川大2019年公共政策考博考试真题
川大博士英语考试真题
Part I Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: There are 8 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the best one and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1Electronics works as a slave on the sea-bed and in space; in marketing and on the moon; in hospitals and on the race track. And yet this revolution only began with the thermionic valve, developed after the Wright brothers first proved that heavier-than-air machines could fly. Radio was the first practical and commercial development, the second leap forward came in 1947 with the more mature semiconductor technology. Then came a new world of solid state devices on a miniature scale, offering unparalleled benefits of speed and cost.Pre-transistor equipment is now viewed as crude and clumsy, yet it manages to produce such far-reaching techniques as radar. Computers made before the transistor were elementary, enormous and slow by modern standards. The revolution reached its peak in the late1950s, with the successful breakthrough into the world of micro-electronics. This is a new series of micro-miniature electronic devices in the solid state, offering almost limitless scope in designing and producing complete circuits on a tiny chip of silicon, not much bigger than a pin-head. However, the conventional technology of the day----based on the transistor----had been developed to quite a sophisticated level. Thus it was possible to fit essential electronics to earth satellites and space probes, to take the computer to a more advanced stage and to start an entirely new industry. Today micro-electronics stands as the foundation of the industry’s total fut ure, offering vast potentialities. The scene in the next century cannot be precisely predicted, but clearly the efforts of this industry will be aimed at making life easier. Advanced electronic control techniques will take the drudgery out of most work; the factory and office will largely be the arena of automation and even housework will be more a question of efficient programming, rather than of tedious chores.This outlook poses some of the largest problems that this relatively young industry has had to face. Until recently, the electronics industry has been more concerned with developing the technology. Now many of the applications dictate the technology. Yesterday it was hard to imagine another breakthrough as important as the silicon integrated circuit----today we are entering a new world----the world of the microprocessor, just fifteen years after the industry came to adolescence.1.How are the pre-transistor computers viewed nowa.Pre-transistor computers are now viewed as crude and clumsy.b.Pre-transistor computers managed to produce far-reachingtechniques.c.Pre-transistor computers are now viewed as elementary, enormous andslow.d.Pre-transistor computers are mow viewed as modern and advanced.2.When did micro-electronics come into beinga.In1947.b.In the late 1950s.c.When a new world of solid state devices on a miniature scale came.d.When computers were made.3.What are the different stages of the development of electronicsa.Thermionic valve----semicondutor ---- solid statedevices----microprocessor.b.Solid state devices----micro-electronics----integrated circuit.c.Thermionic valve----micro-electronics----integrated circuit.d.Thermionic valve ----solid state devices----micro-electronics----microprocessor.4.What is the latest development of electronicsa.The world of the microprocessor.b.The silicon integrated circuit.c.The complete circuits on a tiny chip of silicon.d.Efficient programming.5.What is the best title for the articlea.The Advanced Industry of Electronics.b.The Role of the Electronicsc.Problems Posed by Electronics.d.The Young Industry of Electronics.Passage 2Can a computer think Thai depends on what you mean by “think”. If solving a mathematical problem is “thinking”, then a computer can “think” and do so much faster than a man. Of course, most mathematical problems can be solved quite mechanically by repeating certain straightforward processes over and over again. Even the simple computers of today can be geared for that.It is frequently said that computers solve problems only because they are “programmed” to do so. They can only do what men have them do. One must remember that human beings also can only do what they are “programmed” to do. Our genes “program” us the instant the fertilized ovum is formed, and our potentialities are limited by that “program”.Our “program” is so much more enormously complex, though, that we mightlike to define “thinking” in terms of the creativity that goes into writing a great play or composing a great symphony, in conceiving a brilliant scientific theory or a profound ethical judgment. In that sense, computers certainly can’t think and neither can most humans.Surely, though, if a computer can be made complex enough, it can be made as creative as we. If it could be as complex as a human brain, it could be the equivalent of a human brain and do whatever a human brain can do.To suppose anything else is to suppose that there is more to the human brain than the matter that composes it. The brain is made up of cells in a certain arrangement and the cells are made up of atoms and molecules in certain arrangements. If anything else is there, no signs of it have ever been detected. To duplicate the material complexity of the brain is to duplicate everything about it.But how long will it take to build a computer complex enough to duplicate the human brain Perhaps not as long as some think. Long before we approach anything as complex as our brain, we will perhaps build a computer that is at least complex enough to design another computer more complex than itself. This more complex computer could design one still more complex and so on.In other words, once we pass a certain critical point, the computers take over and there is a “complexity explosion”. In a very short time thereafter, computers may exist that not only duplicate the human brain----but far surpass it.6.What is the best title for the passagea.How to Duplicate Human Brainsb.Can a Computer Thinkc.How Does a Computer Solve a Mathematical Problemd.How Do Human Beings Think7.What does the passage tell us about computers of todaya.Unlike human beings, they have to be programmed before they can doanything.b.They are as complex as humans.c.They are the equivalents of human brains.d.They can duplicate human brains.8.In what sense does the writer think that humans are programmeda.They are different from each other.b.Our potentialities are limited by that “program”.c.Their characteristics, powers, etc. are fixed before birth.d.We should define “thinking” in terms of creativity.9.What does the writer think about the human braina.It is a very complex arrangement of atoms and molecules in cells.b.It is made up of cells in a certain arrangement.c.It is more complex than computer, so it can do everything a computercan do.d.It is made up of atoms and molecules.10.As it is used in the second paragraph of the passage, what does theword “ovum” meana. Cellb. Moleculesc. Germ.d. A female germ or sex cell.Passage 3In November 1965, New York was blacked out by an electricity failure. The authorities promised that it would not happen again. Pessimists were certain that it would occur within five years at the latest. In July 1977, there was a repeat performance which produced varying degrees of chaos throughout the city of eight million people. In 1965, the failure occurred in the cool autumn and at a time of comparative prosperity. In 1977, the disaster was much more serious because it came when unemployment was high and the city was suffering from one of its worst heat waves.In 1965, there was little crime or looting during the darkness, and fewer than a hundred people were arrested. In 1977, hundreds of stores were broken into and looted. Looters smashed shop windows and helped themselves to jewelry, clothes or television sets. Nearly 4000 people were arrested but far more disappeared into the darkness of the night. The number of policemen available was quite inadequate and they wisely refrained from using their guns against mobs which far outnumbered them and included armed men.Hospitals had to treat hundreds of people cut by glass from shop windows. Banks and most businesses remained closed the next day. The blackout started at 9:30 ., when lightning hit knocked out vital cables. Many stores were thus caught by surprise.The vast majority of New Yorkers, however, were not involved in looting. They helped strangers, distributed candles and batteries, and tried to survive in a nightmare world without traffic lights, refrigerators, elevators, water and electrical power. For twenty-four hours, New York realized how helpless it was without electricity.11.Look at the first paragraph, Who were right: the authorities or thepessimistsa. The authorities.b. Bothc. The pessimists.d.Neither12.In what way was the blackout of 1977 not really a repeat performancea.There was much more disorder.b.This time the electricity supply failed.c.It was quite unexpected.d.It did not occur within five years of 1965.13. What caused the blackout in July 1977a.Excessive heat probably made people switch on too many electricalappliances.b.Because of unemployment, some machines were not in proper order.c.During a storm, lighting damaged supply cables.d.The passage does not mention the cause.14. Why did many looters manage to escapea.The police could not see them in the dark.b.Many of the looters were armed with guns.c.There were not enough policemen to catch them all.d.They were hidden inside big buildings.15. How long did the 1977 New York electricity failure lasta. A whole week.b. Twenty-four hours.c. Three days.d. A whole night.Passage 4Petroleum products, such as gasoline, kerosene, home heating oil, residual fuel oil, and lubricating oils, come from one source----crude oil found below the earth’s surface, as well as under large bodes of water, from a few hundred feet below the surface to as deep as 25000 feet into the earth’s interior. Sometime crude oil is secured by drilling a hole through the earth, but more dry holes are drilled than those producing oil. Pressure at the source or pumping forces crude oil to the surface.Crude oil wells flow at varying rates, from ten to thousands of barrels per hour. Petroleum products are always measured in 42-gallon barrels.Petroleum products vary greatly in physical appearance: thin or thick, transparent or opaque, but their chemical composition is made up of only two elements: carbon and hydrogen, which form compounds called hydrocarbons Other chemical elements found in union with the hydrocarbons are few and are classified as impurities. Trace elements are also found but these are of such minute quantities that they are disregarded. The combination of carbon and hydrogen forms many thousands of compounds which are possible because of the various positions and joinings of these two atoms in the hydrocarbon molecule.The various petroleum products are refined from the crude oil by heating and condensing the vapors. These products are the so-called light oils, such as gasoline, kerosene, and distillate oil. The residue remaining after the light oils are distilled is known as heavy or residual fuel oil and is used mostly for burning under boilers. Additional complicated refining process rearrange the chemical structure of the hydrocarbons to produce other products,some of which are used to upgrade and increase the octane rating of various types of gasoline.16. Which of the following is NOT truea.Crude oil is found below land and water.b.Crude oil is always found a few hundred feet below the surface.c.Pumping and pressure force crude oil to the surface.d. A variety of petroleum products is obtained from crude oil.17. Many thousands of hydrocarbon compounds are possible becausea.the petroleum product vary greatly in physical appearance.plicated refining processes rearrange the chemical structure.c.the two atoms in the molecule assume many positions.d.the pressure needed to force it to the surface causes moleculartransformation.18. Which of the following is truea.The various petroleum products are produced by filtration.b.Heating and condensation produce the various products.c.Chemical separation is used to produce the various products.d.Mechanical means such as the centrifuge are used to produce the variousproducts.19. How is crude oil brought to surfacea.Expansion of the hydrocarbons.b.Pressure and pumping.c.Vacuum created in the drilling pipe.d.Expa nsion and contraction of the earth’s surface.20. Which of the following is NOT listed as a light oila. Distillate oil.b. Lubricating oil.c. Gasoline.d. Kerosene.Passage 5A new era is upon us. Call it what you will: the service economy, the information age, the knowledge society. It translated to a fundamental change in the way we work. Already we’re partly there. The percentage of people who earn their living by making things has fallen dramatically in the Western World. Today the majority of jobs in America, Europe and Japan (two thirds or more in many or these countries) are in the service industry, and the number is on the rise. More women are in the work force than ever before. There are more part-time jobs. More people are self-employed. But the breadth of the economic transformation can’t be measured by numbers alone, because it also is giving rise to a radical new way of thinking about the nature of work itself. Long-held notions about jobs and careers, the skills needed to succeed, even the relation between individuals and employers—all these are being changed.We have only to look behind us to get some sense of what may lie ahead. No one looking ahead 20 years possibly could have foreseen the ways in which a single invention, the chip(集成电路), would transform our world thanks to its applications in personal computers, digital communications and factory robots. Tomorrow’s achievements in biotechnology, artificial intelligence or even some still unimagined technology could produce a similar wave of dramatic changes. But one thing is certain; information and knowledge will become even more vital, and the people who possess it, whether they work in manufacturing or services, will become even more vital, and the people who possess it, whether they work in manufacturing or services, will have the advantage and produce the wealth. Computer knowledge will become as basic a requirement as the ability to read and write. The ability to solve problems by applying information instead of performing routine tasks will be above all else. If you cast your mind ahead 10 years, information services will be predominant. It will be the way you do your job.21. A characteristic of the information age is that ________.a.the service industry is relying more and more on the female work forceb.manufacturing industries are steadily increasingc.people find it harder to earn a living by working in factoriesd.most of the job opportunities can now be found in service industry22. One of the great changes brought about by the knowledge society is that_______.a.the difference between the employee and the employer has becomeinsignificantb.people’s traditional concepts about work no longer hold truec.most people have to take part-time jobsd.people have to change their jobs from time to time23. By referring to computers and other inventions, the author means to saythat _________.a.people should be able to respond quickly to the advancement oftechnologyb.future achievements in technology will bring about inconceivabledramatic changesc.the importance of high technology has been overlookedputer science will play a leading role in the future informationservices24. The future will probably belong to those who ________.a.possess and know how to make use of informationb.give full play to their brain potentialc.involve themselves in service industriesd.cast their minds ahead instead of looking back25. Which of the following would be the best title for the passageputers and the Knowledge Society.b.Service Industries in Modern Society.c.Features and Implications of the New Era.d.Rapid Advancement of Information Technology.Passage 6Since we are social beings, the quality of our lives depends in large measure on our interpersonal relationships. One strength of the human condition is our tendency to give and receive support from one another under stressful circumstances. Social support consists of the exchange of resources among people based on their interpersonal ties. Those of us with strong support systems appear better able to cope with major life changes and daily hassles(困难). People with strong social ties live longer and have better health than those without such ties. Studies over a range of illnesses, from depression to heart disease, reveal that the presence of social support helps people fend off(挡开) illness, and the absence of such support makes poor health more likely.Social support cushions stress in a number of ways. First, friends, relatives, and co-workers may let us know that they value us. Our self-respect is strengthened when we feel accepted by others despite our faults and difficulties. Second, other people often provide us with informational support. They help us to define and understand our problems and find solutions to them. Third, we typically find social companionship supportive. Engaging in leisure-time activities with others helps us to meet our social needs while at the same time to distract(转移……注意力) us from our worries and troubles. Finally, other people may give us instrumental support—financial aid, material resources, and needed services—that reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems.26. Interpersonal relationships are important because ________.a.they are indispensable to people’s social well-beingb.they awaken people’s desire to exchange resourcesc.they help people to cope with life in the information erad.they can cure a range of illnesses such as heart disease, etc.27. Research shows that people’s physical and mental health _________.a.relies on the social welfare systems which support themb.has much to do with the amount of support they get from othersc.depends on their ability to deal with daily worries and troublesd.is closely related to their strength for coping with major change sintheir lives28. Which of the following is cl osest in meaning to the word “cushions”a. Adds up to.b. Does away with.c. Lessens the effect of.d. Lays the foundation for.29. Helping a sick neighbor with some repair work is an example of ________.a. instrumental supportb. informational supportc. social companionshipd. the strengthening of self-respect30. Social companionship is beneficial in that _______.a.it helps strengthen our ties with relativesb.it enables us to eliminate our faults and mistakesc.it make sour leisure-time activities more enjoyabled.it draws our attention away from our worries and troublesPassage 7The temperature of the Sun is over 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit at the surface, but it rises to perhaps more than 16 million degrees at the center. The Sun is so much hotter than the Earth that matter can exist only as gas, except at the core. In the core of the Sun, the pressures are so great against the gases that, despite the high temperature, there may be a small solid core. However, no one really knows, since the center of the Sun can never be directly observed.Solar astronomers do know that the Sun is divided into five layers or zones. Starting at the outside and going down into the Sun, the zones are the corona, chromospheres, photosphere, convection zone, and finally the core. The first three zones are regarded as the Sun’s atmosphere. But since the Sun has no solid surface, it is hard to tell where the atmosphere ends and the main body of the Sun begins.The Sun’s outermost layer be gins about 10,000 miles above the visible surface and goes outward for millions of miles. This is the only part of the Sun that can be seen during an eclipse such as the one in February 1979. At any other time, the corona can be seen only when special instruments are used on cameras and telescopes to shut out the glare of the Sun’s rays.The corona is a brilliant, pearly white, filmy light, about as bright as the full Moon. Its beautiful rays are a sensational sight during an eclipse. The corona’s rays flas h out in a brilliant fan that has wispy spike like rays near the Sun’s north and south poles. The corona is thickest at the Sun’s equator.The corona rays are made up of gases streaming outward at tremendous speeds and reaching a temperature of more than 2 million degrees Fahrenheit. The rays of gas thin out as they reach the space around the planets. By the time the Sun’s corona rays reach the Earth, they are weak and invisible.31. All of the following are parts of the Sun’s atmosphere EXCEPT the________.a. coronab. chromospheresc. photosphered. core32. It can be inferred from the passage that a clear view of the Sun’s outerlayer is usually prevented by ______.a. the Sun’s raysb. an eclipsec. lack of lightd. the great distance33. With what topic is the second paragraph mainly concerneda.How the Sun evolves.b.The structure of the Sun.c.Why scientists study the Sun.d.The distance of the Sun from the planets.34. According to the passage, as the corona rays reach the planets, they become________.a. hotterb. clearerc. thinnerd. stronger35. The paragraphs following the passage most likely discuss which ofthe followinga.The remaining layers of the Sun.b.The evolution of the Sun to its present form.c.The eclipse of February 1979.d.The scientists who study astronomy.Passage 8The concept of “environment” is certainly difficult and may even be misunderstood; but we have no handy substitute. It seems simple enough to distinguish between the organism and the surrounding environment and to separate forces acting on an organism into those that are internal and biological and those that are external and environmental. But in actual practice this system breaks down in may ways, because the organism and the environment are constantly interacting so that the environment is modified by the organism and vice versa(反之亦然).In the case of man, the difficulties with the environmental concept are even more complicated because we have to deal with man as an animal and with man as a bearer(持有者) of culture. If we look at man as an animal and try to analyze the environmental forces that are acting on the organism, we find that we have to deal with things like climate, soil, plants, and such-like factors common to all biological situations; but we also find, always, very important environmental influences that we can only class as “cultural”, which modify the physical and biological factors. But man, as we know him, is always a bearer of culture; and if we study human culture, we find that it, in turn, is modified by the environmental factors of climate and geography. We thus easily get into great difficulties from the necessity of viewingculture, at one moment, as a part of the man and, at another moment, as a part of the environment.36. Which of the following words can best describe the popular understandingof “environment” as the author sees ita. Elaborate.b. Prejudiced.c. Faultless.d. Oversimplified.37. According to the author the concept of “environment” is difficult toexplain because _______.a.it doesn’t distinguish between the organism and the environmentb.it involves both internal and external forcesc.the organism and the environment influence each otherd.the relationship between the organism and environment is unclear38. In analyzing the environmental forces acting on man the author suggeststhat __________.a.biological factors are less important to the organism than culturalfactors to manb.man and other animals are modified equally by the environmental forcesc.man is modified by the cultural environment as well as by the naturalenvironmentd.physical and biological factors exert more influence on other organismthan on man39. As for culture, the author points out that _______.a.it develops side by side with environmental factorsb.it is also affected by environmentc.it is generally accepted to be part of the environmentd.it is a product of man’s biological instincts40. In this passage, the author is primarily concerned with _________.a.the interpretation of the term “environment”b.the discussion of the organism and biological environmentc.the comparison between internal and external factors influencing mand.the evaluation of man’s influence on culturePart II Cloze (20 points )Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the One that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.During recent years we have heard much about “race”: how this race does certain things and that race believes certain things and so on. Yet, the __41__ phenomenon of race consists of a few surface indications.We judge race usually __42__ the coloring of the skin: a white race, abrown race, a yellow race and a black race. But __43__ you were to remove the skin you could not __44__ anything about the race to which the individual belonged. There is __45__ in physical structure. The brain or the internal organs to __46__ a difference.There are four types of blood. __47__ types are found in every race, and n o type is distinct to any race. Human brains are the __48__. No scientists could examine a brain and told you the race to which the individual belonged. Brains will __49__ in size, but this occurs within every race. __50__ does size have anything to do with intelligence. The largest brain __51__ examined belonged to a person of weak __52__. On the other hand, some of our most distinguished people have had __53__ brains.Mental tests which are reasonably __54__ show no differences in intelligence between races. High and low test results both can be recorded by different members of any race. __55__ equal educational advantages, there will be no difference in average standings, either on account of race or geographical location.Individuals of every race __56__ civilization to go backward or forward. Training and education can change the response of a group of people, __57__ enable them to behave in a __58__ way.The behavior and ideas of people change according to circumstances, but they can always go back or go on to something new __59__ is better and higher than anything __60__ the past.41. a. complete b. full c. total d. whole42. a. in b. from c. at d. on43. a. since b. if c. as d. while44. a. speak b. talk c. tell d. mention45. a. something b. everythingc. nothingd. anything46. a. display b. indicate c. demonstrate d. appear47. a. All b. Most c. No d. Some48. a. same b. identical c. similar d. alike49. a. remain b. increase c. decrease d. vary50. a. Only b. Or c. Nor d. So51. a. ever b. then c. never d. once52. a. health b. body c. mind d. thought53. a. big b. small c. minor d. major54. a. true b. exact c. certain d. accurate55. a. Provided b. Concerningc. Givend. Following56. a. make b. cause c. move d. turn。
2019年公共政策分析题库.doc
公共政策试题库（1）单项选择100题（2）多项选择100题（3）填空100题（4）名词解释100题（5）简答50题（6）论述50题。
一、单项选择题（100题）1.公共政策学的创立者是（ B ）A．勒纳 B．拉斯韦尔C．德洛尔 D．马克思2. 研究者对政策过程进行_______观察和分析的情况下，公共政策学才有可能产生。
( A ） A．直接地或比较直接地 B．认真地、正确地C．间接地 D．客观地3. 以下那部作品很可能是全世界最早的政策案例著作。
（ D ） A．《史记》 B．《吕氏春秋》C．《论语》 D．《智囊补》4. 马克斯·韦伯强烈地主张对社会、政治现象进行文化解释，甚至将社会科学称为（ A ）A．文化科学 B．文明科学C．行为科学 D．经验科学5. 决策科学的研究对象是（ A ） A．决策活动 B．组织活动C．政策执行活动 D．政策制定活动6. 公共政策学的研究对象是（ B ） A．公共组织 B．公共政策C．公共秩序 D．社会伦理7.以下哪个模型假定决策者是“理性人”。
（ A ） A．理性主义 B．渐进主义C．政治系统 D．精英主义8. “上下来去”模型所依据的哲学认识论是（ B ） A．逻辑实证主义 B．辩证唯物主义C．历史辩证法 D．理性主义9. 以下哪种研究是分析哪些因素是怎样影响政策主体的选择行为的，是怎样影响政策过程的各个环节的，影响的性质和程度怎样。
（ D ） A．决策行为 B．政策评估C．政策监督 D．政策过程10.哪种模型把政策过程假定为输入——决策——输出——反馈这一系统运行过程。
（ A ） A．政治系统 B．精英主义C．混合扫描 D．规范最佳11. 在公共政策学的发展史上，对政策过程的研究前期重点是（ A ）A．政策的制定 B．政策的执行C．政策的监控 D．政策的评估12. 在公共政策学的发展史上，对政策过程研究后期的重点是（ B ）A．政策的制定 B．政策的执行C．政策的监控 D．政策的评估13. 国家权力通过制定公共政策来履行其政治统治和社会管理职能，因此公共政策在总体上是________的体现。
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四川大学2019年博士研究生入学英语考试题-14页word资料
四川大学2019年招收攻读博士研究生入学考试英语试题(第一类)Part 1 Reading Comprehension (30 points)Passage 1As the horizons of science have expanded, two main groups of scientists have emerged. One is the pure scientist; the other, the applied scientist. The pure or theoretical scientist does original research in order to understand the basic laws of nature that govern our world. The applied scientist adapts this knowledge to practical problems. Neither is more important than the other, however, for the two groups are very much related. Sometimes, however, the applied scientist finds the "problem" for the theoretical scientist to work on. Let's take a particular problem of the aircraft industry: heat-resistant metals. Many of the metals and alloys which perform satisfactorily in a car cannot be used in a jet-propelled plane. New alloys must be used, because the jet engine operates at a much higher temperature than an automobile engine. The turbine wheel in a turbojet must withstand temperatures as high as 1,600 degrees Fahrenheit, so aircraft designers had to turn to the research metallurgist for the development of metals and alloys that would do the job in jet-propelled planes. Dividing scientists into two groups is only one broad way of classifying them, however. When scientific knowledge was very limited, there was no need for men to specialize. Today, with the great body of scientific knowledge, scientists specialize in many different fields. Within each field, there is even further subdivision. And, with finer and finer subdivisions, the various sciences have become more and more interrelated until no one branch is entirely independent of the' others. Many new specialties --geophysics and biochemistry, for example -- have resulted from combining the knowledge of two or more sciences.1. The applied scientist ______.A. is not always interested in practical problemsB. provides the basic knowledge for practiceC. applies the results of research to practiceD. does original research to understand the basic laws of nature2. The example given in the passage illustrates how ___.A. pure science operates independently of applied scienceB. the applied scientist discovers the basic laws of natureC. applied science defines all the areas in which basic research is doneD. applied science suggests problems for the basic scientist3. The problem discussed in the second paragraph called for____.A. selecting the best hear-resistant metal from existing metalsB. developing a turbine wheel capable of generating heat up to 1,600 degrees FahrenheitC. developing metals and alloys that would withstand terrific temperaturesD. causing the jet engine to operate at higher temperatures4. Finer mad finer subdivision in the field of science has resulted in_____.A. greater independence of each scienceB. greater interdependence of all the various sciencesC. the eradication of the need for specialistsD. the need for only on classification of scientists5. "The horizons of science have expanded" means that____.A. the horizon changes its size from year to yearB. science has developed more fields of endeavorC. scientists have made great progress in studying the horizonD. scientists can see further out into spacePassage 2In The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society, Revised and Enlarged Edition (W. W. Norton) Schlesinger provides deep insights into the crises of nationhood in America. A new chapter assesses the impact both of radical multiculturalism and radical multiculturalism on the Bill of rights. Written with his usual clarity and force, the book brings a noted historian's wisdom and perspective to bear on America's "culture wars". Schlesinger addresses the questions: What holds a nation together? And what does it mean to be an American? Describing the emerging cult of ethnicity, Schlesinger praises its healthy effect on a nation long shamed by a history of prejudice and narrow-mindedness. But he warns against the campaign of multicultural advocates to divide the nation into separate ethnic and racial communities. From the start, he observes, the United States has been a multicultural nation, rich in its diversity but held together by a shared commitment to the democratic process and by the freedom of intermarriage. It was this national talent for assimilation that impressed foreign visitors like Alexis de Tocqueville and James Bryce, and it is this historic goal that Schlesinger champions as the best hope for the future. Schlesinger analyzes what he sees as grim consequences of identity politics: the widening of differences. Attacks on theFirst Amendment, he argues, threaten intellectual freedom and, ultimately, the future of the ethnic groups. His criticisms are not limited to the left. As a former target of McCarthyism, he understands that the radical right is even more willing than the radical left to restrict and weaken the Bill of Rights. The author does not minimize the injustices concealed by the "melting pot" dream. The Disuniting of America is both academic and personal, forceful in argument, balanced in judgment. It is a book that will no doubt anger some readers, but it will surely make all of them think again. The winner of Pulitzer Prizes for history and for biography, an authoritative voice of American liberalism, Schlesinger is uniquely positioned to bring bold answers and healing wisdom to this passionate debate over who we are and what we should become.6. According to Schlesinger, the United States is_____.A. a melting potB. a nation with diverse cultures held together by the democratic processC. a federation of ethnic and racial communitiesD. a nation with various ethnic and racial groups7. We can infer from the passage that Schlesinger______.A. advocates the assimilation of different cultures into one nationhoodB. prefers multiculturalism to multiculturalismC. gives full support to the emerging cult of ethnicityD. holds that each racial group should keep its distinct identity8. The author wants to tell us that America_____.A. is experiencing a crisis of nationhoodB. is trying to restrict the Bill of RightC. has ended its history of racial prejudiceD. has tried to obstruct intellectual freedom9. According to the author, Schlesinger's book will____.A. cause anger among the radical rightB. cause anger among the radical leftC. put an end to the culture wars in AmericaD. provoke thinking among the readers10. This passage is most probably taken from __.A. a history bookB. a book introductionC. a book reviewD. a journal of literary criticismPassage 3The El Nino ("little boy" in Spanish) that pounded the globe between the summers of2019 and 2019 was in some measure the most destructive in this century. Worldwide damage estimates exceed 20 billion --not to mention the human death toll caused by resulting droughts, floods and bushfires. El Nino and La Nina ("little girl") are part of a seesawing of winds and currents in the equatorial Pacific called ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation) that appears every two to eight years. Normally, westward-blowing trade winds caused by the rotation of the earth and conditions in the Tropics push surface water across the Pacific towards Asia. The warm water piles up along the coasts of Indonesia, Australia and the Philippines, raising sea levels more than a foot above those on the South American side of the Pacific. As El Nino builds the normal east-to-west trade winds wane. Like water splashing in a giant bathtub, the elevated pool of warm water washes from Asian shores back towards South America. In last season's cycle, surface temperatures off the west coast of SouthAmerica soared from a normal high of 23°C degrees to 28°C degrees. This area of warm water, twice the size of the continental US, interacted with the atmosphere, creating storms and displacing high-altitude winds. El Nino brought rain that flooded normally dry coastal areas of Ecuador,Chile and Peru, while droughts struck Australia and Indonesia. Fires destroyed some five million acres of Indonesian forest. The drought, along with the economic crisis, left about five million people desperate for food and water. These conditions helped set the stage for riots that led to the downfall of President Suharto. El Nino also took the blame for extreme temperatures in Texas last summer over 38°C degrees for a record 30 days in a row. In Florida, lush vegetation turned to tinder and bushfires raged. Even Britain has been sweltering with our hottest year on record in 2019.11. As El Sino builds, _____ .A. the normal westward trade winds weakenB. the normal eastward trade winds weakenC. the normal westward trade winds strengthenD. the normal eastward trade winds strengthen12. Which of the following statements is true?A. El Nino results from droughts, floods and bushfires.B. El Nino brought rain to most areas that were affected,C. When El Nino appeared, some of the world's rainforests were attacked by droughts.D. Most areas that were affected by El Nino got droughts.13. Once El Nino even played a role in the political world. What was it?A. President Suharto was overthrown by the drought caused by El Nino.B. El Nino caused riots that led to the downfall of President Suharto.C. President Suharto resigned because of the drought caused by El Nino.D. The drought caused by El Nino together with the economic crisis prevailing in Indonesia helped to overthrow President Suharto.14. The phrase "in a row" in the last paragraph means____.A. continuouslyB. in a lineC. awfullyD. now and then15. The writer of this passage is most likely to be____.A. an Australia observerB. a British nationalC. an American geographerD. an Indonesia journalistPassage 4In patients with Huntington's disease, it's the part of the brain called the basal ganglia that's destroyed. While these victims have perfectly intact explicit memory systems, they can't learn new motor skills.An Alzheimer's patient can learn to draw in a mirror but can't remember doing it: a Huntington's patient can't do it but can remember trying to learn. Yet another region of the brain, an almond-size knot of neural tissue seems to be crucial in forming and triggering the recall of a special subclass of memories that is tied to strong emotion, especially fear. These are just some of the major divisions. Within the category implicit memory, for example, lie the subcategories of associative memory – the phenomenon that famously led Parlov's dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell which they had learned to associate with food and of habituation, in which we unconsciously file away unchanging features of the environment so we can pay closer attention to what's new and different upon encountering a new experience. Within explicit, or declarative memory, on the other hand, there are specific subsystems that handle shapes, textures such as faces, names -- even distinct systems to remember nouns vs. verbs. All of these different types of memory are ultimately stored in the brain's cortex, within its deeply furrowed outer layer -- a component of the brain dauntingly more complex than comparable parts in other species. Experts in brain imaging are only beginning to understand what goeswhere, and how the parts are reassembled into a coherent whole that seems to be a single memory is actually a complex construction.Think of a hammer, and your brain hurriedly retrieves the tool's name, its appearance, its function, its heft and the sound of its clang, each extracted from a different region of the brain. Fail to connect person's name with his or her face, and you experience the breakdown of that assembly process that many of us begin to experience in our 20s and that becomes downrightworrisome when we reach our 50s. It was this weakening of memory and the parallel loss of ability to learn new things easily that led biologist Joe Tsien to the experiments reported last week. "This age-dependent loss of function," he says, "appears in many animals, and it begins with the onset of sexual maturity." What's happening when the brain forms memories -- and what fails with aging, injury and disease -- involves a phenomenon known as "plasticity". It's obvious that something in the brain changes as we learn and remember new things, but it's equally obvious that the organ doesn't change its overall structure or grow new nerve cells wholesale. Instead, it's the connections between new cells -- and particularly the strength of these connections that are altered by experience. Hear a word over and over, and the repeated firing of certain cells in a certain order makes it easier to repeat the firing pattern later on. It is the pattern that represents each specific memory.16. Which of the following symptoms can be observed in a person who suffers from the Huntington's disease?A. He cannot remember what he has done but can remember trying to learn.B. He cannot do something new but he can remember doing it.C. He suffers from a bad memory and lack of motor skills.D. He suffers from a poor basal ganglia and has intact explicit memory.17. According to the passage, which of the following memories has nothing to do with implicit memory?A. Associating a signal with an action.B. Recognizing of new features.C. Focusing on new environment.D. Remembering a familiar face of a friend.18. Which of the following may happen to a patient who suffered from damages to his explicit memory?A. When he is in a new environment, he is always frightened.B. When he plays football, he cannot learn new tricks.C. When he sees a friend, it's hard for him to remember his name.D. When he finds a hammer, he cannot tell anything about it.19. The word "extract" in the second paragraph means_____.A. obtainB. removeC. pullD. derive20. We can draw a conclusion from the passage that_____.A. Scientists have found the mechanism underlying the memorizing activitiesB. More research must be done to determine the brain structure.C. Some researchers are not content with the findings.D. It is obvious that something in the brain changes as we learn and remember. Passage 5Mobility of individual members and family groups tends to split up family relationships. Occasionally the movement of a family away from a situation which has been the source of friction results in greater family organization, but on the whole mobility is disorganizing. Individuals and families are involved in three types of mobility: movement in space, movement up or down in social status, and the movement of ideas. These are termed respectively spatial, vertical and ideational mobility.A great increase in spatial mobility has gone along with improvements in rail and water transportation, the invention and use of the automobile, and the availability of airplane passenger service. Spatial mobility results in a decline in the importance of the traditional home with its emphasis on family continuity and stability. It also means that when individual family members or the family as a whole move away from a community, the person or the family is removed from the pressures of relatives, friends, and community institutions for conventionality and stability. Even more important is the fact that spatial mobility permits some members of a family to come in contact with and possibly adopt attitudes, values, and ways of thinking different from those held by other family members. The presence of different attitudes values, and ways of thinking within a family may, and often does, result in conflict and family disorganization. Potential disorganization is present in those families in which the husband, wife and children are spatially separated over a long period, or are living together but see each other only briefly because of different work schedules.One index of the increase in vertical mobility is the great increase in the proportion of sons, and to some extent daughters who engage in occupations other than those of the parents. Another index of vertical mobility is the degree of intermarriage between social classes. This occurs almost exclusively between classes which are adjacent to each other. Engaging in a different occupation, orintermarriage, like spatial mobility, allows one to come in contact with ways of behavior different from those of the parental home, and tends to separate parents and their children. The increase in ideational mobility is measured by the increase in publications, such as newspapers, periodicals and books, the increase in the percentage of the population owning radios, and the increase in television sets. All these tend to introduce new ideas into the home. When individual family members are exposed to and adopt the new ideas, the tendency is for conflict to arise and for those in conflict to become psychologically separated from each other.21. What the passage tells us can be summarized by the statement___.A. potential disorganization is present in the American familyB. social development results in a decline in the importance of traditional familiesC. the movement of a family is one of the factors in raising its social statusD. family disorganization is more or less the result of mobility22. According to the passage, those who live in a traditional family ___A. can get more help from their family members if the are in troubleB. will have more freedom of action and thought if they move away from itC. are less likely to quarrel with others because of conventionality and stabilityD. have to depend on their relatives and friends if they do not move away from it23. Potential disorganization exists in those families in which ____A. the family members are subject to social pressuresB. both parents have to work full timeC. the husband, wife and children, and children seldom get togetherD. the husband, wife and children work too hard24. Intermarriage and different occupations play an important role in family disorganization because____.A. they enable the children to travel around without their parentsB. they enable the children to better understand the ways of behavior of their parentsC. they allow one to find a good job and improve one's social statusD. they permit one to come into contact with different ways of behavior and thinking25. This passage suggests that a well-organized family is a family whose members __A. are not psychologically withdrawn from one anotherB. seldom quarrel with each other even when they disagreeC. often help each other with true love and affectionD. are exposed to the same new ideas introduced by books, radios and TV setschow Passage 6A design for a remotely-controlled fire engine could make long road or rail tunnels safer. It is the brainchild of an Italian fire safety engineer, who claims that his invention -- dubbed Robogat--could have cut the death toll in the disastrous Mont Blanc tunnel fire in March 2019 which killed 41 people. Most of the people who perished dies within 15 minutes of smoke first being detected. Quick action is needed when fire breaks out in a tunnel. Robogat can travel at about 50 kilometers per hour. The Mont Blanc fire was 5 kilometers from the French end of the tunnel, so a machine could have got there in about six minutes. The Robogat has been designed and patented by Domenico Piatti of the Naples fire department. It runs on a monorail suspended from the roof of the tunnel. When the Robogat reaches a fire, it plugs into a modified water main running along the tunnel and directs its hoses at the base of the fire. It is capable of pumping 3,000 liters of high-pressure water per minute--about the same rate as that from an airport fire tender. Normal fire engines deliver 500 liters per minute. The machine's heat-resistant skin is designed to withstand temperatures of up to 1,000°C. Designed to fight fires in tunnels up to 12 kilometers long, the Robogat will be operated from a control centre outside the tunnel. Ideally, tunnels should have a Robogat stationed at each end, allowing fires to be tackled from both sides. Piatti says that it would be relatively cheap to install the Robogat in new tunnels, with each machine costing around￡250,000. "That's not expensive," says Stuart Jagger, a British fire-fightingspecialist, who adds, "Fire-fighters normally have to approach the blaze from upwind. People have dies if the ventilation is overwhelmed or someone changes the ventilation. If the robot worked remotely it would be an advantage." But this introduces extra problems: the Robogat would have to feed information about the state of the fire back to its controller, and the sensors, like the rest of the machine, would have to be fire-resistant. Piatti is now looking for financial backing to build a prototype.26. The Robogat can quickly get through to the scene of a fire because___.A. it is in position in the middle of the tunnelB. it can move on a monorail suspended from the roof of the tunnelC. it runs on a monorail and can take quick actionD. its modified water main can run along the tunnel quickly27. When fire breaks out in a tunnel, the most important thing is to __A. install a Rogogat quicklyB. detect the smoke quicklyC. change the ventilationD. take quick actions28. The Robogat is designed to pump water____.A. at a speed of 500 liters a minuteB. almost as fast as an airport tenderC. six times faster than an ordinary fire-engineD. at a rate of an airport fire tender29. According to the passage, because temperatures in a tunnel can be very high,____.A. the Robogat has to have a heat-resistant skinB, the Robogat is operated in a control centre outside the tunnelC. the Robogat can only work at the scene of a fire for a limited periodD. a Robogat is stationed at each end30. One problem that has not yet been solved, it seems, is that____A. a prototype has not yet been acceptedB. financial backing is not availableC. the machine will need fire-resistant sensorsD. the machine would not work if the ventilation was overwhelmed chow II.Part 2 Vocabulary (10%, 0.5 mark each)31. This university offers a wide variety of high-quality courses for both graduate and undergraduate students.A. selectB. choiceC. alternativeD. optional32. ____ your request for a refund, we have referred that matter to our main office.A. On the point ofB. With relationship toC. In the event ofD. With regard to33. AIDs activists permanently changed and shortened America's __ process for testing and approving new drags of all kinds, for all diseases.A. stagnantB. intricateC. appropriateD. efficient34. Exercise can affect our outlook on life, and it can also help us get rid of tension, anxiety and frustration. So we should take exercise__.A. regularlyB. normallyC. usuallyD. constantly35. Many artists believe that successful imitation, far from being symptomatic of a lack of originality, is the step in learning to be__.A. elegantB. confidentC. creativeD. imaginary36. There is scientific evidence to support our___ that being surrounded by plants is good for health.A. instinctB. implicationC. perceptionD. conception37. Tom plunged into the pond immediately when he saw a boat was sinking and a little girl in it was___.A. in needB. on the declineC. in disorderD. at stake38. An obvious change of attitude at the top towards women's status in society will___ through the current law system in that country.A. permeateB. violateC. probeD. grope39. All the finished products are stored in a___ of the delivery port and shipping is available at any time.A. warehouseB. capsuleC. garageD. cabinet40. As he walked out the court, he was____ with frustration and rage.A. applauding B, quivering C. paralyzing D. limping41. The Board of Directors decided that more young men who were qualified would be_____ important positions.A. attributed toB. furnished withC. installed inD. inserted into42. There are still some____ for students of science and engineering, but those in arts and humanities have been filled.A. positionsB. vacanciesC. applicationsD. categories43. Wireless waste from cell phones, pocket PCs, and music players__ special problems because they have toxic chemicals in batteries and other components.A. poseB. commitC. transportD. expose44. Although Kerry has had no formal education, he is one of the___ businessmen in the company.A. alertestB. sternestC. nastiestD. shrewdest45. The senior citizen expressed a sentiment which___ profoundly to every Chinese heart.A. drewB. attractC. appealedD. impressed46. ___students should be motivated by a keen interest in theatre and should have some familiarity with plays in production.A. realisticB. responsibleC. ethnicD. prospective47. The accuracy of scientific observations and calculations is always___ the scientist's time-keeping methods.A. at the mercy ofB. in accordance withC. under the guidance ofD. by means of48. Recently a number of cases have been reported of young children ___ a violent act previously seen on television.A. stimulatingB. duplicatingC. modifyingD. accelerating49.The destruction of the Twin Towers in New York City_ shock and anger not only throughout America but also throughout the whole world.A. envelopedB. summonedC. temptedD. provoked50. The secretary went over the table again very carefully for fear of___ any important data.A. overlookingB. slippingC. ignoringD. skimmingIII. Cloze Test (10%, 0.5 mark each)Researchers who refuse to share data with others may 51 others to withhold results from them, 52 a study by health-policy analysts at Harvard Medical School.The study found that young researchers, those who publish 53 , and investigators seeking patents are most likely to be _54_ access to biomedical data. It also found that researchers who withhold data gain a _55 for this, and have more difficulty in 56 data from others. The study was 57 by a research team led by sociologist Eric Campbell. The tea m surveyed 2,366 58 selected scientists at 117 US medical schools. Overall, 12.5 per cent said that they had been denied 59 to other academic investigators' data, 60 article reprints, during the past three years. This 61 with findings by the team and other groups. But by examining the 62 of data withholding, the team identified those experiencing the most 63 . For junior staff. 64 , the team found that 13.5 per cent were denied access, 65 5.1 per cent of senior researchers.The 66 between data withholding and researchers' publishing 67 during the 68 three years was 69 : 7.7 per cent of those who had published 1-5 articles had had data withheld from them, but this rose to 28.9 per cent for researchers who had published more than 20. Campbell warns, "Selectively holding back on information from the most 70 researchers could slow down progress in research into the causes and cures of human disease."51. A. suggest B. provoke C. propose D. claim52. A. because of B. in spite of C. according to D. owing to53. A. a lot B. great deal C. regularly D. frequently54. A. sought B. seeking C. being sought D. have sought55. A. depression B. reputation C. infamy D. fame56. A. acquisition B. requiting C. assigning D. obtaining57. A. carried B. conducted C. forged D. identified58. A. randomly B. carefully C. specially D. absolutely59. A. entry B. reach C. access D. use。
最新整理-博士生资格考试历年考题共12页文档
2019年资格考试一、简答题1. 溶化金属为何要有一定的过冷度才能观察到析晶现象？2. 陶瓷烧结后期晶粒长大的动力是什么？3. 为什么纯固体相变总是放热反应？二、滑移、孪生、形变带，这三种缺陷如何从形貌上来判断。
三、应变-硬化、弥散-硬化、晶粒细化，这三种强化机制的异同点。
四、三元相图中，垂直截面的线与二元相图中的线有何区别，能否应用杠杆定律，在什么情况下适用？五、纯金属在凝固、溶解、固-液平衡过程中Gibbs自由能与焓变关系图。
六、某金属熔点为600度，问在590度时，凝固能否自发进行，并求此时的熵变。
（已知凝固热ΔH）七、关于配分函数，已知Cp，证明U和Cv的关系式。
八、Au和Ag的晶格常数为0.408和0.409，问1.在Au基体上镀一层100nm的 Ag，用XRD能否检测出这层膜；2.在Au（111）基体上镀一层100nm的 Ag，用XRD能否检测出这层膜；3.在Au（111）基体上，用外延生长的方法生长Ag的（111）面，用XRD能否检测出这层膜；九、透射电镜衍射，如为单晶，则衍射花样为规则排列的斑点，如为单晶，则衍射花样为环。
如有一一维无限长单原子链，用一束电子垂直照射，会出现什么样的衍射花样。
十、单晶Si上镀一层的SiC薄膜，设计一个试验方案分析SiC薄膜的厚度，成份和结构。
2019年4月资格考试（可能）1.说明|Fs|、|Ls|、I电子的含义及其物理意义。
（10分）2.简述双面法测滑移面指数的原理。
（10分）3.给出8个2seita角，判断晶体结构，计算晶格常数a，写出出现衍射线的面族。
（10分）4.某单晶体，X射线沿[0 -1 0]方向入射，晶体[-1 0 0 ]方向竖直，[0 0 1]方向平行于底片。
（a）（-3 -1 0）面一级反射X光的波长。
（b）底片与晶体相距5cm，求劳厄斑在底片上的位置。
（12分）5.Ag、Fe的混合粉末，固溶度极小。
计算在2seita属于[45，110]范围内衍射线条数。
川大博士英语考试真题
Part I Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: There are 8 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the best one and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1Electronics works as a slave on the sea-bed and in space; in marketing and on the moon; in hospitals and on the race track. And yet this revolution only began with the thermionic valve, developed after the Wright brothers first proved that heavier-than-air machines could fly. Radio was the first practical and commercial development, the second leap forward came in 1947 with the more mature semiconductor technology. Then came a new world of solid state devices on a miniature scale, offering unparalleled benefits of speed and cost.Pre-transistor equipment is now viewed as crude and clumsy, yet it manages to produce such far-reaching techniques as radar. Computers made before the transistor were elementary, enormous and slow by modern standards. The revolution reached its peak in the late1950s, with the successful breakthrough into the world of micro-electronics. This is a new series of micro-miniature electronic devices in the solid state, offering almost limitless scope in designing and producing complete circuits on a tiny chip of silicon, not much bigger than a pin-head. However, the conventional technology of the day----based on the transistor----had been developed to quite a sophisticated level. Thus it was possible to fit essential electronics to earth satellites and space probes, to take the computer to a more advanced stage and to start an entirely new industry. Today micro-electronics stands as the foundation of the industry’s total fut ure, offering vast potentialities. The scene in the next century cannot be precisely predicted, but clearly the efforts of this industry will be aimed at making life easier. Advanced electronic control techniques will take the drudgery out of most work; the factory and office will largely be the arena of automation and even housework will be more a 112663904054.doc 第 1 页共 22question of efficient programming, rather than of tedious chores.This outlook poses some of the largest problems that this relatively young industry has had to face. Until recently, the electronics industry has been more concerned with developing the technology. Now many of the applications dictate the technology. Yesterday it was hard to imagine another breakthrough as important as the silicon integrated circuit----today we are entering a new world----the world of the microprocessor, just fifteen years after the industry came to adolescence.1.How are the pre-transistor computers viewed nowa.Pre-transistor computers are now viewed as crude and clumsy.b.Pre-transistor computers managed to produce far-reachingtechniques.c.Pre-transistor computers are now viewed as elementary, enormous andslow.d.Pre-transistor computers are mow viewed as modern and advanced.2.When did micro-electronics come into beinga.In1947.b.In the late 1950s.c.When a new world of solid state devices on a miniature scale came.d.When computers were made.3.What are the different stages of the development of electronicsa.Thermionic valve----semicondutor ---- solid statedevices----microprocessor.b.Solid state devices----micro-electronics----integrated circuit.c.Thermionic valve----micro-electronics----integrated circuit.d.Thermionic valve ----solid state devices----micro-electronics----microprocessor.4.What is the latest development of electronicsa.The world of the microprocessor.b.The silicon integrated circuit.c.The complete circuits on a tiny chip of silicon.222663904054.doc 第 2 页共 22d.Efficient programming.5.What is the best title for the articlea.The Advanced Industry of Electronics.b.The Role of the Electronicsc.Problems Posed by Electronics.d.The Young Industry of Electronics.Passage 2Can a computer think Thai depends on what you mean by “think”. If solving a mathematical problem is “thinking”, then a computer can “think” and do so much faster than a man. Of course, most mathematical problems can be solved quite mechanically by repeating certain straightforward processes over and over again. Even the simple computers of today can be geared for that.It is frequently said that computers solve problems only because they are “programmed” to do so. They can only do what men have them do. One must remember that human beings also can only do what they are “programmed” to do. Our genes “program” us the instant the fertilized ovum is formed, and our potentialities are limited by that “program”.Our “program” is so much more enormously complex, though, that we might like to define “thinking” in terms of the creativity that goes into writing a great play or composing a great symphony, in conceiving a brilliant scientific theory or a profound ethical judgment. In that sense, computers certainly can’t think and neither can most humans.Surely, though, if a computer can be made complex enough, it can be made as creative as we. If it could be as complex as a human brain, it could be the equivalent of a human brain and do whatever a human brain can do.To suppose anything else is to suppose that there is more to the human brain than the matter that composes it. The brain is made up of cells in a certain arrangement and the cells are made up of atoms and molecules in certain arrangements. If anything else is there, no signs of it have ever been detected. To duplicate the material complexity of the brain is to duplicate everything about it.332663904054.doc 第 3 页共 22But how long will it take to build a computer complex enough to duplicate the human brain Perhaps not as long as some think. Long before we approach anything as complex as our brain, we will perhaps build a computer that is at least complex enough to design another computer more complex than itself. This more complex computer could design one still more complex and so on.In other words, once we pass a certain critical point, the computers take over and there is a “complexity explosion”. In a very short time thereafter, computers may exist that not only duplicate the human brain----but far surpass it.6.What is the best title for the passagea.How to Duplicate Human Brainsb.Can a Computer Thinkc.How Does a Computer Solve a Mathematical Problemd.How Do Human Beings Think7.What does the passage tell us about computers of todaya.Unlike human beings, they have to be programmed before they can doanything.b.They are as complex as humans.c.They are the equivalents of human brains.d.They can duplicate human brains.8.In what sense does the writer think that humans are programmeda.They are different from each other.b.Our potentialities are limited by that “program”.c.Their characteristics, powers, etc. are fixed before birth.d.We should define “thinking” in terms of creativity.9.What does the writer think about the human braina.It is a very complex arrangement of atoms and molecules in cells.b.It is made up of cells in a certain arrangement.c.It is more complex than computer, so it can do everything a computercan do.d.It is made up of atoms and molecules.442663904054.doc 第 4 页共 2210.As it is used in the second paragraph of the passage, what does theword “ovum” meana. Cellb. Moleculesc. Germ.d. A female germ or sex cell.Passage 3In November 1965, New York was blacked out by an electricity failure. The authorities promised that it would not happen again. Pessimists were certain that it would occur within five years at the latest. In July 1977, there was a repeat performance which produced varying degrees of chaos throughout the city of eight million people. In 1965, the failure occurred in the cool autumn and at a time of comparative prosperity. In 1977, the disaster was much more serious because it came when unemployment was high and the city was suffering from one of its worst heat waves.In 1965, there was little crime or looting during the darkness, and fewer than a hundred people were arrested. In 1977, hundreds of stores were broken into and looted. Looters smashed shop windows and helped themselves to jewelry, clothes or television sets. Nearly 4000 people were arrested but far more disappeared into the darkness of the night. The number of policemen available was quite inadequate and they wisely refrained from using their guns against mobs which far outnumbered them and included armed men.Hospitals had to treat hundreds of people cut by glass from shop windows. Banks and most businesses remained closed the next day. The blackout started at 9:30 ., when lightning hit knocked out vital cables. Many stores were thus caught by surprise.The vast majority of New Yorkers, however, were not involved in looting. They helped strangers, distributed candles and batteries, and tried to survive in a nightmare world without traffic lights, refrigerators, elevators, water and electrical power. For twenty-four hours, New York realized how helpless it was without electricity.11.Look at the first paragraph, Who were right: the authorities or thepessimists552663904054.doc 第 5 页共 22a. The authorities.b. Bothc. The pessimists.d.Neither12.In what way was the blackout of 1977 not really a repeat performancea.There was much more disorder.b.This time the electricity supply failed.c.It was quite unexpected.d.It did not occur within five years of 1965.13. What caused the blackout in July 1977a.Excessive heat probably made people switch on too many electricalappliances.b.Because of unemployment, some machines were not in proper order.c.During a storm, lighting damaged supply cables.d.The passage does not mention the cause.14. Why did many looters manage to escapea.The police could not see them in the dark.b.Many of the looters were armed with guns.c.There were not enough policemen to catch them all.d.They were hidden inside big buildings.15. How long did the 1977 New York electricity failure lasta. A whole week.b. Twenty-four hours.c. Three days.d. A whole night.Passage 4Petroleum products, such as gasoline, kerosene, home heating oil, residual fuel oil, and lubricating oils, come from one source----crude oil found below the earth’s surface, as well as under large bodes of water, from a few hundred feet below the surface to as deep as 25000 feet into the earth’s interior. Sometime crude oil is secured by drilling a hole through the earth, but more dry holes are drilled than those producing oil. Pressure at the source or pumping forces crude oil to the surface.Crude oil wells flow at varying rates, from ten to thousands of barrels per hour. Petroleum products are always measured in 42-gallon barrels. 662663904054.doc 第 6 页共 22Petroleum products vary greatly in physical appearance: thin or thick, transparent or opaque, but their chemical composition is made up of only two elements: carbon and hydrogen, which form compounds called hydrocarbons Other chemical elements found in union with the hydrocarbons are few and are classified as impurities. Trace elements are also found but these are of such minute quantities that they are disregarded. The combination of carbon and hydrogen forms many thousands of compounds which are possible because of the various positions and joinings of these two atoms in the hydrocarbon molecule.The various petroleum products are refined from the crude oil by heating and condensing the vapors. These products are the so-called light oils, such as gasoline, kerosene, and distillate oil. The residue remaining after the light oils are distilled is known as heavy or residual fuel oil and is used mostly for burning under boilers. Additional complicated refining process rearrange the chemical structure of the hydrocarbons to produce other products, some of which are used to upgrade and increase the octane rating of various types of gasoline.16. Which of the following is NOT truea.Crude oil is found below land and water.b.Crude oil is always found a few hundred feet below the surface.c.Pumping and pressure force crude oil to the surface.d. A variety of petroleum products is obtained from crude oil.17. Many thousands of hydrocarbon compounds are possible becausea.the petroleum product vary greatly in physical appearance.plicated refining processes rearrange the chemical structure.c.the two atoms in the molecule assume many positions.d.the pressure needed to force it to the surface causes moleculartransformation.18. Which of the following is truea.The various petroleum products are produced by filtration.b.Heating and condensation produce the various products.c.Chemical separation is used to produce the various products. 772663904054.doc 第 7 页共 22d.Mechanical means such as the centrifuge are used to produce the variousproducts.19. How is crude oil brought to surfacea.Expansion of the hydrocarbons.b.Pressure and pumping.c.Vacuum created in the drilling pipe.d.Expa nsion and contraction of the earth’s surface.20. Which of the following is NOT listed as a light oila. Distillate oil.b. Lubricating oil.c. Gasoline.d. Kerosene.Passage 5A new era is upon us. Call it what you will: the service economy, the information age, the knowledge society. It translated to a fundamental change in the way we work. Already we’re partly there. The percentage of people who earn their living by making things has fallen dramatically in the Western World. Today the majority of jobs in America, Europe and Japan (two thirds or more in many or these countries) are in the service industry, and the number is on the rise. More women are in the work force than ever before. There are more part-time jobs. More people are self-employed. But the breadth of the economic transformation can’t be measured by numbers alone, because it also is giving rise to a radical new way of thinking about the nature of work itself. Long-held notions about jobs and careers, the skills needed to succeed, even the relation between individuals and employers—all these are being changed.We have only to look behind us to get some sense of what may lie ahead. No one looking ahead 20 years possibly could have foreseen the ways in which a single invention, the chip(集成电路), would transform our world thanks to its applications in personal computers, digital communications and factory robots. Tomorrow’s achievements in biotechnology, artificial intelligence or even some still unimagined technology could produce a similar wave of dramatic changes. But one thing is certain; information and knowledge will become even more vital, and the people who possess it, whether they work in 882663904054.doc 第 8 页共 22manufacturing or services, will become even more vital, and the people who possess it, whether they work in manufacturing or services, will have the advantage and produce the wealth. Computer knowledge will become as basic a requirement as the ability to read and write. The ability to solve problems by applying information instead of performing routine tasks will be above all else. If you cast your mind ahead 10 years, information services will be predominant. It will be the way you do your job.21. A characteristic of the information age is that ________.a.the service industry is relying more and more on the female work forceb.manufacturing industries are steadily increasingc.people find it harder to earn a living by working in factoriesd.most of the job opportunities can now be found in service industry22. One of the great changes brought about by the knowledge society is that_______.a.the difference between the employee and the employer has becomeinsignificantb.people’s traditional concepts about work no longer hold truec.most people have to take part-time jobsd.people have to change their jobs from time to time23. By referring to computers and other inventions, the author means to saythat _________.a.people should be able to respond quickly to the advancement oftechnologyb.future achievements in technology will bring about inconceivabledramatic changesc.the importance of high technology has been overlookedputer science will play a leading role in the future informationservices24. The future will probably belong to those who ________.a.possess and know how to make use of informationb.give full play to their brain potential992663904054.doc 第 9 页共 22c.involve themselves in service industriesd.cast their minds ahead instead of looking back25. Which of the following would be the best title for the passageputers and the Knowledge Society.b.Service Industries in Modern Society.c.Features and Implications of the New Era.d.Rapid Advancement of Information Technology.Passage 6Since we are social beings, the quality of our lives depends in large measure on our interpersonal relationships. One strength of the human condition is our tendency to give and receive support from one another under stressful circumstances. Social support consists of the exchange of resources among people based on their interpersonal ties. Those of us with strong support systems appear better able to cope with major life changes and daily hassles(困难). People with strong social ties live longer and have better health than those without such ties. Studies over a range of illnesses, from depression to heart disease, reveal that the presence of social support helps people fend off(挡开) illness, and the absence of such support makes poor health more likely.Social support cushions stress in a number of ways. First, friends, relatives, and co-workers may let us know that they value us. Our self-respect is strengthened when we feel accepted by others despite our faults and difficulties. Second, other people often provide us with informational support. They help us to define and understand our problems and find solutions to them. Third, we typically find social companionship supportive. Engaging in leisure-time activities with others helps us to meet our social needs while at the same time to distract(转移……注意力) us from our worries and troubles. Finally, other people may give us instrumental support—financial aid, material resources, and needed services—that reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems.26. Interpersonal relationships are important because ________. 10102663904054.doc 第 10 页共 22a.they are indispensable to people’s social well-beingb.they awaken people’s desire to exchange resourcesc.they help people to cope with life in the information erad.they can cure a range of illnesses such as heart disease, etc.27. Research shows that people’s physical and mental health _________.a.relies on the social welfare systems which support themb.has much to do with the amount of support they get from othersc.depends on their ability to deal with daily worries and troublesd.is closely related to their strength for coping with major change sintheir lives28. Which of the following is cl osest in meaning to the word “cushions”a. Adds up to.b. Does away with.c. Lessens the effect of.d. Lays the foundation for.29. Helping a sick neighbor with some repair work is an example of ________.a. instrumental supportb. informational supportc. social companionshipd. the strengthening of self-respect30. Social companionship is beneficial in that _______.a.it helps strengthen our ties with relativesb.it enables us to eliminate our faults and mistakesc.it make sour leisure-time activities more enjoyabled.it draws our attention away from our worries and troublesPassage 7The temperature of the Sun is over 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit at the surface, but it rises to perhaps more than 16 million degrees at the center. The Sun is so much hotter than the Earth that matter can exist only as gas, except at the core. In the core of the Sun, the pressures are so great against the gases that, despite the high temperature, there may be a small solid core. However, no one really knows, since the center of the Sun can never be directly observed.Solar astronomers do know that the Sun is divided into five layers or zones. Starting at the outside and going down into the Sun, the zones are the corona, 11112663904054.doc 第 11 页共 22chromospheres, photosphere, convection zone, and finally the core. The first three zones are regarded as the Sun’s atmosphere. But since the Sun has no solid surface, it is hard to tell where the atmosphere ends and the main body of the Sun begins.The Sun’s outermost layer be gins about 10,000 miles above the visible surface and goes outward for millions of miles. This is the only part of the Sun that can be seen during an eclipse such as the one in February 1979. At any other time, the corona can be seen only when special instruments are used on cameras and telescopes to shut out the glare of the Sun’s rays.The corona is a brilliant, pearly white, filmy light, about as bright as the full Moon. Its beautiful rays are a sensational sight during an eclipse. The corona’s rays flas h out in a brilliant fan that has wispy spike like rays near the Sun’s north and south poles. The corona is thickest at the Sun’s equator.The corona rays are made up of gases streaming outward at tremendous speeds and reaching a temperature of more than 2 million degrees Fahrenheit. The rays of gas thin out as they reach the space around the planets. By the time the Sun’s corona rays reach the Earth, they are weak and invisible.31. All of the following are parts of the Sun’s atmosphere EXCEPT the________.a. coronab. chromospheresc. photosphered. core32. It can be inferred from the passage that a clear view of the Sun’s outerlayer is usually prevented by ______.a. the Sun’s raysb. an eclipsec. lack of lightd. the great distance33. With what topic is the second paragraph mainly concerneda.How the Sun evolves.b.The structure of the Sun.c.Why scientists study the Sun.d.The distance of the Sun from the planets.34. According to the passage, as the corona rays reach the planets, they become 12122663904054.doc 第 12 页共 22________.a. hotterb. clearerc. thinnerd. stronger35. The paragraphs following the passage most likely discuss which ofthe followinga.The remaining layers of the Sun.b.The evolution of the Sun to its present form.c.The eclipse of February 1979.d.The scientists who study astronomy.Passage 8The concept of “environment” is certainly difficult and may even be misunderstood; but we have no handy substitute. It seems simple enough to distinguish between the organism and the surrounding environment and to separate forces acting on an organism into those that are internal and biological and those that are external and environmental. But in actual practice this system breaks down in may ways, because the organism and the environment are constantly interacting so that the environment is modified by the organism and vice versa(反之亦然).In the case of man, the difficulties with the environmental concept are even more complicated because we have to deal with man as an animal and with man as a bearer(持有者) of culture. If we look at man as an animal and try to analyze the environmental forces that are acting on the organism, we find that we have to deal with things like climate, soil, plants, and such-like factors common to all biological situations; but we also find, always, very important environmental influences that we can only class as “cultural”, which modify the physical and biological factors. But man, as we know him, is always a bearer of culture; and if we study human culture, we find that it, in turn, is modified by the environmental factors of climate and geography. We thus easily get into great difficulties from the necessity of viewing culture, at one moment, as a part of the man and, at another moment, as a part of the environment.36. Which of the following words can best describe the popular understanding 13132663904054.doc 第 13 页共 22of “environment” as the author sees ita. Elaborate.b. Prejudiced.c. Faultless.d. Oversimplified.37. According to the author the concept of “environment” is difficult toexplain because _______.a.it doesn’t distinguish between the organism and the environmentb.it involves both internal and external forcesc.the organism and the environment influence each otherd.the relationship between the organism and environment is unclear38. In analyzing the environmental forces acting on man the author suggeststhat __________.a.biological factors are less important to the organism than culturalfactors to manb.man and other animals are modified equally by the environmental forcesc.man is modified by the cultural environment as well as by the naturalenvironmentd.physical and biological factors exert more influence on other organismthan on man39. As for culture, the author points out that _______.a.it develops side by side with environmental factorsb.it is also affected by environmentc.it is generally accepted to be part of the environmentd.it is a product of man’s biological instincts40. In this passage, the author is primarily concerned with _________.a.the interpretation of the term “environment”b.the discussion of the organism and biological environmentc.the comparison between internal and external factors influencing mand.the evaluation of man’s influence on culturePart II Cloze (20 points )Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the One that best 14142663904054.doc 第 14 页共 22fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.During recent years we have heard much about “race”: how this race does certain things and that race believes certain things and so on. Yet, the __41__ phenomenon of race consists of a few surface indications.We judge race usually __42__ the coloring of the skin: a white race, a brown race, a yellow race and a black race. But __43__ you were to remove the skin you could not __44__ anything about the race to which the individual belonged. There is __45__ in physical structure. The brain or the internal organs to __46__ a difference.There are four types of blood. __47__ types are found in every race, and n o type is distinct to any race. Human brains are the __48__. No scientists could examine a brain and told you the race to which the individual belonged. Brains will __49__ in size, but this occurs within every race. __50__ does size have anything to do with intelligence. The largest brain __51__ examined belonged to a person of weak __52__. On the other hand, some of our most distinguished people have had __53__ brains.Mental tests which are reasonably __54__ show no differences in intelligence between races. High and low test results both can be recorded by different members of any race. __55__ equal educational advantages, there will be no difference in average standings, either on account of race or geographical location.Individuals of every race __56__ civilization to go backward or forward. Training and education can change the response of a group of people, __57__ enable them to behave in a __58__ way.The behavior and ideas of people change according to circumstances, but they can always go back or go on to something new __59__ is better and higher than anything __60__ the past.41. a. complete b. full c. total d. whole42. a. in b. from c. at d. on43. a. since b. if c. as d. while 15152663904054.doc 第 15 页共 22。
最新最全四川大学考博真题
史学通论2008一、结合本专业实际论历史记忆与历史书写之关系。
二、如何认识历史领域后现代主义的当代挑战。
2009一、结合实例说明历史学的社会功能。
二、史学领域的后现代主义思潮述评。
2010一、论历史思维的方法。
二、结合史学理论与实践谈谈你对“史学即史料学”这一观点的认识。
中国古代史2008一、简要解释或回答以下各题。
1、刘知几与章学诚。
2、中国古代文献的四部分类法。
3、中国古代货币的主要类型。
4、结合你所报专业介绍四川大学的史学前辈学者。
二、简要论述下列各题：1、“安史之乱”后唐代社会的变化。
2、“汉承秦制”。
2009一、必做题唐代有哪些主要宗教？请分别予以简略介绍。
二、选做题：1、试论秦统一的历史原因。
2、中国历史出现过哪些重要的图书分类方法？这些分类法的代表作有哪些？试分析这些分类法的适用范围及其优劣。
3、试论儒墨学说的异同及其对后世的影响。
4、试论“两个体系”（覆盖人民群众的档案资源体系和方便人民群众的档案利用体系）的建设问题或者论述从藏书建设到文献资源建设到信息资源建设理论嬗变的时代背景与发展进程。
5、略述春秋战国时期“百家争鸣”发生的社会背景和主要派别。
6、迄今为止，有关中国儒学史（或经学史）分期的观点主要有哪些？试对这些分期法的优劣进行评析，谈谈你自己对中国儒学（或经学）发展主要阶段的基本认识。
2010一、必做题：试述汉武帝时期实行的“罢黜百家，独尊儒术”政策的提出、内容及影响。
二、选做题：1、举例说明战国时期著名的水利工程及其对当时社会经济的影响。
2、简论中国古代官私书目的历史发展及其功能。
3、试论秦统一的主要原因。
4、论述建设档案安全保管基地、爱国主义教育基地、档案利用中心、政府信息查询中心、电子文件中心“五位一体”的公共档案问题；或者分析现代图书馆实施知识管理的必要性，阐述现代图书馆如何有效实施知识管理与开展知识服务。
5、试论“安史之乱”及唐代后期政局。
6、试评述春秋列国的变法改制。
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2019年四川大学公共政策真题
1、结合我国支持民营经济发展的系列政策，分析如何提升公共决策的有效性。
2、运用林德布洛姆的渐进主义理论，分析如何在公共政策设计中实现价值理性和工具理性的统一
3、什么是政策网络？从你报考的研究方向中选择一个经典案例，分析政策网络方式在政策过程中的运用（40）
2019 公共管理名著真题
1、霍布斯、卢梭和洛克社会契约论的思想及其异同
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3、罗尔斯提出了分配正义，诺齐克提出了针锋相对的观点，谈谈罗尔斯和诺奇克的主要观点和理论价值。