2018年高考上海卷考试手册
2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试数学试题(上海卷,含答案)
2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试数学试题（上海卷）一、填空题（本大题共有12题，满分54分第1-6题每题4分，第7-12题每题5分）1.行列式4125的值为 。
2.双曲线2214x y -=的渐近线方程为 。
3.在（1+x ）7的二项展开式中，x ²项的系数为 。
（结果用数值表示） 4.设常数a R ∈，函数f x x a =+（）㏒₂（），若f x （）的反函数的图像经过点31（，），则a= 。
5.已知复数z 满足117i z i +=-（）（i 是虚数单位），则∣z ∣= 。
6.记等差数列{} n a 的前几项和为S n ，若87014a a a =+=₃，，则S 7= 。
7.已知21123α∈---｛，，，，，，｝，若幂函数()nf x x =为奇函数，且在0+∞（，）上速减，则α=_____8.在平面直角坐标系中，已知点A （-1，0），B （2，0），E ，F 是y 轴上的两个动点，且|EF |=2，则AE ·BF 的最小值为______9.有编号互不相同的五个砝码，其中5克、3克、1克砝码各一个，2克砝码两个，从中随机选取三个，则这三个砝码的总质量为9克的概率是______（结果用最简分数表示）10.设等比数列{}的通项公式为a n =q ⁿ+1（n ∈N*），前n 项和为S n 。
若1Sn 1lim2n n a →∞+=，则q=____________11.已知常数a >0，函数222()(2)f x ax =+的图像经过点65p p ⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭，、15Q q ⎛⎫- ⎪⎝⎭，，若236p q pq +=，则a =__________12.已知实数x ₁、x ₂、y ₁、y ₂满足：²²1x y +=₁₁，²²1x y +=₂₂，212x x y y +=₁₂₁，则的最大值为__________二、选择题（本大题共有4题，满分20分，每题5分）每题有且只有一个正确选项.考生应在答题纸的相应位置，将代表正确选项的小方格涂黑.13.设P 是椭圆²5x + ²3y =1上的动点，则P 到该椭圆的两个焦点的距离之和为（ ） （A ）2（B ）2（C ）2（D ）414.已知a R ，则“1a ﹥”是“1a1﹤”的（ ） （A ）充分非必要条件 （B ）必要非充分条件 （C ）充要条件（D ）既非充分又非必要条件15.《九章算术》中，称底面为矩形而有一侧棱垂直于底面的四棱锥为阳马.设AA ₁是正六棱柱的一条侧棱，如图，若阳马以该正六棱柱的顶点为顶点，以AA ₁为底面矩形的一边，则这样的阳马的个数是（ ）（A ）4（B ）8 （C ）12 （D ）1616.设D 是含数1的有限实数集，f x （）是定义在D 上的函数，若f x （）的图像绕原点逆时针旋转π6后与原图像重合，则在以下各项中，1f （）的可能取值只能是（ ）（A（B（C （D ）0三、解答题（本大题共有5题，满分76分）解答下列各题必须在答题纸的相应位置写出必要的步骤.17.（本题满分14分，第1小题满分6分，第2小题满分8分）已知圆锥的顶点为P ，底面圆心为O ，半径为2 （1）设圆锥的母线长为4，求圆锥的体积；（2）设PO =4，OA ，OB 是底面半径，且∠AOB =90°，M 为线段AB 的中点，如图，求异面直线PM 与OB 所成的角的大小.18.（本题满分14分，第1小题满分6分，第2小题满分8分） 设常数a R ∈，函数f x （）22?asin x cos x =+ （1）若f x （）为偶函数，求a 的值；（2）若4f π〔〕1=，求方程1f x =（）ππ-［，］上的解。
2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）英语试卷以及答案（包括一篇范文）
2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）英语试卷以及答案（包括一篇范文）2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(上海卷)英语试卷第I卷第一部分: 听力（共两节，满分30分）做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。
录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
第一节 (共5小题；每小题1.5分,满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten shortconversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a questionwill be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will bespoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, readthe four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the bestanswer to the question you have heard.1. M: Goodmorning, can I help you?W: Yes, thisdress is too long. Would you please shorten it for me?Q: Where doesthe conversation most probably take place?2. W: Jack, youlook tired.M: Yes, I’ve gota pile of work to do, but it gives me a g reat sense of achievement.Q: What can welearn about the man?3. W: John,What's up? Why are you standing on the desk?M: The lightssuddenly went off. The bulb must have burnt outQ: What is theman most probably doing?4. W: I willtake this room. How much is the rent?M: Well, twohundred pounds each month. You need to pay three months’ rent in advance plus adeposit of one hundred poundsQ: According tothe man, how much should the woman pay in total?5. W: I willtake an interview for a part time librarian tomorrow.M: Don’t worry,I will stand no chance if you take the interviewQ:How does the man feel about the woman's chance of getting the job？6. M: I couldn'tsleep at all last night. The bed is not comfortable.W: Don't blamethe bed. You should stop drinking wine.Q: What does thewoman imply?7. W: Andy, Ibought a shirt for you.M: Thank you. Ihope you kept the receipt. I've put on some weight.Q: What does theman imply?8. W: I’mterribly sorry. But your flight has been cancelled.M: What? In thatcase, I hope you will put me up somewhere tonight.Q: What does theman expect the woman to do for him?9. W: A newhotel is looking for workers. They need three hundred new workers but over fourthousand people showed up.M: Yes, I sawthe news on TV. I still have my job, thank goodness.Q: What are thespeakers talking about?10. W: ProfessorSmith explained the Physics problem very clearly.M: Did he?Unfortunately, it is still all Greek to me.Q: What can welearn from the conversation?Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two passagesand one longer conversation. After each passage or conversation, you will beasked several questions. The passages and the conversation will be read twice,but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read thefour possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer tothe question you have heard.Questions11 through 13 are based on the following passage.With the fascinating past and more than4 centuries of history, St. Augustine is one the nation's oldest cities and anAmerican treasure. Located on Florida's Atlantic coast, it is home to many fineexamples of European architecture and wild scenic views.In 1513, while looking for the storiedfountain of youth, an explorer found this land and called it Le Florida andclaimed it for Spain. Then, in 1565, a Spanish conqueror established asettlement there, and named it St. Augustine. Except for a twenty-year period of English rule, Florida remained under Spanish rule until the United Statestook control in 1821.In the years after its founding, thecity of St. Augustine was attacked by the French and English, and by nativeAmericans, who are said to have shot flaming arrows at the city's defensivebuilding, setting it on fire.More recently, nature has stricken theregion with hurricanes, Matthew in 2016 and Irma in 2017. Still, St. Augustineinjures. As the region recovers, visitors shouldn't overlook it. St. Augustinehas suffered much in its long history. Hopefully, visitors will come andperhaps support the Florida coast recovery while discovering its centuries ofhistory and miles of coastal beauty.11. Whichcountry first governed Florida in history?12. Which of thefollowing statements is true of St. Augustine?13. What is thepassage mainly about?Questions14 through 16 are based on the following passage.Transport for London has a lost propertyoffice, which collects the items left behind as people flow through the city'stransport system each day.It is the biggest lost property officein Europe, beaten globally only by Tokyo's. 65 staffs sort through hundreds ofthousands of lost and forgotten items each at the office, which is run by PaulCohen. According to the latest data, Cohen's team dealt with over three hundredthousand items in the first quarter of the year.As the data reveals, very few areclaimed. For example, of the nearly thirteen thousand keys handed in to lostproperty last year, just under one thousand four hundred were returned to theirowners, says Cohen. Overall, twenty percent of stock is claimed within threemonths. After that time, stock becomes the property of Transport for London,and it's not necessarily the items you’d expect.Wander through the three basement floorsthat make up the lost property office gives us an idea of what we value enoughto recover and what we're happy to let go. Cohen has discovered somethinginteresting about the complexity of lost shoes. He said, “If you have one shoe,you are more likely to go looking for theother. If you lose two shoes, well,it’s slightly out of sig ht and out of mind.” He guesses many people regard lossas an opportunity to treat themselves to something new.14: What is thepassage mainly about?15: Which of thefollowing is true of the lost items?16: According toCohen, why don't some people get their lost shoes back?Questions17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.W: I have a goodfeeling about this house.M: If you likethe outside, you are going to really love the inside.W: What abeautiful home and I like the way the window screen gives you privacy from thestreet. M: Follow meinto the kitchen, you will love it.W: Wow, they puta wine storage area in the kitchen. I love it!M: The best partis the bedroom and the attached bathroom.W: I love therelaxing colors of the wall and floor covering. I’d like to make an offer onthis house.M: As your houseagent, I’m here to take care of this process. How much will you plan for theoffering?W: I really likethe house and I will pay the full asking price of three hundred and eightythousand dollars.M: We’d betterleave ourselves some bargaining room. Let’s offer three hundred and fiftythousand dollars.W: That soundsgood, but I don't want this house to get away from me.M: The marketeris fairly down right now, so the offer is a realistic one.W: When will weknow if they accept the offer?M: The ownersusually respond to an offer within a few days.W: Should I becontacting my bank in the meantime?M: You arealready pre-qualified for your loan, so you're in good shape.17. What is thewoman most probably doing?18. What doesthe woman like best in the kitchen?19. What doesthe woman think of the man's offer on the house at first?20. Which of thefollowing is true according to the passage?。
2018年高考数学真题试卷(上海卷)(秋考)含逐题详解
2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）数学试卷（满分150分,考试时间120分钟）考生注意1.本场考试时间120分钟,试卷共4页,满分150分,答题纸共2页.2.作答前,在答题纸正面填写姓名,准考证号,反面填写姓名,将核对后的条形码贴在答题纸指定位置.3.所有作答务必填涂或书写在答题纸上与试卷题号对应的区域,不得错位.在试卷上作答一律不得分.4.用2B 铅笔作答选择题,用黑色字迹钢笔,水笔或圆珠笔作答非选择题.一,填空题（本大题共有12题,满分54分,第1～6题每题4分,第7～12题每题5分）1.行列式4125的值为_________.2.双曲线2214x y -=的渐近线方程为_________. 3.在7(1)x +的二项展开式中,2x 项的系数为_________.（结果用数值表示） 4.设常数a R ∈,函数2()log ()f x x a =+。
若()f x 的反函数的图像经过点(3,1),则a =_________.5.已知复数z 满足(1)17i z i +=-（i 是虚数单位）,则z =_________.6.记等差数列{}n a 的前n 项和为n S ,若30a =,6714a a +=,则7S =_________.7.已知12,1,,1,2,32α⎧⎫∈---⎨⎬⎩⎭。
若幂函数()f x x α=为奇函数,且在(0,)+∞上递减,则 α=_________.8.在平面直角坐标系中,已知点(1,0)A -,(2,0)B ,E ,F 是y 轴上的两个动点,且2EF =,则AE BF •的最小值为_________.9.有编号互不相同的五个砝码,其中5克,3克,1克砝码各一个,2克砝码两个。
从中随机选取三个,则这三个砝码的总质量为9克的概率是_________.（结果用最简分数表示）10.设等比数列{}n a 的通项公式为1n n a q-=（*n ∈N ）,前n 项和为n S 。
2018上海高考试题及答案-英语.doc
2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）英语试卷考生注意：1.考试时间120分钟, 试卷满分150分。
2.本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。
试卷分为第I卷（第1－12页）和第II卷（第13页），全卷共13页。
所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。
答题前,务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名,并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上,在答题纸反而清楚地填写姓名。
第I卷(共103分)I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. It is satisfactory. B. It is luxurious.C. It is old-fashioned.D. It is disappointing.2. A. On August 5th. B. On August 6th. C. On August 7th. D. On August 8th.3. A. A waiter. B. A butcher. C. A porter. D. A farmer.4. A. In a theatre. B. In a library. C. In a booking office. D. In a furniture store.5. A. She expected to a better show. B. She could hardly find her seat.C. She wasn’t interested in the show.D. She didn’t get a favourable seat.6. A. The woman often eats out for breakfast. B. The cafeteria serves good breakfast.C. The wo man doesn’t have breakfast.D. The cafeteria doesn’t serve breakfast.7. A. Selling cucumbers. B. Planting vegetables. C. Cooking a meal. D. Picking tomatoes.8. A. The man should work hard. B. The man should turn down the job offer.C. The man may have another chance.D. The man can apply for the job again.9. A. It is a hot and smoggy day. B. There is a traffic jam on King Street.C. A vehicle is polluting the air.D. The man is reading a report online.10. A. Its ending is not good enough. B. Its special effects are not satisfying.C. It deserves an award.D. It is good except for the scary part.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.12. A. Pay the bills first.B. Spend 2% of the salary on living expenses.C. Deposit $1000 every month.D. Put part of the money in a savings account.13. A. Methods of saving money.B. Saving money for family emergencies.C. The importance of saving money.D. Secrets of spending money wisely.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14. A. Free education.B. A sum of money.C. Donations from a local newspaper.D. Gifts from many people.15. A. Let students in before school.B. Offer ice cream and coffee.C. Introduce a bank into the campus.D. Reduce the traffic jams around.16. A. It lacks positive news.B. It should grow into a big city.C. It is a place worth living in.D. It remains peaceful and quiet.Section CDirections: In section C, you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer.Blank 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form. of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.(A)Bags of LoveLast year, I was assigned to work at an office near my mother’s house, so I stayed with her for a month. During that time, I helped out with the housework and contributed to the groceries.After less than a week, I started noticing that the groceries were running out pretty quickly —we were always suddenly out of something. (25)_______(wonder) how my mum could consume them so quickly, I began observing her daily routine for two weeks. To my surprise, I found that she would pack a paper bag full of canned goods and head out every morning at about nine. Eventually, I decided to follow her and (26)_______ happened truly amazed me. She was taking the food to the refugee camp, in (27)______ she distributed it to children.I asked around and found out that my mum was very well known in the area. The kids were very friendly with her and even looked up to her as if she were their own mother. Then it hit me —shy would she mot want to tell me about what she (28)_____(do)? Was she worried about how I would react or that I would stop (29)_____(buy) the groceries if I found out?When she got home, I told her about my discovery. (30)_____ she could react, I gave her a big hug and told her she didn’t need to keep it a secret (31)______ me. She told me that some of the children lived with an older lady in a shelter while others slept on the streets. For years, my mum has been helping out by giving them whatever food she could spare. I was so impressed by(32)_____ selfless she was.(B)Stress: Good or Bad?Stress used to be an almost unknown word, but now that we are used to talking about it, I have found that people are beginning to get stressed about being stressed.In recent years, stress(33)______(regard) as a cause of a whole range of medical problems, from high blood pressure to mental illness. But like so many other things, it is only too muchstress(34)______ does you harm. It is time you considered that if there were no stress in your life, you would achieve a little. If you are stuck at home with no stress, then your level of performance will be low. Up to a certain point, the more stress you are under, the (35)_____(good) your performance will be. Beyond a certain point, though , further stress will only lead to exhaustion, illness and finally a breakdown. You can tell when you are over the top and on the downward slope, by asking yourself (36)_______ number of questions. Do you, for instance, feel that too much is being expected of (37)______, and yet find it impossible to say no? Do you find yourself getting impatient of (38) _____(annoy) with people over unimportant things?... If the answer to all those questions is yes, you had better(39)______(control ) your stress, as you probably are under more stress than is good for you.To some extent you can control the amount of stress in your life. Doctors have worked out a chart showing how much stress is involved in various events. Getting married is 50, pregnancy 40, moving house 20, Christmas 12,etc. If the total stress in your life is over 150, you are twice as likely (40)_______ (get )ill.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Golden Rules of Good DesignWhat makes good design? Over the years, designers and artists have been trying to 41 the essentials of good design. They have found that some sayings can help people understand the ideas of good design. There are four as follows.Less is more. This saying is associated with the German-born architect Mies van der Rohe. In his Modernist view, beauty lies in simplicity and elegance, and the aim of the designer is to create solutions to problems through the most efficient means. Design should avoid unnecessary 42 More is not a bore. The American-born architect Robert Venturi concluded that if simplicity is done badly, the result is 43 design. Post-Modernist designers began to 44 with decoration and color again. Product design was heavily influenced by this view and can be seen in kitchen 45 such as ovens and kettles.Fitness for purpose. Successful product design takes into consideration a product’s function, purpose, shape, form, color, and so on. The most important result for the user is that the product does what is 46 . For example, think of a(n) 47 desk lamp. It needs to be constructed from materials that will stand the heat of the lamp and regular adjustments by the user. It also needs to be stable. Most importantly, it needs to 48 light where it is needed.From follows emotion. This phrase is associated with the German designer Hartmut Esslinger. He believes design must take into 49 the sensory side of our nature—sight, smell, touch and taste. These are as important as rational(理性的). When choosing everyday products such as toothpaste, we appreciate a cool-looking device that allows us to easily 50 the toothpaste onto our brush.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 51 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.In any case, despite so much evidence to the 52 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, 53 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 54 without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.Different cultures have different ways of 55 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making—all members of the department or work group are asked to 56 to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 57 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 58 managers cannot.A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 59 managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 60 the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be 61 with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has 62 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 63 that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.Another trend is off-site or 64 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the 65of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.51. A. desire B. seek C. lose D. dislike52. A. contrary B. expectation C. degree D. extreme53. A. vice versa B. for example C. however D. otherwise54. A. outside B. inside C. below D. above55. A. replacing B. assessing C. managing D. encouraging56. A. refer B. contribute C. object D. apply57. A. agreement B. practice C. election D. impression58. A. bossy B. experienced C. western D. male59. A. asking B. training C. warning D. firing60. A. doubling B. maintaining C. reducing D. estimating61. A. honoured B. left C. crowded D. compared62. A. economically B. traditionally C. inadequately D. occasionally63. A. deny B. admit C. assume D. ensure64. A. virtual B. ineffective C. day-to-day D. on-the-scene65. A. opinion B. risk C. performance D. attractiveness Section BDirection：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished sattments. For each of them there are four choices markedA, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)One early morning, I went into the living room to find my mother reading a thick book called Best Loved Poems to Read Again and Again. My interest was aroused only by the fact that the word “Poems” appeared in big, hot pink letters.“Is it good?” I asked her.“Yeah,” she answered. “There’s one I really like and you’ll like it, too.” I leaned forward.“‘Patty Poem,’” she read the title. Who is Patty? I wondered. The poem began:She never puts her toys away,Just leaves them scattered①where they lay,…①散乱的The poem was just three short sections. The final one came quickly:When she grows and gathers poise②, ②稳重I’ll miss her harum-scarum③noise, ③莽撞的And look in vain④for scattered toys. ④徒劳地And I’ll be sad.A terrible sorrow washed over me. Whoever Patty was, she was a mean girl. Then, the shock. “It’s you, honey,” My mother said sadly.To my mother, the poem revealed a parent’s affection when her child grows up and leaves. To me, the “she” in the poem was horror. It was my mama who would be sad. It was so terrible I burst out crying.“What’s wrong?” my mother asked.“Oh Mama,” I cried. “I don’t want to grow up ever!”She smiled. “Honey, it’s okay. You’re not growing up anytime soon. And when you do, I’ll still love you, okay?”“Okay,” I was still weeping. My panic has gone. But I could not help thinking about that silly poem. After what seemed like a safe amount of time, I read the poem again and was confused. It all fit so well together, like a puzzle. The language was simple, so simple I could plainly understand its meaning, yet it was still beautiful. I was now fascinated by the idea of poetry, words that had the power to make or break a person’s world.I have since fallen in love with other poems, but “Patty Poem”remains my poem. After all, “Patty Poem” gave me my love for poetry not because it was the poem that lifted my spirits, but because it was the one that hurt me the most.66. Why was the writer attracted by the book Best Loved Poems to Read Again and Again?A. It was a thick enough book.B. Something on its cover caught her eye.C. Her mother was reading it with interest.D. It has a meaningful title.67. After her mother read the poem to her, the writer felt ______ at first.A. sadB. excitedC. horrifiedD. confused68. The writer’s mother liked to read “Patty Poem” probably because______.A. it reflected her own childhoodB. it was written in simple languageC. it was composed by a famous poetD. it gave her a hint of what would happen69. It can be concluded from the passage that“Patty Poem”leads the writer to _______.A. discover the power of poetryB. recognize her love for puzzlesC. find her eagerness to grow upD. experience great homesickness（B）Is there link between humans and climate change or not? This question was first studied in the early 1900s. Since then, many scientists have thought that our actions do make a difference. In 1997, the Kyoto Protoco l explained our role in the Earth’s changing atmosphere and set international limits for gas emissions(排放) from 2018 to 2012. Some countries have decided to continue these reductions until 2020. More recently, the Paris Agreement, stuck by nearly 200 countries, also aims to limit global warming. But just now how much warmer it will get depends on how deeply countries cut carbon emissions.3.5℃This is how much temperatures would rise by 2100 even if nations live up tothe initial Paris promises to reduce carbon emissions; this rise could still putcoastal cities under water and drive over half of all species to extinction.2℃To meet this minimum goal, the Agreement requires countries to tightenemissions targets every five years. Even this increase could sink some islands,worse drought(干旱) and drive a decline of up to a third in the number ofspecies.1.5℃This is the most ambitious goal for temperature rise set by the ParisAgreement, after a push by low-lying island nations like Kiribati, which saylimiting temperature rise to 1.5℃could save them from sinking.0.8℃This is how much temperatures have risen since the industrial age began,putting us 40% of the way to the 2℃point.0℃The baseline here is average global temperature before the start of theindustrial age.70. It can be concluded from paragraph 1 that _______.A. the problem of global warming will have been quite solved by 2020B. gas emissions have been effectively reduced in developed countriesC. the Paris Agreements is more influential than the Kyoto ProtocolD. humans have made continuous efforts to slow down global warming71. If nations could only keep the initial promises of the Paris Agreement, what would happen by the year 2100?A. The human population would increase by one third.B. Little over 50% of all species would still exist.C. Nations would not need to tighten their emissions targets.D. The Agreement’s minimum goal would not be reached.72. If those island nations not far above sea level are to survive, the maximum temperature rise, since the start of the industrial age, should be_______.A. 0.8℃B. 1.5℃C. 2℃D. 3.5℃(C)Enough “meaningless drivel”. That’s the message from a group of members of the UK government who have been examining how social media firms like LinkedIn gather and use social media data.The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee’s report, released last week, has blamed firms for making people sign up to long incomprehensible legal contracts and calls for an international standard or kitemark(认证标记) to identify sites that have clear terms and conditions.“The term and conditions statement that we all carelessly agree to is meaningless drivel to anyone,” says Andrew Miller, the chair of the committee. Instead, he says, firms should provide a plain-English version of their terms. The simplified version would be checked by a third party and awarded a kitemark if it is an accurate reflection of the original.It is not yet clear who would administer the scheme, but the UK government is looking at introducing it on a voluntary basis. “we need to think through how we make that work in practice,” says Miller.Would we pay any more attention to a kitemark? “I think if you went and did the survey, people would like to think they would,” says Nigel Shadbolt at the University of Southampton, UK, who studies open data. “We do know people worry a lot about the ina ppropriate use of their information.” But what would happen in practice is another matter, he says.Other organisations such as banks ask customers to sign long contracts they may not read or understand, but Miller believes social media requires special attention because it is so new. “We still don’t know how significant the long-term impact is going to be of unwise things that kids put on social media that come back and bite them in 20 years’ time,” he says.Shadbolt, who gave evidence to the committee, says the problem is that we don’t know how co mpanies will use our data because their business models and uses of data are still evolving. Large collections of personal information have become valuable only recently, he says.The shock and anger when a social media firm does something with data that people don’t expect, even if users have apparently permission, show that the current situation isn’t working. If properly administered, a kitemark on terms and conditions could help people know what exactly they are signing up to. Although they would still have to actually read them.73. What does the phrase “ meaningless drivel” in paragraphs 1 and 3 refer to?A. Legal contracts that social media firms make people sign up to.B. Warnings from the UK government against unsafe websites.C. Guidelines on how to use social media websites properly.D. Insignificant data collected by social media firms.74. It can be inferred from the passage that Nigel Shadbolt doubts whether _______.A. social media firms would conduct a survey on the kitemark schemeB. people would pay as much attention to a kitemark as they thinkC. a kitemark scheme would be workable on a nationwide scaleD. the kitemark would help companies develop their business models75. Andrew Miller thinks social media needs more attention than banks mainly because _______.A. their users consist largely of kids under 20 years oldB. the language in their contracts is usually harder to understandC. the information they collected could become more valuable in futureD. it remains unknown how users’ data will be taken advantage of76. The writer advises users of social media to _______.A. think carefully before posting anything onto such websitesB. read the terms and conditions even if there is a kitemarkC. take no further action if they can find a kitemarkD. avoid providing too much personal information77. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?A. Say no to social media?B. New security rules in operation?C. Accept without reading?D. Administration matters!Section CDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.Walking will be banned on escalators as part of a trail designed ti reduce congestion(拥堵) at some of the country’s busiest stations.In the first move of its kind, all travelers will be forced to stand on both sides of escalators on the London Underground as part of a plan to increase capacity(容量) at the height of the rush hour.A xix-month trial will be introduced at Holborn station from mid-April, eliminating the rule of standing on the right and walking on the left. The move, imitating a similar structure in Fareastern cities such as Hong Kong, is designed to increase the number of people using long escalators at the busiest times . it could be expanded across the Tube network in coming years.According to London Underground, only 40 percent of travelers walk the full length of long escalators, leaving the majority at the bottom as they wait to get on to the “standing “side.A three-week trial at Holborn last year found that the number of people using escalators at any time of could be raised by almost a third. Peter McNaught, operations director at London Underground, said: “It may not seem right that you can go quicker by standing still, but our experiments at Holborn have proved that it can be true. This new six-month trial will help us find out if we can influence customers to stand on both sides in the long term.”Holborn has one of the longest sets of escalators on the Underground network at 23.4 high. Tube bosses claim that capacity was limited because so few people wanted to walk up—meaning only one side was used at all times. Research has shown that it is more effective use of escalators over 18.5 to ban walking.The previous trial found that escalators at the station normally carried 2,500 people between 8:30am and 9:30am on a typical day, rising to 3,250 during the researching period.In the new trial, which will be launched from April 18, one of three “up”escalators will be standing only, with a second banning walking at peak times. A third will remain a mix of walking and standing.(Note: Answering the questions the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)78. What is the existing problem with standing on the right and walking on the left?79. What did last year’s three-week trial at Holborn station prove?80.The research suggests that walking should be forbidden on escalators that are at least _________ in height.81. In the new trail, in addition to one escalator banning walking in rush hours, the other “up” escalators will be used for_________________.第II卷(共47分)I.TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1.我真希望自己的文章有朝一日能见报。
2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试数学试题(上海卷,含答案)
（B）2
（C）2
（D）4
14.已知 a R ，则“ a﹥1”是“ 1 ﹤1”的（ ） a
（A）充分非必要条件 （B）必要非充分条件 （C）充要条件 （D）既非充分又非必要条件 15.《九章算术》中，称底面为矩形而有一侧棱垂直于底面的四棱锥为阳马.设 AA₁是正 六棱柱的一条侧棱，如图，若阳马以该正六棱柱的顶点为顶点，以 AA₁为底面矩形的一边， 则这样的阳马的个数是（ ）
。
4
【答案】 y 1 x 2
【解析】【解答】
x2 4
y2
1，a=2，b=1。故渐近线方程为
y
1 2
x
6
【分析】渐近线方程公式。注意易错点焦点在
x
x2 轴上，渐近线直线方程为 a2
y2 b2
1时，
y b x。 a
【题型】填空题 【考查类型】中考真题 【试题级别】高三 【试题地区】上海 【试题来源】2018 年高考数学真题试卷（上海卷）
住：考前休息很重要。好好休息并不意味着很早就要上 床睡觉，根据以往考生的经验，太早上床反而容易失眠。考 前按照你平时习惯的时间上床休息就可以了，但最迟不要超 过十点半。
用：出门考试之前，一定要检查文具包。看看答题的工 具是否准备齐全，应该带的证件是否都在，不要到了考场才 想起来有什么工具没带，或者什么工具用着不顺手。
a=- 1 时， f
x
=
x
1 2
非奇非偶函数，错误
2
a= 1 时， f
1
x = x 2 非奇非偶函数，错误
2
a=1 时， f x =x 在（0， ）上递增，错误
a=2 时， f x =x2 在（0， ）上递增，错误
a=3 时， f x =x3 在（0， ）上递增，错误
2018年上海市普通高等学校招生统一考试数学真题试题及参考答案(上海卷)
【试题级别】高三
【试题地区】上海
【试题来源】2018年高考数学真题试卷（上海卷）
15.（2018•上海）《九章算术》中，称底面为矩形而有一侧棱垂直于底面的四棱锥为阳马.设AA₁是正六棱柱的一条侧棱，如图，若阳马以该正六棱柱的顶点为顶点，以AA₁为底面矩形的一边，则这样的阳马的个数是（）
A.4
B.8
C.12
D.16
【答案】D
【解析】【解答】以AA1取矩形分别讨论，找到AA1所在矩形个数，并根据每个矩形可做4个阳马的基本位置关系，可得答案为D。
故答案为：D。
【分析】以AA1为底边的直四棱锥，运用线面垂直关系判定的方法分析图形中基本元素及其相互关系解答即可。
【题型】单选题
【考查类型】高考真题
【试题来源】2018年高考数学真题试卷（上海卷）。
2018年高考真题——英语(上海卷)Word版(含解析)
绝密★启用前2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(上海卷)英语试卷(满分140分，考试时间120分钟)考生注意：答题前•务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名•并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位直上•在答题纸反而清楚地填写姓名。
I.LiStening COmPrehenSiOnSeCtiOn ADirections: In SeCtiOn A, you Will hear ten ShOrt conversations between two SPeakerS・ At the end Of each COnVerSation, a question WilI be asked about WhOt WaS said. The conversations and the questions Will be SPOken Only OnCe・ After you hear a COnVerSatiOn and the question about it, read the four POSSible answers On your paper; and decide WhiCh One is the best answer to the question you have heard.( )1 ・ A. In a grocery r B. In a Cafe・C. At a tailor s.D. At a toy ShOP( )2. A. He is PleaSed With his job.B.He is not SatiSfied With his WOrk・C.He finds the huge WOrklOad UnbCarable・D.He finds his OffiCe InUCh too big for him.( )3.A・ He is InOSt PrObably CheCking Whether everything is OK.B.He is InOSt PrObablyjUmPing from the desk・C.He is most PrObably repairing the desk・D.He is InOSt PrObably Changing the bulb・( )4. A. £200. B. £300. J C. £600・ D. £700.( )5. A. IFs difficult for the WOman to get the job if She takes the inten f iew.B.ThC WOman Can get the job if She takes the interview.C.The WOman has IeSS ChanCe to get the job than OtherS・D.The WOlnan ShOUld WOrk harder from now On if She WantS to get the job.( )6. A. The man drinks t∞ InUCh Wine・B.ThC man drinks Iittle Wine・C.The bed is t∞ soft.D.The bed is too hard・( )7. A. He may Change the Shirt because it,s too Iarge・B.He may Change the Shirt because it,s too SmalI・C.He doesn't Iike the COlOr Of the shirt.D.He IikeS the shirt.( )& A. TO PUt him to another flight.B.TO arrange the next flight.C.TO take him to SOmeWhere・D.TO arrange his accommodation.( )9. A. The news On TV.B.Many PeOPle Canle to the new hotel.C.It is difficult for PeOPle to find a job.D.The man Still has got a job.( )10. A. The WOman thinks it easy to Ieanl PhySiCS・B.ThC WOman is good at PhySiCS.C.ThC man thinks PrOfeSSOr Smith explained the PhySiCS PrOblenl Very Clearly.D.The man can,t UnderStand the PhySiCS problem.SeCtiOn BDirections: In SeCtiOn B you Will hear two ShOrt passages, and One IOnger conversation ,after each PaSSage・ The PaSSageS Or COnVerSatiOn you WiIl be asked SeVeral questions, the PaSSageS and the COnVerSatiOn WilI be read twice, but the questions WiII be SPOken Only OnCe・ When you hear a question, read the four POSSible answers On your PaPer and decide WhiCh One is the best answer to the question you have heard.QUeStiOnS 11 through 13 are based On the following PaSSage・( )11∙ A. SPain. B. FranCe C. AmeriCa D. England・( )12・ A. ViSitOrS ShOllldnI OVerlOOk it because it SUffered a IOt in history.B.Saint AUgUStine is the OIdeSt City in the nation.C.FlOrida WaS ruled by SPaniSh Until the UnitCd StateS took OVer it.D.ManyViSitOrS SUPPOrt the Florida's COaSt recovery for its beauty.( )13. A. Florida,s AtlantiC coast.B.St. Augustine1S history.C.SPaniSh COntrOl OVer FlOrida.D.SPaniSh history・QUeStiOnS 14 through 16 are based On the following talk・( )14. A. A IOSt PrOPCrty OffiCe in EUrOPe・B. A IOSt PrOPerty OffiCe in LOndOn・C. A IOSt PrOPerty OffiCe in TOkyo.D.PaUl Cowan,s office.( )15・ A. LOSt items become the PrOPerty Of transport for LOndOn.B.LOSt items are taken good Care Of by COWan,s team・C.AlnlOSt all Of the IOSt items Were returned to their OWnerS・D.TWenty PerCent Of the IOSt items are CIamled iιι three months' tmιe.( )16・ A. BeCaUSe they think their IOSt ShOeS are USeleSS.B.BeCaUSe they have already bought new ShOeS・C.BeCaUSe they WOUld Iike to get a new pair.D.BeCaUSe they can,t find their IOSt ShOeS・QUeStiOnS 17 through 20 are based On the following COnVerSatiOn・( )17・ A. She is HlOSt PrObabIy bargaining for a house.B.ShC is InOSt PrObably ViSiting One Of her friends・C.ShC is most PrObably IOOking for a house・D.She is most PrObably COntaCting her bank for a house・( )18. A. The kitchen attached bathroom.B. A Wine StOrage area.C.ThC floor COVering・D.The relaxing COlOrS Of the wall.B.The PriCe is too high.D.The Offer is unfair.19. A. The PriCe is reasonable.( )20. A. The WOman Will buy the house because the PriCe isreasonable・B.ThC house is really good because the bathroom is attached to the bedroom・C.Tlle inside Of the house is better than the OUtSide・D.The WOlnan IikeS the house SO much that She Will buy it.II.Grammar and VOCabUIarySeCtiOn ADireCtions: After reading the PaSSageS below, fill in the blanks to make r the PaSSageS COherent and grammatically COrreCt FOr the blanks With a given word, fill in each blank With the PrOPer form Of the given word; for the Other blanks, USe One WOrCl that best fits each blank ・A COmPrehenSiVe StUdy Of 4, 500 Children COndUCted by the NatiOnal InStitUteS Of Health in 2018ShOWS that Children WhO SPent more than SeVen hours a day Staring at SCreens ShOWed evidenee Of PrematUre thinning Of their brain's COrte×-the OUter Iayer that PrOCeSSeS SenSOry information. "We don't know if it _____ 21 ___ (CaUSe) by the SCreen time・ We don't know yet if it's bad thing・ It WorVt beUntil We follow them OVer time _______ 22 ____ We WiIl See if there are OUtCOmeS that are associated Withthe differences that We l re Seeing in this Single Snapshot∕ Dr. Gaya DOWIing・"What We Can Say is that this is __________ 23 ____the brains IOOk Iike Of kids WhO SPend a IOt Of time On SCreenS・ And it's not just One pattern/'The PrObIem isn't just SCreens 24 » but also the Way SCreenS tempt kids (and adults) away from SOmething far more important: PhySiCal activity・ MOre than 23 PerCent Of adults and 80 PerCent Of adolescents don,t get enOugh PhySiCal activity, and according to a 2019 report from the WOrld HeaIth Organization・(WHO), these PatternS Of activity and rest arise ___________________________________________________ 25 __ habits We develop early "What We really need to do is _________ 26 _____ (bring) back PIay for ChiIdrer√" SayS Dr. JUanain IifeZa WHO SPeCialiSt in ChildhOOd ObeSity and PhySiCal activity, in a Statement about new WHO guidelines WiIliamSOnzissued in APril 2019・ ThiS is about making the Shift from Sedentary time to playtime, While 27 (PrOteCt) SIeeP・ Of COUrSeChildren aren't COmPIeteIy to blame for their SCreenzaddiction ・Sometimes, the Parents ________ 28 ___ COmPIain about the role Of SCreens in family Iife are just asguilty Of SPending too much time in front Of one. A 2016 StUdy ________ 29 ____ (COndUCt) by COmmOn SGnSeMedia found that ParentS SPend UP to nine hours a day in front Of SCreens，mostly not for WOrk-related reasOns. WhiIe 78 PerCent Of ParentS Said they believed they Were good SCreen time role models, the StUdy found a discOnnect between their behavior and their PerCePtiOn Of their behavior. ParentS need to Iimit SCreen time for themselves and especially for their kids- ________________________________________ 30 ____ it means PIaying the bad guy.OUr mental and PhySiCal health depends On it.21. ____________ 22. _______________ 23. _____________ 24. ________________ 25. _______________2& _____________ 27.________________ 2& _______________ 29. ________________ 30. _______________SeCtiOn BDireCtions: FiIl in each blank With a PrOPer WOrd ChOSen from the box. EaCh WOrel Can be USed OnlySOnIe VerV αAmerican^ WOrdS COme from ChmeSeVWe WiIl On a recent program, We told you the StOrieS Of English WOrdS borrowed from Other IangUageS・ TOdayrtell you abOUt WOrdS that English HaS taken from Chinese・Many Of the ChineSe WOrdS that are now Part Of English Were borrowed IOng ago. They are most Often from CantOnese Or Other ChineSe IangUageS rather than Mandarin.Let⅛ Start With kowtow.kowtowThe EngIiSh WOrd kowtow is a Verb that means to agree too easily to do What SOmeOne else WantS you to do, Or to Obey SOmeOne With POWer in a Way that SeemS _____________________________ 31 ____ ・ It COmeS from the CantOneSe WOrd kau tau, WhiCh means "knock your head." It refers to the act Of kneeling and IOWering OnJS HeaCl as a Sign Of respect to __________________ 32 ___ — SUCh as emperors, elders and IeaderS・ In the CaSe OfBritair√s King GeOrge III emperors, the act required the PerSOn to touch their head to the ground・ In 1793zSent LOrd GeOrge MaCartney and Other trade ambassadors to China to __________________________ 33 ___ a trade agreement・ The ChineSe asked them to kowtow to the QianIOng Emperor. AS the StOry goes, LOrd MaCartney refused for his ________________________ 34 ___ to do more than bend their knees・ He Said that WaS all they Were required to do for their OWn king・It is not SUrPriSing. then. that MaCartney Ieft China WithOUt negotiating the trade agreement. After that, CritiCS USed the WOrd kowtow When anyone WaS too SUbmiSSiVe to China. Today, the USage has no COnneCtiOn to China, nor any SPeCifiC POIitiCal COnneCtiOn.gung-hoAnOther borrowed WOrd that Came about through __________ 35 ____ between two nations is gung-ho. InEngIiSh・ the WOrd gung∙ho is an adjective that means extremely excited about doing SOmething. The ChineSe CharaCterS zz gδng,z and a h6,' together mean ZZ WOrk together, COOPerate/' The Original term —gδngy⅛ h6zuδsh(i — means ChineSe IndUStrial COOPeratiVeS. The OrganiZatiOnS Were established in the 1930s by WeSternerS in China to PrOmOte industrial and economic development.Lt・ COlOnel EVanS CarISOn Of the United StateS Marine^ COrPS- ObSerVed these COOPeratiVeS WhiIe he WaS in China. He WaS impressed, Saying "•…all the SOldierS _______________ 36 ____ themselves to One idea and WOrked together to PUt that idea over/ He then began IlSing the term gung∙ho in the Marine COrPS to try to Create the Same SPlrit he had ____________________ 37 ___ ・ In 1942, He USed the WOrd as a training SIOgan for the2nd Marine Raider BattaliOn during WOrId War II. The men Were Often CaIIed the Zz GUng H O Battalion/' FrOm ther‰its meaning has no relation to the military.the WOrd gung-ho SPread as a SIOgan the Marine COrPS・ TOdayztyphoonIn EngliSha typhoon is a Very POWerfUl and _________ 38 ___ StOrm that OCCUrS around the China Seafand in the SOUth PaCifiC・ The WOrd history Of typhoon had a far IeSS ClireCt Path to the English IangUage than gung-ho. And not all historical accounts are the Same・ But, according to the Merriam-WebSter NeW BOOk Of WOrd Histories, the first typhoOnS reported in the English Ianguage Were in India and Were CaIIed Zz tOUffOns" Or ZZ tUfans∕ The WOrd tufan Or al-tufan is ArabiC and means ViOIent StOrm Or flood・ ThG EngliSh Came across this WOrd in India and borrowed it as touffon.EngliShmen Iearned the CantOnese Word LateG When English ShiPS encountered ViOIent StOrmS in the China Seaztai fung, WhiCh means ZZ great wind." The word's 39 to touffon is Only by chance. The modern form Of the WOrd —typhoon — WaS in(IUenCed by the CantOneSe but ___________________________________________________ 40 _____ to make it appear more Greek・31. ____________ 32. ______________ 33. ______________ 34. _______________ 35. _______________36. ____________ 37. _______________ 38. _______________ 39. _______________ 40. _______________III.Reading COmPrehenSiOnSeCtiOn ADirections: FOr each blank in the following PaSSage there are four WOrdS Or PhraSeS marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank With the WOrd Or PhraSe that best fits the COnteXt ・When 17-year-old ClUattrO MUSSer hangs OUt With friends, they don't Ckink beer Or CrUiSe around in CarS Withthey StiCk to G-rated activities SUCh as rock-climbing Or talking about their dates. _________________ 41 ___Zbooks ・They are in good COmPany, according to a new StUdy ShOWing that teenagers are increasingly delaying activities that had IOng been Seen as rites Of PaSSage into ______________________________ 42 _____ .The study, PUbIiShed TUeSday in the journal Child DeVelOPment, found that the PerCentage Of adolescents in the U・S・WhO have a driver's IiCense, WhO HaVe tried alcohol, WhO date, and WhO WOrk for Pay has PlUmmeted SinCe 2976, With the most PreCiPitOUS _____________________________ 43 ____ i n the PaSt decade・ The declines appeared across race, geographic, and SOCiOeCOnOrniC lines, and in rural, Urbar‰ and SUbUrban areas・TO be sure, more than HaIf Of teens still engage in these activities, but the ___ 44 _____ HaVe SIimmed COnSiderablyBetWeen 1976 and 1979, 86 PerCent Of high SChOOl Seniors had gone On a date; between 2010 and 2015zOr more boring, "but Only 63 PerCent PeOPIe sa½ Oh, it,s because teenagers are more responsible, Or more IaZyzIead author Of thethey're _________________________________ 45 ____ t he Iarger trend," Said Jean TWengezkids may be IeSS 46 instudy, WhiCh drew On SeVen Iarge time-Iag SUrVeyS Of AmeriCans. RatheG She Saidzactivities SUCh as dating, driving Or getting jobs because in today' S society.ACCOrding to an evolutionary PSyChOIOgy theory that a PerSOn l S "life strategy" SIOWS down Or SPeedS UPexposure to a ZZ harSh and UnPrediCtable,' GnVirOnmentdepending On HiS Or her ___________________ 47 ___ZIeadS to faster development, While a more resource-rich and SeCUre enVirOnment has the ________________ 48 ____ effect, the StUdy Said・ In the first ___ 49 ____ » "You'd have a IOt Of kids and be in SUrViVal mode, Starthavi ng kids you ng, expect your kids WiIl have kids young, and expect that there Will be more ________ 50 ____ and fewer resources/ Said TWengea PSyChOIOgy PrOfeSSOr at San DiegO State UniVerSity WhO is the author Of Zz iGen;zWhy Today's SUPer-COnnected KidS Are GrOWing UP LeSS Rebellious, MOre TOlerant, LeSS HaPPy —and COmPletely UnPrePared for Adulthood・Zz the goal back then WaSA Century ago, WhGn Iife expectancy WaS IOWer and COlIege education IeSS PreValentZSUrViVaL not ViOlin IeSSOnS by 5/ TWenge Said・ In that model a teenage boy might be thinking more 51 about marriage, and ClriVing a Car and WOrking for Pay WOUld be important forZZ eStabliShing mate ValUe based On PrOCUrement Of resources/ the StUdy said.BUt AmeriCa is Shifting more toward the _______ 52 ___ model, and the Change is apparent across the SOCiOeCOnOmiC spectrum, TWenge said. ZZ EVen in families WhOSe ParentS didn't HaVe a COllege education..・ familiesare SmalIeG and the idea that Children need to be CarefUIly ________________________________ 53 ____ has really SUnk in." The _______ 54 ___ Of "adult activities'7 COUld not be attributed to more homework Orextracurricular activities, the StUdy Saidznoting that teens today SPend fewer HOUrS On HOmeWOrk and the Same amount Of time On extracurricular as they did in the 1990s ( With the exception Of COmmUnity service, WhiCh hasrisen Slightly). NOr COUld the USe Of SmartPhOneS and the Internet be Gntirely the 55Z the report SaidZSinCethe decline began before they Were Widely available・ Ifthe delay is to make room for CreatiVe exploration and forming better SOCial and emotional COnnectionszit is a good thing, he Said・( ) 41. A. TherefOre B. Rather C. MOreOVer D. BeSideS( ) 42. A. ChiIdhOOd B. neighborhoodC. adolescentsD. adulthood( ) 43. A. escapes B. ends C. decreases D. ChangeS( ) 44. A. minorities B. majorities C. masses D. amounts( ) 45. A. taking B. avoiding C.Sending D. missing( ) 46. A. interested B. envied C. relieved D. realized( ) 47. A. emotions B. SUrrOUndingS C. CUStOmS D. habits( ) 48. A. WrOng B. Same C. OPpOSitC D. Sinlilar( ) 49. A. event B. issue C. CaSe D. OeCaSiOn( ) 50. A. trouble B. questions C. benefits D. diseases( ) 51. A・ respectively B. delicatelyC. SeriOUSlyD. COnSidCrably( ) 52. A. SlOWer B. better C. Smaller D. faster( ) 53. A. emphasized B. related C. OrganiZCd D. educated( ) 54. A. implement B. POStPOnementC. achievementD. Payment( ) 55. A. CaUSe B. impact C. fact D. resultSeCtiOn BDireCtions: Read the following three PaSSageS・ EaCh PaSSage is followed by SeVeral questions Or UnfiniShed StatementS・ FOr each Of them there are four ChOiCeS marked A f B f C Ond D. ChOOSe the One that fits best according to the information given in the PaSSage you have just read.BitCOin and Other SO CalIed CryPt CUrrenCieS have been all OVer the news lately. APParentl½ the idea Of money that's not tied to a SPeCifiC bank —Or a SPeCifiC COUntry —is appealing to many. BUt it's WOrth remembering that the banking SyStem that We now all IiVe With is just that: A modern invention. NOt SO IOng ago, money WaS almost always Created and USed locally, and bartering WaS COmmon. (In fact, it S廿Il is COmmOn among many OnIine IOCal networks, Iike the BUy NOthing Project.)・In the past, money's makeup Varied from PIaCe to place, depending On What WaS COnSidered ValUabIe there・ SO While SOme Ofthe world's first COinS Were made from a naturally OCCUrring hybrid Of gold and SilVer CalIed electrum,ObjeCtS Other than COinS have SerVed as CUrrency, inClUding beads, ivor½ IiVeStOCkzand COWrie ShellS・ In WeStAfriCazbracelets Of bronze Or COPPer Were USed as cash, especially if the transaction WaS associated With theSlaVe trade there・ ThrOUghOUt the COlOnial PeriOdZtobacco WaS USed in IieU Of COinS Or PaPer bills in Virginia,Maryland and NOrth CarOlinazeven though it WaS USed elsewhere in the COlOnieS and extensively throughout EUrOPe and the U.K.Today, On an island in the PaCifiCza SPeCifiC type Of SheIl StiII SerVeS as CUrrenCy — and SOme PeOPIe there are even hoarding it, just Iike BitCOin moguls, COrWinCed that One day, it WiIl make them Wealthy beyOnd imagination. On MaIaita, the most- POPUlated island that's Part Ofthe SOlOmOn Islands, SheIIS are accepted at most PIaCeS in "How much tuna you Can get for your ShelIS depends On their COIOr and shape/ Mary BrUno, a ShOP OWnGrfrom the SmaIl town Of AUkiz On Malaitaztold ViCe・"One StriP Of darker SheIIS might get you about two CanS OfSmaIler tuna, but the red OneS are WOrth more, FOr the red OneszOne StriP might get enoUgh tuna to feed a big family for a IOng time・JUSt Iike a mint that CreateS coins, there' S OnlyOne PIaCe On the ISIand Where the ShelISZWhiCh are POIiShedand StrUng together to form 3-foot」Ong ropes, are made・(YOU Can See how that WOrkS in the VideO above.) The StriPS Of red, white, and black SheIIS all COme from Langa Langa LagOon, Where artificial islands Were IOng-ago built by IOCaIS to escape from the island-dwelling Cannibals・ OnCG maroOned OUt On their islands, locals needed a CUrrency to USe among themselves, and SO the Shell CUrrenCy WaS born.USing SheIIS for money WaS COmmOn throughout the PaCifiC islands as Iate as the early 1900s, but Malaita is UniqUe in that they are StiIl USed today. And just Iike CryPtO CUrrencies, there are those WhO think the islanders are Smart to invest in this type Of money, WhiCh is reported to have risen in VaIUe OVer the IaSt three decades・It might Seem Strange to hoard a bunch Of PrOCeSSedStrUng∙togGthGr SheIls, but What is a PiIe Of dollars? JUStZa SPeCiaIIy Printed PieCe Of PaPer and hemp that we,ve assigned ValUe to — and PrObably IeSS durable OVer time than those ShelIS・( )56. ACCOrding to the passage, WhiCh Of the following is TRUE?A.MOney WaS Created and WaS Widely USed in the WOrld.B.TObaCCO WaS USed as COinS Or PaPer bills in AmCriCan in the past.C.The ingredients Of WOrld,s first COinS may be the COmbinatiOn Of gold and SilVe匚ing ShelIS for money has been OUt Of date in the WOrId.( )57. The WOrd fc nιiιιt'' In ParagraPh 4 is ClOSeSt iιι the meaning to U_______________ ” ・A. a kind Of InOney that Can exchangeB.the IeaVeS Of a mint Plant USed fresh Or CandiedC. a PlaCe to PrOdUCe and POIiSh ShellSD. a factory that PrOdUCeS CUrrenCy( )58. WhafS OPiniOn Of the author towards ShellS for money?A.ReaSOnable.B. IInaginary.C.COnVenient.D. Invcntivc・( )59. WhiCh Of the following Inight be the best title Of the passage?A.The HiStOry Of BitCOinB. ShellS Still MOneyC. The CUrrenCy IS Of Great USeD. SOme ShellS(B)HOW DO VOU MOVe a Giant Sequoia?The IOgiStiCS Of e×cavating (挖拥)and relocating town's Century-old z IiVing SeqUOia(红杉)tree. Inhabitants Of BOiSeIdaho, WatChed With trepidatiOn earlier this year as the city's oldest, tallest resident moved two blocks z・ The 105-year-old SeqUOia tree SerVeS as a IOCal Iandmark Z not Only for its IOngeVity but also because renowned naturalist and Sierra CIUb COfOUnder JOhn MUir PrOVideCl the Original Seedling. SOWhen Saint LUke l S HeaIth SyStemZfound that the IO-StOry-tall-conifer(针叶树) StOOd in the Way Of its PIanned hospital CaIled tree∙moVing firm EnVirOnmGntai DeSign.The TeXaS-based COmPany has developed and Patented SCOOPing and Iifting tech noIOgy to move massive trees・OOO POUnds, the BOiSe SeqUOia is its IargeSt Undertaking yet・"I [had] IOSt enOUgh Weighing in at more than 800zSleeP OVer this/ SayS DaVid Cox, the COmPany's WeStern regiOn ViCe PreSident —and that WaS before the HOSPital mentiOngd the tree's distinguished Origin. BefOre the heavy Ii fting begar‰ the team assessed the root SyStem and dug a five∙foot∙deep Cylinder , measuring 40 feet in diametec around the trunk to PrOteCt all essential roots・After enCaPSUIating the root ball in Wire mesh, the movers allowed the tree to acclimate to its new SitUa 廿On for SeVen mon ths before relocating it. The illustratiOn details What followed・一LeSlie NemO1. Mark A・Merit and HiS team at ErWirOnmental DeSign inStalIed Underneath the root ball a PIatfOrm Of44-foot」Ong SteeIbarS and, just below the rods, a first Set Of Uninflated airbags ( ShOWn in SeVen-inch-diameterzgray).The team also dug a ShaIIOW ramp・2・ In roughly 15 minutes, the movers inflated the airbags to about three feet in diameter to raise the root ball to the SUrfaCe Of the hole・3.By Underinflating the front bags, the team allowed the PlatfOrm Carrying the tree to roll UP the ramp and OUt Of the hole WhiIe Staying level, A trailer hauled the tree along as team members removed the airbags from the back Of the PIatfOrm and replaced them in the front. They repeated the PrOCeSS Until the tree arrived at the edge Of its new home・4.There a SeCOnd Set Of PartiaIly inflated bags (ShOWn in White) Waited inSide the hole・ SOil SUrrOUnding the SeqUOia in its Original Iocation WaS relocated as well, because trees are more IlkeIy to SUrViVe a transplantWhen they move With their Original SOil・ing the first Set Of airbags, the movers rolled the PIatfOrm into the new hole・6・The bags Waiting there Were then inflated further to take the Weight Of the SeqUOia While the transportation bags Were deflated and removed from Under the tree・7. The White bags Were then deflated in about half an hour to IOWer the SeqUOia,s root ball to the bottom Of its hole, The bags Were removed, but the metal bars Were Ieft With the tree because they rust and degrade OVer a number Of years・8・ FOr the next five years the IOCal Park SerViCe WiIl monitor and maintain the tree in its new home ・( )60. WhiCh Of the following WOrdS Can be USed to replace the WOrdS Ilnderlined "stood in theWaY of"?A.ReSiStedB. BaIanCedC. Blocked.D. Promoted.( )61. What is the reasOn for the relocation Of SeqUOia trees?A.BeCaUSe the SCOOPing and Iifting technology ShOUld be PUt into USe・B.BeCaUSe it blocks IOCal hospital expansion PlanS・C.BeCaUSe it COrrCSPOndS to govcmment,s Plan Of EnVirOnmental DeSign・D.BeCaUSe SeqUOia trees are OVer a hundred years Old・( )62. HOW Will the migrated SeqUOia trees be dealt with?A.They Will be given new SOil in the new IiVing environment.B.Metal rods USed to move SeqUOia trees Will not be Ieft On the trees.C.They Will be kept in transport bags all the time・D.They Will be managed by SPeCiaIiStS in the next five years・UIIderStand the ECOIlOIniC COnCePt Of a BUdget LineThe term Zz bUdget line,z has SeVeral related meaningsincluding a COUPIe that are SeIf- evident and a thirdzthat is not.The budget Iine as an InfOrmaI COnSUmer UnderStandingThe budget Iine is an elementary ConCePt that most ConSUmerS UnderStand intuitively WithOUt a need for graphs a nd equations — it's the HOUSehOld budget, for example ・Taken informally, the budget Iine describes the bOUndary Of affordability for a given budget and SPeCifiC goods・GiVen a Iimited amount Of money，a COnSUmer CZn OnIy SPend that Same amount buying goods. If the COnSUmer has X amount Of money and WantS to buy two goods A and BShe Can OnIy PUrChaSe goods totaling X. If the COnSUmerzShe Can then SPend OnIy 0.25 X, the amount remaining, On her PUrChaSe Of B. needs an amount Of A COSting 0.75zThiS SeemS almost too ObViOUS to bother Writing Or reading about・ AS it turns out, however; this Same COnCePt-One that most COnSUmerS make many 廿mes each day With reflecting On it-is the basis Of the more formal budget Iine COnCePt in economics, WhiCh is explained below・LineS in a BUdgetBefOre turning to the econOmiCS definitiOn Of budget Iin巳COnSider another COncept: the line-item budget ・ ThiS is effectively a map Of future expenditures, With all the COnStitUent expenditures individually noted anda budget Iine is One Of the IinGS in the budget, quantified・ There1 S nothing Very COmPliCated about this USageZWith the SerViCe Or good to be PUrChaSed named and the COSt quantified,The BUdget Line as an ECOnOmiCS COnCePtOne Of the interesting WayS the StUdy Of GCOnO mics relates to huma n behavior gen erally is that a IOt Of economic theory is the formalizatiOn Of the kind Of SimPIe COnCePt OUtlined above — a COnSUmer l S informal UnderStanding Of the amount She has to SPencl and What that amount Will buy.In the PrOCeSS Of formalization, the ConCePt Can be expressed as a mathematical equatiOn that Can be applied generally・A SimPIe BUdget Line GraPhTO Understand this, think Of a graph Where the VertiCal Iines quanUfy how many movie tickets, you Can buy and Where the horizontal IineS do the Same for Crime novels・ YOU Iike going to the movies and reading Crime novels In the example below, assume that each movie COStS $10 and each Crime noVel COStS $15and you have $ 150 to SPendz・ The more formal economics term for these two items is budget Set・If movies COSt $ 10 each, then the maximum number Of movies you Can See With the money available is 15. TO note this you make a dot at the number 15 (for total movie tickets) at the extreme Ieft-Hand Side Of the Chart ・ ThiS Same dot appears at the extreme Ieft above "O" On the horizOntai axis because you have no money Ieft for books — the number Of books available in this example is O. YOU Can also graph the Other extreme — all Crime noVeIS and no movies. SinCe Crime noVeIS in the example COSt $15 and you have $150 available, if you SPend all the available money Crime novels, you Can buy 10. SO you PUt a dot On the horizOntal axis at the nUmber 10.You'll PIaCe the dot at the bottom Of the VertiCal axis because in this inStanCe you HaVe $0 available for movie tickets.rightmost dot you'll have Created a If you now draw a Iine from the highest, IeftmOSt dot to the IOWeStzbudget Iine・Any COmbination Of movies and Crime novels that falls below the budget Iine is affordable. Any COmbinatiOn above it is not.( )63. WhiCh SentenCe about the budget Iine is NOT TRUE?A.It is IimitatiOn Of affordability for a given budget and SPeCifiC goods・B.MOSt COStUmerS WiIl be COnfUSGd With this COnCePt because Of its complex.C・ It is the effectively a map Of (UtUre expenditures・D.It Can be expressed as a mathematical, equation.)64. What is the PUrPOSe Of the passage?A.TO tell US any COnCePt Can be expressed as a mathematical equation・B.TO HeIP US figure OUt the meaning BUdget Line・C・ TO tell US We ShOUld budget before We buy goods・D・ TO give an instruction Of ClraWing a budget Line・$15, you have $150.WhiCh is RIGHT according )65. ASSUme that each movie COStS 10 and each Crime novel COStSzto this passage?A.The maximum number Of movies you Can See is 10.。
(完整版)2018年上海高考考纲数学学科
2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）数学科目考试说明一、考试性质、目的和对象普通高等学校招生数学科目全国统一考试（上海卷）是为普通高等学校招生提供依据的选拔性考试。
选拔性考试是高利害考试，考试结果应该具有高信度，考试结果的解释和使用应该具有高效度。
考试命题的指导思想是坚持立德树人，有利于促进每一个学生的终身发展，有利于科学选拔和培养人才，有利于维护社会公平、公正。
考试对象是符合2018年上海市高考报名条件的考生。
二、考试目标依据《上海市中小学数学课程标准（试行稿）»及其调整意见和高校人才选拔要求，结合中学教学实际，本考试旨在考查考生的数学素养，包括数学基础知识与基本技能、逻辑推理能力、运算能力、空间想象能力、数学应用与探完能力。
具体为：I .数学基础知识与基本技能I. 1理解或掌握初等数学中有关数与运算、方程与代数、函数与分析、数据整理与概率统计、图形与几何的基础知识。
1,2理解集合、对应、函数、算法、数学建模、极限、概率、统计、化归、数形结合、分类讨论、分解与组合等基本数学思想；掌握比较、分析、类比、归纳、坐标法、参数法、逻辑划分、等价转换等基本数学方法。
I. 3能按照一定的规则和步骤进行计算、作图和推理；掌握数学阅读、表达以及文字语言、图形语言、符号语言之间进行转换的基本技能；会使用函数型计算器进行有关计算。
II. 逻辑推理能力II. 1能正确判断因果关系。
III. 2会进行演绎、归纳和类比推理，并能正确而简明地表述推理过程。
III.运算能力IV. . 1能根据要求处理、解释数据。
ni. 2能根据条件，寻找与设计合理、简捷的运算途径。
IV.空I砌笳卧3IV. 1 正确地分析图形中的基本元素及其相互关系。
IV. 2能对图形进行分解、组合和变形。
V.数学应用与探究能力V. 1能运用基础知识、基本技能、数学思想方法和适当的解题策略，解决有关数学问题。
V.2能通过建立数学模型，解决有关社会生活、生产实际中的问题，并能解释其实际意义。
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2018年高考上海卷考试手册·语文科
上海市教育考试院
一、考试性质
普通高等学校招生语文科目全国统一考试（上海卷），是为普通高等学校招生提供依据的选拔性考试。
选拔性考试是高利害考试，考试结果需要具有高信度，考试结果的解释和使用应该具有高效度。
考试命题的指导思想是立德树人，有利于促进每一个学生的终身发展，有利于科学选拔和培养人才，有利于维护社会公平、公正。
考试对象是符合2018年上海市高考报名条件的考生。
二、考试目标
依据《上海市中小学语文课程标准（试行稿）》和高校人才选拔要求，结合中学教学实际，从识记、理解、运用、综合四个方面考查考生语文素养。
三、考试内容及要求
依据《上海市中小学语文课程标准（试行稿）》，考试内容及要求按试卷积累应用、阅读、写作三大板块说明如下：
（一）积累应用
Ⅰ．识记
Ⅰ.1 掌握课文涉及的重要作家、作品及与之相关的文学常识、文化常识。
Ⅰ.2 再现古诗文中的名篇、名句。
Ⅱ．运用
Ⅱ．1 在提供的新情境中使用名篇、名句等。
Ⅱ．2 根据语境，使用语文知识进行识别、判断、归类等。
（二）阅读
社科类现代文
Ⅰ．理解
Ⅰ.1 理解词语、句子在文中的意思。
Ⅰ.2 理解文中重要概念的含义。
Ⅰ.3 理解图表，用文字解释图表，完成图文转换。
Ⅰ.4 筛选文中信息。
Ⅰ.5 整合、概括部分或整体的文章内容。
Ⅰ.6 概括说明对象的特征或规律。
Ⅰ.7 概括文章中心、作者观点。
Ⅰ.8 概括结构特点，梳理行文思路。
Ⅱ．运用
Ⅱ.1 运用语文知识，依据语境、内容，进行排序、补充、判断等。
Ⅱ.2 分析词、句、段在文中的作用。
Ⅱ.3 分析所用材料、方法的作用。
Ⅱ.4 分析文章各部分间的关系。
Ⅱ.5 分析作者态度、写作意图。
Ⅱ.6 分析文章的语言特点。
Ⅱ.7 分析文章的表达方式、写作手法。
Ⅲ．综合
Ⅲ.1 评价文章所运用的材料、方法的逻辑性。
Ⅲ.2 评价文章内容、观点的意义和价值。
Ⅲ.3 根据文章内容进行推断。
Ⅲ.4 对指定问题进行探究，形成新的见解。
文学类现代文
Ⅰ．理解
Ⅰ.1 理解词语、句子在文中的含义。
Ⅰ.2 概括部分或整体的作品内容。
Ⅰ.3 概括对象特点、作品主旨、核心思想。
Ⅰ.4 概括结构特点，梳理行文的线索和思路。
Ⅱ．运用
Ⅱ.1 分析词、句、段在文中的作用。
Ⅱ.2 分析选材、组材的特点和作用。
Ⅱ.3 分析作品各部分间的联系。
Ⅱ.4 分析作品中所表现人、事、景、物与情、志、理的关系。
Ⅱ.5 分析作者的情感、写作的背景和意图。
Ⅲ．综合
Ⅲ.1 赏析作品的语言特点。
Ⅲ.2 赏析作品的构思特点。
Ⅲ.3 赏析词句的表现力及其效果。
Ⅲ.4 赏析作品使用的表现手法的特点及其表达效果。
Ⅲ.5 赏析、评价作品塑造的艺术形象。
Ⅲ.6 评价作品使用的手法。
Ⅲ.7 评价作品内容、思想的意义和价值。
Ⅲ.8 根据作品内容，进行联想、想象、推断。
Ⅲ.9 探究作品内涵，形成自己的见解。
古代诗文
Ⅰ．理解
Ⅰ.1 理解词语、句子在诗文中的含义。
Ⅰ.2 理解与现代汉语不同的句式和用法。
Ⅰ.3 用现代汉语翻译句子。
Ⅰ.4 筛选文中信息。
Ⅰ.5 整合、概括部分或整体的文章内容。
Ⅰ.6 概括对象特点、文章主旨、思想观点。
Ⅰ.7 概括结构特点，梳理行文思路。
Ⅱ．运用
Ⅱ.1 运用语文知识，依据语境、内容，进行断句、排序、判断等。
Ⅱ.2 分析词、句、段在文中的作用。
Ⅱ.3 分析所用材料、方法的作用。
Ⅱ.4 分析各部分间的关系。
Ⅱ.5 分析作者的情感、写作的背景和意图。
Ⅱ.6 分析常见的表现手法及其作用。
Ⅲ．综合
Ⅲ.1 赏析作品的语言运用。
Ⅲ.2 赏析作品中富有表现力的词语和句子。
Ⅲ.3 赏析作品使用的手法及其效果。
Ⅲ.4 赏析作品的意象、意境。
Ⅲ.5 评价作品的艺术特色。
Ⅲ.6 评价作品的思想意义和社会价值。
Ⅲ.7 探究作品内涵，形成自己的见解。
（三）写作
Ⅰ．思想内容
Ⅰ.1 准确把握题意。
Ⅰ.2 主旨明确，思想健康，感情真实。
Ⅰ.3 选材恰当，内容充实。
Ⅰ.4 力求有新意。
Ⅱ．结构布局
Ⅱ.1 结构完整，布局合理。
Ⅱ.2 层次分明，条理清晰。
Ⅲ．语言表达
Ⅲ.1 语言通顺、准确、得体。
Ⅲ.2 合理运用表达方式。
Ⅲ.3 书写规范，标点符号使用正确。
四、考试形式与试卷结构
1．考试形式
采用闭卷书面考试形式。
试卷分为试题和答题纸两部分。
考生应将答案全部做在答题纸上。
试卷总分为150分，考试时间为150分钟。
2．考试目标和内容占总分的比例
考试目标中，识记约占6%，理解约占17%，运用约占17％；综合约占60％。
考试内容中，积累应用板块为10分；阅读板块为70分，其中现代文阅读和古代诗文阅读约各占一半；写作板块为70分。
3．题型
采用填空题、选择题、简答题、写作题等题型。
五、题型示例（略）。