语言学conversational-implicature
合集下载
试从术语学看implicature的汉译
试从术语学看implicature的汉译目前有关conversational implicature的汉译较多，本文旨在探析不同学者选用相应汉译的原因，考证相关汉译的词源，并从术语学角度对相关汉译进行分析，最终确定“会话含意”是较为符合的汉译。
标签：格赖斯；汉译；会话含意；术语引言美国语言学家、哲学家格赖斯（Herbert Paul Grice）于1975年在论文《逻辑与会话》（《Logic and Conversation》）中提出“the theory of conversationa l implicature”。
根據格赖斯的论述，言语中超出说话人涉及之处，只有通过非语言特征以及交流与合作的一般原则才能推断出来。
这里的“超出说话人涉及之处”就是conversational implicature，而一般原则就是格赖斯提出的合作原则和准则。
（维基百科）格赖斯（1975）是这样表述conversational implicature的：“The conversational maxims，however，and the conversational implicatures connected with them，are specially connected（I hope）with the particular purposes that talk（and so，talk exchange）is adapted to serve and is primarily employed to serve.”（会话准则和会话含意密切相关，他们的特定目的在于为谈话服务。
）①“implicature”一词是格赖斯引入的术语，同时他提到了同源词“to implicate”和“implicatum”。
格赖斯阐述“implicature”是一个概括的术语。
（维基百科）从1980年《国外语言学》杂志开始介绍国外的语用学起，该理论的汉译术语使用频率和复现率大大提高。
Conversational Implicature 会话含义
Definition
• In 1967, American philosopher Grice put forward the Cooperative Principle: “Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged” (Hu, 2001, p. 282-283). • And in order to further explain the Cooperative Principle, Grice divided it into four categories of maxims: the maximum of quantity, quality, manner and relation.
Levinson's three principles of CI
• Quantity Principle • Information Principle • Manner Principle RULE: Q>M>I
Conversational Implicature
The Cooperative Principle Neo-Gricean pragmatics
Mao Yan
The Cooperative Principle
In the process of understanding a conversation, it needs the interlocutors' common sense, shared knowledge, and inferential capability. Besides, cooperation is a key principle in communication.
Conversational_Implicature__会话含义_
U →由语言符号构成的话语
Z →粗略地代表在听话人那儿产生的信仰或意志力， 或作出的反应。 Grice 的“非自然意义理论”实际上是一种交际理论 （ a theory of communication）。
2.2 Conversational Implicature Unlike conventional implicatures, conversational implicatures are produced by relating to the conversational context. To know what people mean, we have to interpret what they say. But interpretation is a tricky affair, and misunderstandings are always possible. As Leech remarks, ‘interpreting an utterance is ultimately a matter of guesswork’. e.g. A: When is Tom’s birthday? B: It’s sometime in October. B’s implicature: the only thing he remembered about Tom’s birthday was the month in which it occurs, and that he honestly didn’t know whether it was at the beginning, the middle or the end of that month.
the sunset.
The capital of France is Paris and the capital of England is London.
Chapter 7Conversational Implicature
• 但在现实交际中,人们出 于种种原因,并不都严格 地遵守合作原则及其相 关准则.因而就产生了会 话含义。
Flouting the Maxim of quality(说自知是 虚假的话;说缺乏足够证据的话)
• Many figures of speech like irony, metaphor, hyperbole, rhetorical questions and etc.belong to this kind of flouting.eg: He is made of iron.(metaphor) Women are tigers. • The obvious false statement:no human beings are made of iron.No women are tigers. • Its implicature is he has characteristics like iron like hardness, non-flexibility, durability.
(Flouting the maxim of quality) Cal:I had hoped you would come to me last night Rose:I was tired~~~I'm your fiancee Cal:My fiancee! My wife in practice, if not yet by law. So you will honor me~~~
4.2 Cooperative Principle
• Grice introduces Cooperative Principle (CP) in his book Logic and Conversation 《逻辑与会话》in 1975 • 在格赖斯看来，要使交谈顺利进行，就要 求交谈参与者共同遵守一般原则，即在参 与交谈时，要使你说的话符合你所参与交 谈的公认目的和方向。
英语语言学概论会话含义.合作原则.翁京京
Four Principles
1.数量原则（maxim of quantity） 2.质量原则（maxim of quality） 3.相关准则（maxim of relation） 4.方式原则（maxim of manner)
A.数量准则（maxim of Quantity） 1) Make your contribution as informative as required. 2) Do not make your contribution more informative than is required say what you believe to be false. 2) Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
C.关系准则 （maxim of Relevance) Be relevant
2)提供的信息太多 A: When did you come back last night B: Around midnight, we finished the meeting.
B. Violation of quality
1)故意不说真实的话 A：How are you? B: I am dead.
Conversational Implicature
• 话语的隐含意义，即“会话含义” • “会话含义”是语用学的核心内容。格莱斯的会
话含义理论，“本质是关于人们如何运用语言的 理论”。
generalized conversational implicature
• 不需要特殊语境就能推导出来的含义
Thank you!
Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.
(完整版)语用学-5--Conversational-implicature
implicature吗？
1. What is an implicature? E.g. A: I have a fourteen year old son. B: Well, that's all right. A: I also have a dog. B: Oh, I'm sorry.
Conversational implicature
Divergence in meaning: Formal devices VS. natural L Formalist VS. informalist Construct an ideal L Inadequte attention to the nature and
E.g. The duck ran up to Mary (p) and licked her (qBut this is not always true in real life as in the above example. Whenever p & q is true, it logically follows that q & p is true:
The logical representation of conjunction: p & q
This logical expression stands for: if p is true and q is true, then p & q is true. If either p or q is not true (i.e. false), then the conjunction of p and q is necessarily false.
B means more than what he or she says, but A can understand it or interpret it well in the context. How does this happen? How does the hearer get from what is said to what is meant, from the level of expressed meaning to the level of implied meaning.
1. What is an implicature? E.g. A: I have a fourteen year old son. B: Well, that's all right. A: I also have a dog. B: Oh, I'm sorry.
Conversational implicature
Divergence in meaning: Formal devices VS. natural L Formalist VS. informalist Construct an ideal L Inadequte attention to the nature and
E.g. The duck ran up to Mary (p) and licked her (qBut this is not always true in real life as in the above example. Whenever p & q is true, it logically follows that q & p is true:
The logical representation of conjunction: p & q
This logical expression stands for: if p is true and q is true, then p & q is true. If either p or q is not true (i.e. false), then the conjunction of p and q is necessarily false.
B means more than what he or she says, but A can understand it or interpret it well in the context. How does this happen? How does the hearer get from what is said to what is meant, from the level of expressed meaning to the level of implied meaning.
语言学The Theory of Conversational Implicature
Content
• • • • Violation of the Maxim of Quantity Violation of the Maxim of Quality Violation of the Maxim of Relation Violation of the Maxim of Manner
Violation of the Maxim of Relation
· be irrelevant
• A: What time is it? B: The mail has already come. • A: What do you intend to do today? B: I have a terrible headache.
Content
• 8.2.1 The Cooperative Principle (CP) • 8.2.2 Violation of the Maxims • 8.2.3 Characteristics of Implicature
8.2.1 The cooperative Principle (CP)
• To specify the CP further, Grice introduced
four categories of maxims as follows： • Quantity:(数量准则) • Quality:(质量准则)
• Relation(关系准则) • Manner(方式准则)
Quantity
2. Not be brief
A: Did you get my assignment?
B: I received two pages clipped together and
covered with rows of black squirrels.
conversational implicature
Traugott & Pratt, 1980:237
Four Maxims of Cooperative Principle
• • • • Quantity Maxim Quality Maxim Relation Maxim Manner Maxim
Quantity Maxim
• 1. Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current perpose of the exchange). • 2. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. • Michael has four dictionaries. • Michael has five, six or even more dictionaries.
"Good night"
• Father: I think I'll go downstairs to say "good-night" to Nancy's boyfriend. He has been here long enough. • Mother: Now, George, don't you forget how we were when we were young? • Father: That does it! Out he goes!
Four types of violation-1
• 1. The speaker deliberately violates cooperative principle without making the hearer realize it. (e.g. telling lies; being less informative) • 2. The speaker explicitly tells the hearer that he is unwilling to cooperate. Eg. I don't want to talk about it now.
Four Maxims of Cooperative Principle
• • • • Quantity Maxim Quality Maxim Relation Maxim Manner Maxim
Quantity Maxim
• 1. Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current perpose of the exchange). • 2. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. • Michael has four dictionaries. • Michael has five, six or even more dictionaries.
"Good night"
• Father: I think I'll go downstairs to say "good-night" to Nancy's boyfriend. He has been here long enough. • Mother: Now, George, don't you forget how we were when we were young? • Father: That does it! Out he goes!
Four types of violation-1
• 1. The speaker deliberately violates cooperative principle without making the hearer realize it. (e.g. telling lies; being less informative) • 2. The speaker explicitly tells the hearer that he is unwilling to cooperate. Eg. I don't want to talk about it now.
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
▪ Grice's work: ▪ he proposed different kinds of
implicatures and used that term as he claimed that 'implication' was not the right word. ▪ He reprinted many of his essays and papers in his valedictory book, Studies in the Way of Words.
▪ Significance: ▪ one of the foundations of the
modern study of pragmatics.
Categories of Implicature
Cooperative Principle
▪ Cooperative principle is a very important factor in the process of generating implicature.
Four Maxims of Cooperative Principle
▪ Quantity Maxim(数量准则) ▪ Quality Maxim(质量准则) ▪ Relation Maxim（关系准则） ▪ Manner Maxim（方式准则）
Quantity Maxim
▪ 1. Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current perpose of the exchange).
▪ A:How are you? ▪ B:I'm dead. ▪ (possible speaker meaning:I'm very tired.)
▪ Husband: What should we buy for the kids? Wife: Let's veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.
Conversational Implicatures
▪ A conversational implicature is an inference from the semantic content depending on context, speaker's intention, hearer's attitude and the mutual assumption.
▪ Grice:"Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted perpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged." (Cole&Morgan, 1975:45)
▪ Grice's Theory of Conversational Implicature (1967) is "one of the single most important ideas in pragmatics" (Levinson, 1983)
examples for implicature
▪ Honesty is the first policy.
Relation Maxim
▪ Be relevant（关联的）.
▪ 1) A: Mrs. Smith is so disgusting at the party. B: The curtain is very beautiful.
▪ 2) A: I am out of petrol. B: There is a garage at the corner.
▪ 2. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.
▪ Michael has four dictionaries. ▪ Michael has five, six or even more
dictionaries.
Manner Maxim
▪ Be perspicuous: 1) Avoid obscurity of expression. 2) Avoid ambiguity. 3) Be brief (Avoid unnecessary prolixity) 4) Be orderly.
▪ Open the door. Go to the door, put the key into the lock, turn the key clockwise two times and push.
Quality Maxim
▪ Try to make your contribution true: ▪ 1) Do not say what you believe to be false. ▪ 2) Do not say that for which youuihong
Outline
▪ Grice ▪ Cooperative Principle ▪ Conversational Implicature
▪ Grice(1913—1988)
▪ a British-educated philosopher of language
▪ Study:
▪ The differences and relationships between speaker meaning and linguistic meaning.
▪ nonliteral speech as the outcome of a cooperative principle, and some derived maxims of discourse,speaker meaning