欧盟反倾销机制简介
欧盟反倾销法律程序简介及其应对策略

欧盟反倾销法律程序简介及其应对策略一、欧盟反倾销基本法律欧盟反倾销立法可以追溯到1968年,它参照了关贸总协定及世界贸易组织文本的规定。
作为关税联盟,欧盟实施共同的商业政策,欧盟各会员国本身并无反倾销法,所有反倾销的相关调查及保护措施的采行均由欧盟委员会负责,欧委会是处理反倾销事务的主要机构,是反倾销法的主要执行部门,它有权开始和结束调查、征收临时和固定反倾销税,还有权接受出口商提出的价格承诺。
1. 调查机关欧盟反倾销主管当局为欧盟的行政部门即欧盟委员会。
欧委会是处理反倾销事务的主要机构,是反倾销法的主要执行部门,它是负责贸易和反倾销事务的是第一关税司,其中倾销调查和产业损害调查又由不同的处室分开负责,此外,处理反倾销案件的机构还有欧盟部长理事会、咨询委员会和欧盟初审法院。
2. 调查程序调查主要分为五个阶段:1.提出投诉;2.欧盟委员会立案,申诉企业递交申请后45天内,欧委会在其官方公报上发布反倾销立案通知;3.初裁前的调查,主要包括填写调查问卷和补充问卷,应诉企业应在立案后10天内向欧委会索要市场经济地位申请表和对参照国选择提出意见,应诉企业应在立案后15天内提交市场经济问卷,被抽样企业应在欧委会做出抽样裁定后37天内提交大问卷;4.终裁前的调查,主要包括核查、参加听证会、对披露材料的评议,应诉企业应在立案后40天内向欧委提出听证要求,欧委会在被抽样企业提交市场经济问卷1个月后进行市场经济核查。
立案后60天内欧委会不采取任何反倾销措施,立案后9个月内欧委会应做出初裁;5.最终裁决,欧委会应在立案后15个月内做出终裁,公布反倾销措施。
3. 倾销和损害认定按照WTO规则和欧盟反倾销基本法规要求,采取反倾销措施必须满足三个要件:1.倾销的存在(即出口价格低于正常价值);2.共同体产业遭受实质性损害、实质性损害威胁或实质性阻碍;3.因果关系,即倾销的发生与共同体产业遭受实质性损害、实质性损害威胁或实质性阻碍之间存在因果关系。
欧美反倾销法的异同

欧美反倾销法的异同内容提要:反倾销是本世纪初显现的国际通行做法,它最先于1904年诞生在加拿大,其后欧美各国都接踵出台反倾销法律规定。
70年代以后它同反补助一路成为各国实施贸易爱惜的有利武器。
反倾销法律规定迄今已成为国际经济贸易领域的典型国际老例。
我国也于1997年公布反倾销法。
在众多的国际反倾销诉讼案中,欧美国家所占比例最大,在我国所蒙受的反倾销案中,来自美国和欧盟的也属最多。
有必要深切研究欧美反倾销法的特点,一方面可提高我国企业对欧美反倾销诉讼的应诉能力;另一方面,对进一步完善我国的反倾销法律规定也有所借鉴。
据报载,从1969年到1995年,全世界共发起反倾销调查3108起,涉及产品3000余种,贸易额超过1000亿美元,其中有1/3发生在90年代以后。
在这众多的反倾销案中,有2678件是由美国、欧盟、澳大利亚、加拿大等发达国家发起。
其法律依据那么是各国的反倾销法。
自1904年世界第一部反倾销法在加拿大诞生后,美、欧各国接踵制定有关法规。
关税及贸易总协定也在其第五轮谈判中涉及此问题,并于1979年4月12日通过反倾销守那么》。
为了与之和谐一致,日本于1980年修改了《海关与关税法》,制定出最初的反倾销法律规定。
澳大利亚也在1975年制定了反倾销法,仅1988年该国就通过了三项与之相关的法律。
最近几年来一些新兴工业化国家和进展中国家也加紧了反倾销立法工作,如韩国、墨西哥等。
我国于1992年第一次涉及征收反倾销税的问题,1997年4月12日我国反倾销法正式出台。
勿容置疑,反倾销已成为一个典型的国际老例,其法律法规的完善受到世界各国普遍重视。
中国已成为20世纪末国际反倾销最大的受害者。
从1979年开始至今,中国产品蒙受反倾销指控已有400多起,居全世界之首,其中对中国反倾销位居前列的国家和地域是美国和欧盟。
本文将着重比较美国和欧盟反倾销法的异同,以期提高我国应诉能力并完善相关法律。
欧美反倾销法的要紧特点(一)反倾销法均带有贸易爱惜主义色彩从世界反倾销法产生的渊源来看,19世纪末20世纪初,垄断组织大量显现,它们利用其垄断地位,压低价钱向别国输出商品。
浅析欧盟对华反倾销的现状和应对之策

浅析欧盟对华反倾销的现状和应对之策摘要:欧盟是当今世界最发达的区域经济集团,⼀直以来也是我国对外贸易的区域主体市场之⼀,重要的贸易伙伴,同时也是最早和最多向中国提起反倾销诉讼的主体;截⽌2009年1⽉,欧盟共有27个成员国,总⾯积432.2万平⽅公⾥,由原中国第三⼤贸易伙伴⼀跃成为第⼀,⽆论从贸易环境还是贸易条件都给中国带来了新的挑战和影响。
关键词:欧盟;反倾销;不合理因素;新发展⼀、欧盟对华反倾销的现状我国与欧盟的经贸关系由来已久,⾃从1975年建交,⼀直保持着快速增长,各领域合作不断加深,发展势头良好。
与此同时,经济贸易摩擦也不断发⽣,其中,对我国影响最⼤的即反倾销和技术性贸易壁垒。
⽽反倾销作为WTO赋予缔约国抵制不公平贸易⾏为的主要措施之⼀,是进⼝国可以采取的保护本国⼯业免受进⼝产品冲击,实现对本国贸易保护的合法⼿段。
⼀⽅⾯,随着WTO下贸易多边谈判的不断深⼊,各个国家的关税壁垒基本消除,但是正如外国的专家所说,任何⼀个国家想建⽴或保持⼀个开放的市场体制,就必须有⼀个所谓的:“压⼒控制阀”(pressurevalve)处理偶然出现的例外,或对某⼀区域进⾏特殊的保护。
⾃从80年代以来,反倾销就充当这种“控制阀”。
反倾销法发展到现在也被视为最经济最快捷的贸易保护⼯具。
另⼀⽅⾯,欧盟在不断东扩,其⾮关税壁垒的贸易保护范围也在东扩。
随着2005年新增10国,其经济总量达到9.3万亿美元,占世界对外直接投资总额的46%、世界吸引外部直接投资总额的24%。
2007年,保加利亚和罗马尼亚加⼊欧盟,欧盟的经济总量进⼀步得到扩⼤[1]。
⽽其中⼀系列新的经济政策,主要涉及消除欧盟和新成员国之间的贸易关税和数量限制,实现双⽅商品、劳务、资本和⼈员的⾃由流动等,实现了内部贸易⾃由化并降低了原来较⾼的相互间的对外保护程度,令贸易伙伴受益。
⼆、欧盟对华反倾销主要有以下特点1.对华反倾销数量多。
根据WTO的最新统计,我国是世界上出⼝产品受到反倾销调查最多的国家,⾃1978年欧盟对我国出⼝的糖精、盐类和闹钟发起第⼀宗反倾销调查,⾄2003年底,已经有29个国家和地区对我国出⼝产品发起了400多起反倾销调查,⽽其中欧盟占98起,排名第⼀。
欧盟指令38496反倾销条例中文版(参考Word)

欧盟反倾销条例1995年12月22日欧共体理事会关于抵制非欧共体成员国倾销进口的第384/96号条例欧洲共同体理事会1995年12月22日通过欧洲联盟理事会鉴于建立欧洲共同体的条约,特别是其第113条;鉴于建立农业市场共同组织的诸规则和依照条约第235条通过的、适用于农产品加工产品的条例,以及特别是条例中可不遵循一般原则的规定,即边境贸易的保护性措施可完全为条例规定的措施所取代的规定。
鉴于委员会的建议;鉴于欧洲议会的意见;(1)鉴于欧洲理事会通过了2423/88号条例,制订了抵制非欧洲共同体成员国倾销或补贴性进口的一般规则;(2)鉴于这些规则是根据现存的国际义务、特别是那些产生于关税及贸易总协定(以下称为关贸总协定)第6条、实施关贸总协定第6条的协定(1979年反倾销法典)以及解释和适用关贸总协定第6条、第16条和第23条的协定(关于补贴和抵销关税的法典)的国际义务而通过的;(3)鉴于1994年结束的多边贸易谈判制订了实施关贸总协定第6条的新协定,因此,应根据新协定修订共同体条例;鉴于应该根据有关调整倾销和补贴的各自新规则的不同性质,在这两个领域内有一套独立的共同体规则,鉴于关于抵制补贴和反补贴税的新规则应包含在一个单独的条例中;(4)鉴于为了维护关贸总协定所建立的权利和义务的一致性,共同体在适用这些规则时须考虑共同体主要贸易伙伴如何解释这些规则;(5)鉴于有关倾销的新协定,即1994年实施关贸总协定第6条的协定(以下称为1994年反倾销协定),包含了新的和详细的规则,特别是关于倾销的计算,提起和进行调查的程序,包括事实的认定和处理、采取临时性措施、征收反倾销税、反倾销措施的期限和复审以及公开披露有关反倾销调查的信息;鉴于考虑到这些变化的程度并为确保严格地和明确地实施这些新规则,应尽可能地将新协定中的用语引入共同体立法中;(6)鉴于需要就正常价值的计算制定明确和详细的规则;特别是鉴于这一价值在所有的情况下都应以在出口国正常贸易过程中有代表性的销售为基础;鉴于明确那些国内销售可视为亏本因此不予以考虑的情形,以及明确可以求助于不低于成本的销售、计算正常价值、或向第三国销售等情形是有利的;鉴于即使在启动情况下规定成本的适当配置也是合乎需要的,鉴于对"启动"的概念以及配置的范围和方法制定指导也是适当的;鉴于计算正常价值时有必要指出被用于确定销售量、一般成本和管理成本以及应包括在该价值内的利润幅度的方法;(7)鉴于在确定非市场经济国家产品的正常价值时,应当制订有关选择适当的将被用于这一目的的市场经济第三国的规则,以及在不可能找到适合的第三国时,可在任何其他合理的基础上来确定正常价值的规则;(8)鉴于确定出口价格和在有必要从第一次公开市场价格出发重新推算出口价格的情形下列举某些调整项目是有益的;(9)鉴于为保证在出口价格与正常价值之间进行公平比较,应列举可能影响价格和价格可比性的那些因素,应制定有关何时及如何进行调整的明确规则,包括应避免任何重复调整的规则;鉴于虽然各个出口价格因其客户、地区或期限等原因不同时仍可以与平均正常价值进行对比,但也有必要规定,可以使用平均价格比较出口价格和正常价值;(10)鉴于应制订明确、详细的规则指导那些与确定倾销进口商品是否已造成实质性损害或实质性损害的威胁有关的因素;鉴于在证明有关进口商品的数量和价格水平对共同体某一产业所遭受的损害负有责任时,应注意其他因素特别是共同体现有市场条件的作用;(11)鉴于应限定"共同体产业"这一术语,应规定与出口商有关联的当事人应从"产业"中排除以及应限定"关联"一词的含义;鉴于有必要规定以共同体某个地区的生产者的名义提起反倾销,以及有必要对该地区的定义制订指南;(12)鉴于有必要规定可以提起反倾销申请的当事人,包括共同体产业应该支持的程度,以及该申请应包括的有关倾销、损害和因果关系的信息;鉴于应规定有关驳回申请或者开始调查的程序;(13)鉴于有必要规定利害当事人应得到关于当局所需信息的通知,应有充分机会去提供所有相关证据及维护其利益的方法;鉴于应明确制定在调查期间应遵循的那些规则和程序,特别是如果利害当事人的意见和信息将被调查机关考虑,利害当事人在一个特定期限内据以进行自我通报、发表意见和提供信息的那些规则;鉴于应规定在哪些情形下利害当事人可以获得并评论由其他利害当事人所提供的信息的;鉴于在收集信息方面成员国和委员会之间应当进行合作;(14)鉴于有必要规定征收临时反倾销税的条件,包括这种征收不早于开始调查之日起60天和不晚于此日后9个月的条件;鉴于因行政管理的原因,有必要规定反倾销税由委员会征收,或者直接征收期限为9个月的临时反倾销税或者征收期限为6个月和3个月两个阶段的临时反倾销税;(15)鉴于有必要规定接受消除倾销和损害的承诺以代替征收临时或最终反倾销税的程序;鉴于应规定违反或者撤销承诺的后果,以及在有违反承诺之嫌或者需要进一步调查以补充调查结果情况下可以征收临时反倾销税;鉴于在接受承诺时应注意提出的承诺及其实施不会导致反竞争的行为;(16)鉴于有必要规定不论是否采取最终措施,案件通常应在开始调查之日起12个月内结束,并决不能超过15个月;鉴于在微量倾销或在损害可予忽略不计时,应终止调查或者诉讼,应对这些术语予以定义;鉴于在征收反倾销税时,有必要规定终止调查,在征收较少数额的反倾销税就可消除损害的情况下,有必要规定反倾销税应低于倾销幅度,以及有必要规定在抽样的情况下计算反倾销税程度的办法;(17)鉴于有必要规定如认为适当时可追溯征收临时反倾销税,有必要说明那些可能引起追溯适用反倾销税以免削弱将适用的最终反倾销措施的情况;鉴于也有必要规定反倾销税可追溯适用于违反或者撤销承诺的情况;(18)鉴于有必要规定反倾销措施5年后将终止,除非复审调查表明这些措施应继续实施;鉴于在有充分证据表明情况已变化的场合,应规定临时复审或调查,以确定是否同意退还反倾销税;鉴于作出以下的规定也是合适的,在重新计算倾销致使有必要重新计算出口价格时,如该反倾销税反映在受共同体反倾销制裁的商品的价格上,则该反倾销税不应作为在进口和转卖期间发生的成本;(19)鉴于在出口商通过补偿安排方式承受反倾销税和反倾销措施没有反映在受共同体反倾销制裁的商品的价格上时,有必要对出口价格和倾销幅度的重新估算作出特别规定;(20)鉴于尽管一个单独的关贸总协定部长决议承认规避是个问题并已将其提交到关贸总协定反倾销委员会去解决,但1994年反倾销协定并没有包括关于规避反倾销措施的条款;鉴于迄今在此问题上多边谈判的失败和关贸总协定反倾销委员会对此还未作出结论,从而有必要在共同体立法中增加新的条款,以解决包括在共同体内或者在第三国内进行的以规避反倾销措施为主要目的货物组装在内的做法;(21)鉴于在市场条件出现暂时性变化,使继续征收反领销税暂时显得不合适的情况下,允许中止反倾销措施是可取的;(22)鉴于有必要规定被调查的进口货物进口时应当登记,以便随后能够对这些进口货物适用反倾销措施;(23)鉴于为确保正确实施反倾销措施,成员国必须监督并向委员会报告被调查的或被实施反倾销措施的产品的进口贸易以及依照本规则所征收的反倾销税数额;(24)鉴于有必要规定,定期地或在特殊的调查阶段,同咨询委员会协商;鉴于该委员会应当由成员国的代表组成并由委员会的一名代表担任主席;(25)鉴于应规定进行实地核查以审核当事人提供的有关倾销和损害的信息,但实地核察应以收到对调查问卷的合适答复为条件;(26)鉴于应在当事人或者交易数目巨大的情况下规定抽样的调查方法以在法定的期限内完成调查;(27)鉴于有必要规定,在当事人不能令人满意地进行配合时,可以使用其他信息作出裁定,与当事人相配合的情况比,该信息可能对该当事人较为不利;(28)鉴于有必要对处理机密信息作出规定以便商业秘密不被泄漏;(29)鉴于应规定向那些有权得到这种待遇的当事人适当披露基本事实和审议;鉴于这种披露应适当考虑共同体内作出决定的过程,并在允许当事人维护自身利益的期限内进行;(30)鉴于应当建立一个解决争议的行政机构,有关反倾销措施是否符合包括消费者利益在内的共同体利益的争议可由它解决;应规定一个提供这类信息和有关当事人的知情权的期限;(31)鉴于理事会通过制定1994年12月22日欧共体关于抵制非欧共体成员国倾销进口的第3283/94号规则,废降了欧洲经济共同体第2423/88号规则,并建立了一个新的抵彻非欧共体成员国倾销进口的共同制度;(32)鉴于欧共体第3283/94号规则条文中的重大错误在公布时很明显;(33)此外,鉴于该规则已经两次修改;(34)鉴于为了法律的清楚、透明和法律确定性,该规则因此应被废除和取代,但这不影响根据该规则或根据欧洲经济共同体第2423/88号规则已提起的反倾销诉讼。
欧盟“双反”

• 挪威的多晶硅巨头REC公司已经关闭了所 有挪威国内的硅片和电池片生产。 • 英国石油(BP)旗下的太阳能企业BP-Solar 公司于2011年9月宣布停产。 • 德国主要太阳能系统集成商Phoenix Solar 公司从2011年11月开始裁员。 • 曾经是德国最大也是全球领导者的Q-Cells 公司于2012年4月宣布破产,随后被韩国的 韩华化学收购。
• 让中国企业希望犹存的是,欧盟委员会有 一个称为“欧盟利益测试”的环节,如果 测试结果显示征反倾销税和反补贴税不符 合欧盟整体利益,那么欧盟委员会就有可 能不征税。 • 但是,根据以往欧盟对华的反倾销经验, 一旦欧盟立案调查,结果必定是中国企业 被征收惩罚性关税,区别只是税率大小的 问题。 • 如今中国只能承受10%的税率。
案例背景分析
• 中国光伏产业发展现状:
• 1、国际贸易保护主义加剧,中国光伏产业 面临国际和国内市场双重压力; • 2、产业过分依赖国外。在由上游硅料、中 游组件和下游电站所构成的光伏产业链中, 中国的光伏产业呈现两头小、中间大的畸 形发展态势。
• 3、产能严重过剩。全球来看,2011年全球 电池产量已达到3300万千瓦,实际产能达 到4500万千瓦,产能过剩率超过50%;从 国内情况来看,2011年我国光伏电池产能 已经达到3500万千瓦,已可以满足全球光 伏电池的安装需要 • 4、中国光伏产业整合不可避免,但困难重 重。国外多晶硅企业实行低价竞争策略, 低价向我国大量出口多晶硅产品,抢占我 国多晶硅市场。
2、中国光伏产业海外上市市值最高10公司
(数据截止到2012年8பைடு நூலகம்13日)
• TOP 1:保利协鑫 市值:183亿(港币)=23.59亿 (美元) • TOP 2:天合光能 市值:3.89亿(美元) • TOP 3:英利绿色能源 市值:2.79亿(美元) • TOP 4:晶澳太阳能 市值:2.04亿(美元) • TOP 5:尚德电力 市值:1.97亿(美元) • TOP 6:赛维LDK 市值:1.92亿(美元) • TOP 7:昱辉阳光 市值:1.35亿(美元) • TOP 8:阿特斯太阳能 市值:1.27亿(美元) • TOP 9:韩华新能源 市值:9713.09万(美元) • TOP 10:晶科能源 市值:5790.92万(美元)
欧盟反倾销规则特殊点

在1968年,欧盟建立了第一个反倾销守则,并且这一守则被修订了多次。
根据目前欧盟实施的反倾销守则,如果欧盟区外的产品以低于“正常价值”的出口价格进入欧盟市场,并因此对欧盟的相关产业造成“实质性”损害或损害威胁的,欧盟将对其征以与其倾销幅度相当的反倾销税。
作为W TO成员,欧盟遵循了反倾销守则与WTO反倾销规则相符的原则,但其仍有独特之处。
1.“税率从轻”原则世贸组织的目标是在全球范围内倡导和推动自由贸易,只是为了防止不公平的国际贸易对成员方国内产业的损害,才授予了成员实施贸易救济措施的权力。
因此,根据世贸组织的精神,贸易救济措施的主要目的是消除不公平贸易对国内产业的损害。
世贸组织《反倾销协议》第9.1条规定:“如反倾销税小于倾销幅度即足以消除对国内产业的损害,则该反倾销税是可取的”。
可见,根据WTO反倾销相关规则,反倾销税是用于消除倾销导致的国内产业损害,且反倾销税不能超过倾销幅度。
“税率从轻”是指调查机关在反倾销调查中,同时计算倾销幅度和产业损害幅度,并在采取反倾销措施时,从两个幅度中选择较低者作为反倾销税率。
在多哈会合谈判中,世贸组织主要成员,包括欧盟、“反倾销联谊小组”(包括日本、墨西哥、瑞士等15个成员的小组)以及巴西和印度等发展中成员国均提出在实施反倾销措施时要优先适用“税率从轻”。
从目前世贸组织框架内各成员的立法、实践和立场来看,对损害幅度和“税率从轻”持支持态度的成员相当广泛。
特别是欧盟的反倾销法律规定,在所有反倾销案件的调查和裁决中,必须同时计算倾销幅度和损害幅度,并在采取反倾销措施时,从二者中按照“税率从轻”选择其中一个幅度来确定反倾销税率。
在反倾销案件的调查中,欧委会不仅根据因果关系裁定倾销是否造成实质损害或实质损害威胁,还会依据调查期内收集的数据进行损害幅度的计算;同时,该数据还同时用于倾销幅度的计算;然后,按照倾销幅度和损害幅度二者中较低者来征收反倾销税,这种方法符合WTO规则中规定的倾销幅度的确定方法。
欧盟对华反倾销的原因

欧盟对华反倾销的原因1总体现状自从我国实行对外开放政策和成功入世以来,我国出口贸易迅速发展,现已发展成为世界第二贸易大国。
但从1979年欧盟的前身欧共体对我国出口的糖精提起首次反倾销诉讼以来,许多国家特别是欧美发达国家不断伺机对我国出口商品实行反倾销,反倾销的范围、幅度、频率等得到不断扩大和提高。
据商务部统计,2021年前三季度,一共有19个国家和地区对中国发起了88起贸易救济调查,其中59起反倾销,9起反补贴,涉案资金规模高达102亿美元,同比分别增长29。
4%和125%。
早在2021年,中国就已连续14年成为遭遇反倾销最多的国家,连续3年成为遭遇反补贴调查最多的国家[1]。
世贸组织总干事拉米称,以2021年的数据为基准,中国已经成为世界上反倾销调查和打击的最大对象。
2欧盟态度欧盟是当今世界最发达的区域经济集团,一直以来是我国对外贸易的区域主体市场之一和重要贸易伙伴截止2021年1月,欧盟由原中国第三大贸易伙伴一跃成为第一,但同时也是对中国企业提起反倾销调查最多的WTO成员之一。
欧盟长期将中国视为“非市场经济国家”,在针对中国产品的反倾销调查中使用歧视性“类比国”方法认定产品的正常价值。
虽然1998年以来,欧盟允许中国涉案企业申请“市场经济待遇”,对符合条件者适用正常的反倾销规则,但规则是他们定的,这并没能有效地遏制欧盟带有浓烈贸易保护主义色彩的反倾销举措,中国外贸企业甚至国家、人民还将继续受此种反倾销的迫害。
以下为两例。
继美国总统奥巴马2021年9月11日签署对华轮胎特保案,决定在未来三年对进口自中国的所有小轿车和轻型卡车轮胎实施惩罚性关税后,欧盟也紧跟着于同月24日决定,对产自中国的无缝钢管和铝箔征收为期五年的正式反倾销税,税率分别高达39。
2%和30%[2]。
从2021年10月份开始,欧盟就开始对中国和越南皮鞋征收16。
5%的反倾销税,过去的3年时间里,中国的皮鞋企业日子过得很艰难。
中国输往欧洲的皮面鞋产量已经降低了20%,造成了中国约两万名工人失去工作。
最新欧盟反倾销规则

COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 1225/2009of 30 November 2009on protection against dumped imports from countries not members of the European Community(codified version)THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, and in particular Article 133 thereof,Having regard to Council Regulation (EC) No 1234/2007 of 22 October 2007 establishing a common organisation of agricultural markets and on specific provisions for certain agricultural products (Single CMO Regulation)(1) OJ L 299, 16.11.2007, p. 1. (1),Having regard to the proposal from the Commission,Whereas:(1)Council Regulation (EC) No 384/96 of 22 December 1995 on protection against dumped imports from countries not members of the European Community (2) OJ L 56, 6.3.1996, p. 1. (2), has been substantially amended several times (3) See Annex I.(3). In the interests of clarity and rationality the said Regulation should be codified.(2)The multilateral trade negotiations concluded in 1994 led to new Agreements on the implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (hereinafter referred to as ‘GATT’). In the light of the different nature of the new rules for dumping and subsidies respectively, it is also appropriate to have a separate body of Community rules in each of those two areas. Consequently, the rules on protection against subsidies and countervailing duties are contained in a separate Regulation.(3)The agreement on dumping, namely, the Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (hereinafter referred to as ‘the 1994 Anti-Dumping Agreement’), contains detailed rules, relating in particular to the calculation of dumping, procedures for initiating and pursuing an investigation, including the establishment and treatment of the facts, the imposition of provisional measures, the imposition and collection of anti-dumping duties, the duration and review of anti-dumping measures and the public disclosure of information relating to anti-dumping investigations. In order to ensure a proper and transparent application of those rules, the language of the agreement should be brought into Community legislation as far as possible.(4)In applying the rules it is essential, in order to maintain the balance of rights and obligations which the GATT Agreement establishes, that the Community take account of how they are interpreted by the Community’s major trading partners.(5)It is desirable to lay down clear and detailed rules on the calculation of normal value. In particular such value should in all cases be based on representative sales in the ordinary course of trade in the exporting country. It is expedient to give guidance as to when parties may be considered as being associated for the purpose of determining dumping. It is expedient to define the circumstances in which domestic sales may be considered to be made at a loss and may be disregarded, and in which recourse may be had to remaining sales, or to constructed normal value, or to sales to a third country. It is also appropriate to provide for a proper allocation of costs, even in start-up situations, and to lay down guidance as to the definition of start-up and the extent and method of allocation. It is also necessary, when constructing normal value, to indicate the methodology to be applied in determining the amounts for selling, general and administrative costs and the profit margin that should be included in such value.(6)When determining normal value for non-market economy countries, it appears prudent to set out rules for choosing the appropriate market-economy third country to be used for such purpose and, where it is not possible to find a suitable third country, to provide that normal value may be established on any other reasonable basis.(7)It is appropriate for the Community’s anti-dumping practice to take account of the changed economic conditions in Kazakhstan. In particular, it is appropriate to specify that normal value may be determined in accordance with the rules applicable to market economy countries in cases where it can be shown that market conditions prevail for one or more producers, subject to investigation in relation to the manufacture and sale of the product concerned.(8)It is also appropriate to grant similar treatment to imports from such countries which are members of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) at the date of the initiation of the relevant anti-dumping investigation.(9) It is appropriate to specify that an examination of whethermarket conditions prevail will be carried out on the basisof properly substantiated claims by one or more producers subject to investigation who wish to avail themselves ofthe possibility to have normal value determined on thebasis of rules applicable to market economy countries.(10) It is expedient to define the export price and to enumeratethe adjustments which are to be made in those cases wherea reconstruction of this price from the first open-marketprice is deemed necessary.(11) For the purpose of ensuring a fair comparison betweenexport price and normal value, it is advisable to list the factors which may affect prices and price comparability andto lay down specific rules as to when and how the adjustments should be made, including the fact that any duplication of adjustments should be avoided. It is also necessaryto provide that comparison may be made using averageprices although individual export prices may be comparedto an average normal value where the former vary by customer, region or time period.(12) It is necessary to lay down clear and detailed guidance asto the factors which may be relevant for the determinationof whether the dumped imports have caused materialinjury or are threatening to cause injury. In demonstratingthat the volume and price levels of the imports concernedare responsible for injury sustained by a Community industry, attention should be given to the effect of other factorsand in particular prevailing market conditions in theCommunity.(13) It is advisable to define the term ‘Community industry’ andto provide that parties related to exporters may be excludedfrom such industry, and to define the term ‘related’. It isalso necessary to provide for anti-dumping action to betaken on behalf of producers in a region of the Community and to lay down guidelines on the definition of suchregion.(14) It is necessary to lay down who may lodge an anti-dumpingcomplaint, including the extent to which it should be supported by the Community industry, and the informationon dumping, injury and causation which such complaintshould contain. It is also expedient to specify the procedures for the rejection of complaints or the initiation ofproceedings.(15) It is necessary to lay down the manner in which interestedparties should be given notice of the information whichthe authorities require, and should have ample opportunityto present all relevant evidence and to defend their interests. It is also desirable to set out clearly the rules and procedures to be followed during the investigation, inparticular the rules whereby interested parties are to makethemselves known, present their views and submit information within specified time-limits, if such views andinformation are to be taken into account. It is also appropriate to set out the conditions under which an interestedparty may have access to, and comment on, informationpresented by other interested parties. There should also becooperation between the Member States and the Commission in the collection of information.(16) It is necessary to lay down the conditions under which provisional duties may be imposed, including the conditionthat they may be imposed no earlier than 60 days from initiation and no later than nine months thereafter. Foradministrative reasons, it is also necessary to provide thatsuch duties may in all cases be imposed by the Commission, either directly for a nine-month period or in twostages of six and three months.(17) It is necessary to specify procedures for accepting undertakings which eliminate dumping and injury instead ofimposing provisional or definitive duties. It is also appropriate to lay down the consequences of breach or withdrawal of undertakings and that provisional duties may beimposed in cases of suspected violation or where furtherinvestigation is necessary to supplement the findings. Inaccepting undertakings, care should be taken that the proposed undertakings, and their enforcement, do not lead toanti-competitive behaviour.(18) It is necessary to provide that the termination of casesshould, irrespective of whether definitive measures areadopted or not, normally take place within 12 months,and in no case later than 15 months, from the initiation ofthe investigation. Investigations or proceedings should beterminated where the dumping is de minimis or the injuryis negligible, and it is appropriate to define those terms.Where measures are to be imposed, it is necessary to provide for the termination of investigations and to lay downthat measures should be less than the margin of dumpingif such lesser amount would remove the injury, as well asto specify the method of calculating the level of measuresin cases of sampling.(19) It is necessary to provide for retroactive collection of provisional duties if that is deemed appropriate and to definethe circumstances which may trigger the retroactive application of duties to avoid the undermining of the definitivemeasures to be applied. It is also necessary to provide thatduties may be applied retroactively in cases of breach orwithdrawal of undertakings.(20) It is necessary to provide that measures are to lapse afterfive years unless a review indicates that they should bemaintained. It is also necessary to provide, in cases wheresufficient evidence is submitted of changed circumstances,for interim reviews or for investigations to determinewhether refunds of anti-dumping duties are warranted. Itis also appropriate to lay down that in any recalculation ofdumping which necessitates a reconstruction of exportprices, duties are not to be treated as a cost incurredbetween importation and resale where the said duty isbeing reflected in the prices of the products subject to measures in the Community.(21) It is necessary to provide specifically for the reassessmentof export prices and dumping margins where the duty isbeing absorbed by the exporter through a form of compensatory arrangement and the measures are not beingreflected in the prices of the products subject to measuresin the Community.(22) The 1994 Anti-Dumping Agreement does not containprovisions regarding the circumvention of anti-dumpingmeasures, though a separate GATT Ministerial Decisionrecognises circumvention as a problem and has referred itto the GATT Anti-dumping Committee for resolution.Given the failure of the multilateral negotiations so far andpending the outcome of the referral to the WTO Anti-Dumping Committee, it is necessary that Community legislation should contain provisions to deal with practices,including mere assembly of goods in the Community or athird country, which have as their main aim the circumvention of anti-dumping measures.(23) It is also desirable to clarify which practices constitute circumvention of the measures in place. Circumvention practices may take place either inside or outside theCommunity. It is consequently necessary to provide thatexemptions from the extended duties which may alreadybe granted to importers may also be granted to exporterswhen duties are being extended to address circumventiontaking place outside the Community.(24) It is expedient to permit suspension of anti-dumping measures where there is a temporary change in market conditions which makes the continued imposition of suchmeasures temporarily inappropriate.(25) It is necessary to provide that imports under investigationmay be made subject to registration upon importation inorder to enable measures to be applied subsequentlyagainst such imports.(26) In order to ensure proper enforcement of measures, it isnecessary that Member States monitor, and report to theCommission, the import trade of products subject to investigation or subject to measures, and also the amount ofduties collected under this Regulation.(27) It is necessary to provide for consultation of an AdvisoryCommittee at regular and specified stages of the investigation. The Committee should consist of representatives ofMember States with a representative of the Commission aschairman.(28) Information provided to Member States in the AdvisoryCommittee is often of a highly technical nature andinvolves an elaborate economic and legal analysis. In orderto provide Member States with sufficient time to considerthis information, it should be sent at an appropriate timebefore the date of a meeting set by the Chairman of theAdvisory Committee.(29) It is expedient to provide for verification visits to checkinformation submitted on dumping and injury, such visitsbeing, however, conditional on proper replies to questionnaires being received.(30) It is essential to provide for sampling in cases where thenumber of parties or transactions is large in order to permit completion of investigations within the appointedtime-limits.(31) It is necessary to provide that where parties do not cooperate satisfactorily other information may be used to establish findings and that such information may be lessfavourable to the parties than if they had cooperated.(32) Provision should be made for the treatment of confidential information so that business secrets are not divulged.(33) It is essential that provision be made for proper disclosureof essential facts and considerations to parties whichqualify for such treatment and that such disclosure bemade, with due regard to the decision-making process inthe Community, within a time-limit which permits partiesto defend their interests.(34) It is prudent to provide for an administrative system underwhich arguments can be presented as to whether measuresare in the Community interest, including the consumers’interest, and to lay down the time-limits within which suchinformation has to be presented as well as the disclosurerights of the parties concerned,HAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:Article 1Principles1. An anti-dumping duty may be applied to any dumped product whose release for free circulation in the Community causes injury.2. A product is to be considered as being dumped if its export price to the Community is less than a comparable price for the like product, in the ordinary course of trade, as established for the exporting country.3. The exporting country shall normally be the country of origin. However, it may be an intermediate country, except where, for example, the products are merely transhipped through that country, or the products concerned are not produced in that country, or there is no comparable price for them in that country.4. For the purpose of this Regulation, ‘like product’ means a product which is identical, that is to say, alike in all respects, to the product under consideration, or in the absence of such a product, another product which, although not alike in all respects, has characteristics closely resembling those of the product under consideration.Article 2Determination of dumpingA. N ORMAL VALUE1. The normal value shall normally be based on the prices paid or payable, in the ordinary course of trade, by independent customers in the exporting country.However, where the exporter in the exporting country does not produce or does not sell the like product, the normal value may be established on the basis of prices of other sellers or producers. Prices between parties which appear to be associated or to have a compensatory arrangement with each other may not be considered to be in the ordinary course of trade and may not be used to establish normal value unless it is determined that they are unaffected by the relationship.In order to determine whether two parties are associated account may be taken of the definition of related parties set out in Article 143 of Commission Regulation (EEC) No 2454/93 of 2 July 1993 laying down provisions for the implementation of Council Regulation (EEC) No 2913/92 establishing the Community Customs Code (1) OJ L 253, 11.10.1993, p. 1.(1).2. Sales of the like product intended for domestic consumption shall normally be used to determine normal value if such sales volume constitutes 5 % or more of the sales volume of the product under consideration to the Community. However, a lower volume of sales may be used when, for example, the prices charged are considered representative for the market concerned.3. When there are no or insufficient sales of the like product in the ordinary course of trade, or where because of the particularmarket situation such sales do not permit a proper comparison, the normal value of the like product shall be calculated on the basis of the cost of production in the country of origin plus a reasonable amount for selling, general and administrative costs and for profits, or on the basis of the export prices, in the ordinary course of trade, to an appropriate third country, provided that those prices are representative.A particular market situation for the product concerned within the meaning of the first subparagraph may be deemed to exist, inter alia, when prices are artificially low, when there is significant barter trade, or when there are non-commercial processing arrangements.4. Sales of the like product in the domestic market of the exporting country, or export sales to a third country, at prices below unit production costs (fixed and variable) plus selling, general and administrative costs may be treated as not being in the ordinary course of trade by reason of price, and may be disregarded in determining normal value, only if it is determined that such sales are made within an extended period in substantial quantities, and are at prices which do not provide for the recovery of all costs within a reasonable period of time.If prices which are below costs at the time of sale are above weighted average costs for the period of investigation, such prices shall be considered to provide for recovery of costs within a reasonable period of time.The extended period of time shall normally be one year but shall in no case be less than six months, and sales below unit cost shall be considered to be made in substantial quantities within such a period when it is established that the weighted average selling price is below the weighted average unit cost, or that the volume of sales below unit cost is not less than 20 % of sales being used to determine normal value.5. Costs shall normally be calculated on the basis of records kept by the party under investigation, provided that such records are in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles of the country concerned and that it is shown that the records reasonably reflect the costs associated with the production and sale of the product under consideration.If costs associated with the production and sale of the product under investigation are not reasonably reflected in the records of the party concerned, they shall be adjusted or established on the basis of the costs of other producers or exporters in the same country or, where such information is not available or cannot be used, on any other reasonable basis, including information from other representative markets.Consideration shall be given to evidence submitted on the proper allocation of costs, provided that it is shown that such allocations have been historically utilised. In the absence of a more appropriate method, preference shall be given to the allocation of costs on the basis of turnover. Unless already reflected in the cost allocations under this subparagraph, costs shall be adjusted appropriately for those non-recurring items of cost which benefit future and/or current production.Where the costs for part of the period for cost recovery are affected by the use of new production facilities requiring substantial additional investment and by low capacity utilisation rates, which are the result of start-up operations which take place within or during part of the investigation period, the average costs for the start-up phase shall be those applicable, under the abovementioned allocation rules, at the end of such a phase, and shall be included at that level, for the period concerned, in the weighted average costs referred to in the second subparagraph of paragraph 4. The length of a start-up phase shall be determined in relation to the circumstances of the producer or exporter concerned, but shall not exceed an appropriate initial portion of the period for cost recovery. For this adjustment to costs applicable during the investigation period, information relating to a start-up phase which extends beyond that period shall be taken into account where it is submitted prior to verification visits and within three months of the initiation of the investigation. 6. The amounts for selling, for general and administrative costs and for profits shall be based on actual data pertaining to production and sales, in the ordinary course of trade, of the like product, by the exporter or producer under investigation. When such amounts cannot be determined on this basis, the amounts may be determined on the basis of:(a) the weighted average of the actual amounts determined forother exporters or producers subject to investigation in respect of production and sales of the like product in the domestic market of the country of origin;(b) the actual amounts applicable to production and sales, in theordinary course of trade, of the same general category of products for the exporter or producer in question in the domestic market of the country of origin;(c) any other reasonable method, provided that the amount forprofit so established shall not exceed the profit normally realised by other exporters or producers on sales of products of the same general category in the domestic market of the country of origin.7. (a)In the case of imports from non-market economy countries (1) Including Azerbaijan, Belarus, North Korea, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.(1), normal value shall be determined on the basis of the price or constructed value in a market economy third country, or the price from such a third country to other countries, including the Community, or where those are not possible, on any other reasonable basis, including the price actually paid or payable in the Community for the like product, duly adjusted if necessary to include a reasonable profit margin.An appropriate market economy third country shall be selected in a not unreasonable manner, due account being taken of any reliable information made available at the time of selection. Account shall also be taken of time-limits; where appropriate, a market economy third country which is subject to the same investigation shall be used.The parties to the investigation shall be informed shortly after its initiation of the market economy third country envisaged and shall be given 10 days to comment.(b)In anti-dumping investigations concerning imports from Kazakhstan and any non-market-economy country which is a member of the WTO at the date of the initiation of the investigation, normal value shall be determined in accordance with paragraphs 1 to 6, if it is shown, on the basis of properly substantiated claims by one or more producers subject to the investigation and in accordance with the criteria and procedures set out in subparagraph (c), that market economy conditions prevail for this producer or producers in respect of the manufacture and sale of the like product concerned. When this is not the case, the rules set out under subparagraph (a) shall apply.(c)A claim under subparagraph (b) must be made in writing and contain sufficient evidence that the producer operates under market economy conditions, that is if:—decisions of firms regarding prices, costs and inputs,including for instance raw materials, cost of technology and labour, output, sales and investment, are made in response to market signals reflecting supply and demand, and without significant State interference in this regard, and costs of major inputs substantially reflect market values,—firms have one clear set of basic accounting recordswhich are independently audited in line with international accounting standards and are applied for all purposes,—the production costs and financial situation of firms arenot subject to significant distortions carried over from the former non-market economy system, in particular in relation to depreciation of assets, other write-offs, barter trade and payment via compensation of debts,—the firms concerned are subject to bankruptcy andproperty laws which guarantee legal certainty and stability for the operation of firms, and—exchange rate conversions are carried out at the market rate.A determination whether the producer meets the abovementioned criteria shall be made within three months of the initiation of the investigation, after specific consultation of the Advisory Committee and after the Community industry has been given an opportunity to comment. This determination shall remain in force throughout the investigation.B. E XPORT PRICE8. The export price shall be the price actually paid or payable for the product when sold for export from the exporting country to the Community.9. In cases where there is no export price or where it appears that the export price is unreliable because of an association or a compensatory arrangement between the exporter and the importer or a third party, the export price may be constructed on the basis of the price at which the imported products are first resold to an independent buyer, or, if the products are not resold to an independent buyer, or are not resold in the condition in which they were imported, on any reasonable basis.In these cases, adjustment for all costs, including duties and taxes, incurred between importation and resale, and for profits accruing, shall be made so as to establish a reliable export price, at the Community frontier level.The items for which adjustment shall be made shall include those normally borne by an importer but paid by any party, either inside or outside the Community, which appears to be associated or to have a compensatory arrangement with the importer or exporter, including usual transport, insurance, handling, loading and ancillary costs; customs duties, any anti-dumping duties, and other taxes payable in the importing country by reason of the importation or sale of the goods; and a reasonable margin for selling, general and administrative costs and profit.C. C OMPARISON10. A fair comparison shall be made between the export price and the normal value. This comparison shall be made at the same level of trade and in respect of sales made at, as closely as possible, the same time and with due account taken of other differences which affect price comparability. Where the normal value and the export price as established are not on such a comparable basis due allowance, in the form of adjustments, shall be made in each case, on its merits, for differences in factors which are claimed, and demonstrated, to affect prices and price comparability. Any duplication when making adjustments shall be avoided, in particular in relation to discounts, rebates, quantities and level of trade. When the specified conditions are met, the factors for which adjustment can be made are listed as follows:(a) Physical characteristicsAn adjustment shall be made for differences in the physical characteristics of the product concerned. The amount of the adjustment shall correspond to a reasonable estimate of the market value of the difference.(b) Import charges and indirect taxesAn adjustment shall be made to normal value for an amount corresponding to any import charges or indirect taxes borne by the like product and by materials physically incorporated therein, when intended for consumption in the exporting country and not collected or refunded in respect of the product exported to the Community.(c) Discounts, rebates and quantitiesAn adjustment shall be made for differences in discounts and rebates, including those given for differences in quantities, if these are properly quantified and are directly linked to the sales under consideration. An adjustment may also be made for deferred discounts and rebates if the claim is based on consistent practice in prior periods, including compliance with the conditions required to qualify for the discount or rebates.(d) Level of trade(i) An adjustment for differences in levels of trade, including any differences which may arise in OEM (OriginalEquipment Manufacturer) sales, shall be made where, inrelation to the distribution chain in both markets, it isshown that the export price, including a constructedexport price, is at a different level of trade from the normal value and the difference has affected price comparability which is demonstrated by consistent and distinctdifferences in functions and prices of the seller for thedifferent levels of trade in the domestic market of theexporting country. The amount of the adjustment shallbe based on the market value of the difference.(ii) However, in circumstances not envisaged under point (i), when an existing difference in level of trade cannot bequantified because of the absence of the relevant levelson the domestic market of the exporting countries, orwhere certain functions are shown clearly to relate tolevels of trade other than the one which is to be used inthe comparison, a special adjustment may be granted.(e) Transport, insurance, handling, loading and ancillary costsAn adjustment shall be made for differences in the directly related costs incurred for conveying the product concerned from the premises of the exporter to an independent buyer, where such costs are included in the prices charged. Those costs shall include transport, insurance, handling, loading and ancillary costs.(f) PackingAn adjustment shall be made for differences in the directly related packing costs for the product concerned.。
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欧盟反倾销机制简介文章来源:中国欧盟协会一、欧盟反倾销的组织机构1、欧盟委员会欧盟委员会是欧盟的执行机构,也是欧盟的决策中心。
在反倾销工作中起关键作用。
它负责对反倾销的提案进行调查,初步裁决反倾销的理由是否成立,向部长理事会提出征收最终反倾销税的建议。
它直接确定对未加工的煤和钢铁制品的反倾销税率。
反倾销的具体工作由欧盟委员会中的贸易委员会下属的反倾销司来完成。
2、部长理事会部长理事会是欧盟主要的立法机构,负责制定政策法规和协调各国政策;同时也是主要的决策机构,对欧盟委员会提出的建议做出决议。
在反倾销方面的作用是,当诉讼结束时决定是否实行委员会所建议的最终措施(未加工的煤和钢铁制品除外)。
理事会采取简单多数的办法做出决议,即目前在15票中至少应取得8票。
3、咨询委员会咨询委员会由各成员国一名政府代表组成,主席由欧盟委员会一名代表担任,其职责是就欧盟反倾销事务进行内部磋商。
对反倾销事务,它可以口头或书面方式向欧盟委员会表明态度,但不能做出对欧盟委员会有约束力的决议。
4、欧洲议会欧洲议会的法律作用日益扩大并经常参与部长理事会的决策。
它虽不直接参与反倾销,但可以提问题。
欧盟委员会每年须向其提交一份关于反倾销情况的报告。
二、反倾销程序倾销通常被认为是低价(便宜的)销售或低于成本价的出口。
实际上确认倾销是件十分复杂的事。
欧盟现行的反倾销法律依据是1995年12月22日制定,1996年3月6日生效的理事会第384/96号法规。
根据这一法规和以往的实际裁决,只有满足以下条件才允许征收反倾销税:确立倾销。
出口到欧盟的商品,其卖价低于标准价值就视为倾销。
这个标准价值可以是这种商品在生产国的市场价也可以是所谓的测算标准价(对非市场经济国家)。
对欧盟的经济部门有明显的损害。
进口这种商品对欧盟经济部门的主要部分造成损害或有造成损害的威胁,其形式可为市场份额的损失,生产者的价格受到影响以及对生产、销售、利润和生产能力造成压力。
因果关系。
有证据表明,在倾销的商品和欧盟经济部门的损害之间存在着因果关系。
欧盟的利益。
采取的措施不能违背欧盟的整体利益(主要指进口商、用户和消费者的利益)。
1、反倾销议案的提出欧盟任何一个经济部门认为,它受到了来自非欧盟国家的倾销性出口的明显伤害时,可以向欧盟委员会提出正式的书面提案,并附有倾销和损害以及两者之间关系的证据。
提案可以由企业自己,也可以由所在的行业协会或经济部门提出。
欧盟委员会审查提案所提供的证据是否充足,以便确定是否正式调查。
委员会须在45天内做出是否立案的决定,否则,经济部门可向欧洲一审法院提起诉讼。
在决定是否进行调查之前,委员会要听取由成员国组成的咨询委员会的意见。
当咨询委员会认为倾销和损害的证据不充足或提案者在所涉及经济部门没有占到一定份额时(对所涉及的产品至少要占欧盟生产份额的25%)就可以拒绝提案。
在计算份额时,与倾销这种产品的出口商有业务联系的欧盟生产者或自己也进口这种产品的欧盟生产者要排除在外。
一旦决定进行正式调查,要在欧盟的公报中公布,将通告所有与此有关的单位和出口国政府。
2、期限从公布之日起就有严格的时间限定。
委员会要在9个月之内根据所澄清的事实公布临时反倾销措施。
原则上调查应在正式立案1年之内完成,最长不超过15个月。
3、调查委员会可以分别调查倾销和损害的情况,也可同时进行。
为判断损害,委员会首先向起诉书提到的出口商,进口商和欧盟的生产厂家发调查表,以获取企业的一般性数据以及销售数量和出售价格等专门数据。
企业必须在37天内(从寄出之日起)做出回答并寄回问卷。
当调查涉及很多提案者、进口商、出口商、货物型号或交易量很大时可抽样选一些企业,因为对每个企业和每种业务逐个在所规定的期限内进行审查时间来不及。
是否进行抽样调查一般在诉讼一开始就确定下来了。
答卷寄回后,委员会的官员就到所有愿意合作的企业、欧盟的生产厂家、进口商和出口商核实情况。
这种核查是为了保证调查质量,使所做的各项决议都建立在全面审查并有令人信服的证据的基础上。
问卷和核查是反倾销调查中最重要的部份。
因此出口商要配合这种调查,尤其是按期答卷是十分重要的。
如果企业不愿意合作,那么在调查时只得把所掌握的信息作为基础。
这种做法一般会给不愿意合作的出口商带来比同一国家愿意合作的出口商更坏的结果。
被调查的企业往往要找二、三名高级职员参与答卷或与调查官员合作。
一般来说他们都是主任会计、生产经理或销售经理。
这样有助于对企业调查的顺利进行,对企业的业务只会造成有限的影响。
同时可以保证在诉讼结束时所做的决定尽可能公正地反映企业的情况。
最后要提及的是,参加反倾销调查的官员在法律上有义务对在调查中所得到的信息保守秘密。
他们了解的情况只能用于反倾销工作。
4、情况分析在实地调查前后都要进行严格的分析,其中包括复杂的成本核算和审查成千上万的业务往来。
涉案者可以申请旁听并陈述立场。
根据分析的结果起草工作文件,并做出决定,或采取措施或中止法律程序。
5、临时措施委员会只要暂时澄清了对欧盟经济部门的倾销和损失存在,为了欧盟的利益就需要干预。
首先,成员国在咨询委员会里磋商,定出反倾销临时关税。
临时关税要在调查开始的60天至9个月之内确定。
实际上大多数都在临近9个月的期限时才确定的。
这种税率不能超过倾销的幅度,而且要定在一个较低的水平上,只要能避免损害即可。
临时关税一般有效期为6个月,可再延长3个月。
在此期间,进口商在进口所涉及的商品时要有担保,以保证按确定的关税征税。
担保的形式按有关进口国的法律规定办。
一般是银行担保。
根据欧盟委员会的规定,在公布实行临时税率之后,此案涉及的有关方面可以申请了解一些重要的情况并有机会表明立场。
委员会据此再审查他们的计算方法和论断。
根据这次审核再起草第二份工作文件,并在结束对有关各方的最终调查之后,经过与由成员国组成的咨询委员会商讨之后提出征收最终关税或接受价格承诺的建议。
否则委员会可以中止诉讼。
6、最终措施最终决议由部长理事会的简单多数确定。
未加工的煤和钢铁制品的最终税率由欧盟委员会直接决定。
如果有多家出口商,税率可根据各家的倾销幅度或造成损害程度的不同而各异。
个别税率按进口商品的价值比率(从价关税)或以单位固定值确定。
此外还有所谓的剩余税率,一般会高于个别税率。
这种税率适用于那些没有参与调查或不与委员会合作的企业。
最终税率在公报上公布。
对非市场经济国家是征收统一的反倾销关税。
对中国和俄罗斯的反倾销诉讼另有规定。
最终税率有效期是五年。
期满后若欧盟生产者指出仍有倾销和造成损害的可能性时,欧盟委员会可复审。
当采取临时措施之前对欧盟的出口量突然上升时,可把关税向前追朔90天。
7、价格承诺当委员会的调查表明有必要进行反倾销时,出口商有义务把价格升到可以排除损害或倾销的水平。
如果能够对这种价格进行承诺并实行有效的监督则可以取代征税。
这种处理方式也是一种反倾销措施。
一旦未遵守所承诺的价格或撤销承诺,则立即征收反倾销税。
与反倾销税一样,价格承诺的有效期限也是五年。
委员会认为所承诺的价格不足以排除造成的损失和倾销时或认为不可行,则可以拒绝这种承诺,出口企业在得知调查情况后可以提出价格承诺的书面申请。
经委员会审查后签定一个法律文件。
生效后企业每年向委员会详细报告2-4次出口的有关情况。
三、反倾销中的几个具体问题(一)倾销幅度一种商品当其在欧盟市场的价格(出口价)低于标准价(一般是出口商的国内市场价)时就视为倾销。
倾销幅度是出口价与标准价之差。
简单的计算方法:1、标准价如销售电视机,每件平均价为100美元,减去3美元运输费(若再没有其他销售费用),其标准价是97美元,即:100-3=97美元。
2、出口价若对欧盟的出口价是95美元(到岸价,未完税),10美元运费。
经修正后的出口价为85美元,即:95-10=85美元。
3、倾销值为12美元,即:97-85=12美元。
4、倾销幅度是12.6%,即:12/95=12.6%。
实际上计算倾销幅度十分复杂。
1、有时在原产地国的销售价因销售量太少或销售有亏损,其销售价失去了代表性,因而不能引用。
标准价要根据成本价加上合理的利润、销售、管理和间接费用来计算。
2、如果出口业务是在有潜在的不可靠因素的买卖双方之间进行的,在这种情况下要根据欧盟中第一个未受此因素影响的用户购买时的价格作为计算的依据。
3、对标准价和出口价之间做公正的比较时,需要考虑一些对价格比较有影响的差异:如销售阶段(批发或零售),材料特性、进口税和间接税、回扣和减价、运输费、贷款成本、售后服务费、佣金、汇率等。
(二)损害和造成损害的原因只有当倾销性的出口对欧盟的经济部门造成重大损害时才能采取反倾销措施。
一般指使欧盟的生产者不得不降价销售或面临降价压力,以致于在销售、利润、市场份额和生产能力方面都造成损失。
欧盟委员会的专职人员要判断是否对欧盟的经济部门造成了损害,其程度如何并计算出被调查的商品在未受损害时的价格水平(欧盟生产者的成本加上适当的利润)。
通过计算未受损害时的价格水平和完税后的实际出口价之间的差额来确定廉价销售的幅度。
欧盟委员会还要证明倾销性的出口和损害之间有明显的联系。
因为有些企业的损害是另有原因,如从另一个国家的进口突然增加或者对有关商品的需求普遍下降。
如果进口会妨碍欧盟某一新兴工业的发展或对其造成明显的直接或间接损害,则也可以采取反倾销措施。
(三)欧盟的利益欧盟有两项超越WTO义务的特殊条款,即欧盟利益条款和低关税条款。
欧盟利益条款:当欧盟按WTO条款的规定可以采取反倾销措施时,只要有充分的理由说明这些措施不符合欧盟的整体利益,根据这项条款,就可以不采取反倾销措施。
生产者、进口商、用户和消费者都有机会就是否采取措施表明自己的观点。
只要有证据能论证自己的观点,欧盟委员会将提出最终建议供理事会考虑。
低关税条款:这个条款是使采取的措施绝不会超过倾销幅度,而使其水平确定在足以排除损害即可。
如果其低于倾销幅度,那么反倾销税将定在损害程度的水准上。
仍以电视机为例,介绍一下简单的计算方法,欧盟大多数反倾销诉讼的结果都是这样结案。
1、欧盟生产的电视机销售价为97美元,这是有赢利的价格。
2、未受损害时的价格应该是100美元。
3、出口商完税后的出口价是95美元+1美元(关税)=96美元,实际减价:100-96=4美元4、损害程度为:4/95=4.2%5、根据低关税条款,反倾销税定为4.2%(按损害程度),而不是前面12.6%的倾销幅度,原因是损害程度比其要低。
四、对中国反倾销的相关规定1998年7月1日起,欧盟把中国和俄罗斯从其反倾销机制中的“非市场经济”国家名单中排除。
但是,欧盟仍不承认中、俄两国为真正意义上的市场经济国家。
在反倾销中对中国实行一种即不同于市场经济国家、也不同于“非市场经济国家”的特殊机制,即实行“个案处理”。