动物生理学棘皮动物门英文课件1

• • • • •
Generally gonochorism and asyngamy Gonad——残存的体腔 Gonoduct——体腔管 External genitals——一些附肢特化形成 Aquatic species——adoscuolation（体外受精）；Terrestrial species——entosomatic fertilization（体内受精）。
• The thicker portion is called the procuticle;
divided into the exocuticle and the
endocuticle • In the exocuticle the glycoprotein chains are cross-linked - the process is called tanning（鞣化）
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Sponging Mouthparts
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41Leabharlann 2428. Intensive nerve system and sensitive senses
forebrain Brain midbrain afterbrain
Visual and behavioral tactile sense nerve distribution to labium and digestive tract
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1.heteronomous metamerism and jointed appendages
cephalosome thorax abdomen
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1.heteronomous metamerism and jointed appendages
cephalosome thorax abdomen
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“The real rulers of the Earth”
COULD THIS BE POSSIBLE?
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JUST HOW DOMINANT ARE ARTHROPODS?
More than 83% of all described animal species are arthropods. That's about 160 million insects for each person on Earth. Have evolved to fill a variety of ecological niches(生 态位) — from tiny internal parasite to giant birdeating predator.
Epidermis secretes an external skeleton called the exoskeleton
Advantages of possessing an exoskeleton: • • • • • provides strong support provides rigid levers that muscles can attach to and pull against offers protection serves as a barrier to prevent internal tissues from drying out; important because many arthropods live on land serves as a barrier to prevent infection
Arthropods
ARTHROPODS MOST SUCCESSFUL ANIMALS
Number Diversity Distribution Longevity（寿命）
of species
Arthropoda
2 2
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Percentage
Cephalothorax and abdomen
Cephalosome and trunk
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Biological Significances： Somite healing and body division make both
differentiation and focus of structure and function, so as to
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2)Gill
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3) Book gill：limulus(鲎)
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4) Book lung：spider, scorpion
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真皮 5) Trachea(气管):insects, diplopod（马陆），chilopod
Trachea
6. Excretory organ in a variety of forms
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小网膜
COMPOUND EYE

Simple eyes

Light sensitive cells
share a common lens

Compound eyes

Thousand of closely packed units called ommatidia
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9. Reproduction and development
Other pseudocoelomates Nematoda
Mesozoa Sarcomastigophora Ciliophora Apicomplexa Microspora
Mollusca Nemertea Platyhelminthes Ctenophora Cnidaria Placozoa Porifera Myxozoa
Crustacea（甲壳纲）：antennal gland and maxillary gland(小颚腺) Arachnida（蛛形纲） and merostomata（肢口纲）：coxal gland（基节腺）
腺体部
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Exoskeleton and Molting cont.
• In order to grow the arthropod must shed its exoskeleton, and secrete a new and larger one - molting （蜕皮）or ecdysis.
•Molting：

Arthropods are a lot more than just delicious feasts and disgusting pests. What are the characteristics of an arthropod ?

1.heteronomous metamerism and jointed appendages
molting centipede
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3. Powerful striated muscle
The muscles of the arthropods attach to the inner side of the exoskeleton And they often function as a lever system
Three pairs of appendage
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1.heteronomous metamerism and jointed appendages
cephalosome thorax abdomen
Three pairs of appendage
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1.heteronomous metamerism and jointed appendages
Thorax
• Reproductive and Abdome metabolic center
n
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Crustacea, Merostomata(肢口纲), Arachnoidea（蛛形纲）：
Cephalothorax and abdomen
Onychophora（有爪纲）、Myriapoda（多足纲）：Cephalosome and trunk Cephalosome, thorax and abdomen
improve adaptability to environment.
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Jointed appendages
Appendages:
Uniramous or biramous.
Parts are specialized for different tasks.
基节
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股骨
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胫节
跗骨
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2. EXOSKELETON
cephalosome thorax abdomen
Three pairs of appendage
IMPORTANT AREAS TO STUDY TO IDENTIFY
COMMON INSECT ORDERS
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Cephalo some
• Feeding and sensory center
• Motion centre
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Insects Non-insect Arthropods Non-arthropod inverts Vertebrates
Uniramia（单枝亚门） Echinodermata Vertebrata Lophophores Chelicerata(螯肢亚门) Crustacea（甲壳亚门） Other Chordata Arthropoda Annelida Hemichordata
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visual receptor
ocellus ommateum