非谓语动词讲义 (1)
高中英语非谓语动词的用法讲解上课讲义
•关于省略
(1).不定式中的动词上文已出现过,下文要 省略该动词.
e.g.: Would you like to go with me ? Yes,______.
A. I’d like to B.I’d like to go (2). 不定式是to be 结构, be 不可省.
e.g.: Would you like to be a teacher?
1. (MET92 14) --I usually go there by
train.
--Why not ____ by boat for a change?
A. to try going
B. trying to go
C. to try and go D. try going
2.Rather than ___ on a crowded bus, he
persuade, tell, want, warn, teach等. + sb to do
医生建议他去南方.
The doctor advised him to go to the south.
当遇到下列动词时,不定式省略to:
watch
let
五看 see
三使 make
look at
have
notice observe
不定式作主语时,往往放在谓语之后, 用it作形式主语. It is adj. (for sb) to do sth. It is + a pleasure/an honor/a pity to do. It takes sb +time to do.
巩固练习1 1.吸烟对你来说是不好的。
It is not good for you to smoke.
非谓语动词使用讲义
1。 不定式和现在分词作结果状语的区别
不定式:出乎意料的结果
I woke up in the morning, to find the outside world greatly changed.
Please lend me a pen to write th。
②be+adj.+to do
The question is not easy to answer。
不定式与疑问代词连用时
School uniforms are not cool enough, so students don’t know what to expect.
To save time is to lengthen life. (不定式短语作主语）
You should continue to learn as long as you live。 要活到老学到老。(不定式短语作宾语)
She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evenings。 她晚上经常有很多会要开。（不定式短语作定语)
There be结构中不定式修饰主语时，主动式和被动式皆可。
如果不定式有逻辑主语，只用主动式.
There is nothing for me to do today。
4。只接不定式作宾语的动词：hope,want，offer，long，fail，expect,wish，ask,decide，pretend,manage，agree,afford，determine，promise，happen
非谓语动词讲义
非谓语动词在句中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。
非谓语动词分三种形式：不定式、动名词和分词（分词包括现在分词和过去分词）。
非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化，但是有自己的宾语，状语等等。
一I 动词不定式一. 动词不定式的特征及用法动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”，有时可以不带to。
动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能作谓语，但可以担任主语、表语、宾语、状语和宾语补足语。
动词不定式仍保留动词的一些特点。
He decided to visit the family on Friday night.不定式短语to visit the family on Friday night，在句中做decided的宾语，同时，to visit又自带宾语the family 和状语on Friday night。
动词不定式的否定形式not + to + 动词原形E.g. He asked me not to make such a mistake.二. 动词不定式的用法动词不定式在句子中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。
1、作主语不定式作主语时，谓语用单数。
往往用it 作形式主语，把不定式放在谓语后面。
To learn English well is not easy.It took us two hours to finish the job.It is impossible for us to get there on time.It is very kind of you to help us.注意：（1）其他系动词如look, appear等也可用于此句型。
（2）当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is …to…的句型。
试比较：It is to negate my own idea to believe him.（错）To believe him is to negate my own idea .（对）2、作宾语（1）动词+不定式。
非谓语动词讲义
非谓语动词1.非谓语动词除去不能做谓语之外，其他所有成分都可以做。
[思维导图]2.非谓语动词首先是一种动词形式，其次这种动词形式不能做谓语。
非谓语动词除去不能做谓语之外，其他所有成分都可以做。
3.非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般式句子的主语。
4．（1）若提示词为动词，句中没有别的谓语动词，或者虽然已有谓语动词，但需填的动词与之是并列关系时，就该填谓语动词，此时要考虑时态、语态和主谓一致，有时还需考虑虚拟语气。
（2）若提示词为动词，句中已有谓语动词，又不是并列谓语时，就该填非谓语动词，就要确定是v.－ing形式，v.－ed形式，还是不定式。
一般来说，v.－ing 形式表示主动、进行；v.－ed形式表示被动、完成；不定式表示尚未发生的动作。
命题点一动词不定式不定式由“to＋动词原形”构成，其否定形式是“not to＋动词原形”。
不定式可以加宾语或状语构成不定式短语，它没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。
(一)不定式的用法1．作主语(1)不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语之后，用it作形式主语。
To see is to believe.眼见为实。
It is right to give up smoking.戒烟是正确的。
(2)在“It is/was＋adj.＋for/of sb. to do sth.”结构中，若形容词侧重于评价人物的特性、特征，则构成不定式复合结构的介词应用of，此时形容词常为kind, nice, foolish等词，且sb.与形容词之间可构成逻辑上的系表关系；若形容词侧重于描写不定式动作的特征、特点，则构成不定式复合结构的介词应用for。
It is generous of him to contribute so much.他捐献了这么多真是太慷慨了。
It was important for us to live a low-carbon life.过一种低碳生活对我们来说很重要。
2．作宾语(1)下列动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：我们一致同意在校门口见面。
非谓语动词讲义
非谓语动词1.非谓语动词的三种形式：动词不定式（to + V）；动名词（Ving）;分词（即：现在分词—ing分词和过去分词—ed分词）1.1 不定式的形式（以do为例）1.2Ving的形式（以do为例）注：--ing分词的形式与之相同1.3过去分词表示“完成和被动”，所以—ed分词没有一般式和完成式之分，和主动态和被动态之分。
1.4 –ing分词和—ed分词的区别–ing分词作定语时和所修饰的名词之间是主动关系或是表示正在进行；—ed分词而则表示被动和完成意义。
2.非谓语动词的应用范围3. 非谓语动词充当主语3.1 inf表示具体的某一次动作；Ving表示泛指。
4.非谓语动词充当宾语4.1 只能接不定式的词语（作宾语）：agree, ask, choose, decide, demand, except, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, promise, pretend，advise, refuse, persuade, count on, long for, wait for等4.2 只能接Ving的词语（作宾语）：admit, avoid, consider, enjoy, escape,deny, delay, resist, risk, mind, miss等4.3 跟两种不同形式表达不同意思的一些常见词4.4 省略不定式符号to的情况4.4.1.在情态成语之后（would rather; would sooner; would as soon;would just as soon; can’t help/choose but【不得不…】；had better等）4.4.2“使役动词+宾语”之后（let, make have）4.4.3.“感觉动词+宾语”之后（see , observe, notice, watch, look at;hear, listen to; feel）即“五看两听一感觉”4.4.4.在介词except/but之后它们之前有实意动词“do”的某种形式，其后不带“to”的定式，否则要带“to”的不定式。
非谓语动词讲义
非谓语动词宏观概念：（1）to do :将要做、未做、待做（2）doing:正在做、伴随状态,表示主动关系（3）Done:已经做完，表示被动关系不定式的功能〔除了谓语都能做〕1.不定式做主语：2.不定式做宾语：3.不定式做表语：.4.不定式做定语：.5.不定式做状语：6.不定式做宾语补足语：7.动名词的功能〔因为名贵，所以干的都是主要功能〕1.doing做主语：2.doing做宾语：3.doing做表语：4.doing做定语：5.doing做状语：〔一个主语发出两个动作，主要动作用谓语，次要动作用非谓语，主动用doing、被动用done〕6.doing做宾语补足语：7.现在分词的否认：8.现在分词的独立成分：9.现在分词的独立主格结构：〔两个主语发出两个动作，主要主语做的事情用谓语，次要主语做的事情用非谓语，把次要主要摆在前面，和后面的动词如果是主动关系用doing,被动关系用done〕Xiao ming beaten ,I cried.(独立主格，被动)Xiao ming beating a girl , I cried.(独立主格，主动)Beaten,I cried.(不是独立主格。
一个人做了两件事，次要动作用非谓语，被动) 10.现在分词的主动表被动：过去分词的功能〔因为是分身，所以干杂活〕1.过去分词做表语：〔一种表示被动一种表示状态或者感受〕Seat 及物动词，所以有被动sb be seated (可以说是被动，也可以说是一种状态) Sit 不及物动词，所以没有被动sb is sitting.Dress 是及物动词，dress sb =sb be dressed(可以表示被动，可以表示状态)He is dressing himself〔及物动词，必须挂着一个宾语〕He is dressed up 〔被动，be dressed ,up 是副词，表示起来；be dressed up 可以看做一个词组，表示状态，化装〕2.过去分词做定语：〔表示被动〕3.过去分词做状语：〔要么被动，要么状态〕4.过去分词做宾语补足语：Have 的用法让某人做某事让某人一直做某事让别人人做某事，某事被做。
非谓语动词 (1)
It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here. The blated into English.
动名词的时态和语态
动名词 主动态 被动态
一般式
doing
being done
完成式
having done
如果强调一个被动的动作正在进行，要用分词的被 动形式being done。 Being repaired, the building is forbidden to enter. The house being built now is a Hope Project School. 如果强调分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，要 用完成形式。 Not having finished his homework,Tom was made to stay at school . Having closed all the windows ,I went home. Having been invited to the party ,Tom was very happy .
分词的时态和语态
现在分词
一般式 主动态 doing having done 被动态 being done having been done
完成式
过去分词的时态和语态只有一种，即done.
现在分词表主动、进行，过去分词表示被动、完成。 分词与其逻辑主语的关系是主动的用现在分词；是 被动的，要用过去分词。 Looking 1.________(look) out of the window, I can see many cars and buses. Seen 2.________(see) from the top of Dragon Tower, Harbin looks more beautiful. following (follow) many 3.The teacher came in, __________ students. followed (follow) by 4.The teacher came in, _________ many students.
非谓语动词讲义
非谓语动词在句中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。
非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词）不定式: to do一．不定式的作用1.作主语不定式作主语时，谓语动词用单数，往往用it 作形式主语。
It is selfish of him not to contribute anything.In fact, it is hard for the police to keep order in an important football match.It’s i mportant for the figures to be updated regularly.2.作宾语He managed to escape from the fire.David threatened to report his neighbor to the police if the damages were not paid.经常用不定式做宾语的动词有四个希望三答应：hope wish expect long agree promise undertake五个想要巧安排：intend plan want mean desire arrange设法学会做决定：manage learn decide determine企图假装要选择：attempt pretend choose提供要求勿拒绝：offer demand refuse威胁准备不失败：threaten prepare fail注意：it 作形式宾语的情况。
The two girls are so alike that strangers find it difficult to tell one form the other.We feel it our duty to make our country a better place.3.作宾语补足语1) 动词+宾语+to doMy advisor encouraged me to take a summer course to improve my writing skill.Passengers are permitted to carry only one piece of luggage onto the plane.（被动形式）注意：可以用动词不定式做宾补的动词有：ask, allow, advise, beg, command, expect, forbid, invite, order, permit, persuade, prefer, remind, teach, tell, urge, want, warn, would like,wait for, call on, arrange for2）在感官动词如feel, hear, listen to, notice, see, watch, observe和使役动词如have, let, make 等后面的补足语中，不定式不带to，但变为被动语态后，必须带to。
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非谓语动词●谓语动词：能直接作谓语的动词叫谓语动词●非谓语动词：不能单独作句子的谓语，不受句子主语的人称和数的限制，而是担任句子其他语法功能的动词，叫非谓语动词。
●非谓语动词有三种：动词不定式，动词现在分词（动名词）和动词过去分词一、动词不定式1. 动词不定式的形成：1）to+doe.g.1. He wants to be a doctor.2. To pass the college entrance exam, we must study hard.3. I have a lot of reading to complete before the end of this term.4. I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long.5. She asked to be sent to work in the countryside.6. He was the only man to have been praised at the meeting.Given enough time, we are sure to do it well.The two men pretended to working hard.2. 不定式的句法功能：在句中不定式可作主语，宾语，宾补，表语，定语，和状语。
1)作主语To make a living in the big city is not easy.为了句子的平衡，避免头重脚轻常采用it作形式主语，而把作真正主语不定式置于句末。
It is not easy to make a living in the big city.It is impossible to buy a car for her young son.= To buy a car for her young son is impossible.2)作宾语不定式做及物动词的宾语。
还有个别介词如：but/except的介词宾语.这些动词有：想决心学会（是有）希望（的），want/expect, decide, learn, hope/wish （先）假装失败，pretend, fail（再）设法拒绝，manage/try, refuse,（然后）主动答应（别人的）计划，offer, promise, plan（最后）同意选择请求别人帮一帮。
agree, choose, ask/beg, helpe.g.1. Right now you need to stay until help comes.2. They don’t want to be too close to one another.3. 不定式在but后时，若but前有实义动词do时，不定式不带to，否则须带to.1) We have nothing to do but _____( wait) for the doctor.2) I have no choice but ________(wait) for the doctor.3) He did nothing all day but _____( practice) reading.4. 如作宾语的动词不定式后面有宾语补足语时，要用it作形式宾语，置于谓语动词后面，而将动词不定式放到宾语补足语后面。
构成; v +it+adj.+ to do 结构They found it hard to learn Chinese.Don’t you think it better to translate it in this way?He felt ____his duty to work for human right and progress.A. whatB. thisC. thatD. it( 能跟it作形式宾语的常见动词有：find /think/ feel/ believe/consider. )3. 作表语不定式作表语用来表示预定要发生的动作，也可用来表示未来的可能性和假设；但不定式所作的表语仅用来说明主语的内容时，这时的不定式只作单纯的表语，而不具有未来的含义。
His dream is to become an actor.Waving one’s hand is to say “Goodbye”.4.作宾语补足语：（1）在有些动词后作宾语补足语，构成v+sb. to do sth.结构。
这些动词有：等待希望和鼓励，wait for /expect/wish/encourage想请求建议和允许，want, beg/ask,advise,allow喜欢命令但依靠说服，like/love, order,depend on, persuade,打算拜访告诉（你有人）邀请，intend, tell, invite, call on宁可教（你）使用强迫（或）禁止（手段）。
prefer,teach, get, forbid（2）动词不定式作感官、使役动词的宾语补足语时，动词不定式不带to，但当句子变为被动语态，作主语补足语时，须带to. 这些动词有;吴（五）看三室（使）两厅（听）一感觉半帮助look at/ see/ watch/ notice/ observemake/ let/ havelisten to/ hearfeelhelp(可以带to也可以不带to)常见的使役动词有四个：have,make,let,get,表示“使、让”的含义。
5. 作定语（1）不定式作定语表示将来的动作。
I have a lot of things to do.The question to be discussed at the meeting is very important.（2）不定式常放在某些名词或代词后作定语。
如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或者代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后所需要加相应的介词。
I’m not sure which restaurant to eat at.I have no room to live in.He has no pen to write with.（3）不定式用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no，all，any等限定的中心词，且与中心词为逻辑上的主动关系。
He is the best man to do the job.He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to live the school.（4）被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用不定式作定语。
常见的该类名词有：ability，chance，idea，hope，wish，fact，excuse，promise，attempt，way等。
The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.I have no chance to go sightseeing.[特别注意]不定式作定语时，若句子主语是不定式动作的执行者，则用主动形式表被动含义;若句子主语不是不定式动作的执行者，则用被动形式表被动含义。
She has a sister to look after.(she是look after的执行者)I will go to Beijing. Do you have anything to be bought? （you不是buy的执行者）6.作状语（1）作目的状语，“为了”，可以单独放在句首、句中或句末。
如果强调目的性，不定式前也可加in order或so as，但so as to不能用于句首。
To finish the task on time, we went all out.He was too excited to say a single word.I’m glad to meet you.The boy is old enough to go to school.（2）作结果状语，常表示令人意外的结果，常用于下列结构中：only/just to do表示意想不到的结果enough to do足够做…too…to do太…而不能…so/such…as to…如此…以至于…二动词ing一、v+ing 的形成：1. v+ing的构成形式1）动词原形+ing2）以辅音字母+不发音e结尾，去e后+ing3）以单个字母结尾的重读闭音节，双写该辅音字母后+ing2. v+ing 的否定式：not +v+inge.g.1.We saw the boy playing near the river.2.Hearing the news, he jumped with joy.3.Having been an English teacher many years, he knew how to help studentsto learn English.4. Not having received his answer, I wrote him again.5. Having been told the bad news, he burst into tears.二、v+ing的语法功能:V+ing 可以在句中作主语、宾语、表语、宾补、主补、定语、状语，也可以与be组成谓语。
（1）作主语动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念，常用it作形式主语dong 名词作真正的主语放在句末。
常用的固定句型有：It’s a waste of time doing…It’s no use/good doing…It is useless/nice/interesting/…doing…There is no…e.g. Eating too much chocolate is bad for your teeth.It’s no use complaining without taking action.There is no joking about such serious matters.（2）作宾语The artist can finish drawing a horse in five minutes.The boys enjoyed watching TV.He insisted on my going with him.【注】：1. 只跟动名词作宾语的常见动词有：考虑建议盼原谅consider,suggest/advise ,look forward to, excuse/pardon承认想推迟完成admit ,fancy, delay/ put off避免错过继续练avoid, miss, keep(on), practise否认准许介意逃亡deny, allow/permit, mind, escape,禁止想象才冒险forbid, imagine, risk不禁欣赏can’t help, appreciateThe law forbids smoking in public buildings.I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon.2. to 为介词的动词短语be/ get used to lead topay attention to devote…T olisten to refer.. .toget down to look forward tosee to object tostick to turn to3. 在下列结构中, 可以省略in, 其后接v+ing形式作宾语.○1have difficulty/ trouble / a good /happy/ hard time (in)doing sth.e.g.: I have some difficulty ______( read) her handwriting.We have a good time _____ (play) football yesterday.○2There is no good/use/ harm/need/point (in) doing sth.e.g.: There is no point/need ______( wait) for him. He won’t show up.○3spend time/ money (in) doing sth.waste time/ money (in) doing sth.e.g.: He spent his whole life ______ (look) after the poor.4. 在go on, keep, 及keep on后常用v+ing形式。