杭州师范大学翻译与写作2018年考研初试真题
杭州师范大学.doc
一头断了牵绳的羊从栅栏里跑出来，四蹄在撑着，忽地撞在一棵树上，又直撑了四蹄滑
行，末了还是跌倒在一个粪堆旁，失去了白的颜色。一个穿红衫子的女孩冲出门去牵羊，又立即要返回，却不可能了，在院子里旋转，锐声叫唤，离台阶只有两步远，长时间走不上去。
槐树上的葡萄蔓再也攀附不住了，才松了一下屈蜷的手脚，一下子像一条死蛇，哗哗啦啦脱落下来，软成一堆。无数的苍蝇都集中在屋檐下的电线上了，一只挨着一只，再不飞动，也不嗡叫，黑乎乎的，电线愈来愈粗，下坠成弯弯的弧形。
杭州师范大学
2018年招收攻读硕士研究生入学考试题
考试科目代码：840
考试科目名称：语文课程与教学论
说明：考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负。
一、概念阐释（每题4分，计20分）
1.语文课程性质
2.语文课程资源
3.语文素养
4.语感
5.语文教学评价
二、知识解答（每题15分，计30分）
1.阅读能力的内涵包括哪些？
……
中秋过后，秋风是一天凉比一天，看看将近初冬；我整天的靠着火，也须穿上棉袄了。一天的下半天，没有一个顾客，我正合了眼坐着。忽然间听得一个声音，“温一碗酒。”这声音虽然极低，却很耳熟。看时又全没有人。站起来向外一望，那孔乙己便在柜台下对了门槛坐着。他脸上黑而且瘦，已经不成样子；穿一件破夹袄，盘着两腿，下面垫一个蒲包，用草绳在肩上挂住；见了我，又说道，“温一碗酒。”掌柜也伸出头去，一面说，“孔乙己么？你还欠十九个钱呢！”孔乙己很颓唐的仰面答道，“这……下回还清罢。这一回是现钱，酒要好。”掌柜仍然同平常一样，笑着对他说，“孔乙己，你又偷了东西了！”但他这回却不十分分辩，单说了一句“不要取笑！”“取笑？要是不偷，怎么会打断腿？”孔乙己低声说道，“跌断，跌，跌……”他的眼色，很像恳求掌柜，不要再提。此时已经聚集了几个人，便和掌柜都笑了。我温了酒，端出去，放在门槛上。他从破衣袋里摸出四文大钱，放在我手里，见他满手是泥，原来他便用这手走来的。不一会，他喝完酒，便又在旁人的说笑声中，坐着用这手慢慢走去了。
杭州师范大学文学概论2016--2018年考研初试专业课真题
3.共鸣产生的因素是什么？
4.艺术真实与生活真实有什么区别？
三、论述题与评论写作（24分）
分析《谈美》中人们对一棵古松可能采取三种态度（实用的、科学的、美感）的美学理论意义。
杭州师范大学专业基础(一)2018年考研初试专业课真题
图，选取其中2件，谈谈自己的创作构思（思路），以及在现实创作中完成该作品时拟 采用的表现手段（方法）等，完成500— 1000字的短文1篇，题目自拟。（完成于答题纸上，标明附件4、附件5）
2018 年 考试科目代码 859 考试科目名称 专业基础（一） （本考试科目共 4页，第3 页）
要求：○1设计的印文内容必须为图片所提供的文字，字法可根据需要自行调整、 自主设计。
○2设计稿为阳文，且印风能比较准确地体现吴让之篆刻风格。 ○3设计稿为长方形，长宽比例约为3：2，边长在2—6厘米。
（2）根据所提供的“鉴古堂”印文（见下图·右），重新进行印面构图设计，完成印稿1 件，并完成于答题纸上。（本小题15分）
创作素材内容： 余志学之年，留心翰墨，味钟张之余烈，挹羲献之前规，极虑专精，时逾二
纪。有乖入木之术，无间临池之志。观夫悬针垂露之异，奔雷坠石之奇，鸿飞兽 骇之资，鸾舞蛇惊之态，绝岸颓峰之势，临危据槁之形；或重若崩云，或轻如蝉 翼；导之则泉注，顿之则山安；纤纤乎似初月之出天涯，落落乎犹众星之列河汉 ；同自然之妙，有非力运之能成；信可谓智巧兼优，心手双畅，翰不虚动，下必 有由。一画之间，变起伏于锋杪；一点之内，殊衄挫于毫芒。况云积其点画，乃 成其字；曾不傍窥尺犊，俯习寸阴；引班超以为辞，援项籍而自满；任笔为体， 聚墨成形；心昏拟效之方，手迷挥运之理，求其妍妙，不亦谬哉！《书谱节录》
杭州师范大学硕士研究生入学考试命题纸
杭州师范大学 2018 年招收攻读硕士研究生入学考试题
考试科目代码： 859 考试科目名称： 专业基础（一）
说明：考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负。
杭州师范大学2018年《723综合英语》考研专业课真题试卷
杭州师范大学翻译硕士英语2019—2020年考研真题
杭州师范大学2020年招收攻读硕士研究生考试题考试科目代码：211考试科目名称：翻译硕士英语说明：考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负。
I. Vocabulary and grammar (30’)SectionAMultiple choice (20’)Directions:Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.1. Creativity should not be as an exceptional talent; it is a basic skill that can be mastered with the right teaching.A. replacedB. perceivedC. cultivatedD. probed2. These guests were to the host for his gracious and impressive hospitality.A. contemptuousB. resentfulC. obligedD. mighty3. Whatever we attempt to do, we mustn’t our main objective.A. attainB. rejectC. lose sight ofD. prosecute4. With the passage of time, some words are beginning to a new sense.A. go aboutB. take onC. draw uponD. turn out5. Tourism, particularly ecotourism, helps promote of wildlife and natural resources.A. conservationB. distinctionC. extinctionD. aspiration6. Despite the changes in this country, many tough issues remain unsolved.A. radicalB. reversibleC. rigorousD. insensible7. Life is stressful, so it is always difficult to work, school and family.A. encounterB. eliminateC. illuminateD. prioritize8. People who diabetes have to minimize their daily consumption of sugar.A. make up forB. crack down onC. take fancy toD. are stricken with9. The city was paralyzed by the transit strike for better wages.A. subjectivelyB. imaginablyC. virtuallyD. positively10. The changes brought about by digital technologies have impacted the whole world.A. novelB. adverseC. profoundD. prospective11. The camps are not usual tent-type camps. They are mostly long-established,structures, often with strange Islamic names.A. historicalB. monotonousC. permanentD.raw12. Among all the changes resulting from the ______ entry of women into the work force, the transformation that has occurred in the women themselves is not the least important.A. massiveB. quantitativeC. surplusD. formidable13. The manufacturing in China is expected to continue to expand in 2019 despite the slight decline of an index.A. versionB. sectorC. questD.factor14. Researchers say that cigarettes is necessary to dramatically reduce the chance of cardiovascular problems.A. carrying outB. breaking outC. cutting outD. putting out15. Economic recessions will weaken one’s confidence in the government and threaten social .A. cohesionB. erosionC. illusionD. evasion16. The Mexican settlers built cities and missions in what become California.A. used toB. would ratherC. was toD. had better17. Each of us is working hard to get happiness which brings substantial benefits for society .A. by mere chanceB. at great lengthC. all at onceD. as a whole18. Although the colonists ______ to some extent with the native Americans, the Indians’ influence on American culture and language was not extensive.A. migratedB. matchedC. mingledD. melted19. Most readers believe that this book is , thoughtful and informative.A. intriguingB. ambiguousC. compulsiveD. imperative20. Some of the recent actions of the government are their statement of policy.A. in the interest ofB. in conformity withC. in proportion toD. in the event ofSectionB Proofreading and error correction (10’)The passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way:For a wrong word underline the wrong word and write the correct one inthe blank provided at the end of the lineFor a missing wordmark the position of the missing word with a “Λ” signand write the word you believe to be missing in theblank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word cross the unnecessary word with a slash “/”and put theword in the blank provided at the end of the line.EXAMPLEW h e nΛa r t m u s e u m w a n t s a n e w e x h i b i t,(1) anIt never buys things in finished form and hangs (2) neverthem on the wall. When a natural history museumwants an exhibition, it must often build it. (3) exhibitMany people are disturbed by the genetic diversify of (1)cancers--- an inevitable result of random evolution. (2)Cancer therapies used to be applied fairly random or (3)Carelessly, but nowadays many believe that effectivetherapies need to be specific and tailoring to genetic (4)faults in each individual’s cancer. Therefore, a personalized(5)treatment disregards the most fundamental reason (6)it is difficult to cure cancers once for all: cancer cellsadapt and evolve with response to treatment. Even drugs (7)that are initially effective often have a progressive (8)diminishing effect, as the biological systems blockedof the treatment spontaneously compensateof rerouting (9)the cancer cell’s internal wiring, in restoring the cancer’s (10)ability to spread. To use an analogy, in the absence ofshort cuts, evolution takes over: naturally arising mutantcancer cells that are resistant to the targeted drug rapidlyoutgrow their disabled siblings and cancer comes back.II. Reading comprehension(40’)Section A Multiple choice (20’)Directions:In this section there are two passages followed by multiple choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on the answer sheet.Passage AThe language of rights now dominates political debate in the United States. Does the Government respect the moral and political rights of its citizens? Or does the Government’s war policy, or its race policy, fly in the face of these rights? Do the minorities whose rights have been violated have the right to violate the law in return? Or does the silent majority itself have rights, including the right that those who break the law be published? It is not surprising that these questions are now prominent. The concept of rights, and particularly the concept of rights against the Government, has its most natural use when a political society is divided, and appeals to co-operation or a common goal are pointless.The debate does not include the issue of whether citizens have some moral rights against their Government. It seems accepted on all sides that they do. Conventional lawyers and politicians take it as a point of pride that our legal system recognizes, for example, individual rights of free speech, equality, and due process. They base their claim that our law deserves respect, at least in part, on that fact, for they would not claim that totalitarian system deserve the same loyalty.Some philosophers, of cause, reject the idea that citizens have rights apart from what the law happens to give them. Bentham thought that the idea of moral rights was “nonsense on stilts”. But that view has never been part of our orthodox political theory, and politicians of both parties appeal to the rights of the people to justify a great part of what they want to do. I shall not be concerned, in this essay, to defend the thesis that citizens have moral rights against their governments; I want instead to explore the implications of that thesis for those, including the present United States Government, who profess to accept it.It is much in dispute, of cause, what particular rights citizens have. Does the acknowledged right to free speech, for example, include the right to participate in nuisance demonstrations? In practice, the Government will have the last word on what an individual’s rights are, because its police will do what the officials and courts say. But that does not mean that the Government’s view is necessarily the correct view, anyone who thinks it does must believe that men and women have such moral rights as Government chooses to grant, which means they have no moral rights at all.All this is sometimes obscured in the United States by the constitutional system. The American Constitution provides a set of individual legal rights in the First Amendment, and in due process, equal protection, and similar clauses. Under present legal practice the Supreme Court has the power to declare an act of Congress or of a state legislature void if the Court finds that the act offends these provisions. This practice has had some commentators to suppose that individual moral rights are fully protected by this system, but that is hardly so, nor could it be so.1. In the United States nowadays__________.A. politicians are discussing about the right language.B. politicians are debating about what is right and what is wrong.C. language is the most important theme in the political debate.D. we can hear lots of talks about rights.2. It is only natural that questions about citizens’ rights are now prominent because__________A. the minorities are violating the law.B. the political society in the USA is divided.C. the silent majority wants to punish those who have violated the law.D. people are looking for a common goal.3. Which of the following statements is not true?A. It is generally agreed that citizens should have some moral rights.B. It is a moral right of the citizens to respect the legal system.C. Citizens’ moral rights include free speech, equality and due process.D. The legal system deserves respect because it recognizes citizens’ moral rights.4. In this essay the author will not be concerned to defend the thesis that citizens have moralrights against their government because__________A. this thesis has never bee put into question in the mainstream political theory.B. he shares the view of those philosophers who think that citizens only have the rights that thelaw gives them.C. this thesis has appeal to politicians of both parties.D. the United States government professes to accept this thesis.5. The author believes that__________A. the United States Constitution protects citizens’ moral rights but the government does not.B. the Supreme Court has the power to protect citizens’ moral rights but it does not do that.C. Citizens’ moral rights could not be fully protected by the present legal practice.D. the United States Constitution does not have provisions that fully protect citizens’ moralrights.Passage BWhat do you do when everyone hates you? That is the problem faced by America’s pharmaceutical industry. Despite its successes in treating disease and extending longevity, soaring health-care costs and bumper profits mean that big drug firms are widely viewed as exploitative, and regarded almost as unfavorably as tobacco and oil firms (see chart). Last week, at a conference organized by The Economist in Philadelphia, the drug industry was offered some advice from an unlikely source: a tobacco firm. Steven Parrish of Altria, the conglomerate that includes Philip Morris, gave his perspective on how an industry can improve its tarnished public image.Comparing the tobacco and pharmaceutical industries might seem absurd, or even offensive. “Their products kill people. Our products save people's lives,” says Alan Holmer, the head of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, an industry association. Yet the drug giants currently face an unprecedented onslaught of class-action lawsuits and public scrutiny; industry bosses are being grilled by lawmakers asking who knew what and when. It is all reminiscent of what happened to the tobacco industry in 1994.Mr. Parrish advised drug firms to abandon their bunker mentality and engage with their critics. Rather than arguing about the past, he said, it is better to move on, and give people something new to think about. (Philip Morris now acknowledges, for example, that cigarettes are addictive and deadly, and is trying to develop less harmful products.) Not everyone is open to persuasion, so focus on those who are, he said. But changing opinions takes time and demands deeds as well as words: “This is not about spin, this is about change.”The pharmaceutical industry is pursuing a range of initiatives to mollify its critics, Mr. Holmer noted in his own speech. But Mr. Parrish suggested that speaking with one voice through a trade association might be counter-productive, since it can give the impression that the industry is a monolithic cartel. And too much advertising, he said, can actually antagonize people further.The audience was generally receptive, claims Mr. Parrish. This is not the first time he has offered his thoughts on dealing with implacable critics. At a conference at the University of Michigan last year, he offered America’s State Department advice on improving America’s image in the Middle East. So does his prescription work? There has been a positive shift in attitudes towards tobacco firms, if only a small one. But at least, for once, a tobacco firm is peddling a cure, rather than a disease.1. Why is America’s pharmaceutical industry so unpopular?A. Because it, like tobacco and oil firms, does harm to people‘s health and environment.B. Because it fails to cure disease and make people live longer.C. Because the prices of its products are too high and its profit margin is too wide.D. Because it exploits its employees.2. Alan Holmer is quoted to illustrate that __________A. the comparison between tobacco and pharmaceutical industries might seem ridiculous, oreven insulting.B. the pharmaceutical industries agree that they are similar to tobacco industry.C. tobacco products do more harm to people than pharmaceutical products.D. pharmaceutical industries are currently facing lots of problems.3. According to the text, Mr. Parrish gives the following suggestions to drug firms except__________A. To acknowledge the problems and try to do something to improve their images.B. Not to react to the public in one voice through the drug association.C. Not to care about the past.D. To try to spend time and energy to persuade the majority of the audience who are open topersuasion.4. The word “mollify” (Line 1, Paragraph 4) might mean?A. placateB. enrageC. fightD. relieve5. What does the author imply by saying “This is not the first time he has offered histhoughts on dealing with implacable critics.”?A. Mr. Parrish has offered his advice to other on dealing with tough critics for several times.B. Mr. Parrish has dealt successfully with other critics himself.C. Mr. Parrish has given sound advice to drug firms.D. Mr. Parrish has been of help to others on critical moments.Section B Answering questions(20’)Directions:Read the following two passages and then answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each passage. Use only information from the passage you have just read and write your answers on the answer sheet.Questions 1-3New tools offer new opportunities, but what are the risks and who benefits?Human intervention for the improvement of crops, trees, livestock and fish is nothing new. For millennia, humans have bred, crossed and selected those varieties, ecotypes and breeds that were more productive, better adapted or particularly useful.Conventional breeding practices can now be complemented by a number of new and powerful techniques. Some of these allow, for example, the propagation of plant material in glass tubes to keep it free of diseases, and the production of more sensitive and specific reagents for diagnosing diseases in plants, livestock and fish through tissue and cell culture. Others, often referred to as molecular methods, enable scientists to see the layout of the entire genome of any organism and to select plants and animals with preferred characteristics by “reading” at the molecular level, saving precious time and resources.Modern biotechnology also includes an array of tools for introducing or deleting a particular gene or genes to produce plants, animals and micro-organisms with novel traits. This kind of genetic manipulation is called “genetic engineering” and the product is a genetically modifiedorganism, or GMO. Both traditional and modern biotechnologies result in plants, animals and micro-organisms with combinations of genes that would not have come about without human intervention. It has to be emphasized, however, that biotechnology includes a range of techniques and products, and GMOs are but one of them.“With the increasingly limited amount of new land available to agriculture, modern biotechnologies could complement and improve the efficiency of traditional selection and breeding techniques to enhance agricultural productivity,” says Mahmoud Solh, Director of FAO’s Division of Plant Production and Protection.A plant or an animal resistant to a particular disease can be produced through a “traditional” breeding programme, that is, through crosses with resistant relative, selection and backcrossing again, or by the introduction of a gene that confers the resistance through genetic engineering. While the products of both approaches will be disease resistant, only the second one is a GMO. What is new is the ability of scientists to unravel the genome to look at the genes of an organism, and then make use of that information to change the organism, and even transfer genes to another organism very distant in the evolutionary scale. And that is where the controversy comes in.“FAO recognizes that genetic engineering has the potential to help increase production and productivity in agriculture, forestry and fisheries,” says FAO’s Statement on Biotechnology. “It could lead to higher yields on marginal lands in countries that today cannot grow enough food to feed their people.” But, it adds, FAO “is also aware of the concern about the potential risks posed by certain aspects of biotechnology. These risks fall into two basic categories: the effects on human and animal health and the environmental consequences.”These new tools offer new opportunities for solving problems where traditional techniques have failed. Genetically modified products are usually developed and used for large-scale commercial interests, and with a few exceptions, small-scale farmers have so far not benefited from the technology.The articles in this focus are intended to provide background information on genetic engineering in agriculture for the non-specialist--what it is, how it is being used, how it might be used in the future and possible benefits and risks. If you are new to the subject, you might find it easiest to read the pages in the order shown in the column on the right. Those who would like to pursue the subject further may wish to visit.1. According to the passage, what is called “genetic engineering”?2. What are the potential benefits and risks of genetic engineering in agriculture?3. Why are small-scale farmers unlikely to benefit from biotechnology?Questions 4-5According to the latest figures, the majority of the world’s population is now bilingual or multilingual, having grown up speaking two or more languages. In the past, such children were considered to be at a disadvantage compared with their monolingual peers. Over the past fewdecades, however, technological advances have allowed researchers to look more deeply at how bilingualism interacts with and changes the cognitive and neurological systems, thereby identifying several clear benefits of being bilingual.Research shows that when a bilingual person uses one language, the other is active at the same time. When we hear a word, we don’t hear the entire word all at once: the sounds arrive in sequential order. Long before the word is finished, the brain’s language system begins to guess what that word might be. If you hear ‘can’, you will likely activate words like ‘candy’ and ‘candle’ as well, at least during the earlier stages of word recognition. For bilingual people, this activation is not limited to a single language; auditory input activates corresponding words regardless of the language to which they belong. Some of the most compelling evidence for this phenomenon, called ‘language co-activation’, comes from studying eye movements. A Russian-English bilingual asked to ‘pick up a marker’ from a set of objects would look more at a stamp than someone who doesn’t Know Russian, because the Russian word for ‘stamp’, marka, sounds like the English word he or she heard, ‘marker’. In cases like this, language co-activation occurs because what the listener hears could map onto words in either language.Having to deal with this persistent linguistic competition can result in difficulties, however. For instance, knowing more than one language can cause speakers to name picture more slowly, and can increase ‘tip-of-the-tongue states’, when you can almost, but not quite, bring a word to mind. As a result, the constant juggling of two language creates a need to control how much a person accesses a language at any given time. For this reason, bilingual people often perform better on tasks that require conflict management. In classic Stroop Task, people see a word and are asked to name the colour of the word’s font. When the colour and the word match (i.e., the word ‘red’ printed in red), people correctly name the colour more quickly than when the colour and the word don’t match (i.e., the word ‘red’ printed in blue). This occurs because the word itself (‘red’) and its font colour (blue) conflict. Bilingual people often excel at tasks such as this, which tap into the ability to ignore competing perceptual information and focus on the relevant aspects of the input. Bilinguals are also better at switching between two tasks; for example, when bilinguals have to switch from categorizing objects by colour (red or green) to categorizing them by shape (circle or triangle), they do so more quickly than monolingual people, reflecting better cognitive control when having to make rapid changes of strategy.It also seems that the neurological roots of the bilingual advantage extend to brain areas more traditionally associated with sensory processing. When monolingual and bilingual adolescents listen to simple speech sounds without any intervening background noise, they show highly similar brain stem responses. When researchers play the same sound to both groups in the presence of background noise, however, the bilingual listeners’ neural response is considerably larger, reflecting better encoding of the sound’s fundamental frequency, a feature of sound closely related to pitch perception.Such improvements in cognitive and sensory processing may help a bilingual person toprocess information in the environment, and help explain why bilingual adults acquire a third language better than monolingual adults master a second language. This advantage may be rooted in the skill of focusing on information about the new language while reducing interference from the languages they already know.Research also indicates that bilingual experience may help to keep the cognitive mechanisms sharp by recruiting alternate brain networks to compensate for those that become damaged during aging. Older bilinguals enjoy improved memory relative to monolingual people, which can lead to real-world health benefits. In a study of over 200 patients with Alzheimer’s disease, a degenerative brain disease, bilingual patients reported showing initial symptoms of the disease an average of five years later than monolingual patients. In a follow-up study, researchers compared the brains of bilingual and monolingual patients match on the severity of Alzheimer’s symptoms. Surprisingly, the bilinguals’ brains had more physical signs of disease than their monolingual counterparts, even though their outward behaviour and abilities were the same. If the brain is an engine, bilingualism may help it to go farther on the same amount of fuel.Furthermore, the benefits associated with bilingual experience seem to start very early. In one study, researchers taught seven-month-old babies growing up in monolingual or bilingual homes that when they heard a tinkling sound, a puppet appearing on the opposite side of the screen. In order to get a reward, the infants had to adjust the rule they’d learned; only the bilingual babies were able to successfully learn the new rule. This suggests that for very young children, as well as for older people, navigating a multilingual environment imparts advantages that transfer far beyond language.4. Why do bilingual people often perform better than monolingual people on tasks that requireconflict management?5. According to the passage, what are the results when monolingual and bilingual adolescentslisten to simple speech sounds with or without intervening background noise?III. Writing (30’)Directions:After Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo and Michael Kremer were awarded the 2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Science for their outstanding contributions to “experimental research” into the “daunting issue” of global poverty, many have questioned the Nobel Committee’s choice, with some saying China’s poverty alleviation efforts have been the most effective in the world and are more worthy of study. But since the three winners are experts in development economics, this year’s Nobel Prize for economics is seen as highlighting the global need for eradicating poverty and achieving common economic growth.Write a composition of about 400 words on the ANSWER SHEET, in which you should:(1) express your opinion on why poverty alleviation core of development economics andwhat further steps to be taken.(2) give sound arguments to support your view.Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization, and language quality.Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.杭州师范大学2019年招收攻读硕士研究生考试题考试科目代码：211考试科目名称：翻译硕士英语说明：考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负。
杭州师范大学2018年《243二外英语》考研专业课真题试卷
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cabin pressure, electric current, etc. Indicators show whether the landing gear is up or down. The radio equipment allows the pilot to talk to ground controllers and to receive navigation signals. Airplane Construction Early airplanes were made of wood frames covered by fabric and held in shape by wire. After World War I, airplane designers started to use lightweight metals like aluminum, titanium, and magnesium alloys. A thin skin of metal was riveted( ) into place over metal ribs. Strong epoxy( ) glues are now used for some joints, instead of rivets. As planes grew in size, they became heavier. More powerful engines were developed in order to fly the heavier planes. The use of metals brings with it a problem called metal fatigue. Stress and vibration in flight can cause metal parts eventually to break up. Airplanes must be constantly checked for signs of this trouble. Defective parts must be renewed by aircraft maintenance people. Designers test scale models in wind tunnels before the full sized planes are built. Reactions of the models to high speed air streams give good indications how full sized planes will react in flight. This approach helps save a lot of money. It also helps to make airplanes safe. Airport An airport is a place where airplanes arrive and depart. Passengers leave and arrive on the airplanes and cargo is loaded and unloaded. Large, jet powered airplanes require long runways for takeoffs and landings. Big terminal buildings are necessary to handle thousands of passengers and their baggage. Very large airports usually serve several large cities and cover thousands of acres. Hundreds of planes arrive and depart daily. All this traffic must be carefully controlled to avoid delays and accidents. This is done from a control tower. The tower stands high above the ground. Air traffic controllers, inside the tower, must be able to guide airplanes through their takeoffs and landings. Large airports are often like small cities. Many have post offices, banks, hotels, restaurants, and many kinds of shops. Airports have their own fire and police departments, fuel storage tanks, and repair work shops. Some companies even have their shipping warehouses located at airports. One of the largest airports in the world is in Grapevine, Texas, midway between the cities of Dallas and Fort Worth. This airport covers 7,200 hectares (18,000 acres). Its five terminals can handle the arrivals and depa Chicago, is the busiest airport in the world. It handles more than 37 million passengers a year. Small airports that are used only by private airplanes usually cover 20 to 40 hectares (50 to 100 acres). They do not need all the buildings and services of a large airport. The control tower may be just a small room in a building at ground level. Runways Early planes were light. Early runways were sometimes just level grass fields. Paved runways of tons. They move along runways at speeds of 160 kph (100 mph). When they land, the runways take a lot of pounding and must be made of concrete or asphalt( ). They must have solid foundations and a surface that prevents skidding.
杭州师范大学英语教学基础知识2018年考研初试专业课真题
杭州师范大学2018年招收攻读硕士研究生入学考试题考试科目代码： 845考试科目名称：英语教学基础知识说明：考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负。
一、判断题（每题2分，共20分）1.Transferring the information from the news report into a chart is a communicativeactivity.2.Asking questions to individual students is better than asking to a whole class,because we can get personalized answers.3.Reading aloud and silent reading are two different types of reading practice.4.Based on formative assessment, we will be able to form a sound basis for checkinglearning and teaching.5.While integrating the four skills can help the development of students’communicative competence, a separate focus on individual aspects of vocabulary, grammar and skills can be overlooked.6.In the bottom-up model, listening comprehension is believed to start with schemaknowledge.7.The teacher should always provide enough guidance and distance to help students’need and develop reading strategies.8.Internet navigation will help teachers in their professional development.9.If a teacher wants to help learners use stress and intonation to express attitude andemotion, he wants to improve students’ discourse competence.10.Controlled activities mainly focus on the form and accuracy.二、选择题（每题5分，共30分）1.Which of the following is NOT true?A.Different views on different language generate different teaching methodologies.B.The interactional view considers language to be a communicative tool, whosemain use is to do things, like suggesting, apologizing, accepting, etc.C.Ethic devotion, personal styles and professional qualities constitutes theprofessional competence of a good English teacher.D.According to Wallace’s ‘reflective model’, the first stage of teachers’professional development is about language.2.Which of the following pair is a minimal pair? ________A.bid biteB.will wellC.sea seeD.bear beard3.When students engaged in group work, the teacher gave feedback after each grouphad stated their opinion and shown their output. This is called __________.A. instructingB. observingC. monitoringD. evaluating4. A mistake, different from an error, ________________.A.is a result from carelessness.B.has a direct relation with learner’s language competence.C.can be self-corrected.D.is only made in foreign language learning.5.The deductive method of grammar presentation relies on reasoning, _________ andcomparing.A. explainingB. discoveringC. analyzingD. practicing6.Decide what role the teacher is playing in the following activity: “When the studentsare making a report of their group mates’ likes and dislikes, the teacher first set an example, and if someone makes an error, the teacher asks him or her to revise.” This teacher is probably a(an)_________.A. participantB. assessorC. organizerD. controller三、简答题（三题分值分别为：6分、6分、8分，共20分）1.Why is it said: portfolios aim to assess students’ ability to applyknowledge?（用英文表述）2.One of multiple intelligences is called “intrapersonal intelligence”. What kind oflearning activities can be designed to develop students’ thisintelligence？（用英文表述）3.课堂提问有哪些功能？如何提问会更有效？（用中文表述）四、论述题（每题20分，共20分）《义务教育阶段英语课程标准》（2011版）指出“合理开发和积极利用课程资源是有效实施英语课程的重要保证”。
杭州师范大学英语翻译基础2019--2020年考研初试真题
2.停产
3.国家科学技术奖
4.中国英语能力等级
5.不动产登记
6.烈士遗骸
7.连环爆炸
8.非物质文化遗产
9.粤港澳大湾区
10.剧透
11.归化球员
12.垃圾分类
13.仿制药
14.个税免征项目
15.良渚古城遗址
16.大练兵
17.人造肉
18.国家荣誉称号
19.中国特色社会主义先行示范区
20.中国共产党问责条例
"Surely your pity is misapplied," said I, rather dubiously, for I like the comfort of trusting that a correct moral judgment is the strong point in woman (seeing that she has a majority of about a million in our islands), and I imagined that Melissa might have some unexpressed grounds for her opinion. "I should have thought you would rather be sorry for Mantrap's victims--the widows, spinsters, and hard-working fathers whom his unscrupulous haste to make himself rich has cheated of all their savings, while he is eating well, lying softly, and after impudently justifying himself before the public, is perhaps joining in the General Confession with a sense that he is an acceptable object in the sight of God, though decent men refuse to meet him."
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杭州师范大学硕士研究生入学考试命题纸
杭州师范大学
2018年招收攻读硕士研究生入学考试题
考试科目代码： 815
考试科目名称：翻译与写作
说明：考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负。
I.英译汉（40分）
The object of what we commonly call education—that education in which man intervenes and which I shall distinguish as artificial education—is to make good these defects in nature’s methods; to prepare the child to receive nature’s education, neither incapably nor ignorantly, nor with wilful disobedience. In short, all artificial education ought to be an anticipation of natural education. And a liberal education is an artificial education—which has trained a man to appreciate and to seize upon the rewards which nature scatters with as free a hand as her penalties.
That man, I think, has had a liberal education who has been so trained in youth that his body is the ready servant of his will, and does with ease and pleasure all the work that as a mechanism, it is capable of; whose intellect is a clear, cold, logic engine, with all its parts of equal strength, and in smooth working order.
Such a one and no other, I conceive, has had a liberal education; for he is, as completely as a man can be, in harmony with nature. He will make the best of her, and she of him.
II．汉译英（40分）
何为自由？有人说就好比火车，它能够自由疾驰。
就是说火车所有零件经过最优组合、调整后，其间的摩擦会降至最小，进而实现完美配置，所以能够自由飞驰。
又有人说就好比帆船，常言道：船行水面犹如凌波微步。
也就是说，船能完美地借用风力，与上苍之息协同一致，进而扬帆远航。
当逆风而行时，伴随着海的音符，船时而屹立于浪尖，时而摇曳在风中，船的每一块材料都在颤抖，船体本身也被撼动，随时都会被风所困。
只有待风平浪静，她能再次与外力协同一致，这时她才算是自由了。
人类的自由体现为兴趣、活动、精神三者的完美协调。
III.中文写作（30分）
2018年考试科目代码 815 考试科目名称翻译与写作（本考试科目共 2页，第1 页）。