北京大学2008年博士研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案
大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题
北京大学2008年博士研究生入学考试英语试题(总分100, 考试时间180分钟)Part One: Listening Comprehension略Part Two: Structure and Written Expression (20%)Directions: For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.Part Three: Reading ComprehensionI.Directions: Each of the following three passages is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)II.Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then explain in your own English the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts. Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2). (15%)Part Four: Cloze Test (10%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then fill in each numbered blank with ONE suitable word to complete the passage. Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).Part Five: Proofreading (10%)Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash (/) and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word,write the missing word between the words (in brackets) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (/). Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).Examples: eg. 1 (66) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2):(66) begun beganeg.2 (67) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up. Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2):(67)(Scarcely) had (they)eg. 3 (68) Never will I not do it again.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2):(68) notPart Six: Writing (15%)Directions: Read the following paragraph and then write a response paper of about 250 to 300 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET (2).答案：21-25范文。
北京大学博士英语试题及答案
北京大学博士英语试题及答案一、词汇与语法（共20分，每题2分）1. The company has been ________ for over a century.A. establishedB. establishingC. to establishD. being established答案：A2. Despite the heavy rain, the match will be held as ________.A. planB. plannedC. planningD. to plan答案：B3. The professor suggested that we ________ a meeting to discuss the issue.A. arrangeB. arrangedC. arrangingD. will arrange答案：A4. The book is worth ________.A. to readB. readC. readingD. being read答案：C5. The problem is too difficult for us ________.A. to solveB. solvingC. solvedD. being solved答案：A二、阅读理解（共30分，每题3分）阅读以下短文，然后回答问题。
The rise of artificial intelligence has brought about significant changes in various industries. Companies are now using AI to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance customer experiences. However, with the rapid advancement of technology, there are concerns about job displacement and privacy issues.6. What is the main focus of the passage?A. The impact of AI on industriesB. The benefits of AIC. The concerns about AID. The advancement of technology答案：A7. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a benefit of AI?A. Improved efficiencyB. Reduced costsC. Enhanced customer experiencesD. Increased job opportunities答案：D8. What is the concern associated with AI?A. Job displacementB. Increased efficiencyC. Reduced costsD. Enhanced customer experiences答案：A9. What can be inferred from the passage?A. AI is only used in certain industries.B. AI is a threat to privacy.C. AI is being embraced by companies.D. AI has no benefits.答案：C10. What is the purpose of the passage?A. To promote AIB. To criticize AIC. To inform about AID. To encourage debate about AI答案：C三、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）In the past, people used to believe that the world was flat. However, with the discovery of new lands and the development of navigational tools, this belief was gradually __11__.11. A. changedB. alteredC. modifiedD. transformed答案：A12. The explorers' voyages led to a __12__ understanding of the world.A. clearB. distinctC. preciseD. accurate答案：D13. As a result, the concept of a spherical Earth became__13__.A. acceptedB. acknowledgedC. recognizedD. known答案：A14. Today, we take for granted the fact that the Earth is round, but in the past, it was a __14__ idea.A. revolutionaryB. radicalC. groundbreakingD. innovative答案：A15. The __15__ of the Earth's shape has had a profound impact on science and exploration.A. realizationB. perceptionC. understandingD. comprehension答案：A四、翻译（共30分，每题10分）16. 随着互联网的普及，人们获取信息的方式发生了巨大变化。
2008年北科大考博英语试卷
Ph. D Entrance Examination in English(注意：答案务必写在答题纸上，写在试题上一律无效！！)2008年4月15日Part IV ocabulary (0.5 point each)Section A （7.5 points, 0.5 point each）Directions: There are 15 questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with one word or phrase underlined, below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.1. Last night we had a dinner in Nanjing restaurant and the food was superbA、exoticB、wonderfulC、superstitiousD、enormous2. His picture had been incorporated without his permission into an advertisement for a new brand of soap.A、introducedB、includedC、jumpedD、merged3. It was his peculiar doctrine that a man has a perfect right to interfere by force to rescue a slave.A、interveneB、convinceC、preventD、exchange4. Training colleges for men and women respectively are to be built at Leeds and Hull.A、respectfullyB、respectablyC、separatelyD、jointly5. Supported by mordentevidence, his argument seems to have a great deal of validity.A、vividnessB、truthC、valueD、opinion6. He was a man of great strength who faced many great problems with courage, The threat of war and the intolerable heat in Africa couldn’t prevent him.A、extremeB、burningC、unbearableD、humble7. Joseph is black but his color isn’t relevant to whether ho is a good lawyer.A、suitableB、appropriateC、per tinedD、associated8. It was his peculiar doctrine that a man has a perfect right to interfere by force to rescue aslave.A、interveneB、convinceC、preventD、exchange9. The mouse is barely big enough for his family, and furthermore, it is very far from the city.A、in additionB、howeverC、besideD、much further10. In calculating the daily time of leaping for an marital, variation in age, occupation and health condition should be taken into considerationA、controlledB、numberedC、consideredD、stabilized11. In his cheerful and easy-going nature, Jim takes after his father rather than his mother.A、reservesB、retainsC、resemblesD、resume12. It’s contradiction to say you support the government but would not vote for it in an election.A、contractionB、conventionC、paradoxD、parody13. The blow knocked him unconscious and it was several minutes before be regained consciousness.A、come onB、came downC、came toD、came with14. The American Medical Association has called for the sport of boxing to be bannedA、forbiddenB、regulatedC、studiedD、reorganized15. He had only the vaguest notion of what it was all about.A、assumptionB、conceptC、expectationD、proposalSection B (7.5 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: There are 15 sentences in this section, there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D under each of the following sentences, Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence, Mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A, B, C, orD and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.16. The town planning commission said that their financial outlook for the next year was optimistic. They expect increased tax__________.A、efficiencyB、revenuesC、privilegesD、validity17. There is no doubt that the _________ of these good to the others is easy to see.A、prestigeB、superiorityC、priorityD、publicity18. It look us only a few hours to ___________ the paper off all four walls.A、shearB、serapeC、strokeD、chip19. The magician made us think he out the girl into pieces but it was merely an________A、illusionB、impressionC、imageD、illumination20. When a psychologist does a general experiment about the human mind, he selects people__________ and ask them questions.A、at lengthB、at randomC、in essenceD、in bulk21. The tenant must be prepared to decorate the house__________ the terms of the contract.A、in the vicinity ofB、in quest ofC、in accordance withD、in collaboration with22. All the ceremonies at the 2000 Olyrnpic Games had a unique Australian flavor. ______ of them multicultural communities.A、noticeableB、indicativeC、conspicuousD、implicit23. The sign set up by the road ________ drivers to a sharp turn.A、alertsB、refreshesC、pleadsD、diverts24. A complete investigation into the causes of the accident should lead to improved standards and should _______ new operating procedures.A、result inB、match withC、subject toD、proceed with25. The girl was a shop assistant; she is now a manager in a large department store.A、preliminarilyB、presumablyC、formallyD、formerly26. You should ________ to one or more weekiy magazines such Time, or Newsweek.A、ascribeB、orderC、reclaimD、subscribe27. No one imagined that the apparently __________ businessman was really a criminal.A、respectiveB、respectableC、respectfulD、realistic28. when they can finessedswaying they chairmen were made to _______ all the coys they hadA、put offB、ourC、pat upD、pat away29. The changing image of the family on televisionprovides _____ into changing altitudes toward the family in society.A、insightsB、presentationsC、revelationsD、specifications30. The autocratic doors in supermarkets _______ the entry and exit of custom with shopping carts.A、furnishB、induceC、facilitateD、allocatePart II. Cloze Test (20 points, 1 point each)Directions: For each numbered bland in the following passage there are four choices marked A、B、C and D, Choose the best one and mark your answer on your Answer Sheet.Education for development is education that is suited to a society that wants to develop. It is education that carefully 31 the materials used to teach the new 32 . Abilities and skills it helps each student to learn.In a developing society, education should be 33 people of all ages. 34 of teaching students what 35 people already know and accept, it teaches new knowledge, new skills and new ways 36 doing things. If only young people 37 this kind of education, a stroggle will develop 38 them and the older members of the society, The new ways being learned by the 39 will oppose the accepted and 40 ways of older people. There is another reason 41 education for development must be for people 42 . In a rapidly developingsociety, the 43 knowledge needed by a man who is 30 or 40 years old 44 very different from the knowledge be received 45 he was young. It is often said that progress 46 agricultural development is 47 by technicians and other workers who are 35 to 60 years old. It is not their fault that their 48 did not prepare them sufficiently for third future responsibilities. 49 of accelerating agriculturaldevelopment is to 50 such people with proper modem education during the period that they remain in active service.1. A、takes B、draws C、makes D、selects2. A、knowledge B、generation C、development D、phase3. A、on B、by C、for D、at4. A、Instead B、`Inspire C、In case D、Bacons5. A、other B、younger C、older D、any6. A、toward B、of C、in D、for7. A、gives B、are given C、are giving D、have given8. A、upon B、towards C、between D、among9. A、old B、young C、knowledge D、society10. A、respected B、interested C、holy D、contemporary11. A、how B、what C、which D、why12. A、by all means B、of all ages C、in some cases D、to a great extent13. A、old B、technical C、poor D、personal14. A、seem B、are C、is D、appear15. A、but B、even C、although D、when16. A、in B、of C、towards D、with17. A、promised B、promoted C、prevented D、preceded18. A、age B、growth C、presence D、education19. A、An important part B、A b titer resultC、A promising futureD、A delightful agentive20. A、give B、prepare C、radish D、rewindPart III Reading Comprehension (30 points)Section A (20 points, 1 point each)Directions: In this part of the test, there are four short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A、B、C or D and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.Passage OneAbout the time that schools and others quite reasonably became interested in seeing to it that all children, whatever their background, were fairly treated, intelligence testing became unpopular.Some thought it was unfair to minority children. Through the past few decades such testing has gone out of fashion and many communities have indeed forbidden it.However, paradoxically, just recently a group of black parents filed a lawsuit(诉讼) in Californiachaining that the state’s ban on IQ testing discriminates against their children by denying them the opportunity to take the test. (They heaved, correctly, that IQ tests are a valid method of evaluating children for special education classes.) The judge, therefore, reversed, at least partially, his originalbenison.And so the argument goes on and on Does it benefit or harm children from minoritygrapes to have their intelligence rested? We have always been on the side of permitting, even facilitating, such testing If a child of any color or group is doing poorly in school it seems to us very important to know whether it is because he or she is of low intelligence, or whether some other factor is the cause.What school and family can do to improve poor performance is influenced by its cause. It is not discriminative to evaluate either a child’s physical condition or his intellectual level.Untreatably, intellectual level seems to be a sensitive subject, and what the law allows us to do vanes from time to time. The same fluctuation back and forth occurs in areas other than intelligence. Thirty years or so age, for instance, white families were encouraged to abopt black children. It was considered discriminative not to do so.And then the style changed and this cross-racial adopting became generally unpopular. And social agencies felt that black children should go to black families only. It is hard to say what are the best procedures. But surely good will on the part of all of us is needed.As to intelligence, in our opinion, the more we know about any child’s intellectual level, the better for the child in question.1. Why did the intelligence test become unpopular in the past few decades?A、Its validity was challenged by many communities.B、Its was considered discriminative against minority childrenC、It met with strong opposition from the majority of black parents.D、It deprived the black children of their rights to a good education.2. The recent legal action taken by some black parents in California aimed to _______A、draw public attention to IQ testingB、put an end to special educationC、remove the state’s ban on intelligence tests.D、have their children enter white schools3. The author believes that intelligence testing __________A、may ease racial confrontation in the United States.B、can encourage black children to keep up with white childrenC、may seriously aggravate racial discrimination in the United States.D、can help black parents make decisions about their children’s education4.The author’s opinion of child adoption seems to be that__________A、no rules whatsoever can be prescribesB、white famishes should adoptblackcondemnC、adoption should be hazed on IQ rest résumés.D、cross-racial adoption is to be advocated.5. Child cooption is menaced in the passage to show that_________A、good will may sometimes complicate racial probersB、social surroundings are vital to the healthy growth of childrenC、intelligence testing also applies to noon-academic areasD、American opinion can shift when it comes to sensitive issuesPassage TwoUnlike most other people, businessmen love not only to give advice, but to take in too, There are more and more people witting and lecturing on management, Consultantsearn handsome fees. A flood of new books on management appear every year. Yet the one group of people to whom businessmen rarely trun for advice are economists. Big firms ask economists to predict the ups and downs of national economies, but when it comes to finding ways to run their own companies better, many tanagers would sooner consult an astrologer(占星术家).In the past this was understandable. Most economists assumed all firms responded in much the same way to incentives and obstacle to any practicing manager, however, it is not the similarities between firms that matter, but the differences—specifically those that explain why some firms succeed and others fail, even though all are seeking to survive and prosper.Nevertheless, the gap between economists and managers should be closing. Over the past two decades a growing number of economists have studied precisely the kind of “microeconomic”issues the behavior at firms, employee’sconsorters and particularmarkets that most concern mangers. Some of their work has reached managers through business school classes and the publications of management writers, but much of it centimes to be ignored In a new book, Foundations of Corporate Success, John Kay a professor of economies at the London Business School, tries to correct this situation, drawing on recent economic thinking and research in order to say something useful to businessmen about why companiesthrive or die.Though Mr. Kay’s attempt is bold one, he fails, and the reason for his failure is revealing. He explains many difficult ideas with great clarity, but much at what he recommends is already known to every competent manager, or is of little use to anyone ranting a company. The fundamental problem is that Mr. Kay’s entire approach to advising business readers is flawed. year the and of the book be commerce the study on meat businessmen toearlybe from it by replanting the postmen of clacks with termersbased on verifiableexperiments. Though a doctor’s experience and fundament are still very important. Few people today would purr themselves in the hands of one without scientific training Management argues Mr. Kay. Is still in the age or quackery, The objective of his book is to make management more like modern medicine in its methods and generaltenability.A more helpful amatory to explain the proper role of the management thinker is to compare him to the coach of a sports team. Coaches acquire a large body of knowledge about the base skills needed to compete. The strategies that have succeeded in the past the strengths of opposingtents and the physical abilities of their own players Some of this knowledge employs the sciences of biology and medicine, but most of it such as the “plays” (strategies) that are cunningly most successful. And the means of countering them, will change quickly as rival teams loam to outwit each other Managers themselves know that any competitive adventure is temporary and to are constantly looking for the next bright idea. Good managers know the basic principles of management-what they sack is advice on any new measures that will help them to do barer than other managers in other firms over the next 5-15 years So long as economists like Mr. Kay concentrate on enduring principlesfarther than on innovation, they will have little to say that managers will wish to hear.6. A cording to this author, ________________A、most people like to give advice, but businessmen do notB、most people are reluctant to follow advice, and so are businessmenC、most people are reluctant to follow advice, but businessmen actually lied toD、most people are glad to give and follow advice, but businessmen are not7. At the end of paragraph 1, why dose the anther say “when it comes to finding ways to run their own companies better, many managers would sooner consult an astrologer”?A、to show how readily businessmen believe false claimsB、to show that businessmen must adopt more scientific attitudes in their workC、to show how superstitious and simple-minded businessmen tend to beD、to show unhelpful businessmen usually find advice from economists8. This writer indicates that since the early 1970s more and more economists___A、have investigated subjects of great interest to managersB、have rejected management as a proper field of studyC、have investigated at interest to managers the managementD、have decided fearer interest to managers9. A cording to this author, practicing managers want to find out_________A、how firms resemble one anotherB、how more successful firms are different from less successful onesC、how unsuccessful firms are different from one anotherD、how relatively successful firms differ from one another.10. Coaches are mentioned in this article_________A、to show how useful sports can be in the development of business skillsB、as examples of people who learn a lot about business management in the course of their work.C、as experts who know more about strategy than so called management thundersD、as experts whose approach to knowledge and experience is similar to what good management thinkers should use.Passage ThreeReruns of situation comedies from the fifties and early sixties dramatize the kinds of problems that parents used to have with then children. The Cleavers scold Beaver for not washing his bands before dinner, the Andersons punish Bud for not doing his homework, the Nelsons dock little Ricky’s allowance because he keeps forgetting to clean his room. But times have changed dramatically. Being a parent today is much mort difficult than it was a generation ago.Today’s parents must try, first of all, to control all the new distractions that tempt children away from schoolwork. At home , a child may have a room famished with a stereo and television. Not many young people can resist the urge to listen to an album or watch MTV-especially if it is time to do schoolwork. Outside the home , the distractions are even more alluring. Children no logger “hang out ”on a neighborhood comer within earshot of Mom or Dad’s reminder to come in and do homework. Instead, they congregate in vast shopping malls, buzzing video arcades, and gleaming fast-food restaurants. Parents and school assignments have obvious difficulty competing with such enticing alternatives.Besides dealing with these distractions. Parents also have to shield their children from a flood (二行看不清楚)Traditional values when films show teachers seducing students and young peoplecasual sport. An even more difficult matter for parents is the heavily sexual content of organs on television.Most disturbing to parents today however is the increase in life-threatening dangers that face young people. When children are small, parents fear that their youngsters may be victims of violence. Every news program seems to carry a report about a mass murderer who preys on young girls a deviant who has buried six boys in his cellar, or an organized child pornography ring that molests preschoolers. When children are older, parents begin to worry about their dies use of drugs. Peer pressure to experiment with drugs is often stronger than parent’s warnings. This pressure to experiment can be fatal if the drugs have been mixed with dangerous chemicals.Within one generation, the world as a place to raise children has changed dramatically. One wonders, bow yesterday’s parents would have dealt with today’s problems. Could the Andersons have kept Bud. Away from MTV? Could the Nelsons have shielded little Ricky from sexually explicit material? Could the Cleavers have protected Beaver from drugs? Parents must be aware of all these distractions and dangers, yet be willing to give their children the freedom they need to become responsible adults it is not an easy task.11. Parents today must protect their children from all of the following EXCEPTA、drug abuseB、life-threatening situationsC、drinking too much beverageD、sexually explicit materials12. Traditional values become more difficult for younger generation to accept because________A、teachers set bad examples for studentsB、bad side effects on children from TV and films outweigh the traditional educationC、parents failed in educating their childrenD、the younger generation can not resist the temptation from all sorts of distractions13. It can be inferred from the passage that parents today_______A、must pay much more attention to their children’s behaviorB、（看不清楚）C、D、must preventtheirchildren from all kinds of14.The author develops her main idea by__________A、complaining about some social influences on childrenB、comparing denotation of yesterday with that of todayC、explaining parents’ worries todayD、stating her own points with vivid examples15. The best title for the passages ___________A、parents’ Worries TodayB、Challenges for Today’s ParentsC、Parents’ResponsibilitiesD、Confusions of parents TodayPassage FourNavigation computers, now sold by sold by most car-makers, cost $ 2,000 and up. No surprise, then that they are most often found in luxury cars, like Lexus, BMW and Audi. But in is a developing. Technology-meaning prices should eventually drop-and the market does seem to be growing. Even at current prices, a navigation computer is impressive. It can guide you from point to point in most major cities with precise turn-by-turn directions-spoken by a clear human-sounding voice and written on a screen in front of the driver.The computer works with an antenna(天线)that takes signals from no fewer than three ofthe 24 global positioning system(GPS) satellites. By measuring the time required for a signal to travel between the satellites and the antenna, the car’s location can be pinned down within 100 meters.The satellite signals, along with inputs on speed from a wheel-speed sensor and direction from a meter, determine the car’s position even as it moves. This information is combined with a map database, Streets, landmarks and points of interest are included.Most systems are basically identical, The differences come in hardware the way the computer accepts the driver’s request for directions and the way it presents the driving instructions. On most systems, a driver enters a desired address motorway junction or point of interest via a touch screen or dies. But the Lexis screen goes a step further. You can point to any sopt on the map screen and get directions to it.BMW’s system offers a set of cross hairs (瞄准器上的十字纹)that can be moved across the map (you have several choices of map scale )to pick a point you’d like to get to. Audi’s screen can.Even the voices that the defend with system offers BMW’s Lexus’s having a wider vocabulary, The instructional are email in fire ion German spaniel Dutch and Italian, as well as English, The driver can also choose parameters for determining the route: fastest, shortest or no freeways(高速公路),for example.16. We learn from the passage that navigation computers________A、will greatly promote sales of automobiles.B、Nary help solve potential traffic problemsC、are likely to be accepted by more driversD、will soon be viewed as a symbol of luxury17. With a navigation computer, a driver will easily find the best route to his definition_______________A、by inputting the exact addressB、by indicating the location of his carC、by checking his computer databaseD、by giving vocal orders to the computes18 Despite their varied designs, navigation computers used in cars_________A、are more or less the same priceB、provide directions in much the same wayC、work on more or less the same principlesD、receive instructions from the same satellites.19. The navigation computer functions___________A、by means of a direction finder and a speed detectorB、basically on satellite signals and a map databaseC、mainly through the reception turn-by-ruin directionsD、by using a screen to display satellite signals20. The navigation systems in cars like Lexus, BMW and Saudi are mentioned to show__________A、the immaturity of the new technologyB、the superiority of the global positioning systemC、the cause of price fluctuations in car equipmentD、the different ways of providing guidance to the driverSection B (10 points)Directions: In this part of the test, there are four short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow.(1) The close link between social norms and Sophia principles is no accident it is not ever clear which set comes firm. It could be agued that the philosophical principles are primary and than momssum up the social practices that have manuallydeveloped as scientist have tried to apply these primacies in their research. But a sociologist might say that the institutional setting of academic science generates certain practices and that these practices determine the principles tabulating the type of knowledge that is produced. (2) The norms and principles are clearly complementary aspects of an ethos whose social and psychological parts are inseparable.It does not follow, however, that all truth is relative or that scientific knowledge is constructed entirely to suit certain social “interests”. (3) All it means is that the progressiveunveiling of nature is nor a very systematic process. How far we have got in thatprocess-that is . what counts as scientific knowledge of any given moment-is obviously influenced by the way in which research is organized.This comes out clearly when we consider how academic science is organized. Whatever the formal management structure, academic science is divided math disciplines. That disciplines are usually loosely organized does not make them ineffective (4) An academic discipline is a global invisible college whose members share a practicum research tradition This is where scientists acquire the theoretical frameworks. Codes of fiancéand technical methods considered to be good science.Specialization does not stop there. The subdivision of disciplines into anewresearch specialties seem to be an unavoidable feature of academic science. In practice most academic scientists can satisfy the norms of originality and skepticism only by concentrating for years on wait is known, what is hypothesized and what might be erasable in limited problem area’.(5) As unbounded by interdisciplinary oceans of ignorance. In other words, the philosophical idea unified serene is thwarted by institutional and psychological realities.Part IV Translation ( 20 points)Section A ( 10 points)Directions: Translate the following paragraph into ChineseThe greatest achievement of humankind in its long evolution fromAncestors to its present status is the acquisition and accentuation ofAbout itself the world incite universe. The potshots of this knowledge are all some on the aggregate we had tensionroughagessolacehearten are all the physical intimae’s and structures we use the physical infrastructures on which society reels. Most of as assumes that on modern societyknowledge of all kinds is communallytenderizing and egg negation of nestinformation into the doors of our social or collective knowledge is steadilyreducing the were of ignorance about the world. The universe, and ourselves But continuingremainders on the numerous are of our present ignorance invite a critical analysis of this assumed.Section B (10 points)Directions: Translator the following paragraph into English.作为教育工作者我们希望培养学生独立思考问题的能力，希望他们不要盲从。
2008年医学博士外语真题试卷.doc
2008年医学博士外语真题试卷(总分：206.00，做题时间：90分钟)1.Section A（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________A.It was called off unexpectedly.B.It raised more money than expected.C.It received fewer people than expected.D.It disappointed the woman for the man" s absence.A.A thoracic case.B.A nervous disorder.C.A stomach problem.D.A psychiatric condition.A.In the housing office on campus.B.In the downtown hotel.C.At the rental agency.D.In the nursing home.A.Thrilled.B.Refreshed.C.Exhausted.D.Depressed.A.To travel with his parents.B.To organize a picnic in the country.C.To cruise, even without his friends.D.To take a flight to the Maldives instead.A.He" s got a revert.B.He" s got nausea.C.He" s got diarrhea.D.He" s got a runny nose.A.To suture the man" s wound.B.To remove the bits of glass.C.To disinfect the man" s wound.D.To take a closer look at the man" s wound.A.Mr. Lindley had got injured.B.Mr. Lindley had fallen asleep.C.Mr. Lindley had fallen off his chair.D.Mr. Lindley had lost consciousness.A.She will apply to Duke University.B.She will probably attend the University of Texas.C.She made up her mind to give up school for work.D.She chose Duke University over the University of Texas.A.Her boyfriend broke up with her.B.She was almost run over by a truck.C.One of her friends was emotionally hurt.D.She dumped her boyfriend" s truck in the river.A.The patient will not accept the doctor" s recommendation.B.The doctor lost control of the allergic reaction.C.The doctor finds it hard to decide what to do.D.The medicine is not available to the patient.A.It was more expensive than the original price.B.It was given to the woman as a gift.C.It was the last article on sale.D.It was a good bargain.A.Excited.B.Impatient.C.Indifferent.D.Concerned.A.She regrets buying the car.B.The car just arrived yesterday.C.She will certainly not buy the ear.D.This is the car she has been wanting.A.He is seriously ill.B.His work is a mess.C.The weather is lousy this week.D.He has been working under pressure.2.Section B（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________A.He has got bowel cancerB.He has got heart disease.C.He has got bone cancer.D.He has got heartburn.A.To have a colonoscopy.B.To seek a second opinionC.To be put on chemotherapy.D.To have his bowel removed.A.A pretty minor surgery.B.A normal life ahead of him.C.A miracle in his coming years.D.A life without any inconveniences.A.Thankful.B.Admiring.C.Resentful.D.Respectful.A.It was based on the symptoms the man had described.B.It was prescribed considering possible complications.C.it was given according to the man" s actual condition.D.it was effective because of a proper intervention.A.Smoking and lung Cancer.B.Lung cancer and the sexes.C.How to quit Smoking.D.How to prevent lung cancer.A.Current smokers exclusively.B.Second-hand smokers.C.With a lung problem.D.At age 40 or over.A.156.B.269.C.7498D.9427A.Smoking is the culprit in causing lung cancerB.Women are more vulnerable in lung cancer than men.C.Women are found to be more addicted to smoking than men.D.When struck by lung cancer, men seem to live longer than women.A.Lung cancer can be early detected.B.Lung cancer is deadly but preventable.C.Lung cancer is fatal and unpredictable.D.Smoking affects the lungs of men and women differently.A.A hobby.B.The whole world.C.A learning experience.D.A career to earn a riving.A.Her legs were broken.B.Her arms were broken.C.Her shoulders were severely injured.D.Her cervical vertebrae were seriously injured.A.She learned a foreign language.B.She learned to make friendsC.She learned to be a teacher.D.She learned living skills.A.She worked as skiing coach.B.She was a college instructor.C.She was a social worker in the clinic.D.She worked as elementary school teacher.A.Optimistic and hard-bitten.B.Pessimistic and cynical.C.Humorous and funny.D.Kind and reliable.3.Section A（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________4.I am afraid that you" 11 have to______the deterioration of the condition.（分数：2.00）A.account forB.call forC.look forD.make for5.Twelve hours a week seemed a generous______of your time to the nursing home.（分数：2.00）A.afflictionB.alternativeC.allocationD.alliance6.Every product is______tested before being put into the market.（分数：2.00）A.expensivelyB.exceptionallyC.exhaustivelyD.exclusively7.Having clean hands is one of the______rules when preparing food.（分数：2.00）A.potentB.conditionalC.inseparableD.cardinal8.The educators should try hard to develop the______abilities of children.（分数：2.00）A.cohesiveB.cognitiveC.collectiveic9.Mortgage______had risen in the last year because the number of low-income families was on the increase.（分数：2.00）A.defectsB.deficitsC.defaultsD.deceptions10.The symptoms may be______by certain drugs.（分数：2.00）A.exaggeratedB.exacerbatedC.exceededD.exhibited11.Her story was a complete______from start to finish, so nobody believed in her.（分数：2.00）A.facilityB.fascinationC.fabricationD.faculty12.The police investigating the traffic accident have not ruled out______.（分数：2.00）A.salvageB.safeguardC.sabotageD.sacrifice13.The government always______on the background of employees who are hired for sensitive military projects.（分数：2.00）A.takes upB.cheeks upC.works outD.looks into14.Section B（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 15.The 19 th century physiology was dominated by the study of the transformations of food energy into body mass and activity.（分数：2.00）A.boostedernedC.clarifiedD.pioneered16.Surely, it would be sensible to get a second opinion before taking any further action.（分数：2.00）A.realisticB.sensitiveC.reasonableD.sensational17.The Chinese people hold their ancestors in great veneration .（分数：2.00）A.recognitionB.sincerityC.heritageD.honor18.I worked to develop the requisite skill for a managerial .（分数：2.00）A.perfectB.exquisiteC.uniqueD.necessary19.If exercise is a bodily maintenance activity and an index of physiological age, the lack of sufficient exercise may either cause or hasten aging.（分数：2.00）A.instanceB.indicatorC.appearanceD.option20.The doctor advised Ken to avoid strenuous exercise.（分数：2.00）A.arduousB.demandingC.potentD.continuous21.The hospital should be held accountable for the quality of care it delivers.（分数：2.00）A.practicableB.reliableC.flexibleD.responsible22.Greenpeace has been invited to appraise the environment costs of such an operation.（分数：2.00）A.esteemB.appreciateC.evaluateD.approve23.The company still hopes to find a buyer, but the future looks bleak .（分数：2.00）A.chillyB.dismalC.promisingD.fanatic24.These were vital decisions that bore upon the happiness of everybody.（分数：2.00）A.ensuredB.minedC.achievedD.influenced五、PartⅢ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Are some people born clever and others born stupid? Or is intelligence developed by our environment and our experiences? Strangely【C1】______, the answer to both these questions is yes. To some extent our intelligence is given us at birth, and no amount of special education can make a genius 【C2】______a child born with low intelligence. On the other hand, a child who lives in boring environment will develop his intelligence less than the one who lives in rich and varied surroundings. Thus the【C3】______of a person" s intelligence are fixed at birth, but whetheror not he reaches those limits will depend on his【C4】______This view, not held by most experts, can be supported in a number of ways. It is easy to show that intelligence is to some extent 【C5】______we are born with. The closer the blood relationship between two people, the closer they are likely to be in intelligence. Thus if we take two unrelated people【C6】______, it is likely that their degrees of intelligence will be completely different. If on the other hand we take two identical twins they will likely be as intelligent as each other. Relations like brothers and sisters, parents and children, usually have【C7】______intelligence and this clearly suggests that intelligence depends on birth. 【C8】______now that we take identical twins and put them in different environments. We might send one, for example to a university and the other to a factory where the work is boring. We would soon find differences in intelligence developing, and this indicates that environment【C9】______birth plays a part. This conclusion is also suggested by the【C10】______that people who live in close contact with each other,but who are not related at all, are likely to have similar degrees of intelligence.（分数：20.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.quiteB.enoughC.sureD.so(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.out ofB.intoC.from withinD.off(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.amountsB.qualitiesC.limitsD.scores(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.dispositionB.perceptionC.endowmentD.environment(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.anythingB.somethingC.nothingD.everything(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.in advanceB.for effectC.at randomD.under way(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.similarB.variousC.appropriateD.inborn(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.LookB.BelieveC.SuggestD.Imagine(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.andB.or ratherC.as well asD.but for(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.factB.eventC.conditionD.environment六、PartⅣ Reading Compre(总题数：6，分数：60.00)Fourteen-year-old Sean MeCallum lay in a hospital bed waiting for a new heart. Without it, Scan would die. Sean" s case is not unusual. Everyday many people die because there just aren" t enough human organs to go around. Now scientists say they can alter the genetic make-up of certain animals so that their organs may be acceptable to humans. With this gene-altering technique to overcome our immune rejection to foreign organs, scientists hope to use pig hearts for transplants by the year 2008. That prospect, however, has stirred up strong opposition among animal fight activists. They protest that the whole idea of using animal organs is cruel and unjust; some scientists also fear such transplants may transform unknown diseases to humans. Others believe transplanting animal organs into humans is unnecessary. Millions of dollars spent on breeding pigs for their organs could be better spent on health education programs. They believe seventy-five percent of the heart disease cases that lead to a need for organ transplant are preventable. The key is to convince people to eat healthfully, and not to smoke or drink alcohol. Scientists could also use research funds to improve artificial organs. Still others believe that though new inventions and prevention programs may help, spending money to encourage more people to donate their organs is an even better idea. If enough people were educated about organ donations, everyone who needed an organ could be taken off the waiting list in a year.（分数：10.00）(1).What is the problem the passage begins with?（分数：2.00）A.High mortality rate of immune rejectionB.A malpractice in heart transplantation.C.An unusual case of organ transplantD.A shortage of human organs(2).Not only is the gene-altering technique a technical issue, according to the passage but also it______.（分数：2.00）A.introduces an issue of inhumanityB.raises the issue of justice in medicineC.presents a significant threat to the human natureD.pushes the practice of organ transplant to the limits(3).Doubtful of the necessity of using animal organs, some scientists______.（分数：2.00）A.are to narrow the scope of organ transplantsB.switch to the development of artificial organse up with alternatives to the current problemD.set out to pursue better ways of treating heart disease(4).It can be inferred from the concluding paragraph of the passage that______.（分数：2.00）A.the gene-altering technique will help those waiting for organ transplantsB.the present supply of human organs still has potential to be exploredC.people prefer the use of animal organs for medical purposesD.the gene-altering technique leaves much to believed(5).The information the passage carries is______.（分数：2.00）A.enlighteningB.unbelievableC.imaginativeD.factualThere is a great irony of 21st-century global health: While many hundreds of millions of people lack adequate food as a result of economic inequities, political corruption, or warfare, many hundreds of millions more are overweight to the point of increased risk for diet-related chronic diseases. Obesity is a worldwide phenomenon, affecting children as well as adults and forcing all but the poorest countries to divert scarce resources away from food security to take care of people with preventable heart disease and diabetes. To reverse the obesity epidemic, we must address the fundamental causes. Overweight comes from consuming more food energy than is expended in activity. The cause of this imbalance also is ironic: improved prosperity. People use extra income to eat more and be less physically active. Market economies encourage this. They make people with expendable income into consumers of aggressively marketed foods that are high in energy but low in nutritional value, and of cars, televisions set. And computers that promote sedentary behavior. Gaining weight are good business. Food is particularly big business because everyone eats. Moreover, food is so overproduced that many countries, especially the rich ones that far more than they need, another irony, than the United States, to take an extreme example, most adults —-of all ages, incomes, educational levels, and census categories—are overweight. The U. S. food supply provides 3800 kilocalories per person per day, nearly twice as much as required by many a-dults. Overabundant food forces companies to compete for sales through advertising, health claims, new products, larger portions, and campaigns directed toward children. Food marketing promotes weight gain. Indeed, it is difficult to think of any major industry that might benefit if people ate! Less food; certainly not the agriculture, food product, grocery, restaurant, diet or drug industries. All flourish when people eat more. And all employ armies of Lobbyists to discourage governments from doing anything to inhibit overeating.（分数：10.00）(1).The great irony of 21st century global public health refers to______.（分数：2.00）A.the cause of obesity and its counteractive measuresB.the insufficient and superfluous consumption of foodC.the seas natural resource and the green of food sourceD.the consumption of food and the increased risk for diet-related diseases(2).To address the fundamental cause of the obesity epidemic, according to the passage, is______.（分数：2.00）A.to improve political and economic managementB.to cope with the energy imbalance issueC.to combat diet-related chronic diseasesD.to increase investment in global health(3).As we can learn from the passage, the second irony refers to______.（分数：2.00）A.affluence and obesityB.food energy and nutritional valueC.food business and economic prosperityD.diseases of civilization and pathology of inactivity(4).As a result of the third irony, people______.（分数：2.00）A.consume 3800 kilocalories on a daily basisplain about food overproductionC.have to raise their food expensesD.are driven towards weight gain(5).Which of the following can be excluded as we can understand based on the passage?（分数：2.00）A.The economic dimension.B.The political dimension.C.The humane dimension.D.The dietary dimension.Women find a masculine face—with a large jaw and a prominent brow—-more attractive when they are most likely to attractive, according to a study published in the June 24 NATURE. Before, during, and use after menstruation, however, they seem to be drawn to less angular, more "feminine" male faces, the researchers report. " Other studies of female preference, mainly for odors, show changes across the menstrual cycle ," says lead author Ian Penton-Voak of the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. " We thought it would be interesting to look at visual preferences and see if they changed also". The researchers showed 39 Japanese women composite male faces that emphasized masculine or feminine facial features to differing degrees. The women preferred images with more masculine features when they were in the fertile phase of their menses but favored more feminine features during their less fertile phase. The type of face women find attractive also seems to depend on the kind of relationship they wish to pursue, according to another experiment. The cyclic preference for muscular faces was evident among 23 British women asked to choose the most attractive face for a short-term relationship, Penton-Voak says. The 26 women asked to choose an attractive face for a long-term relationship, however, preferred the more feminine features throughout their menstrual cycle. Another 22 women who were using oral contraceptives did not show monthly changes in the faces they preferred even for short-term relationships, indicating that hormones might play a role in determining attractiveness, Penton-Voak says. Men whose faces have some feminine softness are perceived as " kinder" men who may make better husbands and partners, he adds, while macho features may be associated with higher testosterone(睾丸素)levels and good genes. He cautions, however, that research hasn"t yet shown a link between a woman" s preferences in such tests and her actual behavior.（分数：10.00）(1).The researchers made a study on______.（分数：2.00）A.women" s menstrual cycleB.men" s preferred female imagesC.women" s visual preferences of menD.men" s masculine and feminine features(2).Women are drawn to a masculine face, according to the researchers, when they______.（分数：2.00）A.grow to be more feminineB.are on oral contraceptivesC.are ready for conceptionD.are on menstruation(3).It was found in Britain that women" s preferred male images were influenced by______.（分数：2.00）A.their family planningB.the years of marriage they hadC.the length of their menstrual cycleD.the term or relationship they seek(4).Just because the studies of female preferences show changes across the menstrual cycle, as Pen-ton-Voak implies, does not mean that______.（分数：2.00）A.visual preferences do existB.a woman acts this way is realityC.a man will buy into the phenomenonD.men and women prefer the same image(5).Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Does a woman judge from a man" s appearance?B.Is there such a thing as beauty in the world?C.Are women more emotional than men?D.Is beauty more than meets the eye?WELL—do they or don"t they? For years, controversy has raged over whether the electromagnetic fields produced by power lines could cause cancer especially leukemia in young children. But in Britain last week confusion reached new heights. One team from Bristol announced that it had evidence to back a controversial but plausible theory which would explain how power lines might cause cancer(electric fields attract airborne pollutants). Only to be followed by the release of results by another group in London which suggested there is nothing to worry about. What is going on? Actually, the confusion may be more apparent than real. There can be no doubt that the effects of power lines on water droplets, pollutants and naturally occurring radon uncovered by the Bristol team are real and interning. But to suggest that they have anything to do with leukemia in children is premature. The extra exposure to pollution for a child living near power lines would be tiny, and it is not obvious why radon, a gas normally associated with lung cancer—would cause leukemia in children. The second study, which drew reassuring blank, is the world" s biggest ever probe of the statistical link between childhood cancers and magnetic fields of the sort produced by power lines and electrical appliances. It is one of several recent studies that have failed to find a link. Unlike earlier research, these newer studies involved going into homes to measure the electromagnetic fields. The fields they measured included input from major power lines if they were. Which is not to say the research is perfectly. Critics argue that Britain" s childhood cancer study, for example, has not yet taken into account the surges in exposure that might come from, say, switching appliances on and off. And some people might wonder why measurements of the electric fields that are also produced by power lines did not figure in last week" s study. But neither criticism amounts to a fatal blow. Electrical fields cannot penetrate the body significantly, for example. A more serious concern is whether the British research provides an all-clear signal for such countries as the US where power lines carry more current and therefore produce higher magnetic fields. Pedants(书呆子)would conclude that it doesn" t. But these counties will not have long to wait for answers from a major Japanese study. In Britain the latest epidemiological study can be taken as the final word on the matter. If the electromagnetic fields in British homes can in some unforeseen way increase the risk of cancer, we can now be as certain as science allows that the increase is too tiny to measure.（分数：10.00）(1).Both the question "Well—do they or don"t they?" and the question "What is going on?" suggest ______.（分数：2.00）A.the high incidence of LeukemiaB.the advent of bewilderment among peopleC.the warning of the worsening air pollutionD.the tense relation between Bristol and London(2).What would the author say of the results of the first study?（分数：2.00）A.Enlightening.B.Insignificant.C.Reassuring.D.Apparent.(3).What can be suggested from the results of the second study?（分数：2.00）A.There does exist a danger zone near power lines.B.There is much to be improved in terms of design.C.There is nothing to worry about as to power lines.D.There is no link between the first and second study.(4).It can be inferred from the passage that the British outcomes______.（分数：2.00）A.are expected to convince nobody but pedantsB.were found to have left much room for doubtC.could have implications in such countries as the USD.will be consistent with the Japanese ones in the near future(5).To conclude, the author______.（分数：2.00）A.reassures us of the reliability of the latest research in BritainB.asks for improved measurements for such an investigationC.points out the drawbacks of the latest research in BritainD.urges further investigations on the issueSmoking causes wrinkles by upsetting the body" s mechanism for renewing skin, say scientists in Japan. Dermatologists say the finding confirms the long-held view that smoking ages skin prematurely. Skin stays healthy and young-looking because of a fine balance between two processes that are constantly at work. The first breaks-down old skin while the second makes new skin. The body breaks down the old skin with enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases, or MMPs, They chop up the fibers that form collagen(胶原质)—the connective tissue that makes up around 80 percent of normal skin. Akimichi Morita and his colleagues at Nagoya City University Medical School suspected that smoking disrupted the body" s natural process of breaking down old skin and renewing it. To test their idea, they first made a solution of cigarette smoke by pumping smoke through a saline(盐的)solution. Smoke was sucked from cigarettes for two seconds every minute. Tiny drops of this smoke solution were added to dishes of human fibroblasts, the skin cells that produce collagen. After a day in contact with smoke solution, the researchers tested the skin cells, to see how much collagen-degrading MMP they were making. Morita found that cells exposed to cigarette smoke had produced far more MMP than normal skin cells. Morita also tested the skin cells to see how much new collagen they were producing. He found that the smoke caused a drop in the production of fresh collagen by up to 40 percent. He says that this combined effect of degrading collagen more rapidly and producing less new collagen is probably what causes premature skin ageing in smokers, in both cases, the more concentrated the smoke solution the greater the effect on collagen. " This suggests the amount of collagen is important for skin ageing," he says. "It looks like less collagen means more wrinkle formation". Morita doesn" t know if this is the whole story of why smokers have more wrinkles. But he plans to confirm his findings by testing skin samples from smokers and non-smokers of various ages to see if the smoking has the same effect on collagen. "So far we" ve only done this in the lab. " he says. " We don"t know exactly what happens in the body yet that might take some time. " Other dermatologists are impressed by file work. "This is fascinating," says Lawrence Parish. Director of the Centre for International Dermatology at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital in Philadelphia. This confirms scientifically what we"ve long expected, he says. "Tobacco smoke is injurious to skin. "（分数：10.00）(1).Healthy skin lies in______.（分数：2.00）A.a well-kept balance between two working processesB.the two processes of breaking down skin cellsC.a fine balance in the number of cigarettesD.the two steps of forming collagen(2).For the Japanese scientists, to test their idea is______.（分数：2.00）A.to verify the aging of human beingsB.to find out the mechanism of renewing skinC.to prove the two processes of wrinkle formationD.to confirm the hazards of smoking proven otherwise(3).The Japanese scientists tested their idea using______.（分数：2.00）A.MMPs to form fresh collagenB.cigarette smoke to contaminate skin cellsC.human fibroblasts to produce fresh collagenD.non-smokers to be exposed to cigarette smoke(4).As inferred from Morita" s results, smoking______.（分数：2.00）A.could stimulate tile production of fresh collagenB.is unlikely to promote the production of MMPC.tends to cause skin to age prematurelyD.may cause collagen to die by 60%(5).Monrita implies that his findings______.（分数：2.00）A.took less time than expectedB.were hard to accept in dermatologyC.were not exclusively based on the labD.need to be further verified in the human bodyToday, I sit in a surgical ICU beside my favorite Jack as he recovers from a five-hour operation to repair a massive aortic aneurysm. For me it has been a journey into the medical system as an inexperienced consumer rather than in my usual position as a seasoned provider. This journey to an urban referral center has produced some disappointing surprises for Dad, and especially for me. For the past two days, my beloved Jack has been called "Harold"(his first name; Jack is his middle name). Of course, there is nothing wrong with "Harold"—it was what he was called in the army—but Dad never has been "Harold" except to those who really don"t know him. Telephone callers at our family home who asked for "Harold" were always red flags that the caller was a telemarketer or insurance salesperson. Dad doesn" t correct his physicians or the office receptionists—he is from the old school, where it is impolite to question or correct your physician. Once he was an almost ideal "Jack," strong, athletic, quietly confident and imminently trustworthy, but his recent renal failure and dialysis treatments , his stroke and his constant tremor have robbed him of his strength, mobility, and golf game, but not of his will or love of his family, part of the reason he agreed to undertake this risky operation at his advanced age was because his wife and sisters still need his protective support. With so much at risk, he faced thislife-threatening challenge in a city far away from his home and friends and in a place where he is greeted as "Harold. "（分数：10.00）(1).The author relates the story______.（分数：2.00）A.from a consumer" s point of viewB.with a view to punctuating patient rightsC.according to his own standards of health careD.based on his own unpleasant medical treatment(2).Apparently the author" s father______.（分数：2.00）A.did not like to be called by the first nameB.was not well taken care of as expectedC.was mistaken for somebody elseD.was treated like a businessman(3).As the author implies his father______.（分数：2.00）A.encountered so many impolite physiciansB.did nothing but kept quiet in the hospitalC.accepted the way he was greetedD.had his diagnosis made wrongly。
2009年北京大学博士入学考试英语试题
2009年北京大学博士入学考试英语试题一、听力（原2008英语专业四级听力原题和答案）TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS(2008)-GRADE FOUR-TIME LIMIT:135MINPART I DICTATION[15MIN]Listen to the following passage.Altogether the passage will be read to you four times.During the first reading,which will be done at normal speed,listen and try to understand the meaning.For the second and third readings,the passage will be read sentence by sentence,or phrase by phrase,with intervals of15seconds.The last reading will be read at normal speed again and during this time you should check your work.You will then be given2minutes to check through your work once more.Please write the whole passage on ANSWER SHEET ONE.Choosing a CareerWhen students graduate from college,//many of them do not know how they want to spend their working lives.//And they sometimes move from job to job//until they find something that suits them,//and of equal importance to which they are suited.//Others never find a job in which they are really happy.//They remain all their lives square pegs in round holes.//When we choose our careers,we need to ask ourselves two questions.//First,what do we think we would like to be?// Second,what kind of people are we?//The idea,for example,of being a painter or a musician may seem very attractive,//but unless we have great talent,and are willing to work very hard,//we are certain to fail in these occupations.//And failure will lead to unhappiness in life.//So it is important to assess our suitability for a certain career in job search.(152words)PART II LISTENING COMPREHENSION[20MIN]In Sections A,B and C you will hear everything ONCE ONLY.Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Mark the correct answer to each question on your answer sheet.SECTION A CONVERSATIONSIn this section you will hear several conversations.Listen to the conversations carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions1to3are based on the following conversation.At the end of the conversation,you will be given15seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the conversation.1.When is Anne available for the meeting?A.The third week of May.B.The third week of June.C.The eleventh of June.D.The eleventh of May.2.Their meeting will probably take place inA.London.B.Toronto.C.Mexico City.D.Chicago.3.When is Eric calling back?A.Thursday afternoon.B.Friday afternoon.C.Thursday morning.D.Friday morning.Questions4to6are based on the following conversation.At the end of the conversation,you will be given15seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the conversation.4.According to the woman,advertisementsA.let us know the best product.B.give us sufficient information.C.fail to convince people.D.give misleading information.5.In the woman’s opinion,money spent on advertisements is paidA.by manufacturers.B.by customers.C.by advertisers.D.by all of them.6.Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?A.The woman seems to be negative about advertising.B.The woman appears to know more about advertising.C.The man is to be present at a debate on advertising.D.The man has a lot to talk about on advertising.Questions7to10are based on the following conversation.At the end of the conversation,you will be given20seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the conversation.7.Mr Brown brought with him only a few things becauseA.there wasn’t enough space in the cupboard.B.the hospital would provide him with everything.C.he was to stay there for a very short time.D.visitors could bring him other things.8.According to the hospital rules,at which of the following hours can visitors see patients?A.2:00pm.B.5:00pm.C.7:00pm.D.6:00pm.9.Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?A.Patients have breakfast at8.B.Patients have lunch at12.C.There are special alcohol lounges.D.There are special smoking lounges.10.Which statement best describes Mr Brown?A.He knows little about hospital rules.B.He can keep alcohol in the ward.C.He knows when to smoke.D.He is used to hospital life.SECTION B PASSAGESIn this section,you will hear several passages.Listen to the passages carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions11to13are based on the following talk.At the end of the talk,you will be given15 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the talk.11.Meeting rooms of various sizes are needed forA.contacts with headquarters.B.relaxation and enjoyment.rmal talksD.different purposes.12.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as part of hotel facilities for guests?A.Restaurants.B.Cinemas.C.Swimming pools.D.Bars.13.A hotel for an international conference should have the following EXCEPTA.convenient transport services.petent office secretaries.C.good sports and restaurant facilities.D.suitable and comfortable rooms.Questions14to17are based on the following talk.At the end of the talk,you will be given20 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the talk.14.The museum aims mainly to displayA.the area’s technological development.B.the nation’s important historical events.C.the area’s agricultural and industrial development.D.the nation’s agricultural and industrial development.15.The following have been significant in the area’s prosperity EXCEPTA.the motorways.B.the Roman road.C.the canals.D.the railways.16.We know from the passage that some exhibitsA.are borrowed from workshops.B.are specially made for display.C.reflect the local culture and customs.D.try to reproduce the scene at that time.17.The passage probably comes fromA.a conversation on the museum.B.a museum tour guide.C.a museum booklet.D.a museum advertisement.Questions18to20are based on the following passage.At the end of the passage,you will be given 15seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the passage.18.According to the speaker,safety in dormitory means that youA.insure all your expensive things.B.lock doors when going out.C.lock windows at night.D.take all necessary precautions.19.What does the speaker suggest girls do when they are going to be out late?A.Call their friends.B.Stay with their friends.C.Avoid walking in streets.D.Always take a taxi.20.What is the speaker’s last advice?A.To take a few self-defense classes.B.To stick to well-lit streets at night.C.To avoid walking alone at night.D.To stay with their friends.SECTION C……………………（来自：/thread-5423-1-1.html）（答案：BDADD DACCA DBBCA CBDBA）完形填空原文（标出来的就是出提点）Three hundred years ago Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit made his first thermometer in his home town of Danzig(now Gdansk in Poland).The thermometer was filled with alcohol and completely sealed, but it was not much use without some sort of scale to measure the temperature.One story goes that,during the winter of1708-09,Fahrenheit took a measurement of0degrees as the coldest temperature outdoors—which would now read as minus17.8C.Five years later he used mercury instead of alcohol for his thermometers,and made a top reference point by measuring his own body temperature as90degrees.Soon afterwards he became a glassblower,which allowed him to make thinly blown glass tubes that could be marked up with more points on the scale and so increase accuracy.Eventually he took the lowest point of his temperature scale from a reading made in ice,water and salt,and a top point made from the boiling point of water.The scale was recalibrated using180 degrees between these two points and Fahrenheit was able to make much more accurate and more consistent measurements of temperature.But in1742a rival challenged the Fahrenheit scale and eventually superseded it.Anders Celsius,in Sweden,invented a scale of100degrees between the freezing and boiling points of water and gradually won over many countries.However,the British remained wedded to Fahrenheit until well into the20th century.改错原文（标出来的就是出提点）原文:Job Losses Pose a Threat to Stability Worldwide（原文来自NewYork Times:/2009/02/15/business/15global.html?_r=1）Worldwide job losses from the recession that started in the United States in December2007 could hit a staggering50million by the end of2009,according to the International Labor Organization,a United Nations agency.The slowdown has already claimed3.6million American jobs.High unemployment rates,especially among young workers,have led to protests in countries as varied as Latvia,Chile,Greece,Bulgaria and Iceland and contributed to strikes in Britain and France.Last month,the government of Iceland,whose economy is expected to contract10percent this year,collapsed and the prime minister moved up national elections after weeks of protests by Icelanders angered by soaring unemployment and rising prices.Just last week,the new United States director of national intelligence,Dennis C.Blair,told Congress that instability caused by the global economic crisis had become the biggest security threat facing the United States,outpacing terrorism."Nearly everybody has been caught by surprise at the speed in which unemployment is increasing,and are groping for a response,”said Nicolas Véron,a fellow at Bruegel,a research center in Brussels that focuses on Europe’s role in the global economy.In emerging economies like those in Eastern Europe,there are fears that growing joblessness might encourage a move away from free-market,pro-Western policies,while in developed countries unemployment could bolster efforts to protect local industries at the expense of global trade.Indeed,some European stimulus packages,as well as one passed Friday in the United States, include protections for domestic companies,increasing the likelihood of protectionist trade battles.Protectionist measures were an intense matter of discussion as finance ministers from the Group of7economies met this weekend in Rome.While the number of jobs in the United States has been falling since the end of2007,the pace of layoffs in Europe,Asia and the developing world has caught up only recently as companies that resisted deep cuts in the past follow the lead of their American counterparts.。
北京大学博士英语考试试题及解析电子教案
Part Two：Structure and Written Expression（20%）Directions：For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet.11．Whether the extension of consciousness is a “good thing”for human being is a question thata wide solution.A．admits of B. requires of C. needs of D.seeks for12．In a culture like ours, long all things as a means of control, it is sometimes a bit of a shock to be reminded that the medium is the message.A．accustomed to split and dividedB．accustomed to splitting and dividingC．accustomed to split and dividingD．accustomed to splitting and divided13．Apple pie is neither good nor bad; it is the way it is used that determines its value.A. at itselfB. as itselfC. on itselfD. in itself14．us earlier, your request to the full.A.You have contacted…we could comply withB.Had you contacted…we could have complied withC.You had contacted…could we have complied withD.Have you contacted…we could comply with15．The American Revolution had no medieval legal institutions to or to root out, apart from monarchy.A. discardB. discreetC. discordD. disgorge16. Living constantly in the atmosphere of slave, he became infected the unconscious theirpsychology. No one can shield himself such an influence.A. on…by…atB. by…for…inC. from…in…onD. through…with…from17. The effect of electric technology had at first been anxiety. Now it appears to create.A. boreB. boredC. boredomD. bordom18. Jazz tends to be a casual dialogue form of dance quite in the receptive and mechanical forms of the waltz.A. lackedB. lackingC. for lack ofD. lack of19. There are too many complains about society move too fast to keep up with the machine.A. that have toB. have toC. having toD. has to20. The poor girl spent over half a year in the hospital but she is now for it.A. none the worseB. none the betterC. never worseD. never better21. As the silent film sound, so did the sound film color.A. cried out for…cried out forB. cry out for…cry out forC. had cried out for…cried out forD. had cried out for…cry out for22. While his efforts were tremendous the results appeared to be very .A. triggerB. meagerC. vigorD. linger23. Western man is himself being de-Westernized by his own speed-up, by industrial technology.A. as much the Africans are detribalizedB. the Africans are much being detribalizedC. as much as the Africans are being detribalizedD. as much as the Africans are detribalized24. We admire his courage and self-confidence.A. can butB. cannot onlyC. cannot butD. can only but25. In the 1930’s, when millions of comic books were the young with fighting and killing, nobody seemed tonotice that the violence of cars in the streets was more hysterical.A. inundatingB. imitatingC. immolatingD. insulating26. you promise you will work hard, support you to college.A. If only…will IB. Only…I willC. Only if…will ID. Only if…I will27. It is one of the ironies of Western man that he has never felt invention as a threat to his way of life.A. any concern withB. any concern aboutC. any concern inD. any concern at28. One room schools, with all subjects being taught to all grades at the same time, simplywhen better transportation permits specialized spaces and specialized teaching.A. resolvedB. absolvedC. dissolvedD. solved29. People are living longer and not saving enough, which means they will either have to worklonger, live less in retirement or bailed by the government.A. in…for…upB. for…on…outC. by…in…onD. on…for…out30. The country s deficit that year to a record 1698 billion dollarsA. soaredB. souredC. soredD. sourcedPart Three: Close Test (10%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and choose ONE best word for each numbered blank. Mark your answers on the Answer Sheet.2009 was the worst year for the record labels in a decade31 was 2008, and before that 2007 and 2006. In fact, industry revenues have been 32 for the past 10 years. Digital sales are growing, but not as fast as traditional sales are falling.Maybe that’s because illegal downloads are so easy. People have been 33 intellectual property for centuries, but it used to be a time-consuming way to generate markedly 34 copies. These days, high-quality copies are 35 . According to the Pew Internet project, people use file-sharing software more often than they do iTunes and other legal shops.I’d like to believe, as many of my friends seem to, that this practice won’t do much harm. But even as I’ve heard over the past decade that things weren’t 36 bad, that the music industry was moving to a new, better business model, each year’s numbers have been worse. Maybe it’s time to admit that we may never find a way to 37 consumers who want free entertainment with creators who want to get paid.38 on this problem, the computational neuroscientist Anders Sandberg recently noted that although we have strong instinctive feelings about ownership, intellectual property doesn’t always 39 that framework. The harm done by individual acts of piracy is too small and too abstract.“The nature of intellectual property,”he wrote, “makes it hard to maintain the social and empathic 40 that keep(s) us from taking each other’s things.”31. A. As B. Same C. Thus D. So32. A. stagnating B. declining C. increasing D. stultifying33. A. taking B. robbing C. stealing D. pirating34. A. upgraded B. inferior C. ineffective D. preferable35. A. numerous B. ubiquitous C. accessible D. effortless36. A. so B. this C. that D. much37. A. satisfy B. help C. reconcile D. equate38. A. Based B. Capitalizing C. Reflecting D. Drawing39. A. match up with B. fill in C. fit into D. set up40. A. constraints B. consciousness C. norm D. etiquettePart IV: Reading Comprehension(20%)Directions: Each of the following four passages is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each question or unfinished statement, four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneCancer has always been with us, but not always in the same way. Its care and management have differed over time, of course, but so, too, have its identity, visibility, and meanings. Pick up the thread of history at its most distant end and you have cancer the crab—so named either because of the ramifying venous processes spreading out from a tumor or because its pain is like the pinch of a crab’s claw. Premodern cancer is a lump, a swelling that sometimes breaks through the skin in ulcerations producing foul-smelling discharges. The ancient Egyptians knew about many tumors that had a bad outcome, and the Greeks made a distinction between benign tumors (oncos) and malignant ones (carcinos). In the second century A．D．, Galen reckoned that the cause was systemic, an excess of melancholy or black bile, one of the body’s four “humors,”brought on by bad diet and environmental circumstances. Ancient medical practitioners sometimes cut tumors out, but the prognosis was known to be grim. Describing tumors of the breast, an Egyptian papyrus from about 1600 B．C．concluded: “There is no treatment.”The experience of cancer has always been terrible, but, until modern times, its mark on the culture has been light. In the past, fear coagulated around other ways of dying: infectious and epidemic diseases (plague, smallpox, cholera, typhus, typhoid fever); “apoplexies”(what we now call strokes and heart attacks); and, most notably in the nineteenth century, “consumption”(tuberculosis). The agonizing manner of cancer death was dreaded, but that fear was not centrally situated in the public mind—as it now is. This is one reason that the medical historian Roy Porter wrote that cancer is “the modern disease par excellence,”and that Mukherjee calls it “the quintessential product of modernity.”At one time, it was thought that cancer was a “disease of civilization,” belonging to much the same causal domain as “neurasthenia” and diabetes, the former a nervous weakness belie ved to be brought about by the stress of modern life and the latter a condition produced by bad diet and indolence. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, some physicians attributed cancer—notably of the breast and the ovaries—to psychological and behavioral causes. William Buchan’s wildly popular eighteenth-century text “Domestic Medicine”judged that cancers might be caused by “excessive fear, grief, religious melancholy.”In the nineteenth century, reference was repeatedly made to a “cancer personality,”and, in some versions, specifically to sexual repression. As Susan Sontag observed, cancer was considered shameful, not to be mentioned, even obscene. Among the Romantics and the Victorians, suffering and dying from tuberculosis might be considered a badge of refinement; cancer death was nothing of the sort. “It seems unimaginable,”Sontag wrote, “to aestheticize”cancer.41. According to the passage, the ancient Egyptians .A. called cancer the crabB. were able to distinguish benign tumors and malignant onesC. found out the cause of cancerD. knew about a lot of malignant tumors42. Which of the following statements about the cancers of the past is best supported by the passage?A. Ancient people did not live long enough to become prone to cancerB. In the past, people did not fear cancerC. Cancer death might be considered a badge of refinementD. Some physicians believed that one s own behavioral mode could lead to cancer43. Which of the following is the reason for cancer to be called “the modern disease”?A. Modern cancer care is very effectiveB. There is a lot more cancer nowC. People understand cancer in radically new ways nowD. There is a sharp increase in mortality in modern cancer world44.“Neurasthenia”and diabetes are mentioned because .A. they are as fatal as cancerB. they were considered to be “disease of civilization”C. people dread them very muchD.they are brought by the high pressure of modern life45. As suggested by the passage, with which of the following statements would the author most likely agree?A. The care and management of cancer have development over timeB. The cultural significance of cancer shifts in different timesC. Cancer s identity has never changedD. Cancer is the price paid for modern lifePassage TwoIf you happened to be watching NBC on the first Sunday morning in August last summer, you would have seen something curious. There, on the set of Meet the Press, the host, David Gregory, was interviewing a guest who made a forceful case that the U．S．economy had become “very distorted.”In the wake of the recession, this guest explained, high-income individuals, large banks, and major corporations had experienced a “significant recovery”; the rest of the economy, by contrast—including small businesses and “a very significant amount of the labor force”—was stuck and still struggling. What we were seeing, he argued, was not a single economy at all, but rather “fundamentally two separate types of economy,”increasingly distinct and divergent.This diagnosis, though alarming, was hardly unique: drawing attention to the divide between the wealthy and everyone else has long been standard fare on the left. (The idea of “two Americas”was a central theme of John Edwards’s 2004 and 2008 presidential runs.) What made the argument striking in this instance was that it was being offered by none other than the former five-term Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan: iconic libertarian, preeminent defender of the free market, and (at least until recently) the nation’s foremost devotee of Ayn Rand. When the high priest of capitalism himself is declaring the growth in economic inequality a national crisis, something has gone very, very wrong.This widening gap between the rich and non-rich has been evident for years. In a 2005 report to investors, for instance, three analysts at Citigroup advised that “the World is dividing into two blocs—the Plutonomy and the rest”.In a plutonomy there is no such animal as “the U．S．consumer”or “the UK consumer”, or indeed “the Russian consumer”. There are rich consumers, few in number, but disproportionate in the gigantic slice of income and consumption they take. There are the rest, the “non-rich”, the multitudinous many, but only accounting for surprisingly small bites of the national pie.Before the recession, it was relatively easy to ignore this concentration of wealth among an elite few. The wondrous inventions of the modern economy—Google, Amazon, the iPhone broadly improved the lives of middle-class consumers, even as they made a tiny subset of entrepreneurs hugely wealthy. And the less-wondrous inventions—particularly the explosion of subprime credit—helped mask the rise of income inequality for many of those whose earnings were stagnant.But the financial crisis and its long, dismal aftermath have changed all that. A multi-billion-dollar bailout and Wall Street’s swift, subsequent reinstatement of gargantuan bonuses have inspired a narrative of parasitic bankers and other elites rigging the game for their own benefit. And this, in turn, has led to wider-and not unreasonable-fears that we are living in not merely a plutonomy, but a plutocracy, in which the rich display outsize political influence, narrowly self interested motives, and a casual indifference to anyone outside their own rarefied economic bubble.46. According to the passage, the U．S．economy .A. fares quite wellB. has completely recovered from the economic recessionC. has its own problemsD. is lagging behind other industrial economies47. Which of the following statement about today’s super-elite would the passage support?A. Today’s plutocrats are the hereditary eliteB. Today’s super-rich are increasingly a nation unto themselvesC. They are the deserving winners of a tough economic competitionD. They are worried about the social and political consequences of rising income inequality48. What can be said of modern technological innovations?A. They have lifted many people into the middle class.B. They have narrowed the gap between the rich and the non-rich.C. They have led to a rise of income inequality.D. They have benefited the general public.49. The author seems to suggest that the financial crisis and its aftermath .A. have compromised the rich with the non-richB. have enriched the plutocratic eliteC. have put Americans on the alert for too much power the rich possessD. have enlarged the gap between the rich and non-rich50. The primary purpose of the passage is to .A. present the financial imbalance in the U．S．B. display sympathy for the working classC. criticize the super elite of the Unite StatesD. appreciate the merits of the super rich in the U．S．Passage ThreeCharles Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is credited with sparking evolution’s revolution in scientific thought, but many observers had pondered evolution before him. It was understanding the idea’s significance and selling it to the public that made Darwin great, according to the Arnold Arboretum’s new director.William Friedman, the Arnold Professor of Organism and Evolutionary Biology who took over as arboretum director Ja n．1, has studied Darwin’s writings as well as those of his predecessors and contemporaries. While Darwin is widely credited as the father of evolution, Friedman said the “historical sketch”that Darwin attached to later printings of his masterpiece was intended to mollify those who demanded credit for their own earlier ideas.The historical sketch grew with each subsequent printing, Friedman told an audience Monday (Ja n．10), until, by the 6th edition, 34 authors were mentioned in it. Scholars now believe that somewhere between 50 and 60 authors had beaten Darwin in their writings about evolution Included was Darwin’s grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, a physician who irritated clergymen with his insistence that life arose from lower forms, specifically mollusks.Friedman’s talk, “A Darwinian Look at Darwin’s Evolutionist Ancestors,”took place at the arboretum’s Hunnewell Building and was the first in a new Director’s Lecture Series.Though others had clearly pondered evolution before Darwin, he wasn’t without originality. Friedman said that Darwin’s thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolution was shared by few, most prominently Alfred Wallace, whose writing on the subject after years in the field spurred Darwin’s writing of “On the Origin of Species.”Although the book runs more than 400 pages, Friedman said it was never the book on evolution and natural selection that Darwin intended. In 1856, three years before the book was published, he began work on a detailed tome on natural selection that wouldn’t see publication until 1975.The seminal event in creating “On the Origin of Species”occurred in 1858, when Wallace wrote Darwin detailing Wallace’s ideas of evolution by natural selection. The arrival of Wallace’s ideas galvanized Darwin into writing “On the Origin of Species”as an “abstract”of the ideas he was painstakingly laying out in the larger work.This was a lucky break for Darwin, because it forced him to write his ideas in plain language, which led to a book that was not only revolutionary, despite those who’d tread similar ground before, but that was also very readable.Though others thought about evolution before Darwin, scientific discovery requires more than just an idea. In addition to the concept, discovery requires the understanding of the significance of the idea, something some of the earlier authors clearly did not have—such as the arborist who buried his thoughts on natural selection in the appendix of a book on naval timber. Lastly, scientific discovery demands the ability to convince others of the correctness of an idea. Darwin, through “On the Origin of Species,”was the only thinker of the time who had all three of those traits, Friedman said.“Darwin had the ability to convince others of the correctness of the idea,” Friedman said, adding that even Wallace, whose claim to new thinking on evolution and natural selection was stronger than all the others, paid homage to Darwin by titling his 1889 book on the subject, “Darwinism.”51. According to William Friedman, Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is great in that.A. it was the most studied by later scientistsB. it had significant ideas about evolutionC. it was the first to talk about evolutionD. it was well received by the public52. Friedman believes that Darwin attached a “historical sketch”to later printings of his book in an attempt to .A. credit the ideas about evolution before hisB. claim himself as the father of evolutionC. introduce his grandfather to the readerD. summarize his predecessors work53. In Friedman s view, Darwin s originality lies in .A. his thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolutionB. his sharing ideas about evolution with his contemporariesC. the way he wrote “On the Origin of Species”D. the way he lectured on the ideas of evolution54. We have learned that at first Darwin intended to write his idea in .A. a much larger bookB. a 400page bookC. scientific termsD. plain language55. Scientific discovery requires all the following Expect .A. coming up with a new ideaB. understanding the significance of the ideaC. making claims to the idea by writing booksD. convincing others of the correctness of the idesPassage FourMany adults may think they are getting enough shut-eye, but in a major sleep study almost 80 percent of respondents admitted to not getting their prescribed amount of nightly rest. So, what exactly is the right amount of sleep? Research shows that adults need an average of seven to nine hours of sleep a night for optimal functionality. Read on to see just how much of an impact moderate sleep deprivation can have on your mind and body.By getting less than six hours of sleep a night, you could be putting yourself at risk of high blood pressure. When you sleep, your heart gets a break and is able to slow down for a significant period of time. But cutting back on sleep means your heart has to work overtime without its allotted break. In constantly doing so, your body must accommodate to its new conditions and elevate your overall daily blood pressure. And the heart isn’t the only organ that is overtaxed by a lack of sleeps. The less sleep you get, the less time the brain has to regulate stress hormones, and over time, sleep deprivation could permanently hinder the brain’s ability to regulate these hormones, leading to elevated blood pressure.We all hang around in bed during our bouts of illness. But did you know that skipping out on the bed rest can increase your risk of getting sick? Prolonged sleep deprivation has long been associated with diminished immune functions, but researchers have also found a direct correlation between “modest”sleep deprivation—less than six hours—and reduced immune response. So try to toughen up your immune system by getting at least seven hours of sleep a night, and maintaining a healthy diet. You’ll be glad you got that extra hour of sleep the next time that bug comes around and leaves everyone else bedridden with a fever for three days.During deep REM sleep, your muscles (except those in the eyes) are essentially immobilized in order to keep you from acting out on your dreams. Unfortunately, this effort your body makes to keep you safe while dreaming can sometimes backfire,resulting in sleep paralysis. Sleep paralysis occurs when the brain is aroused from its REM cycle, but the body remains in its immobilizing state. This can be quite a frightening sensation because, while your mind is slowly regaining consciousness, it has no control over your body, leaving some with a feeling of powerlessness, fear and panic. Most people experience this eerie phenomena at least once in their lives, but those who are sleep deprived are more likely to have panicked episodes of sleep paralysis that are usually accompanied by hallucinations, as well.For a second, imagine all of your memories are erased; every birthday, summer vacation, even what you did yesterday afternoon is completely lost, because you have no recollection of them. It’s a chilling thought, but that is what a life without sleep would be like. Sleep is essential to the cognitive functions of the brain, and without it, our ability to consolidate memories, learn daily tasks, and make decisions is impaired by a large degree. Research has revealed that REM sleep, or dream-sleep, helps solidify the “fragile”memories the brain creates throughout the day to that they can be easily organized and stored in the mind’s long-term cache.56. According to the passage, what is the meaning of “sleep deprivation”?A. To sleep for an average period of time.B. To sleep deeply without dreaming.C. To sleep less than needed.D. To sleep modestly.57. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to Paragraph 3?A. When everyone else gets a fever, those with sleep deprivation will be abele to sleep longer.B. When everyone else gets a fever, those who usually have adequate sleep will be alright.C. Only modest sleep deprivation could weaken the immune system.D. Prolonged sleep deprivation will not have impact on the immune system.58. Why is there the so-called “sleep paralysis”?A. It occurs when you are unable to wake up from dreams while you are sleeping.B. It occurs when you brain immobilizes your body in order to keep you from dreaming.C. Because you are usually too frightened to move your body when waking up from deep REM sleep.D. Because your body, immobilized when dreaming, may still be unable to move even when your brain is waking up.59.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the last paragraph?A. Memories are part of the cognitive function of the brain.B. Memories created during the daytime are usually fragile and impaired.C. You are likely to lose your memories of yesterday after a night’s sleep.D. Long term memory cannot be formed without dream-sleep.60. What effects of sleep deprivation on human mind and body are discussed in this passage?A. High blood pressure, a toughened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss.B. Blood pressure, immune system, sleep paralysis, and long term memory.C. Blood pressure, immune system, the brain and the body, and memory.D. High blood pressure, a weakened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss.Part V: Proofreading (15%)Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 15 mistakes, ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash (/) and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words ( in brackets )immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (/). Put your answer on the Answer Sheet (2).Examples:eg. 1(61) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (61) begun beganeg. 2(62) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up .Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (62) (Scarcely) had (they)eg. 3(63) Never will I not do it again.Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (63)notWal-Mart announced Thursday afternoon that it would introduce a program nationwide called (61) “Pick Up Today”that allows customers to submit orders online and pick up their items few hours later in their local store. (62) The move is not revolutionary—Sears and Nordstrom, as instance, already have similar programs.(63) Retailers say that tying online and in-store inventory together lets them to sell more products. (64) Nordstrom recently combined its inventory so that if the online stockroom is out of a jacket, a store that has it can ship to the Web customer. (65) Encourage customers to retrieve items they have ordered online in a store increases visits to the stores, which usually increases sales. (66) Best Buy offers both store pickup and “ship to store,”where items are shipped free from a local store. Ace Hardware, J．C．Penney and Wal-Mart itself are among the others offering “ship to store”programs.In Wal-Mart’s program, (67) that is expected to be nationwide by June, customers can select from among 40,000 items online. (68) They will send a text message or e-mail alerting them when the order is ready, which usually takes about four hours.(69) “Not only we see it as a nice convenience for customers, but we also saw it as a way to drive incremental traffic to the stores, and incremental sales,”said Steve Nave, senior vice president and general manager of Walmar t．Com.(70) The program will include about 40000 items likewise electronics, toys, home décor and sporting goods. (71) As of now, it does not include groceries, though M r．Nave did dismiss that possibility.(72) “We’re not ready to talk today about everything that’s going on in grocery,”he said“What we’ve tried to do is (73) focus on those categories where customers are most likely to be willing to make the purchase after they touch it or look at it.(74) This is a convenient play, trying to figure out what are the things that are going to drive more customers into the stores.”Wal-Mart also announced that (75) it was shortened the time customers would have to wait for ship-to-store items, to four to seven days, from seven to 10 days.Part VI: Writing (15%)Directions: Read the following paragraph and then write a response paper of about 250 to 300 words. Write it nearly on the Answer Sheet (2).In China, minimum wage becomes higher in many places. But people disagree over its benefits and drawbacks. Supporters say it increases the worker’s standard of living, while opponents say it increase unemployment. What do you think?Part II Structure and Written Expression（20%）11.【A】A项admits of“容许，有……的可能”；B项requires of“要求，要求得到”；C项needs of“满足需要”；D项seeks for“寻找，追求，探索”。
2008年北京航空航天大学博士研究生考试(北航考博)英语真题
北京航空航天大学2008年博士研究生入学考试试题题单号：101英语考生注意：所有答题务必写在考场提供的答题纸上，写在本试题单上的答题一律无效（本题单不参与阅卷）。
Parts Ⅰ Listening Comprehension（20points）Section A（10%）Directions：In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C andD and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET1.1. A. Mary lost the photo album。
B. It’s difficult to take photographs indoors.C. The photo album is in the living room.D. Mary is a good photographer.2. A. The job’s short hours make it impossible for her to refuse.B. She’s looking forward to meeting her new colleagues.C. She refused the position because of the low salary.D. The job is turning into an excellent opportunity for her.3. A. Take the man to the station.B. Find out when the next bus leaves.C. Show the man the way to the station.D. Look after the man’s things.4. A. He has to do what is necessary in order to learn.B. He doesn’t have to memorize all the vocabulary.C. There’s not much he can learn by memorizing.D. He knows the whole vocabulary list already.5. A. He hasn’t had time to try it on yet.B. It doesn’t fit him very well.C. He needs a long-sleeved shirt.D. He’s not sure he likes the pattern.6. A. She doesn’t think it will snow.B. The location of session has been changed.C. The session might be canceled.D. She’ll probably be too tired to walk to the session.7. A. Use bleach on his socks.B. Buy new white socks.C. Wash his red T-shirt again.D. Throw away his pink socks.8. A. He hasn’t talked to his brother since he transferred.B. He doesn’t think his brother should transfer.C. His brother doesn’t want to transfer.D. He hadn’t heard the news about his brother.9. A. Which seminar the woman wants to sign up for.B. If the woman keeps money at the bank.C. Where the woman learned about the seminar.D. If the woman has taken other classes on personal finances.10. A. He’s used to cold weather.B. He expected the weather to be warmer over the weekend.C. He has never liked the weather in October.D. He didn’t see the forecast for the weekend.Section B (10%)Directions: In this section you will hear 2 passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear one question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B , C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET 1.11.A. The unemployment rate was the lowest in modern times.B. Inflation was the lowest in 50 years.C. Home ownership was the highest in the country’s history.D. A budget surplus was achieved.12. A. On the day he was born.B. When he was four years old.C. When he was in high school.D. When he was in Georgetown University.13. A. A professional musician.B. A professor.C. An actor.D. A lawyer.14. A. George Washington.B. Abraham Lincoln.C. Franklin Roosevelt.D. John Kennedy.15. A. Positive.B. Negative.C. Neutral.D. Hostile.16. A. 40,000.B. 14,000.C. 400,000.D. 140,000.17. A. On October 18, 1955.B. On October 28, 1955.C. On October 18, 1958.D. On October 28, 1958.18. A. In 1973.B. In 1974.C. In his junior year.D. In his senior year.19. A. His dream of making more profit.B. His mother’s advice.C. A belief the computer would be a valuable tool on every office desktop and in everyhome.D. The suggestion of his friends.20. A. Eight weeks.B. Seven weeks.C. Six weeks.D. Five weeks.Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (30 points)Directions:There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, D. Read the passages carefully and decide on the best choice. Then mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET 1.Passage 1There has been a lot of hand-writing over the death of Elizabeth Steinberg. Withoutblaming anyone in particular, neighbors, friends, social workers, the police and newspapereditors have struggled to define the community’s responsibility to Elizabeth and to otherbattered children. As the collective soul-searching continues, there is a pervading sense that thesystem failed her.The fact is, in New York State the system couldn’t have saved her. It is almost impossible to protect a child from violent parents, especially if they are white, middle-class, well-educated and represented by counsel.Why does the state permit violence against children? There are a number of reasons. First, parental privilege is a rationalization. In the past, the law was giving its approval to the biblical injunction against sparing the rod.Second, while everyone agrees that the state must act to remove children from their homes when there is danger of serious physical or emotional harm, many child advocates believe that state intervention in the absence of serious injury is more harmful than helpful.Third, courts and legislatures tread carefully when their actions intrude or threaten to intrude on a relationship protected by the Constitution. In 1923, the Supreme Court recognized the “liberty of parent and guardian to direct the upbringing and education of children under their control.” More recently, in 1977, it upheld the teacher’s privilege to use corporal punishment against schoolchildren. Read together, these decisions give the constitutional imprimatur to parental use of physical force.Under the best conditions, small children depend utterly on their parents for survival. Under the worst, their dependency dooms them. While it is questionable whether anyone or anything could have saved Elizabeth Steinberg, it is plain that the law provided no protection.To the contrary, by justifying the use of physical force against children as an acceptable method of education and control, the law lent a measure of plausibility and legitimacy to her parents’ conduct.More than 80 years ago, in the teeth of parental resistance and Supreme Court doctrine, the New York State Legislature acted to eliminate child labor law. Now, the state must act to eliminate child abuse by banning corporal punishment. To break the vicious cycle of violence, nothing less will answer. If there isa lesson to be drawn from the death of Elizabeth Steinberg, it is this: Spare the rod and spare the child.21. The New York State law seems to provide least protection of a child from violent parentsof .A. a family on welfareB. a poor uneducated familyC. an educated black familyD. a middle-class white family22. “Sparing the rod” (黑体部分)means .A.childrenspoilingB. punishing childrenC. not caring about childrenD. not beating children23. Corporal punishment against schoolchildren is .A. taken as illegal in the New York StateB. considered being in the teacher’s provinceC. officially approved by lawD. disapproved by school teachers24. From the article we can infer that Elizabeth Steinberg is probably the victim of .A. teachers’ corporal punishmentB. misjudgment of the courtC. parents’ ill-treatmentviolencestreetD.25. The writer of this article thinks that banning corporal punishment will in the long run .A. prevent violence of adultsB. save more childrenC. protect children from ill-treatmentD. better the systemPassage 2For laymen ethnology is the most interesting of the biological sciences for the very reason that it concerns animals in their normal activities and therefore, if we wish, we can assess the possible danger and advantages in our own behavioral roots. Ethnology also is interesting methodologically because it combines in new ways very scrupulous field observations with experimentation in laboratories.The field workers have had some handicaps in winning respect for themselves. For a long time they were considered as little better than amateur animal-watchers—certainly not scientists, since their facts were not gained by experimental procedures: they could not conform to the hard-and-fast rule that a problem set up and solved by one scientist must be tested by other scientists, under identical conditions and reaching identical results. Of course many situations in the lives of animals simply cannot be rehearsed and controlled in this way. The fall flocking of wild free birds can’t be, or the roving animals over long distances, or even details of spontaneous family relationships. Since these never can be reproduced in a laboratory, they are then not worth knowing about?The ethnologists who choose field work have got themselves out of this impasse by greatly refining the techniques of observing. At the start of a project all the animals to be studied are live-trapped, marked individually, and released. Motion pictures, often in color, provide permanent records of their subsequent activities. Recording of the animals’ voices by electrical sound equipment is considered essential, and the most meticulous notes are kept of all that occurs. With this material other biologists, far from the scene, later can verify the reports. Moreover, two field observers often go out together, checking each other’s observations right there in the field.Ethnology, the word, is derived from the Greek ethos, meaning the characteristic traits or featureswhich distinguish a group-any particular group of people or, in biology, a group of animals such as a species. Ethnologists have the intention of studying “the whole sequence of acts which constitute an animal’s behavior.” In abridged dictionaries, ethnology is sometimes defined simply as “the objective study of animal behavior,” and ethnologists do emphasize their wish to eliminate myths.26. In the first sentence, the word “laymen” means .A. people who stand asideB. people who are not trained as biologistsC. people who are amateur biologistsD. people who love animals27. According to the passage, ethnology is .A. a new branch of biologyB. an old Greek sciencescienceforamateurspseudo-science D.aC.a28.“The field workers have handicaps in winning respect for themselves.” This sentence means .A. ethnologists when working in the field are handicappedB. ethnologists have problems in winning recognition as scientistsC. ethnologists are looked down upon when they work in the fieldD. ethnologists meet with lots of difficulties when doing field work29. According to the explanation of the scientific rule of experiment in the passage, “hand-and-fast” means experiment procedures .A. are difficult and quick to followB. must be carried out in a strict and quick wayC. must be followed strictly to avoid false and loose resultsD. hard and unreasonable for scientist to observe30. The meaning of the underlined words in “the details of spontaneous family relationships” can be expressed as .A. natural family relationshipsoccurringfamily relationshipsquicklyB.C. animals acting like a natural familyD. animal family behavior that cannot be preplanned or controlledPassage 3Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics- the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with sub-millimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge. ”While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,” says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA,“We can’t yet give a robot enough ‘common sense’ to reliably interact with adynamic world.”Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain’s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented-and human perception far more complicated—than previously imaged. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey ate the side of a forest road or the single suspicious face in big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can’t approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don’t know quite how we do it.31. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in .A. the use of machines to produce science fictionB. the wide use of machines in manufacturing industryC. the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous workD. the elite’s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work32. The word “gizmos” (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means .programsA.expertsB.devicesC.creaturesD.33. According to the text, what is beyond man’s ability now is to design a robot that can .A. fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgeryB. interact with human beings verballyC. have a little common senseD. respond independently to a changing world34. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also .A. make a few decisions for themselvesB. deal with some errors with human interventionC. improve factory environmentsD. cultivate human creativity35. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are .A. expected to copy human brain in internal structureB. able to perceive abnormalities immediatelyC. far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant informationD. best used in a controlled environmentPassage 4When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as she’d like to either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I’m a good economic indicator,” she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when they’re concerned about saving some dollars.” So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard’s department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “Idon’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too” she says.Even before Alan Greenspan’s admission that America’s red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year’s pace. But don’t sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening.Consumers say they’re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, “there’s a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,” says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three,” says john Deadly, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.Many folks see silver lining to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn’t mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swing, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan’s hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant need to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co.may still be worth toasting.36. By “Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet” (Line 1, Paragraph 1), the author means .A. Spero can hardly maintain her businessB. Spero is too much engaged in her workC. Spero has grown out of her bad habitD. Spero is not in a desperate situation37. How do the pubic feel about the current economic situation?ConfusedA.B.OptimisticPanickedCarefree D.C.38. When mentioning “the $4 million to $10 million range”(Lines 3-4, Paragraph 3) the author is talking about .A. gold marketB. real estateC. stock exchangeD. venture investment39. Why can many people see “silver linings” to the economic slowdown?A. They would benefit in certain ways.B. The stock market shows signs of recovery.C. Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom.D. The purchasing power would be enhanced.40. To which of the following idea is the author likely to agree?A. A now boom, around the corner.B. Tighten the belt, the single remedy.C. Caution all right, panic not.D. The more ventures, the more chances.Part Ⅲ Vocabulary (10 points)Directions:In this part, there are 20 sentences with four choices below each sentence. Choose the best one from the 4 choices. Then mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET 1.41. The statement was an allusion to recent troubles with the agency’s computers.A. an explanationB. a contradictionC. a referenceD. a rejection42. A judge who is lenient will not punish people severely.loosemerciful B.A.sincere D.lunaticC.43. A balmy breeze came in and made us all feel refreshed.B.stronggentleA.D.fairywarmC.44. There is controversy even among doctors as to whether this disease is contagious or not.A. incisiveB. infertileC. allergicD. communicable45. The poem admirably expresses complicated nuance of feeling.innocenceB.annoyanceA.C. slight differenceD. great nuisance46. They believed that the merchants had conspired to undermine the nation’s economic independence.minimizeuphold B.A.C. weakenD. postpone47. Miss Black, an heir to a large fortune, is serving a life term.A. sentenceB. convictionofficeduty D.C.48. When doing business with an Arab, you have to endure hours of small talk, waiting for the topic of commerce to be broached.brokenA.B.raisedconcludedD.C.solved49. The ink had faded with time and so parts of the letter were illegible.illegitimateilliterate B.A.indecipherableD.C.inscrutable50. The process of respiration consists of two independent actions: inhaling and exhaling.recitingspeaking B.A.smelling D.breathingC.51. A briefcase full of counterfeit money was found on the counter.currencyB.A.forgedD.cashsubstitutedC.52. I hate to see the repulsive sights in commercials about cold remedies.A. soothingB. hypocriticaldeceitfulD.loathsomeC.53. Every of a motion picture is the responsibility of the director.A. sectionB. facetC. characterD. footage54. The criminal past a guard and managed to escape.stoleA. stormedB. sneezedC.sneaked D.55. Future scientific discoveries will make possible the further prolongation of the human life .pursuit D.spanC.well-beingcondition B.A.56. The sport of wrestling tests , strength, and stamina.A. agilityB. coordinationC. tacticsD. courage57. The travelers were into silence by the sight of a distant mountain.A. enlivenedB. awedC. forcedD. frightened58. What is missing from TV news would fill a book.A. coverageB. disseminationC. declarationD. consultation59. English in idioms, and so does Chinese.A. catersB. existsC. remainsD. abounds60. The university has sought to a special fund for physically disabled students.A. administerB. complimentC. performD. institutePart Ⅳ Cloze(10 points)Directions: In this part, there are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the blank. Then mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET 1.An Ohio State University study has linked behavior in young children 61 the type of job their mother has. Mothers with complex occupations that are self-directed and require working with other people 62 to have offspring with relatively low levels of behavior problems. The opposite held 63 when the jobs were routine, closely supervised, and dealt with things, rather than people.“A job that challenges and interests a mother and gives her an opportunity to exercise judgment and solve problems clearly has 64 consequences for her children’s behavior,” indicates 65 professor of sociology Elizabeth Mengaghan. Occupations with more positive conditions include management, sales, and teaching positions. Jobs that may be related to increased child behavior problems include book keeping, food service, and 66 line positions.Women who are supervised closely at work and made to 67 strict orders may be more likely to use this same style in 68 their kids. They may emphasize obedience to parental authority and the potential for 69 punishment. “We believe that the choice of such a parenting style may increase the 70 of behavior problems in children.” On the 71 hand, mothers whose jobs are less controlled by supervisors and 72 must work closely with other people probably rely less on physical punishment, 73 encouraging children to think about consequences of their actions and 74 responsibility for their behavior. 75 an approach encourages youngsters to follow parental demands 76 they aren’t being supervised because they have accepted parental values as their own. Moreover, mothers whose jobs don’t 77 constant supervision “ 78 problem-solving skills that they can bring to other parts of their life”.The research also found that those who have 79 challenging and interesting jobs provide better home environments for their children. The mothers give their offspring more intellectual stimulation and emotional support, and this, 80 turn, is linked to fewer behavior problem.with C.B.in D.onof61.A.D.tendedrelatedC.62.likely B.A.linkedD.thesamewrong63.A.true B.false C.64. A. negative B. positive C. affirmative D. denialC.associate D.juniorvice B.deputy65.A.gatherD.C.gatheringassembledA.66.assembly B.listenD.heargive C.followB.67.A.68. A. growing B. bringing C. feeding D. raising69. A. mental B. psychological C. physical D. bodyD.depth70.C.extentA.frequency B.degreeanother D.othersC.A.other71.one B.C.thosewhosewho D.B.whom72.A.73. A. instead B. rather than C. rather D. instead ofget C.makehave D.take B.74.A.Thus D.WhatSo C.Such B.A.75.76. A. even B. even then C. even when D. even so77. A. involve B. relate C. revolve D. relate78. A. invent B. develop C. developing D. inventingleast79.most D.C.A.less B.moreby D.withto C.in B.A.80.Part Ⅴ Translation (15 points)Directions:Read the following passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2.81. By now it’s hardly news that as education has risen to the top of the national agenda, a great wave of school reform has focused on two related objectives: more-stringent academic standards and increasingly rigorous accountability for both student and schools.82. In state after state, legislatures, governors, and state boards, supported by business leaders, have imposed tougher requirements in math, English, science, and other fields, together with new tests by which the performance of both students and schools is to be judged. In some places students have already been denied diplomas or held back in grade if they failed these tests. 83. In some states funding for individual schools and for teachers’ and principals’ salaries----and in some, such as Virginia, the accreditation of schools---will depend on how well students do on tests. More than half the states now require tests for student promotion or graduation.But a backlash has begun.84. In Virginia this spring parents, teachers, and school administrators opposed to the state’s Standard of Learning assessments, established in 1998, inspired a flurry of bills in the legislature that called for revising the test of their status as unavoidable hurdles for promotion and graduation. One bill would also have required that each new member of the sate board of education “take the eighth grade Standard of Learning assessments in English, mathematics, science, and social sciences” and that “the results of such assessments… be publicly reported.” 85. None of the bills passed, but there’s little doubt that if the system isn’t revised and the state’s high failure rates don’t decrease by 2004, when the first Virginia senior may be denied diplomas, the political pressure will intensify. Meanwhile, some parents are talking about Massachusetts-style boycotts.Part Ⅵ Writing(15 points)Directions:Write a composition of no less than 200 words about you opinions on academic plagiarism—the dishonest act in academic communication. Write your answer on ANSWER SHEET 2.。
2008年北京理工大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
2008年北京理工大学考博英语真题及详解Part I Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions:In this part there are four passages for you to read. After each passage there are five questions, below each of which there are four answersmarked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark thecorresponding letter with a pencil on the Machine-Scoring Answer Sheetwith a single line through the center.Passage 1A TIME columnist bears witness to an operation to help triplets with cerebral palsy walk like other boys.Cindy Hickman nearly bled to death the day she gave birth—three months prematurely—to her triplet sons. Weighing less than 2 lbs. each, her babies were alive, but barely. They clung so tenuously to life that her doctors recommended she name them A, B and C. Then, after a year of heroic interventions—brain shunts, tracheotomies, skull remodeling—often requiring emergency helicopter rides to the hospital nearest their rural Tennessee home, the Hickmans learned that their triplets had cerebral palsy.Fifteen years ago there wasn’t much that could be done about cerebral palsy, a disorder caused by damage to the motor centers of the brain. But pediatric medicine has come a long way since then, both in intervention before birth, with better prenatal care and various techniques to postpone delivery, and surgicalinterventions after birth to correct physical deficiencies. So although the incidence of cerebral palsy seems to be increasing (because the odds of preemies surviving are so much better), so too are the number of success stories.This is one of them. Lane, Codie and Wyatt (as the Hickman boys are called) have spastic cerebral palsy, the most common form, accounting for nearly 80% of cases. “We first noticed that they weren’t walking when they should,” Cindy recalls. “Instead they were only doing the combat crawl.” Their brains seemed to be developing age appropriately, but their muscles were unnaturally stiff, making walking difficult if not impossible.Happily, spastic cerebral palsy is also the most treatable form of CP, largely thanks to a procedure known as selective dorsal rhizotomy, in which the nerve roots that are causing the problem are isolated and severed. Among the first to champion SDR in the U.S. in the late 1980s was Dr. T.S. Park, a Korean-born pediatric neurosurgeon at Washington University in St. Louis, Mo., who has performed more than 800 of these operations and hopes to do an additional 1,000 before he retires.Having performed the operation myself as a resident in neurosurgery, I was eager to see how the country’s most prolific SDR surgeon does it. Last month I got an opportunity to stand by his side as he operated on 3-year-old Lane Hickman.Peering through a microscope and guided by an electric probe, we were able to distinguish between the two groups of nerve roots leaving the spinal cord. The ventral roots send information to the muscle; the dorsal roots send information back to the spinal cord. The dorsal roots cause spasticity, and if just the right onesare severed, the symptoms can be greatly reduced.Nearly half a million Americans suffer from cerebral palsy. Not all are candidates for SDR, but Park estimates that as many as half may be. He gets the best results with children between ages 2 and 6 who were born prematurely and have stiffness only in their legs. He is known for performing the operation very high up in the spine, right where the nerve roots exit the spinal cord. It’s riskier that way, but the recovery is faster, and in Park’s skilled hands, the succe ss rate is higher.Cindy and Jeremy Hickman will testify to that. Just a few weeks after the procedure, two of their sons are walking almost normally and the third is rapidly improving.1. When the triplets were born, ______.A. both the triplets and their mother nearly diedB. they didn’t have cerebral palsyC. doctors didn’t believe they were going to surviveD. they received medical intervention like brain shunts2. Cerebral palsy is ______.A. deadly diseaseB. a kind of brain disorderC. not treatable for children who are over 6 and have stiffness in their legsD. to be cured by isolating and cutting off the right nerve roots3. There are more and more cases of cerebral palsy ______.A. because there are more and more tripletsB. because more and more babies prematurely born are able to surviveC. so there are more cases of successful treatmentD. so there are more candidates for SDR4. Dr. T.S. Park ______.A. is a successful pioneer in adopting SDR operations in CP treatmentB. is famous because of his success with the triplets who are very difficult casesC. is ambitious by hoping to do another 1000 SDR operationsD. is not cautious enough by taking risks to perform the operation very high up the spine5. SDR is a procedure of ______.A. prenatal intervention using delivery postponing techniquesB. surgical intervention after birth to reduce spastic symptomsC. isolating and severing either of the two groups of nerve roots leaving the spinal cordD. great risk and high efficiency【答案与解析】1.C 由文章第一段第一、二句可知母亲nearly bled to death，而三胞胎were alive，从而可推知选项A不正确，并不是母亲和三胞胎都将近死亡；由第一段第三句“三胞胎非常薄弱地维持着生命，以致医生们建议她只给他们命名为A、B和C”可知医生并不认为三胞胎将存活下来，因此选项C正确。