or in the presence of teachers, where policymakers have the most influence - they take place at home. Comment 1:Basically the choice is whether one wants to let kids to be kids. Persistent parental involvement and constantly communicating to the kids on what the parents want consciously or unconsciously would help the kids grow up or think like the parents sooner than otherwise. Comment 2:It also depends on the kid. Emotional and social maturity have a lot to do with success in college and in life. Some kids may have the brains and are bored by high school, but that doesn't mean they are ready for college or the work place. Comment 3:The article doesn't clearly define “helping,” but I understood it as actually assisting children in the exercises (e.g. helping them to solve a math problem) and/or reviewing their work for accuracy rather than simply making sure they've completed their work. I think the latter is more helpful than the former. I would also certainly hope that no study would discour适得其age parents from monitoring their children's performance!41. The word“they” (Para. l) refers to .A. valuesB. obligationsC. studiesD. principles42. What is the main conclusion of the Robinson and Harris‟s study?A. Parental involvement works better with low-achievers.B. Schools should communicate with parents regularly.C. The kids of more-involved parents improve over time.D. Parental involvement may not necessarily benefit children. 43. Comment1 suggests that .A. parents may influence children's thinkingB. persistent parental involvement is a mustC. parents should leave their children aloneD. kids should be kids after all 44. The writer of Comment 2 would probably agree that .A. social maturity is sufficient to achieve success in lifeB. high school is often boring in the U.S.C. high intelligence does not guarantee successD. getting ready for college is an emotional process 45. Which of the following parental helps will the writer of Comment 3 consider proper?A. Assisting kids in their exercises.B. Making sure kids have finished their workC. Reviewing kids' homework for accuracy.D. Monitoring kids' class performance. Part IV Cloze (10 points) Directions: In this part, there is a passage with ten blanks. For each blank there are four choices marked, A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer for each blank and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.Ironically, a study finds that we‟re awful gift-givers precisely because we spend too much time trying to be considerate. We imagine our friends 46 a gift that is impressive, expensive, and sentimental. We imagine the look of happiness and surprise on their faces and the warmth we feel 47 . But there‟s something that the most sentimental-gift-givers tend not to think too much about: 48 the gift is practical in the first place.49 , practicality seems like an enemy of great gift giving. Beautiful jewelry, lovely watches, perfect rugs, finely crafted kitchen hardware: These things 50 great gifts because they communicate something beyond practicality. They communicate that the giver cares.But do the receivers care? Often, no. “Gift receivers would be 51 if givers gave them exactly what they requested 52 . attempting to be …thoughtful and considerate‟by buying gifts they did not explicitly request” to surprise them, the researchers write. Their clever paper asks givers and receivers to 53 gifts from two perspectives: desirability (e.g. the costof a coffee maker) and feasibility(e.g. the 54 of the coffee maker). Across several experiments, they find that givers consistently give gifts based on desirability and receivers 55 favor gifts based on feasibility.46. A. have opened B. opened C. to open D. opening47. A. in place B. in return C. in person D. in turn48. A. Why B. How C. Whether D. When49. A. In many ways B. In many cases C. To be sure D. To sum up50. A. make for B. take up C. work out D. lead to51. A. happy B. surprised C. happier D. more surprised52. A. as to B. but for C. regardless of D. rather than53. A. select B. measure C. decide D. classify54. A. cost B. ease C. look D. quality55. A. nevertheless B. continuously C. unexpectedly D. whereas Part V Text Completion (20 points)Directions: In this part, there are three incomplete texts with 20 questions(Ranging from 56 to75).Above each text there are three or fourphrases to be completed. First, use the choices provided in the box to complete the phrases. Second, use the completed phrases to fill in the blanks of the text. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet. Text One A. sending B. as well as C. beyondPhrases:A. 56 the reach of most AmericansB. 57 young people to collegeC. 58 the wages of average familiesA research group in California has released aA. that the companies that 62 want moneyB. that could be spent 63C. and understandably 64Children are a special target of advertisers, 65 . Young people are shopping and spending more than ever before. Researchers suggest that children who are highly involved in consumer culture are more prone to childhood depression and anxiety and have worse relationships with their parents. They said:Text Three A. between B. imitateC. accelerateD. otherwisePhrases:A. enabling the bird to 68B. it 69 couldC. would be difficult to 70D. from 71 its feathersThe emperor penguin traps air in its feathers. Not only does this insulate the bird against extreme cold but it also enables it to move two or three times faster than 72 . How? Marine biologists have suggested that it does soby releasing tiny air bubbles 73 .As these bubbles are released, the reduce friction on the surface of the penguin's wings, 74 .Interestingly, engineers have been studying ways to make ships go fasterby using bubbles to reduce friction against their hulls (“the complexity of pengui n‟s wings 75 .” Paper Two Part VI Translation (10 points)Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese. Write youranswer on the Answer Sheet. The social costs of unemployment go far beyond the welfare and unemployment payments made by the government. Unemployment increases the chances of divorce, child abuse, and alcoholism, a new federal survey shows. Some experts say the problem is only temporary - that new technology will eventually create as many jobs as it destroys. Butfuturologist Hymen Seymour says the astonishing efficiency of the new technology means there船身) . However, researchers acknowledge that further investigation is challenging because They also suggest that family shouldwatch very little television. You can fill the time 67 with other activities, such as reading and playing games together.will be a simple net reduction in the amount of human labor that needs to be done.大学毕业时，小刘决定不找工作，他默默地从事起了网络翻译工作。
2019年考研英语(二)真题完整版(附答案及详细解析)
2019 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)试题完整版附答案详解Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay aware of any significant weight fluctuations. 1 , when done too often, this habit can sometimes hurt more than it 2 .As for me, weighing myself every day caused me to shift my focus from being generally healthy and physically active to focusing 3 on the scale. That was had to my overall fitness goats. I had gained weight in the form of muscle mass, but thinking only of 4 the number on the scale, I altered my training program. That conflicted with how I needed to train to 5 my goals.I also found that weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate 6 of the hard work and progress I was making in the gym. It takes about three weeks to a month to notice any significant changes in your weight 7 altering your training program. The most 8 changes will be observed in skill level, strength and inches lost.For these 9 , I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a bimonthly weighing schedule 10 . Since weight loss is not my goal, it is less important for me to 11 my weight each week. Weighing every other week allows me to observeand 12 any significant weight changes. That tells me whether I need to 13 my training program.I use my bimonthly weigh-in 14 to get information about my nutrition as well. If my training intensity remains the same, but I’m constantly 15 and dropping weight, this is a 16 that I need to increase my daily caloric intake.The 17 to stop weighing myself every day has done wonders for my overall health, fitness and well-being. I’m experiencing increased zeal for working out since I no longer carry the burden of a 18 morning weigh-in. I’ve also experienced greater success in achieving my specific fitness goals, 19 I’m training according to those goals, not the numbers on a scale.Rather than 20 over the scale, turn your focus to how you look, feel how your clothes fit and your overall energy level.1.[A]Besides [B]Therefore [C]Otherwise [D]However2.[A]helps [B]cares [C]warns [D]reduces3.[A]initially [B]solely [C]occasionally [D]formally4.[A]recording [B] lowering [C]explaining [D]accepting5.[A]modify [B]set [C]review [D]reach6.[A]definition [B]depiction [C]distribution [D]prediction7.[A]due to [B]regardless of [C]aside from [D]along with8.[A]orderly [B]rigid [C]precise [D]immediate9.[A]claims [B]judgments [C]reasons [D]methods10.[A]instead [B]though [C]again [D]indeed11.[A]track [B]overlook [C] conceal [D]report12.[A]depend on [B]approve of [C]hold onto [D]account for13.[A]share [B]adjust [C]confirm [D] prepare14.[A]results [B]features [C]rules [D]tests15.[A]bored [B]anxious [C]hungry [D]sick16.[A]principle [B]secret [C]belief [D]sign17.[A]request [B]necessity [C]decision [D]wish18.[A]disappointing [B]surprising [C]restricting [D]consuming19.[A]if because [B]unless [C]until [D]consuming20.[A]obsessing [B]dominating [C]puzzling [D]triumphing Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms. Children aren’t born knowing how to say “I’m sorry”; rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends—and their own consciences. This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing.In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It is deeply uncomfortable—it’s the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. Yet this understanding is outdated. “There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve,” says A mrisha Vaish, a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren’t binary—feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. Jealousy and anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Too much happiness can be destructive.And guilt, by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness, can encourage humans to make up for errors and fix relationships. Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together. It is a kind of social glue.Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti, a psychology professor at the University of Toronto, suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guiltand sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses. And vice versa: High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.In a 2014 study, for example, Malti looked at 244 children. Using caregiver assessments and the children’s self-observations, she rated each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handed chocolate coins, and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty. The guilt-prone ones shared more, even though they hadn’t magically become more sympathetic to the other child’s deprivation.“That’s good news,” Malti says. “We can be prosocial because we caused harm and we feel regret.”21.Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help______.A）regulate a child's basic emotionsB）improve a child's intellectual abilityC）foster a child’s moral developmentD）intensity a child's positive feelings22.According to paragraph 2, many people still consider guilt to be______.A）deceptiveB）burdensomeC）addictiveD) deception23. Vaish hold that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awarenessthat______.A）emotions are context-independentB）emotions are socially constructiveC）emotional stability can benefit healthD）an emotion can play opposing roles24. Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing _______.A. may help correct emotional deficienciesB. can result from either sympathy or guiltC. can bring about emotional satisfactionD. may be the outcome of impulsive acts25. The word “transgressions” (Line 4, Para.5) is closest in meaning to _______.A. teachingsB. discussionsC. restrictionsD. wrongdoingsText 2Forests give us shade, quiet and one of the larder callenges in the fight against climate change. Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide we produce, we are threatening their ability to do so. The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.Thankfully, there is a way out of this trap-but it involves striking a subtle balance. Helping forests flourish as valuable “carbon sinks” long into the future may require reducing their capacity to absorb carbon now. California is leading the way, as it does on so many climate efforts, in figuring out the details.The state’s proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest. This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity. But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture, so they grow and thrive, restoring the forest’s capacity to pull carbon from the air. Healthy trees are also better able to fend off insects. The landscape is rendered less easily burnable. Even in the event of a fine, fewer trees are consumed.The need for such planning is increasingly urgent. Already, since 2010, drought and insects have killed over 100 million trees in California, most of them in 2016 alone, and wildfires have burned hundreds of thousands of acres.California plans to treat 35,000 acres of forest a year by 2020, and 60,000 by 2030- financed from the proceeds of the state’s emissions- permit auctions. That’s only a small share of the total acreage that could benefit, about half a million acres in all, so it will be vital to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought.The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forests is locked away in the form of solid lumber or burned as biofuel in vehicles that would otherwise run on fossil fuels. New research on transportation biofuels is already under way.State governments are well accustomed to managing forests, but traditionally they’ve focused on wildlife, watersheds and opportunities for recreation. Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon. California’s plan, which is expected to be finalized by the governor next year, should serve as a model.26. By s aying “one of the harder challenges,” the author implies that _______.A. global climate change may get out of controlB. people may misunderstand global warmingC. extreme weather conditions may ariseD. forests may become a potential threat27. To maintain forests as valuable “carbon sinks,” we may need to _______.A. preserve the diversity of species in themB. accelerate the growth of young treesC. strike a balance among different plantsD. lower their present carbon-absorbing capacity28. Califo rnia’s Forest Carbon Plan endeavors to _______.A. cultivate more drought-resistant treesB. reduce the density of some of its forestsC. find more effective ways to kill insectsD. restore its forests quickly after wildfires29. What is essential to California’s plan according to Paragraph 5?A.To handle the areas in serious danger first.B.To carry it out before the year of 2020.C.To perfect the emissions-permit auctions.D.To obtain enough financial support.30. The author’s attitude to California’s plan can best be described as _______.A. ambiguousB. tolerantC. supportiveD. cautiousText 3American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years. The complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.Congress has obstructed efforts to create a more straightforward visa for agricultural workers that would let foreign workers stay longer in the U.S. and change jobs within the industry. If this doesn’t change, American businesses, communities, and consumers will be the losers.Perhaps half of U.S. farm laborers are undocumented immigrants. As fewer such workers enter the country, the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing. Today’s farm laborers, while still predo minantly born in Mexico, are more likely to be settled rather than migrating and more likely to be married than single. They’re also aging. At the start of this century, about one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35. Now more than half are. And picking crops is hard on older bodies. One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it’s been all along: Native U.S. workers won’t be returning to the farm.Mechanization isn’t the answer, either—not yer, at least. Production of corn, cotton, rice, soybeans, and wheat has been largely mechanized, but many high-value, labor-intensive corps, such as strawberries, need labor. Even dairy farms, where robots do a small share of milking, have a long way to go before they’re automated.As a result, farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest workers using the H-2A visa to fill the gaps in the workforce. Starting around 2012, requests for the visas rose sharply; from 2011 to 2016 the number of visas issued more than doubled.The H-2A visa has no numerical cap, unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural work, which is limited to 66,000 a year. Even so, employers complain they aren’t given all the workers they need. The process is cumbersome, expensive, and unreliable. One survey found that bureaucratic delays led the average H-2A worker to arrive on the job 22 days late. The shortage is compounded by federal immigration raids, which remove some workers and drive others underground.In a 2012 survey, 71 percent of tree-fruit growers and almost 80 percent of raisin and berry growers said they were short of labor. Some western farmers have responded by moving operations to Mexico. From 1998 to 2000, 14.5 percent of the fruit Americans consumed was imported. Little more than a decade later, the share of imports was 25.8 percent.In effect, the U.S. can import food or it can import the workers who pick it.31. What problem should be addressed according to the first two paragraphs?A. Discrimination against foreign workers in the U.S.B. Biased laws in favor of some American businesses.C. Flaws in U.S. immigration rules for farm workers.D. Decline of job opportunities U.S. agriculture.32. One trouble with U.S. agricultural workforce is .A. the rising number of illegal immigrantsB. the high mobility of crop workersC. the lack of experienced laborersD. the aging of immigrant farm workers33.What is the much-argued solution to the labor shortage in U.S. farming?A. To attract younger laborers to farm work.B. To get native U.S. workers back to farming.C. To use more robots to grow high-value crops.D. To strengthen financial support for farmers.34. Agricultural employers complain about the H-2A visa for its .A. slow granting proceduresB. limit on duration of stayC. tightened requirementsD. control of annual admissions35. Which of the following could be the best title for this text?A. U.S. Agriculture in Decline?B. Import Food or Labor?C. America Saved by Mexico?D. Manpower vs. Automation?Text 4Amold Schwarzenegger. Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you. It’s easy to beat plastic. They’re part of a bunch of celebrities starring in a new video for World Environment Day—encouraging you, the consumer, to swap out your single-use plastic staples like straws and cutlery to combat the plastics crisis.The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call for governments to enact legislation to curb single-use plastics. But the overarching message is directed at individuals.My concern with leaving it up to the individual, however, is our limited sense of what needs to be achieved. One their own, taking our own bags to the grocery store orquitting plastic straws, for example, will accomplish little and require very little of us. They could even be detrimental, satisfying a need to have “done our bit” without ever progressing onto bigger, bolder, more effective actions—a kind of “moral licensing” that allays our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping hags and straws, we’re ignoring the balance of power that implies that as “consumers” we must shop sustainably, rather than as “ citizens” hole our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change.It’s important to acknowledge that the environment isn’t everyone’s priority-or even most people’s. We shouldn’t expect it to be. In her latest book, Why Good People Do Bad Environmental Things. Wellesley College professor Elizabeth R. DeSombre argues that the best way to collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is for the change to be structural.This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to environmentally problematic action, or banning single-use plastics altogether. India has just announced it will “eliminate all single-use plastic in the country by 2022.” There are also incentive-based ways of making better environmental choices easier, such as ensuring recycling is at least as easy as trash disposal.DeSombre isn’t saying people should stop caring about the environment. It’s just that individual actions are too slow, she says, for that to be the only, or even primary, approach to changing widespread behavior.None of this is about writing off the individual. It’s just about putting things into perspective. We don’t have time to wait. We need progressive policies that shape collective action (and rein in polluting businesses), alongside engaged citizens pushing for change.36. Some celebrities star in a new video toA. demand new laws on the use of plasticsB. urge consumers to cut the use of plasticsC. invite public opinion on the plastics crisisD. disclose the causes of the plastics crisis37.The author is concerned that “moral licensing” mayA. mislead us into doing worthless thingsB. prevent us from making further effortsC. weaken our sense of accomplishmentD. suppress our desire for success38. By pointing out out identity “citizens”, the author indicates thatA. our focus should be shifted to community welfareB. our relationship with local industries is improvingC. We have been actively exercising our civil rightsD. We should press our government to lead the combat39. DeSombre argues that the best way for a collective change should beA. a win-win arrangementB. a self-driven mechanismC. a cost-effective approachD. a top down process40. The author concludes that individual effortsA.can be too aggressiveB. can be too inconsistentC. are far from sufficientD. are far from rationalPart BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph(41-45). Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Five ways to make conversation with anyoneIn choosing a new home, Camille McClain’s kids have single demand: a backyard.McClain’s little one aren’t the only kids who have an opinion when it comes to housing, and in many cases youngsters’ views weigh heavily on parents’ real estate decisions, according to a 2018 Harris Poll survey of more than 2,000 U.S. adults.While more families buck an older-generation proclivity to leave kids in the dark about real estate decisions, realty agents and psychologists have mixed views about the financial, personal and long-term effects kids’ opinions may have.The idea of involving children in a big decision is a great idea because it can help them feel a sense of control and ownership in what can be an overwhelming process, said Ryan Hooper, clinical psychologist in Chicago.“Children may face serious difficulties in coping with significant moves, especially if it removes them from their current school or support system,”he said.Greg Jaroszewski, a real estate brokers with Gagliardo Realty Associates, said he’s not convinced that kids should be involved in selecting a home—but their opinions should be considered in regards to proximity to friends and social activities, if possible.Yo unger children should feel like they’re choosing their home—without actually getting a choice in the matter, said Adam Bailey, a real estate attorney based in New York.Asking them questions about what they like about the backyard of a potential home will make them feel like they’re being included in the decision-making process, Bailey said.Many of the aspects of homebuying aren’t a consideration for children, said Tracey Hampson, a real estate agent based in Santa Clarita, Calif. And placing too much emphasis on their opinions can ruin a fantastic home purchase.“Speaking with your children before you make a real estate decision is wise, but I wouldn’t base the purchasing decision solely on their opinions.”Hampson said.The other issue is that many children-especially older ones-may base their real estate knowledge on HGTV shows, said Aaron Norris of The Norris Group in Riverside, Calif.“They love Chip and Joanna Gaines just as much as the rest of us,” he said. “HGTV has seriously changed how people view real estate. It’s not shelter, it’s a lifestyle. With that mindset change come some serious money consequences.”Kids tend to get stuck in the features and the immediate benefits to them personally, Norris said.Parents need to remind their children that their needs and desires may change over time, said Julie Gurner, a real estate analyst with .“Their opinions can change tomorrow,”Gurner said.“Harsh as it may be to say, that decision should likely not be made contingent on a child’s opinions, but rather made for them with great consideration into what home can meet their needs best-and give them an opportunity to customize it a bit and make it their own.”This advice is more relevant now than ever before, even as more parents want to embrace the ideas of their children, despite the current housing crunch.Section Ⅲ Translation46. Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation neatly on the ANSW ER SHEET. (15 points)It is easy to underestimate English writer James Heriot. He had such a pleasant, re adable style that one might think that anyone could imitate it. How many times have I heard people say “I could write a book. I just haven’t the time.” Easily said. Not so ea sily done. James Herriot, contrary to pupular opinion, did not find it easy in his early days of, as he put it, “having a go at the writing game”. While he obviously had an ab undance of natural talent, the final, polished work that he gave to the world was the re sult of years of practising, re-writing and reading. Like the majority of authors, he had to suffer many disappointments and rejections along the way, but these made him all the more determined to succeed. Everything he achieved in life was earned the hard w ay and his success in the literary field was no exception.Section IV WritingPart A47. Directions: Suppose you have to cancel your travel plan and will not be able to visit professor Smith, write him an email toSuppose Professor Smith asked you to plan a debate on the theme of traffic. Write him an email to1) Suggest a specific topic with your reasons, and2) Tell him about your arrangements.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHETE.Do not use your one name. Use “Li Ming” instea d. (10 points)Part B48. Directions: Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should1) interpret the chart, and2) give your commentsYou should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)某高校2013年和2018年本科毕业生去向统计2019 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)试题答案详细解析1-20参考答案及解析：1. [答案] 【D】 However[解析] 此处是逻辑关系考点。
2019年在职申硕(同等学力)英语真题试卷含答案和解析
2019年在职申硕（同等学力）英语真题试卷完成对话对话理解对话理解大题型1.Once a bed is completed in the factory, it undergoes a rigorous quality control process.(C)A. longB. complexC. strictD. complete解析：long“长的”；complex“复杂的”；strict“严格的”；complete“完整的”。
这里需要选择和rigorous(严格的)相近的词，故选C。
2.It saved them an hour during a procedure that would normally take three hours.(C)A. merelyB. possiblyC. usuallyD. rarely解析：merely“只是；仅仅”；possibly“很可能”；usually“经常”；rarel y“很少”。
这里需要选择和normally(通常)相近的词，故选C。
3.The universe is presumed to contain many other planets with someform of Me.(D)A. destinedB. intendedC. expectedD. supposed解析：destine“指定，区分”；intend“打算”；expect“期待，预期”；suppose“假设，推想”。
这里需要选择和：presume(假定，推测)相近的词，故选D。
4.The scene has shocked me because it is something alien to me.(B)A. unfairB. unfamiliarC. unnecessaryD. uncomfortable解析：unfair“不公正的”；unfamiliar“不熟悉的”；unnecessary“没必要的”；uncomfortable“不舒服的”。
2019年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语试题(二)
2019年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay aware of any significant weight fluctuations. 1 ,when done too often,this habit can sometimes hurt more than it 2 .As for me,weighing myself every day caused me to shift my focus from being generally healthy and physically active to focusing 3 on the scale.That was bad to my overall fitness goals.I had gained weight in the form of muscle mass,but thinking only of 4 the number on the scale,I altered my training program.That conflicted with how I needed to train to 5 my goals.I also found that weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate 6 of the hard work and progress I was making in the gym.It takes about three weeks to a month to notice any significant changes in your weight7 altering your training program.The most8 changes will be observed in skill level,strength and inches lost.For these9 ,I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a bimonthly weighing schedule10 .Since weight loss is not my goal,it is less important for me to 11 my weight each week Weighing every other week allows me to observe and12 any significant weight changes.That tells me whether I need to13 my training program.I use my bimonthly weigh-in14 to get information about my nutrition as well.If my training intensity remains the same,but I'm constantly15 and dropping weight, this is a16 that I need to increase my daily caloric intake.The17 to stop weighing myself every day has done wonders for my overall health,fitness and well-being.I'm experiencing increased zeal for working out since I no longer carry the burden of a18 morning weigh-in.I've also experienced greater success in achieving my specific fitness goals,19 I'm training according to thosegoals,not the numbers on a scale.Rather than20 over the scale,turn your focus to how you look,feel,how your clothes fit and your overall energy level.1. A.However2. A.cares3. A.initially4. A.recording5. A.reach6. A.definition7. A.regardless of8. A.immediate9. A.claims10.A.though11.A.report12.A.account for13.A.prepare14.A.features15.A.bored16.A.sign17.A.request18.A.surprising19.A.if20.A.dominatingB.ThereforeB.helpsB.occasionallyB.explainingB.setB.distributionB.due toB.rigidB.judgmentsB.insteadB.overlookB.approve ofB.shareB.resultsB.anxiousB.secretB.necessityB.disappointingB.unlessB.obsessingC.OtherwiseC.warnsC.solelyC.loweringC.reviewC.depictionC.aside fromC.preciseC.methodsC.againC.trackC.hold ontoC.confirmC.rulesC.sickC.beliefC.wishC.restrictingC.becauseC.puzzlingD.BesidesD.reducesD.formallyD.acceptingD.modifyD.predictionD.along withD.orderlyD.reasonsD.indeedD.concealD.depend onD.adjustD.testsD.hungryD.principleD.decisionD.consumingD.untilD.triumphing Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness,fear,and anger,guilt emerges a little later,in conjunction with a child's growing grasp of social and moral norms.Children aren't born knowing how to say"I'm sorry";rather,they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends—and their own consciences.This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt,in the right amount,to be a good thing.In the popular imagination,of course,guilt still gets a bad rap.It is deeply uncomfortable—it's the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. Yet this understanding is outdated."There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve,"says Amrisha Vaish,a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia,adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren't binary—feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another.Jealousy and anger,for example,may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities.Too much happiness can be destructive.And guilt,by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness,can encourage humans to make up for errors and fix relationships.Guilt,in other words,can help hold a cooperative species together.It is a kind of social glue.Viewed in this light,guilt is an opportunity.Work by Tina Malti,a psychology professor at the University of Toronto,suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency.In a number of studies,Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing.Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt,which can rein in their nastier impulses.And vice versa:High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.In a2014study,for example,Malti looked ing caregiver assessments and the children's self-observations,she rated each child's overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions.Then the kids were handed chocolate coins,and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child.For the low-sympathy kids,how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty.The guilt-prone ones shared more,even though they hadn't magically become more sympathetic to the other child's deprivation."That's good news,"Malti says."We can be prosocial because we caused harm and we feel regret."21. Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help____A. regulate a child's basic emotions.B. foster a child's moral development.C. improve a child's intellectual ability.D. intensify a child's positive feelings.22. According to Paragraph2,many people still consider guilt to be____A. burdensome.B. deceptive.C. addictive.D. inexcusable.23. Vaish holds that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that____A. emotions are context-independent.B. emotions are socially constructive.C. an emotion can play opposing roles.D. emotional stability can benefit health.24. Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing____A. can result from either sympathy or guilt.B. may help correct emotional deficiencies.C. can bring about emotional satisfaction.D. may be the outcome of impulsive acts.25. The word"transgressions"(Paragraph5)is closest in meaning to____A. teachings.B. discussions.C. wrongdoings.D. restrictions.Text2Forests give us shade,quiet and one of the harder challenges in the fight against climate change.Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide we produce,we are threatening their ability to do so.The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.Thankfully,there is a way out of this trap—but it involves striking a subtle balance. Helping forests flourish as valuable"carbon sinks"long into the future may require reducing their capacity to absorb carbon now.California is leading the way,as it does on so many climate efforts,in figuring out the details.The state's proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest.This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity. But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture,so they grow and thrive,restoring the forest's capacity to pull carbon from the air.Healthy trees are also better able to fend off insects.The landscape is rendered less easily burnable.Even in the event of a fire,fewer trees are consumed.The need for such planning is increasingly urgent.Already,since2010,drought and insects have killed over100million trees in California,most of them in2016alone,and wildfires have burned hundreds of thousands of acres.California plans to treat35,000acres of forest a year by2020,and60,000by2030—financed from the proceeds of the state's emissions-permit auctions.That's only a small share of the total acreage that could benefit,about half a million acres in all,so it will be vital to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought.The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forests is locked away in the form of solid lumber or burned as biofuel in vehicles that would otherwise run on fossil fuels.New research on transportation biofuels is already under way.State governments are well accustomed to managing forests,but traditionally they've focused on wildlife,watersheds and opportunities for recreation.Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon.California's plan, which is expected to be finalized by the governor next year,should serve as a model.26. By saying"one of the harder challenges,"the author implies that____A. global climate change may get out of control.B. people may misunderstand global warming.C. forests may become a potential threat.D. extreme weather conditions may arise.27. To maintain forests as valuable"carbon sinks,"we may need to____A. preserve the diversity of species in them.B. accelerate the growth of young trees.C. lower their present carbon-absorbing capacity.D. strike a balance among different plants.28. California's Forest Carbon Plan endeavors to____A. reduce the density of some of its forests.B. cultivate more drought-resistant trees.C. find more effective ways to kill insects.D. restore its forests quickly after wildfires.29. What is essential to California's plan according to Paragraph5?A. To obtain enough financial support.B. To carry it out before the year of2020.C. To perfect the emissions-permit auctions.D. To handle the areas in serious danger first.30. The author's attitude to California's plan can best be described as____A. ambiguous.B. supportive.C. tolerant.D. cautious.Text3American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years.The complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.Congress has obstructed efforts to create a more straightforward visa for agricultural workers that would let foreign workers stay longer in the U.S.and change jobs within the industry.If this doesn't change,American businesses,communities,and consumers will be the losers.Perhaps half of U.S.farm laborers are undocumented immigrants.As fewer such workers enter the country,the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing. Today's farm laborers,while still predominantly born in Mexico,are more likely to be settled rather than migrating and more likely to be married than single.They're also aging. At the start of this century,about one-third of crop workers were over the age of35.Now, more than half are.And picking crops is hard on older bodies.One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it's been all along:Native U.S.workers won't be returning to the farm.Mechanization isn't the answer,either—not yet,at least.Production of corn,cotton, rice,soybeans,and wheat has been largely mechanized,but many high-value,labor-intensive crops,such as strawberries,need labor.Even dairy farms,where robots do a small share of milking,have a long way to go before they're automated.As a result,farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest workers using the H-2A visa to fill the gaps in the agricultural workforce.Starting around2012,requests for the visas rose sharply;from2011to2016the number of visas issued more than doubled.The H-2A visa has no numerical cap,unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural work, which is limited to66,000a year.Even so,employers complain they aren't given all the workers they need.The process is cumbersome,expensive and unreliable.One survey found that bureaucratic delays led the average H-2A worker to arrive on the job22days late.The shortage is compounded by federal immigration raids,which remove some workers and drive others underground.In a2012survey,71percent of tree-fruit growers and nearly80percent of raisin and berry growers said they were short of labor.Some western farmers have responded bymoving operations to Mexico.From1998to2000,14.5percent of the fruit Americans consumed was imported.Little more than a decade later,the share of imports was25.8 percent.In effect,the U.S.can import food or it can import the workers who pick it.31. What problem should be addressed according to the first two paragraphs?A. Flaws in U.S.immigration rules for farm workers.B. Discrimination against foreign workers in the U.S.C. Biased laws in favor of some American businesses.D. Decline of job opportunities in U.S.agriculture.32. One trouble with U.S.agricultural workforce is____A. the rising number of illegal immigrants.B. the aging of immigrant farm workers.C. the high mobility of crop workers.D. the lack of experienced laborers.33. What is the much-argued solution to the labor shortage in U.S.farming?A. To strengthen financial support for farmers.B. To attract younger laborers to farm work.C. To use more robots to grow high-value crops.D. To get native U.S.workers back to farming.34. Agricultural employers complain about the H-2A visa for its____A. control of annual admissions.B. limit on duration of stay.C. slow granting procedures.D. tightened requirements.35. Which of the following could be the best title for this text?A. Manpower vs.Automation?B. U.S.Agriculture in Decline?C. America Saved by Mexico?D. Import Food or Labor?Text4Arnold Schwarzenegger,Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you:It's easy to beat plastic.They're part of a bunch of celebrities starring in a new video for World Environment Day—encouraging you,the consumer,to swap out your single-use plastic staples to combat the plastics crisis.The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call for governments to enact legislation to curb single-use plastics.But the overarching message is directed at individuals.My concern with leaving it up to the individual,however,is our limited sense of what needs to be achieved.On their own,taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting plastic straws,for example,will accomplish little and require very little of us.They could even be harmful,satisfying a need to have"done our bit"without ever progressing onto bigger,bolder,more effective actions—a kind of"moral licensing"that eases our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping bags and straws,we're ignoring the balance of power that implies that as"consumers"we must shop sustainably,rather than as"citizens"hold our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change.It's important to acknowledge that the environment isn't everyone's priority—or even most people's.We shouldn't expect it to be.In her latest book,Why Good People Do Bad Environmental Things,Elizabeth R.DeSombre argues that the best way to collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is for the change to be structural.This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to environmentally problematic action,or banning single-use plastics altogether.India has just announced it will"eliminate all single-use plastic in the country by2022."There are also incentive-based ways of making better environmental choices easier,such as ensuring recycling is at least as easy as trash disposal.DeSombre isn't saying people should stop caring about the environment.It's just that individual actions are too slow,she says,for that to be the only,or even primary,approachto changing widespread behavior.None of this is about writing off the individual.It's just about putting things into perspective.We don't have time to wait.We need progressive policies that shape collective action,alongside engaged citizens pushing for change.36. Some celebrities star in a new video to____A. disclose the causes of the plastics crisis.B. demand new laws on the use of plastics.C. invite public opinion on the plastics crisis.D. urge consumers to cut the use of plastics.37. The author is concerned that"moral licensing"may____A. suppress our desire for success.B. mislead us into doing worthless things.C. weaken our sense of accomplishment.D. prevent us from making further efforts.38. By pointing out our identity as"citizens,"the author indicates that____A. we have been actively exercising our civil rights.B. we should press our governments to lead the combat.C. our relationship with local industries is improving.D. our focus should be shifted to community welfare.39. DeSombre argues that the best way for a collective change should be____A. a win-win arrangement.B. a top-down process.C. a self-driven mechanism.D. a cost-effective approach.40. The author concludes that individual efforts____A. are far from sufficient.B. are far from rational.C. can be too inconsistent.D. can be too aggressive.Part BDirections:Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column.There are two extra choices in the right column.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)How seriously should parents take kids'opinions when searching for a home?In choosing a new home,Camille McClain's kids had a single demand:a backyard.McClain's little ones aren't the only kids who have an opinion when it comes to housing,and in many cases youngsters'views weigh heavily on parents'real estate decisions,according to a2018Harris Poll survey of more than2,000U.S.adults.While more families buck an older-generation proclivity to leave kids in the dark about real estate decisions,realty agents and psychologists have mixed views about the financial,personal and long-term effects kids'opinions may have.The idea of involving children in a big decision is a great idea because it can help them feel a sense of control and ownership in what can be an overwhelming process,said Ryan Hooper,clinical psychologist in Chicago."Children may face serious difficulties in coping with significant moves,especially if it removes them from their current school or support system,"he said.Greg Jaroszewski,a real estate broker with Gagliardo Realty Associates,said he's not convinced that kids should be involved in selecting a home—but their opinions should be considered in regards to proximity to friends and social activities,if possible.Younger children should feel like they're choosing their home—without actually getting a choice in the matter,said Adam Bailey,real estate attorney based in New York.Asking them questions about what they like about the backyard of a potential home will make them feel like they're being included in the decision-making process,Bailey said.Many of the aspects of homebuying aren't a consideration for children,said Tracey Hampson,a real estate agent based in Santa Clarita,Calif.And placing too much emphasis on their opinions can ruin a fantastic home purchase."Speaking with your children before you make a real estate decision is wise,but Iwouldn't base the purchasing decision solely on their opinions,"Hampson said.The other issue is that many children—especially older ones—may base their real estate knowledge on HGTV shows,said Aaron Norris of The Norris Group in Riverside, Calif."They love Chip and Joanna Gaines just as much as the rest of us,"he said."HGTV has seriously changed how people view real estate.It's not shelter,it's a lifestyle.With that mindset change come some serious money consequences."Kids tend to get stuck in the features and the immediate benefits to them personally, Norris said.Parents need to remind their children that their needs and desires may change over time,said Julie Gurner,a real estate analyst with ."Their opinions can change tomorrow,"Gurner said."Harsh as it may be to say,that decision should likely not be made contingent on a child's opinions,but rather made for them with great consideration into what home can meet their needs best—and give them an opportunity to customize it a bit and make it their own."This advice is more relevant now than ever before,even as more parents want to embrace the ideas of their children,despite the current housing crunch.Section III Translation46. Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese.Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15points)It is easy to underestimate English writer James Herriot.He had such a pleasant, readable style that one might think that anyone could imitate it.How many times have I heard people say,"I could write a book.I just haven't the time."Easily said.Not so easily done.James Herriot,contrary to popular opinion,did not find it easy in his early days of, as he put it,"having a go at the writing game".While he obviously had an abundance of natural talent,the final,polished work that he gave to the world was the result of years of practising,re-writing and reading.Like the majority of authors,he had to suffer many disappointments and rejections along the way,but these made him all the more determined to succeed.Everything he achieved in life was earned the hard way and his success in the literary field was no exception.Section IV WritingPart A47. Directions:Suppose Professor Smith asked you to plan a debate on the theme of city traffic. Write an email to1) suggest a specific topic with your reasons,and2) tell him about your arrangements.You should write about100words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own e"Li Ming"instead.(10points)PartB 48. Directions:Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, youshould 1) interpret the chart,and 2) give yourcomments. You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points) 某高校2013和2018年本科毕业生去向统计 26.30% 1.30%2.60%就业升学创业2018。
2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题及答案解析
2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题及答案解析供稿：万学海文教研中心英语教研室【答案及解析】Section I Use of English1、[答案]C。
Few [试题考点]词义辨析和上下文语境[解析]此题词义辨析和上下文语境。
首句为主题句：今天，我们生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上唾手可得的世界。
空格所在句指出：我们中_____在没有电话，个人GPS或其他导航工具的情况下直接走进树林。
本句有without与few构成双重否定表肯定，根据语义应该填入few（几乎没有人），符合文意。
2、[答案]C。
run [试题考点]词组搭配[解析]此题考查词组搭配。
run on battery表示手机用电池发动，运行。
其他选项：Put on （穿上；使运转）；take on （承担；呈现）；come on （快点；开始），语义不通顺。
故正确答案为[C] run。
3、[答案]B。
If [试题考点]逻辑关系[解析]此题考查逻辑关系。
空格所在句译文：____你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，____找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航____文明。
此处为假设的情况，故填入if （如果）符合上下文的表达。
其余选项：Since （因为；自从），though （虽然），until （直到）带入后，语义不通顺。
故正确答案为[B] If。
4、[答案]D。
literally [试题考点]词义辨析[解析]空格所在句译文：____你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，____找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航____文明。
此处literally表示确实地，真正地，带入原文语义通顺：你的确找不到北方。
其余选项：Formally （正式地），relatively（相对地），gradually（逐渐地）带入后，语义不通顺。
故正确答案为[D] literally。
5、[答案]A。
back [试题考点]词义辨析和上下文语境[解析]空格所在句译文：____你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，____找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航____文明。