第八讲 引申翻译法

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英译汉中的词义确定和引申

英译汉中的词义确定和引申
4)根据名词语法特征选词义
英语中有些名词意义很活跃,许多语法特征,比如:名词的单复数形式、可数或不可数、前面有无冠词等等,都能影响词义,译法大不相同。
(1)名词的单复数词义不同,译法也有区别。例:
main(单)主线,干线mains(复)电源
mean(单)项,平均值means(复)手段,方法;财富
在进行设计的时候,我们必须要考虑许多因素。
(2)Such metals as copper and aluminum,are widely used in power industry on account of their good electrical conductivity.
像铜、铝这样的金属之所以能在电力工业中得到广泛应用,是因为它们的导电性好。
(7)After receiving high praise from the audience,the actress has her head turned.那女演员受到观众称赞后,得意忘形。(误译:那女演员……回过头来。)
(8)He is dead as I live.他的确是死了。(误译:他死了,我还活着。)
(2)The injured driver can hardly stand the pain any longer.(动词,“忍受”)
(3)Half of the membes took a stand against the proposal.(名词,“立场”)
(4)I saw one man in the whole long line pull out a paper pocket book and begin to read,standing up.(现在分词,“站立”)

8汉语意合句英译法

8汉语意合句英译法

第八讲汉语意合英译法(6777)一.英译技巧之一:增加虚词1.增连词2.增介词3.增关联词语二.英译技巧之二:增加实词1.增动词2.增分词3.增名词3.增代词4.增形容词三.英译技巧之三:合译1.让转句合译2.后句是解释合译3叙述合译4.把句子变为词组第八讲汉语意合英译法(6777)汉语以意合为主,意合是整体思维,以语义为主,以隐含为主,以想象为主构画出一个画面。

英语以形合为主,形合是形式逻辑,从词到句,从句到段,从段到篇,都有逻辑上的连接词语。

什么叫形合?英语句法学上叫hypotaxis,hypo在下,taxis分布,布置,hypotaxis就是把一个放在另一个下边,指从属关系,引申指一切用连词连结的关系,《英汉语言学词典》上的解释是:分句靠连词接连起来的做法。

如Will they start soon, or will the project be delayed. They won’t start soon because the project hasn’t been approved yet.什么叫意合?英语是parataxis,para在旁边,taxis安排,布置,parataxis的字面意思是把一个词放到另一词的旁边,意即没有用连词介词等。

《英汉语言学词典》上是:分句不用连词而只用位置并列的办法连接在一起的做法。

如I believe I was late. The man he saw came this morning.每种语言都有形合意合两种形式,只不过是英汉比较,英语形合多,是常态。

汉语意合多,是常态。

所以,英译汉,就是由形合变意合,或者是由显而隐。

英语:Even if you go there, there won’t be any result.直译:即使你去了,也不会有什么好结果。

意译:(你)去了也白去。

说明:西化翻译法可以接受,反过来,中国话很难译为英语。

英语:The wind was so strong that he found it difficult to keep on his feet.直译:风是如此之大,以致他发现站住脚是困难的。

简述语义引申的方法

简述语义引申的方法

简述语义引申的方法摘要:翻译时在译文中若找不到与原文完全对等的词时,译员应完全理解上下问,搞清其逻辑关系,从原文的意义出发,进行引申,在译文中找到恰当的词,绝不能死译或硬译,否则译文会显得晦涩。

本文对语义引申的方法作了简单的阐述。

关键词:引申具体化抽象化普通化翻译就是把源语言对等地转换为目标语言的过程,不仅包括词义对等,还包括句子对等。

奈达也说翻译的基本目的在于重现原文信息。

为此,译员就需要在词汇、语法和句子等层面上做调整,尤其是词义是否恰当对应,直接影响着句意对应。

1 词义引申往往有名词词义的引申、动词词义的引申、词组词义的引申和习惯表达、习惯语的引申如:(1) A personnel deficit has existed for years. 人员短缺的情况已经存在好多年了。

名词deficit一般指财政上的“赤字”、“亏损”,这里引申为“不足”、“短缺”。

(2)Hanoi romanced its Asian neighbors for 6 years before winning its membership in ASEAN.河内对其邻国进行了六年的亲善努力后成为东盟的一员。

动词romance本指“向……求爱”、“追求某人”,这里引申为“以亲近的方式来改善国家间的关系”。

Only those who master the mathematical ideas and reasoning become the father of science. 只有掌握了数学概念和推理能力的人,才能在科学上有所建树。

词组the father of science本是“科学之父”的意思,这里被引申为“在科学上有所建树”。

Yesterday,he began the post-mortem on his successive exam failure. 他昨天开始仔细检讨考试连续失败的原因。

post-mortem是一个习惯搭配,其意为“对尸体进行检验,以查明死者的死因”,这里被引申为“仔细检讨”。

第八讲 引申翻译法

第八讲    引申翻译法



The bottle is boiling. 壶里的水开了。 That man is always chasing after skirts. 那个男子总在用代表抽象概念或属性的 词来表示一种具体事物时,用具体化的事物来 表达,还其本来面目,使读者一目了然,如: The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green. 我前头的那辆车停住了,我错过了绿灯。


Television, the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth, is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world. 电视,这种从迅速变化和成长为标志的最普及 和最有影响力的现代技术,正在步入一个新时 代,一个极为成熟和多样化的时代,这将重塑 我们的生活和世界。


2、从句法层面来看,引申可分为: ---根据逻辑需要进行的引申 ---根据语用需要而进行的引申 ---根据修辞而进行的引申

New York has the poorest millionaires, the smallest great men, the haughtiest beggars, the plainest beauties, the lowest skyscrapers, the dolefulest pleasures of any town I ever saw.

词义的引申

词义的引申

从抽象到具体转换法
• 英语中也有用代表抽象概念或属性 的词语来表示一种具体事物, 的词语来表示一种具体事物,翻译 时可作具体化处理。 时可作具体化处理。
具体化引申
• The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green. • 我前头的那辆车停住了,我错过了绿 灯。 • A real good friend should be one offering timely help. • 真正的好朋友应该是雪中送炭。
•In humans,if the mother is ailing, the child suffers. We are the cause of the ailing planet and we are the victims. • 就人类而言,母亲生病,孩子就会 受苦;既然我们造成了地球上的生 态失衡,就得自作自受 。
引申翻译法 英译汉时, 英译汉时,有时会遇到某些词在词典上无法 找到适当的意思对应,如果任意翻译,生拉硬套, 找到适当的意思对应,如果任意翻译,生拉硬套, 会使译文生硬晦涩,不能表达原意, 会使译文生硬晦涩,不能表达原意,甚至造成误 这时应根据上下文和逻辑关系, 解。这时应根据上下文和逻辑关系,从该词的根 本含义出发,进一步加以引申, 本含义出发,进一步加以引申,选择适当的汉语 词语来表达。以下介绍抽象与具体转换互译法。 词语来表达。以下介绍抽象与具体转换互译法。
•I am too old a dog to learn new tricks. •我们上年纪了,学不会新道道儿。 • I wonder whether he is a Trojan Horse. • 我不知道他是否是个内奸。
• Too many of us just sit back and say “I’ll let the experts deal with it.” • 我们大多数人只是袖手旁观,还会 说:“让专家去ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้理吧。

词义引申翻译法

词义引申翻译法

2. 句法层面上引申的分类
1)逻辑引申 2)语用引申 3)修辞性引申 4)概念范围的调整
1)逻辑引申
• 翻译时,根据上下文 的逻辑关系,运用符 合目的语习惯的表现 法,选用确切的词句, 将原文内容的实质准 确地表达出来。
1)逻辑引申
• 1) Our unique concept was a response to buyer needs, bringing greater reliability, higher-quality output, exceptional use-friendliness and operational ease. • 我们唯一的理念就是:对于购买者 的需求有求必应,生产可靠性更高、 质量更优的产品,让他们使用时特 别方便,操作时特别轻松。
1)逻辑引申
• manage/continue/promise + to do
• 用以说明后面动词不定式中动词的行 事方式或时间,相当于助动词作用。 • 例:He managed to carry the heavy suitcase into the house alone. • 他好不容易一个人把那只很重的箱子 搬进了屋。
4)概念范围的调整
• 词的概念范围常常应在 具体的语境中加以调整, 或扩大外延而缩小内涵, 或缩小外延而丰富内涵。
4)概念范围的调整
词义引申的层次
近似 深化
升华
4)概念范围的调整
• 1) In their rush, these companies have neglected the hardest part of doing business in China; the people part. The result is that many have jeopardized their performance in the long run. • 这些公司在一拥而入之中忽略了在 中国经营最艰巨的问题,即人的问 题,结果许多公司严重损害了他们 的远期经营业绩。

英汉翻译中的词义引申

英汉翻译中的词义引申

英汉翻译中的词义引申摘要】英语词汇和汉语词汇各有各的特征,存在很大差异。

因此,在英汉翻译中,为了达到忠实原文的目的,真正实现两种文化的沟通与移植,我们应该对在译语中所选择的词语进行仔细斟酌和揣摩。

本文通过实例介绍了英汉翻译中常用的几种词义引申法:逻辑引申、语用引申、修辞性引申和概念范围的调整。

【关键词】词义逻辑引申语用引申修辞性引申概念范围的调整【中图分类号】H315.9 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】1006-9682(2008)12-0039-03【Abstract】There exists great differences between English vocabulary and Chinese vocabulary. As a result, we should take the selected words for translation into careful consideration in order to make the translation be loyal to the original and really realize the communication and transplant between two cultures. This essay introduces the common methods of extension of word meaning through the actual examples:logical extension, pragmatic extension, rhetorical extension and adjustment of conpect scale.【Key words】Word meaning Logical extension Pragmatic extension Rhetorical extension Adjustment of conpect scale一、引言语言是文化的载体,同时又是文化的重要组成部分。

英语翻译技巧之词义引申

英语翻译技巧之词义引申

英语翻译技巧之词义引申引申是指从原词的内在含义出发,结合语境和译入语的表达习惯,在译文中对某些词作一定的语义调整,以达到忠实、通顺的目的。

英译汉时常常会遇到许多单词,按词典上给的词义来翻译,译文就会生硬难懂,甚至造成意思上的曲解。

(1)具体———抽象经典例题: Were it left to an American to decide whether they should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without a government,he should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.参考译文: 如果让一个美国人决定要没有言论自由的政府还是要言论自由而无政府的国家,他会毫不犹豫地选择后者。

经典例题: There were times when emigration bottleneck was extremely rigid and nobody was allowed to leave the country out of his personal preference.分析: bottleneck本指“瓶颈”,由于具有使缓慢和阻滞的效果,因而被抽象地引申为“限制”。

参考译文: 过去有过这种情况: 移民限制极为严格,不许任何人出于个人考虑而迁居他国。

(2)抽象———具体经典例题: While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians,modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.参考译文: 几乎每个史学家对史学都有自己的界定,但现代史学家们的观点都趋向于认为史学是试图重现并阐明过去发生的.重大事件。

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The Qingming Festival sees a combination of sadness and happiness. This is the most important day of sacrifice. Both the Han and minority ethnic groups at this time offer sacrifices to their ancestors and sweep the tombs of the deceased. Also, they will not cook on this day and only cold food is served.

她的17英寸的腰围,在附近三个县里算是最细 的了,这身衣服把她的细腰束得尽善尽美,年 方16岁的她,乳房已经十分丰满,那紧而贴身 的小马甲,更使其跃然显现。


Qingming Festival The Qingming (Pure Brightness) Festival is one of the 24 seasonal division points in China, falling on April 4-6 each year. After the festival, the temperature will rise up and rainfall increases. It is the high time for spring plowing and sowing. But the Qingming Festival is not only a seasonal point to guide farm work, it is more a festival of commemoration.


Although he still continued to be read, William James was considered by some of his contemporaries to be a scientific embarrassment. 尽管仍然有人在阅读威廉.詹姆斯的著作,但 他的一些同时代的人却认为他是一个在科学方 面令人尴尬的人物。


英语词语所需引申方知其义,因为英语里词语 的意义多取决于语境: You know a word by the company it keeps. Words do not have meaning, but people have meaning for them.(词本无义,义随人生)
英汉互译中


There are many legends about the evolution of the festival, the most popular of which is in commemoration of Qu Yuan (340-278 BC). Qu Yuan was minister of the State of Chu and one of China's earliest poets. In face of great pressure from the powerful Qin State, he advocated enriching the country and strengthening its military forces so as to fight against the Qin.



Dragon Boat Festival The Dragon Boat Festival, the 5th day of the 5th lunar month, has had a history of more than 2,000 years. It is usually in June in the Gregorian calendar.


Television, the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth, is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world. 电视,这种从迅速变化和成长为标志的最普及 和最有影响力的现代技术,正在步入一个新时 代,一个极为成熟和多样化的时代,这将重塑 我们的生活和世界。


In contrast to the sadness of the tomb sweepers, people also enjoy hope of Spring on this day. The Qingming Festival is a time when the sun shines brightly, the trees and grass become green and nature is again lively. Since ancient times, people have followed the custom of Spring outings. At this time tourists are everywhere.


2、从句法层面来看,引申可分为: ---根据逻辑需要进行的引申 ---根据语用需要而进行的引申 ---根据修辞而进行的引申

New York has the poorest millionaires, the smallest great men, the haughtiest beggars, the plainest beauties, the lowest skyscrapers, the dolefulest pleasures of any town I ever saw.

纽约有的是最贫穷的百万富翁,最矮小的伟人, 最目空一切的草包,最普通的美女,最低矮的 摩天大楼和最令人悲哀的娱乐,这一切比我所 见过的任何城市都有过之而无不及。
矛盾修辞 法

纽约有的是心灵最空虚的百万富翁,人格最渺 小的伟人,最目空一切的草包,最使人瞧不上 眼的美女,最卑鄙龌龊的摩天大楼和最令人悲 哀的娱乐,这一切比我所见过的任何城市都有 过之而无不及。


The bottle is boiling. 壶里的水开了。 That man is always chasing after skirts. 那个男子总在不断地追逐女人。



---具体化引申:指用代表抽象概念或属性的 词来表示一种具体事物时,用具体化的事物来 表达,还其本来面目,使读者一目了然,如: The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green. 我前头的那辆车停住了,我错过了绿灯。




1、从词义角度看,引申可分为: ---抽象化引申:对原文中某些字面意义明确 的具体的词,采用汉语中的含义抽象、概括的 词语来表达出来,如: I’m a child in these matters. 对于这种事我毫无经验。 Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of superstition. 愚昧是迷信之源,也是恐惧之源。

The dress set off to perfection the seventeeninch waist, the smallest in three counties, and tightly fitting basque showed breasts well matured for her sixteen years.

英语中有些动词,如manage, continue, promise等,在其后接动词不定式时,这些动 词本身不承载主要信息,它们往往用以说明其 后面动词不定式中动词的形式方式或时间,因 此它们的功能相当于一个助动词


He managed to carry the heavy suitcase into the house alone. 他好不容易一个人把那只很重的箱子搬进了屋 子。



If a man empties his purse into his head, no man can take it away from him, an investment in knowledge always pays the best interest. 倾己所有追求知识,没有人能夺走它;向知识 投资,收益最佳。 Purse引申为“金钱” 具体到抽象 Head引申为“知识”


引申翻译法: ---就是根据上下文的内在联系,从原词句基 本意义出发,根据具体语境和目的语表达习惯, 透过句中词或词组乃至整句的字面意义由表及 里,对某些词语作一定的语义调整,将其改变 为一种适于表达原文精神实质的新义,运用一 些符合汉语习惯的表现法,选用确切的汉语词 句,将原文内容实质准确地表达出来


People love to fly kites during the Qingming Festival. Kite flying is actually not limited to the Qingming Festival. Its uniqueness lies in that people fly kites not during the day, but also at night. A string of little lanterns tied onto the kite or the thread look like shining stars, and therefore, are called "god's lanterns."
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