2016MPACC英语阅读素材(三)
2016MPACC英语阅读素材(三)The U.S. Federal Reserve's third round of bond-buying could ultimately rival the size of its first huge quantitative easing, which was widely seen as boosting growth.The Fed initially disappointed some investors on Thursday when it said it would buy $40 billion of mortgage-backed securities each month. That is far less than the $75 billion a month it bought in its second round of bond-buying, or the more than $100 billion monthly tab for its first round.But this time, the Fed has promised that "if the outlook for the labor market does not improve substantially," it won't stop buying and could ramp up its spending further.Depending how the Fed defines "substantially" and how long it takes to get there, it could end up buying bonds for several years, adding $1.7 trillion or more to its balance sheet, analysts say.By comparison, the Fed's initial round of quantitative easing, first announced in November 2008 as the U.S. economy slumped into a deep recession, totaled $1.75 trillion ."They've clearly committed to do what it takes to get unemployment down where they want it," said Pierre Ellis, an economist at New York-based Decision Economics. "There's no limit."To Ellis, the "big bazooka" of open-ended bond purchases -- designed to boost the economy by lowering borrowing costs -- won't have much immediate impact because the economy's main headwind is uncertainty over fiscal policy and the outcome of a presidential election.That's a view shared by several of the central bank's hawkish members.But many other analysts say the Fed's latest program may exceed its predecessors in size, and more importantly, also pack the desired punch."We believe that with a strong commitment from the Fed, progress in Europe and the passing of the U.S. election, the U.S. economy will have a pretty decent shot at achieving above-trend growth in 2013," Julia Coronado, an economist at BNP Paribas, wrote in a note to investors.Thursday's announcement could add another $1.2 trillion to $1.7 trillion to the Fed's balance sheet, she said.TIED TO THE MASTThe Fed has kept short-term rates near zero since December 2008, and Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke has led the U.S. central bank into ever-newer territory to lower real rates further.After the first round of bond-buying in 2008 and 2009, the Fed resorted in 2010 and 2011 to a second round to ward off deflation as the recovery faltered.As he doubles down on quantitative easing, Bernanke's approach looks flexible enough to win support from both ends of the Fed spectrum - the doves who want more easing to bring down unemployment, and the hawks who worry that more easing could overheat the economy and spark inflation."Everybody likes tying it to economic conditions," said Paul Ashworth, chief U.S. economist at Toronto-based Capital Economics. He estimates the program could eventually grow to between $960 billion to $1.44 trillion in size."The doves like this because they think the markets will think it's even bigger" than QE2, he said. At the same time, "it gives the hawks something, that if the economy picks up, they can get this stopped."The Fed did not say how big it expects its latest program to be, but the clues are plain in its quarterly economic forecasts, also published Thursday.Only three Fed policymakers expect the unemployment rate, now at 8.1 percent, to fall more than half a percentage point by the end of next year.If the Fed sees 7 percent as substantial progress, the forecasts suggest continued bond buying through late 2014; if a bit lower, bond-buyingcould be needed through mid-2015, Ashworth said. Underscoring that interpretation, the Fed said Thursday it expects to keep rates low until at least then.Before the crisis, unemployment was closer to 5 percent.Chicago Fed President Charles Evans has spent the last year arguing strongly for the Fed to tie monetary policy more closely to economic milestones by vowing to keep rates low until unemployment fell below 7 percent.Doing so, he says, would avoid the temptation of backing off from easing at the first signs of economic strengthening. In a series of speeches in recent months, he has likened a strong Fed commitment to low rates to a modern-day Ulysses tied to the mast of his ship, prevented from responding to the siren call of premature monetary tightening.While the Fed did not embrace Evans' 7-percent unemployment rate target, it did adopt hisview that the Fed should hold fast to easy policy even after the recovery picks up speed -- a historic shift in policy.DON'T STOP 'TIL YOU GET ENOUGHAny eventual ceiling on the size of QE3 looks sky-high. The Fed may only buy Treasuries and agency-backed debt, and some Fed officials say it has bought nearly as much of the U.S. national debt as it can without impairing the market's function.But with mortgage-backed securities, there is plenty room to run: economists estimate the size of that market at more than $7 trillion, although the Fed would need to avoid disrupting the market's function.Michael Gapen, an economist at Barclays, sees QE3 topping out at $700 billion - slightly more than the second round of quantitative easing, but less than half the first.The impact, he said, could be limited to boosting economic growth by a few tenths of a percentage point, although that could be enough to generate momentum."If you can keep the economy persistently above trend, then that has a self-reinforcing effect," he said.Combined with the European Central Bank's vow to buy as many bonds as needed from euro zone states -- on condition they undertake reforms -- QE3 "has the potential to be very positive for the U.S. economy," Gapen said.However, he said one real threat to the economy remains: a raft of tax increases and spending cuts that will automatically take effect at the end of the year unless Congress acts.But if lawmakers successfully avoid the so-called fiscal cliff, the outcome for the economy could beat expectations and ultimately trim the size of QE3.相关中文资料美国联邦储备委员会(FED,美联储)第三轮购债计划的最终规模可能堪比第一轮.市场普遍认为第一轮量化宽松(QE)提振了经济成长.最新购债计划的规模以及其体现出的政策根本转变,将决定美联储主席贝南克离任後留下什麽遗产.贝南克的任期在购债计划未完成时可能就已结束了.美联储周四的决定最初让部分投资者很失望.美联储宣布每月购买400亿美元的抵押支持证券(MBS),这远远少於QE2每月购买的750亿美元,且更是少於QE1的每月逾1,000亿美元.但这次,美联储承诺"如果就业市场前景没有明显改善",其将不会停止购债,且可能进一步加大支出.分析师称,依据美联储对"明显"的定义,以及达到此状态需要的时间,美联储可能需要数年後才会结束购债行动,同时其资产负债表规模可能增加1.7万亿美元或更多.相较而言,美联储第一轮量化宽松总规模为1.75万亿美元.美联储在2008年11月宣布这轮量化宽松,因当时美国经济陷入了深度衰退."他们(美联储)已很清楚的承诺,将尽其所能把失业率压低到他们想要的水准,"纽约Decision Economics分析师埃利斯(Pierre Ellis)说,"而且没有设定限制."埃利斯认为,此次不设限制的购债计划将不会立即对经济产生很大的影响,因为经济面临的主要障碍是财政政策与总统大选结果的不确定性.购债计划旨在通过降低借款成本来提振经济.美联储数位持强硬立场的委员也是这个看法.周五美国公债遭到全面抛售,10年期和30年期公债收益率升至5月以来最高水准,因新的刺激措施激发股市买盘,减少对债券的需求,同时也因为投资者担心新刺激措施会引发通胀.交易商说,市场对QE3中并未包括美国公债感到失望,这也造成了公债遭到抛售.长期收益率的上升与购债计划的目标相悖,购债计划目的之一就是为了降低长期借款成本.贝南克周四试图打压有关他意在推高通胀的忧虑,通胀率现在已经接近美联储2%的目标水平.他表示,量化宽松的目的是压低失业率.目前失业率在为8.1%,许多分析师认为这个数字远高於应有水平.但他承认,美联储一段时间内可能会容忍通胀率上升."如果像我们在1月声明中谈到的那样,通胀高於目标水平,我们会采取均衡措施,"他在美联储新闻发布会宣布新政策後表示."我们会令通胀逐渐降回目标水平,但我们在采取行动时会将我们两个目标水平的偏差纳入考量."许多分析师表示,美联新方案规模可能会超越此前,且更重要的是,能够达到理想的效果."我们认为美联储的强势承诺、欧洲方面的进展和美国大选过後,2013年美国经济将得到强劲提振,成长很有机会高於趋势水平,"法国巴黎银行分析师Julia Coronado在给投资者的报告中表示.她表示,美联储上周四的声明可能令其资产负债表规模再增加1.2-1.7万亿(兆)美元.和经济指标挂钩美联储自2008年12月起即保持短期利率接近于零,现在贝南克带领美联储走进了更新的领域,以进一步降低实质利率.贝南克加大对量化宽松的押注,似乎足以迎合美联储内部的两大阵营--温和派主张以更多量化宽松来压低失业率,但强硬派却担心更多量化宽松会让经济过热而引发通胀."每个人都喜欢把它和经济状况连在一起,"Capital Economics首席美国经济分析师Paul Ashworth说.他预估QE3的规模最终将达到9,600亿-1.44万亿美元."温和派喜欢QE3,是因为他们认为市场会以为QE3比QE2规模更大,"他说."同时,强硬派的人则是认为,如果经济升温,他们可以停止QE3."美联储并未说最新计画的规模会是多少,但从其周四公布的季度经济预估可窥见一二.只有三名美联储决策者认为目前8.1%的失业率会在明年底之前减少超过半个百分点.Ashworth说,如果美联储认为失业率降到7%算是明显改善,那麽上述预估即暗示购债计画将持续至2014年底;如美联储认为失业率需降到比7%再低一些,则购债计画可能需持续至2015年中期.美联储周四称,近零利率至少维持到2015年中.目标不至,努力不止不论最终对第三轮量化宽松设定怎样的规模上限,都会显得极高.美联储可能只会买公债和机构债,一些联储官员表示,美联储已经在不影响市场运转的情况下尽可能买入公债.而在抵押支持证券(MBS)方面,美联储有足够的施展空间:分析师预计MBS市场的规模超过7兆(万亿)美元,不过联储需要避免干扰市场的正常运转.巴克莱分析师Michael Gapen认为,第三轮量化宽松规模将达到7,000亿美元--稍高於第二轮量化宽松,但不到第一轮规模的一半.Gapen称,QE的效果或许仅限於将经济成长率提升零点几个百分点,但这已足以激发动能."如果可以让经济持续高於趋势水平,那麽就会获得自动加强的效果."他说.再加上欧洲央行(ECB)承诺将视情况所需买入欧元区国家公债(条件是这些国家开展改革),Gapen认为第三轮量化宽松"有望对美国经济产生非常积极的作用."不过他也表示,美国经济仍面临一个现实的威胁:假如国会不采取行动,一系列增税和支出削减方案将在年底自动生效.但国会若能成功避免所谓的"财政悬崖",美国经济的表现将超出预期,最终将令第三轮量化宽松规模缩减.。
2016考研英语一真题及详解【3】
2016考研英语一真题及详解【3】TEXT3“There is on and only one social responsibility of business,” wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel prize-winning economist, “That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.” But even if you accept Friedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders’ money, things may not be absolutely clear-cut. New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies-at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal” that a company’s products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect way to donate to the good causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse “halo effect,” whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. Al recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under America’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get morelenient penalties,. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firm’s political influence, rather than their CSR sta nd, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR. “We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern , such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving byabout20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing fore ign officials”, says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies. But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them less costly punishment.31.The author views Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR with[A]tolerance.[B]skepticism.[C]uncertainty.[D]approval.32.According to Paragraph 2,CSR helps a company by[A]winning trust from consumers.[B]guarding it against malpractices.[C]protecting it from being defamed.[D]raising the quality of its products.33. The expression “more lenient ”(line 2,para.4)is closestin meaning to[A]more effective[B]less controversial[C]less severe[D]more lasting34. When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company’s CSR regard[A]has an impact on their decision[B]comes across as reliable evidence[C]increases the chance of being penalized[D]constitutes part of the investigation35.Which of the following is true of CSR, according to the last paragraph?[A] Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked.[B] The necessary amount of companies’ spending on it is unknown.[C] Companies’ financial capacity for it has been overestimated.[D] It has brought much benefit to the banking industry.31.答案 B Skepticism解析：作者观点态度题。
2016年MPAcc管理类联考英语完形真题及解析
2016年MPAcc管理类联考英语完形真题及解析2016年考研英语考试应经结束了，跨考小编为各位考生整理了2016年MPAcc管理类联考英语完形真题及解析，请参考！Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)In our contemporary culture, the prospect of communicating with –or even looking at –a stranger is virtually unbearable. Everyone around us seems to agree by the way they cling to the phones, even without a __1__ on a subway.It’s a sad reality –our desire to avoid interacting with other human beings –because there’s __2__ to be gained from talking to the stranger standing by you. But you wouldn’t know it, __3__ into your phone. This universal protection sends the __4__:”Please don’t approach me.”What is it that makes us feel we need to hide __5__ our screens?One answer is fear, according to Jon Wortmann, an executive mental coach. We fear rejection, or that our innocent social advances will be __6__ as “weird.”We fear we’ll be __7__. We fear we’ll be disruptive.Strangers are inherently__8__to us, so we are more likely to feel__9__when communicating with them compared with our friends and acquaintances. To avoid this uneasiness, we_ 10_ to our phones.”Phones become our security blanket,”Wortmann says.”They are our happy glasses that protect us from what we perceive is going to be more __11___”But once we rip off the band-aid, tuck our smartphones in our pockets and look up, it doesn’t ___12___so bad. In one 2011 experiment, behavioral scientists Nicholas Epley and Juliana Schroeder asked commuters to do the unthinkable: Start a __13___. They had Chicago train commuters talk to their fellow __14___.”When Dr. Epley and Ms.Schroeder asked other people in the same train station to __15___how they would feel after talking to a stranger, the commuters thought their __16___ would be more pleasant if they sat on their own,”The New York Timessummarizes. Though the participants didn’t expect a positive experience, after they __17__with the experiment,”not a single person reported having been embarrassed”__18__, these commutes were reportedly more enjoyable compared with those without communication, which makes absolute sense, ___19___human beings thrive off of social connections. It’s that ___20___: Talking to strangers can make you feel connected.1. [A]signal [B]permit [C]ticket [D]record2. [A]nothing [B]little [C]another [D]much3. [A]beaten [B]guided [C]plugged [D]brought4. [A]sign [B]code [C]notice [D]message5. [A]under [B]behind [C]beyond [D]from6. [A]misapplied [B]mismatched [C]misadjusted [D]misinterpreted7. [A]replaced [B]fired [C]judged [D]delayed8. [A]unreasonable [B]ungrateful [C]unconventional [D]unfamiliar9. [A]comfortable [B]confident [C]anxious [D]angry10. [A]attend [B]point [C]take [D]turn11. [A]dangerous [B]mysterious [C]violent [D]boring12. [A]hurt [B]resist [C]bend [D]decay13. [A]lecture [B]conversation [C]debate [D]negotiation14. [A]passengers [B]employees [C]researchers [D]trainees15. [A]reveal [B]choose [C]predict [D]design16. [A]voyage [B]ride [C]walk [D]flight17. [A]went through [B]did away [C]caught up [D]put up18. [A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In particular [D]In consequence19. [A]unless [B]since [C]if [D]whereas20. [A]funny [B]logical [C]simple [D]rare参考答案及解析：1.【答案】A signal【解析】名词辨析。
2016年职称英语理工C阅读理解真题详解
2016年职称英语理工C阅读理解真题详解这篇2016年理工类A级考试的阅读判断的文章，这一篇文章是选择教材以外的。
下面就给同学们详细的来解析一下这篇文章。
The Greatest of Victorian EngineersIn the hundred years up to 1860, the work of a small group of construction engineers carried forward the enormous social and economic change that we associate with the Industrial Revolution in Britain. The most important of these engineers was Isambard Kingdom Brunel, whose work in shipping, bridge-building, and railway construction, to name just three fields, both challenged and motivated his colleagues. He was the driving force behind a number of the hugely ambitious projects, some of which resulted in works which are still in use today.The son of an engineer, Brunel apprenticed with his father at an early age on the building of the Thames Tunnel. At the age of just twenty, he became engineer in charge of the project. This impressive plan to bore under the Thames twice suffered two major disasters when the river broke through into the tunnel when the second breach(决口) occurred in 1872, Brunel was seriously injured during rescue operation and further work was halted.While recovering from his injuries, Brunel entered a design competition for a new bridge over the Avon Gorge near Clifton. The original judge of the competition was Thomas Telford, a leading civil engineer of his day, who rejected all entries to the competition in favor of his own design. After considerable scandal, a second contest was held and Brunel’s design was accepted. For reasons of funding, however, exacerbated(加剧) by social unrest in Bristol, the project was abandoned in 1843 with only the towers completed. After Brunel’s death, it was decided to begin work on it again, partly so that the bridge could form a fitting memorial to the great engineer. The entire structure was finally completed in 1864. Today, the well-known Clifton Suspension Bridge is a symbol of Bristol,just as the Opera House is of Sydney. Originally intended only for horse-drawn traffic, the bridge now bears over four million motor vehicles a year.16. Brunel was an important airplane engineer in Britain during the Industrial Revolution.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned【正确答案】C【答案解析】第一步：划出题干的信息词，有：Brunel，important airplane engineer，Britain，Industrial Revolution。
2016年MBA联考英语真题及答案解析
A.advertised
B.divided
C.overtaxed
D.headquartered
第9题
____
A.explain
B.overstate
C.summarize
D.emphasize
第10题
____
A.stages
B.factors
C.levels
D.meБайду номын сангаасhods
第11题
____
___7___enough, firms´ investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were___8___. But is it really happiness that´s linked to investment, or could something else about happier cities___9___why firms there spend more on R&D To find out, the researchers controlled for various___10___that might make firms more likely to invest-like size, industry, and sales-and for indicators that a place was___11___to live in, like growth in wages or population. The link between happiness and investment generally___12___even after accounting for these things.
2016MPACC英语阅读素材(五)
2016MPACC英语阅读素材(五)The Federal Reserve will not waver from its aggressive policy stance when one of its two bond-buying programs expires at year end, and it is prepared to do even more to get Americans back to work, two Fed officials said on Tuesday.The U.S. central bank, which last week launched a potentially massive policy-easing effort with no set end date, will closely watch the ailing labor market for meaningful signs of improvement, the Fed policymakers said.In response to lackluster economic growth that has not been enough to drive the unemployment rate down from levels above 8 percent, the Fed headed deeper into uncharted policy territory with a third round of quantitative easing, or QE3.William Dudley, president of the New York Federal Reserve Bank, said the economy needed a "nudge in the right direction," while Charles Evans, head of the Chicago Fed, predicted the central bank will keep buying assets at its current $85 billion-per-month pace into the new year."If the economy is weaker, we'll do more" asset purchases, said Dudley, a close ally of Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke and a key barometer of the thinking inside the central bank. "If the economy is stronger and we see a substantial improvement in the outlook for the labor market sooner, we'll end up doing less."Dudley, addressing the Morris County Chamber of Commerce in New Jersey, added: "If you're trying to get a car moving that is stuck in the mud, you don't stop pushing the moment the wheels start turning - you keep pushing until the car is rolling and is clearly free."Last week the Fed said it plans to buy $40 billion every month in mortgage-backed securities until the labor market outlook improves substantially.The purchases come on top of an existing stimulus program in which the central bank buys about $45 billion a month in long-term Treasuries while selling the same amount of short-term Treasuries. That program, dubbed Operation Twist and designed to drive down long-term borrowing rates such as mortgages, runs through the end of 2012.Evans, who has long advocated such aggressive action by the Fed, said he would be surprised if there is enough evidence by year-end to halt Treasurypurchases altogether."Under those conditions, I would expect we would continue with something like an $85 billion base of purchases ... that's a benchmark to start from," he told reporters after a speech in Ann Arbor, Michigan.The Fed in late 2008 slashed interest rates to near zero and has since bought $2.3 trillion in securities in an unprecedented drive to spur growth and revive the economy after the worst recession in decades. Yet the recovery, especially in jobs, has been slow, leading the central bank to say it expects to keep rates at rock bottom at least through mid 2015.Wall Street economists have been trying to pinpoint exactly what conditions would constitute a "substantial" improvement in the outlook for the labor market, which the Fed last week suggested would halt the newmoney-printing program.Addressing this question, Dudley said the Fed will watch all corners of the labor market, including payroll growth, the number of Americans who have given up the hunt for work, the employment-to-population-ratio and job-finding rates, as well as the broader measure of unemployment.At year end, further purchases of Treasuries will depend on an assessment of costs and benefits and on labor improvement, said Dudley, who as head of the important New York regional Fed bank has a permanent vote on Fed policy.Ultimately, the Fed is looking for a stronger recovery alongside stable prices, said Dudley. "When that finally materializes, I'll view it as consistent with the result we are trying to achieve, and not a reason to pull back our policies prematurely," he added.INTERNAL POLICY RIFTSFed policymakers broadly agree that U.S. unemployment is much too high; most also agree that inflation, which has hovered near the Fed's 2 percent target, is well under control. But there continue to be deep rifts within the central bank over the best policy response.Dallas Fed President Richard Fisher, a forceful opponent of further easing, said he would have dissented last week if he had a vote on the bank'spolicy-setting Federal Open Market Committee this year."I would argue that it is less impactful right now because you have other things inhibiting businesses from making decisions on capex and employment," Fisher told CNBC. "I don't think this program will have much efficacy."James Bullard, president of the St. Louis Fed, expressed a similar sentiment. While he has been less skeptical than Fisher about the use of bond buys as a stimulus option, Bullard told Reuters he did not think the economic data sufficiently weak to warrant the latest round of monetary easing."I would have voted against it based on the timing. I didn't feel like we had a good enough case to make a major move at this juncture," said Bullard, who is not a voter this year on the Federal Open Market Committee."We should take a little bit more (of a) wait and see posture. I think that constellation of economic data doesn't really dictate the decision that we made."Only one of the 12 Fed voting policymakers dissented against QE3, which came very close to a plan Evans has advocated for the past year: a vow to keep rates low until unemployment drops below 7 percent or inflation threatens to top 3 percent, and to buy bonds if progress on jobs is not fast enough."I am optimistic that we can achieve better outcomes through more monetary policy accommodation," Evans told a business breakfast sponsored by the Bank of Ann Arbor. "This is the time to act," he said, adding that asset purchases could begin to taper in 2014 if the labor market improves as he expects.Evans cast the debate over monetary policy as one between optimists who believe further easing can deliver a stronger economy, and pessimists who say it will only spark inflation. Pessimists have warned for years about higher inflation, only to have their predictions fall short, he said.Risks abound that could send the U.S. economy back into recession, he said, citing a potential global slowdown, spillover from Europe's sovereign debt crisis and the looming "fiscal cliff.""We cannot be complacent and assume that the economy is not being damaged if no action is taken," Evans said.相关中文资料两名美国联邦储备委员会(FED,美联储)官员周二表示,当两项购债计划中的一项在年底到期後,美联储的积极政策立场不会动摇.美联储决策者表示,美联储将密切关注疲弱的就业市场,寻找有意义的改善迹象.美联储上周宣布了一项潜在规模巨大的政策宽松计划,而且没有设定截止日期.美国经济成长乏力,难以压低目前在8%以上的失业率.为此,美联储推出了第三轮量化宽松(QE3),进一步深入前所未有的政策地带.纽约联邦储备银行总裁杜德利表示,美国经济需要"在正确的方向上推一把".而美国芝加哥联邦储备银行总裁埃文斯预测,美联储明年亦将保持目前每月买进850亿美元资产的速度.杜德利称,"如果经济更加疲弱,我们将祭出更多"资产购买行动.杜德利是美联储主席伯南克的亲密盟友,他的立场是反映美联储内部想法的关键线索."如果经济成长较快增强且就业市场前景明显改善,我们最终购买的资产就会较少."杜德利在新泽西演讲时表示,"如果你试图使陷入泥淖里的汽车动起来,你不会在车轮刚开始转动就不推了--你将一直推,直至汽车开动并完全脱离泥淖."上周美联储称,计划每月购买400亿美元抵押支持债券(MBS),直到就业前景明显改善。
2016同等学力申硕英语真题及答案解析
2016同等学力申硕英语真题及答案解析IntroductionIn 2016, the English examination for the Master's degree admission via equivalent qualification was held. This article aims to provide an analysis of the exam questions and answers, allowing candidates to better understand the content and improve their overall performance.Section 1: Reading Comprehension1. Passage 1: Title: "The Importance of Emotional Intelligence"The first passage in the reading comprehension section discusses the significance of emotional intelligence. It explores how emotional intelligence plays a pivotal role in one's personal and professional life. The passage emphasizes self-awareness, empathy, and effective communication skills as essential aspects of emotional intelligence. The questions related to this passage primarily focus on understanding the main ideas and supporting evidence.2. Passage 2: Title: "The Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity"The second passage delves into the impact of climate change on biodiversity. It highlights how rising global temperatures and environmental shifts are affecting various ecosystems around the world. The passage explores potential solutions and calls for urgent action to mitigate the effects of climate change. The questions in this section assess the candidates' ability to comprehend the main arguments and infer information from the text.Section 2: Cloze TestThe cloze test evaluates the candidates' grasp of English vocabulary, grammar, and contextual understanding. This section consists of a passage with multiple gaps, which must be filled with appropriate words or phrases. The passage could be related to a variety of topics, such as education, technology, or environment.Section 3: Error CorrectionIn this section, candidates are presented with a text that contains grammatical errors. Their task is to identify and correct these errors based on their understanding of English grammar rules and sentence structure. The errors could range from verb tense agreement to word choice or punctuation mistakes.Section 4: TranslationThe translation section evaluates the candidates' ability to translate sentences from Chinese to English. The sentences provided could cover a wide range of topics, including social issues, economy, or culture. Accuracy, coherence, and appropriate word usage are crucial in this section.Section 5: WritingCandidates are required to write an essay on a given topic within a specific word limit. The essay assesses their writing skills, logical thinking, and ability to express ideas coherently. The topics could be related to current events, social challenges, or personal experiences. Clear structure, persuasive arguments, and correct grammar and vocabulary usage are essential for a high score.Answer and Analysis1. Reading Comprehension: The answers and explanations for the multiple-choice questions in the reading comprehension section are provided. Each question is analyzed, highlighting the correct answer choice and the reasons behind it. This allows candidates to understand the reasoning required to answer similar questions accurately.2. Cloze Test: The correct answers for the gaps in the cloze test section are provided, along with the explanations for each choice. This helps candidates comprehend the appropriate vocabulary and grammar required to complete the passage.3. Error Correction: The errors in the given text are identified and corrected, demonstrating the correct grammar rules and sentence structure. Detailed explanations accompany each correction to aid candidates in understanding common mistakes and improving their grammar skills.4. Translation: The correct translations for the provided sentences from Chinese to English are given, along with explanations for the word choices and syntax. This helps candidates enhance their translation skills and expand their vocabulary range.ConclusionThe 2016 same-level academic English examination for Master's degree admission covered various sections, including reading comprehension, cloze test, error correction, translation, and writing. The analysis and answers provided in this article aim to assist candidates in comprehending the exam format, understanding the correct answers, and improving their overall performance in future exams. By reviewing the questions, answers, andexplanations, candidates can identify their strengths and weaknesses and develop effective strategies for success in similar exams.。
2016考研英语阅读真题：考研英语(二)第3篇-毙考题
2016 考研英语阅读真题：考研英语（二）第3 篇That everyone ' s too busy these days is a cliche.But one specific complaint is made especially mournfully: There ' s never any time to read. What makes the problem thornier is that the usual time- management techniques don 's t eem sufficient.The web ' s full of articles offering tips on making time to read: “ Give up TV ” or “ Ca with you at all times ”.But in my experience, using such methods to free up the odd 30 minutes doesn ' t work.Sit down to read and the flywheel of work-related thoughts keeps spinning —or else you ' re so exhausted that a challenging book ' s the last thing you need.The modern mind, Tim Parks, a novelist and critic, writes, “ is overwhelmingly inclined toward communication...It is not simp ly that one is interrupted; it is that one is actually inclined to interruptionDeep reading requires not just time, but a special kind of time which can ' t be obtained mer by becoming more efficient.In fact, “ becoming more efficient h”e pisropbalertmo.f tThinking of time as a resource to be maximised means you approach it instrumentally,judging any given moment as well spent only in so far as it advances progress toward some goal.Immersive reading, by contrast, depends on being willing to risk inefficiency, goallessness,even time-wasting.Try to slot it as a to-do list item and you ' lml anage only goal-focused reading —useful, sometimes, but not the most fulfilling kind.“The future comes at us like empty bottles along an unstoppabl e and nearly infinite conveyor belt, ” writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time,and “we feel a pressure to fill these differen-st ized bottles (days, hours, minutes)as they pass,for if they get by without being filled, we will have wasted them ”.No mind-set could be worse for losing yourself in a book.So what does workPerhaps surprisingly, scheduling regular times for reading.You'd think this might fuel the efficiency mind -set,but in fact, Eberle notes, such ritualistic behaviour helps u s “step outside time 's flow ” into time ”.You could limit distractions by reading only physical books, or on single-purpose e-readers.“ Carrya book with you at all times ”can actually work, too —providing you dip in often enough, so that reading becomes the default state from which you temporarily surface to take care of business, before dropping back down.On a really good day, it no longer feels as if you 're “ making time to read,and making time for everything else.如今人人都抱怨自己很忙，这已经是人们口中的陈词滥调了。
2016年公共英语考试三级阅读理解真题
2016年公共英语考试三级阅读理解真题 距离公共英语三级上半年的考试时间不到10天，在最后冲刺阶段，店铺为⼤家找来了2016年公共英语三级阅读真题，希望能帮到⼤家! Part A Directions: Read the following two texts. Answer the questions on each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET. Text 1 Isabel has turned down two job offers in the past year. In 2006, she started her own consulting practice, but by 2008, most of her larger clients had to drop her because of the economy. In 2011, she was undertaking irregular assignments and knew she needed a steady job. The first job she considered was Director of HR for a company in Utah. After the initial interviews, she felt the job fit her except for the location. Still, she flew west to meet the hiring manager. The hiring manager explained that Isabel was the top candidate for the job but that, before she continued with the process, she should better understand the firm's culture. She directed Isabel to several videos of the company's CEO, who regularly appeared in front of the company in costume as part of morale building exercises and expected his senior leaders to do the same. "Even though I was desperate for a job, I knew I couldn't do that," Isabel says. She called the recruiter to turn down the job and explained that she didn't feel there was a cultural fit. A few months later, she interviewed for another job: a director of employee relations at a local university. After several interviews, the hiring manager told her the job was hers if she wanted it. The job had many positives : it was a low-stress environment, it offered great benefits, and the university was an employee-friendly place. But the job was relatively junior despite the title and Isabel worried it wouldn't be challenging enough. Finally, she turned it down. "It would be great to have a paycheck and great benefits but I would definitely have trouble sleeping at night," she says. In both cases, she was frank with the hiring managers about why she wasn't taking the jobs."In the past, it felt like dating, I was worried about hurting people's feelings," she says. However, they appreciated her frankness and thanked her for her honesty. She says it was hard to turn down the jobs and it was a risk for her financially but she felt she had to. 26. In 2011, Isabel_______ A. did consulting now and then B. found a job close to her home C. refused several job interviews D. ran a successful consulting firm 27. Isabel turned down the first job offer mainly because of its_______ A. CEO B. culture C. location D. recruiter 28. Isabel was dissatisfied with the second job due to its_______ A. junior rifle B. low benefits C. Environment D. lack of challenge 29. Isabel believed that her rejection of the jobs was______ A. harmful B. surprising C. justifiable D. troublesome 30. According to Isabel, it is important to______ A. look for jobs with little stress B. look for jobs with great benefits C. be truthful in declining job offers D. be cautious in declining job offers Text 2 You do not usually get something for nothing. Now, a new study reveals that the evolution of an improved learning ability could come at a particularly high price: an earlier death. Past experiments have demonstrated that it is relatively easy .through selective breeding to make rats, honey bees and-that great favourite of researchers-fruit flies a lot better at learning. Animals that are better learners should be competitive and, thus, over time, come to dominate a population by natural selection. But improved learning ability does not get selected amongst these animals in the wild. No one really understands why. Tadeusz Kawecki and his colleagues at the University of Fribourg in Switzerland have measured the effects of improved learning on the lives of fruit flies. The flies were given two different fruits as egg-laying sites. One of these was laced with a bitter additive that could be detected only on contact. The flies were then given the same fruit but without an additive. Flies that avoided the fruit which had been bitter were deemed to have learned from their experience. Their children were reared and the experiment was run again. After repeating the experiment for 30 generations, the children of the learned flies were com- pared with normal flies. The researchers report in a forthcoming edition of Evolution that although learning ability could be bred into a population of fruit flies, it shortened their lives by 15%. When the researchers compared their learned flies to colonies selectively bred to live long lives, they found even greater differences. Whereas learned flies had reduced their life spans, the long-lived flies learned less well than even average flies. The authors suggest that evolving an improved learning ability may require a greater investment in the nervous system which takes resources away from processes that delay ageing. However, Dr. Kawecki thinks the effect could also be a by-product of greater brain activity increasing the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), which can increase oxidation in the body and damage health. No one knows whether the phenomenon holds true for other animals. So, biologists, at least, still have a lot to learn. 31. Past experiments prove selective breeding can make animals better_______ A. Commanders B. Competitors C. survivors D. learners 32. In this experiment, scientists observed that________ A. some flies avoided the fruit without an addictive B. some flies preferred the fruit with an addictive C. the eggs of the flies were not damaged D. the impact on the flies did not last long 33. The forthcoming report says that_______ A. long-lived flies are better at laying eggs B. long-lived flies are poorer in learning C. learned flies have a relatively long life D. learned flies live as long as average ones 34. According to Dr.Kawecki, greater brain activity______ A. reduces oxygen consumption B. regulates the nervous system C. speeds up the ageing process D. stabilizes the ageing process 35. We learn from the text that_______ A. the research findings need to be tested further B. biologists are doing similar research on other animals C. the animal world usually follows the same universal laws D. biologists are applying their findings to other areas 真题答案： 26.A 27.B 28.D 29.A 30.C 31.D 32.A 33.B 34.C 35.A Part B Directions: Read the texts from a magazine article in which five people talk about tipping in a restaurant. For questions 36-40, match the name of each person to one of the statements (A- G) given below. Mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET. Richard: I've always viewed tipping as a way of saying "thank you" to the one who serves me. I believe what is bad is when no tip is left at all. The better the service, the higher the tip. Unless the service is literally perfect, I never tip more than 10% of the bill. Much like the harder teachers in school, I never give an easy “A.”My assessment is honest. Daniel: A tip is a "thank you," but in truth, a tip is payment for service. 20% is a standard tip. Servers deserve it for their hard work. Restaurants will never pay more for labor unless they are forced to do so by new laws. Tips make up about 97% of a server's total income. Those tips are needed for survival. So, before servers are paid a living wage, tip 20%.。
2016考研英语阅读基础
2016考研英语阅读基础Reading Comprehension屠皓民UNIT ONEA history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July.) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America's machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America's industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. "American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted," according to Richard Cavanaugh, executive dean of Harvard's Kennedy School of Government. "It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity," says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, D.C. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as "a golden age of business management in the United States."1. The US achieved its predominance after World War Ⅱ because________.[A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal[B] its domestic market was eight times larger than before[C] the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors[D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy2. The loss of US predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American________.[A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market[B] semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises[C] machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions[D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market3. What can be inferred from the passage?[A] It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.[B] Economic decline may bring about the loss of confidence towards the future.[C] The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.[D] A long history of success may pave the way for further development.4. The author seems to believe the revival of the US economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the________.[A] turning of the business cycle[B] restructuring of industry[C] improved business management[D] success in educationUNIT TWOPersonality is to a large extent inherent — A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.One place where children soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the "win at all costs" moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: "Rejoice, we conquer!"By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into B's. The world needs types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child's personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A- type stock. B's are important and should be encouraged.1. According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually ________.[A] impatient[B] considerate[C] aggressive[D] agreeable2. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because ________.[A] the pressure is too great on the students[B] some students are bound to fail[C] failure rates are too high[D] the results of examinations are doubtful3. The selection of medical professionals is currently based on ________.[A] candidates' sensitivity[B] academic achievements[C] competitive spirit[D] surer values4. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that ________.[A] the personality of a child is well established at birth[B] family influence dominates the shaping of one's characteristics[C] the development of one's personality is due to multiple factors[D] B-type characteristics can find no place in a competitive societyUNIT THREEThere are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language — all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may "fail" at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we're shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we're slow to adapt to change or that we're not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.1. A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when ________.[A] he has given up his smoking habit[B] he has made great efforts in his work[C] he is keen on learning anything new[D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey2. In the author's eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would ________.[A] succeed in climbing up the social ladder[B] judge his ability to grow from his own achievements[C] face difficulties and take up challenges[D] aim high and reach his goal each time3. When the author says "a new way of being" (line 3, para 3) he is referring to ________.[A] a new approach to experiencing the world[B] a new way of taking risks[C] a new method of perceiving ourselves[D] a new system of adaptation to change4. For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following EXCEPT ________.[A] curiosity about more chances[B] promptness in self-adaptation[C] open-mindedness to new experiences[D] avoidance of internal fears and doubtsUNIT FOURWill the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different: ”European economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, euro-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.1. The EU is faced with so many problems that .[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation2. The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominant powers .[A] are competing for the leading position[B] are busy handling their own crises[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration3. To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed that .[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased[B] stricter regulations be imposed[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed4. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that __ __.［A］poor countries are more likely to get funds［B］strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries［C］loans will be readily available to rich countries［D］rich countries will basically control EurobondsUNIT FIVEScience has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Galileo's 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake's harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics —but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked "anti-science" in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as "The Flight from Science and Reason," held in New York City in 1995, and "Science in the Age of (Mis)information," which assembled last June near Buffalo.Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science's objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. "The term 'anti-science' can lump together too many, quite different things," notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science, "They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened."1. The word "schism" (line 3, paragraph 1) in the context probably means ________.[A] confrontation[B] dissatisfaction[C] separation[D] contempt2. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ________.[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science's power[B] show the author's sympathy with scientists[C] explain the way in which science develops[D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities3. Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A] Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.[C] The "more enlightened" tend to tag others as anti-science.[D] Tagging environmentalists as "anti-science" is justifiable4. The author's attitude toward the issue of "science vs. anti-science" is ________.[A] impartial[B] subjective[C] biased[D] puzzlingUNIT SIXWhy do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? TheAmerican Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. Theorganization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project.Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factualerrors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratchingpuzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the worldthrough a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day's events. Inother words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides abackbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news.There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers,which helps explain why the "standard templates" of the newsroom seem alien to manyreaders. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle size citiesaround the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents in thesecommunities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to livein upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they're lesslikely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community.Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their worktends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the newsmedia isn't rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of worldviews between reporters and their readers.This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is atroubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers.Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering whycustomers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around tonoticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about.If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race andgender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.1. What is the passage mainly about?[A] Needs of the readers all over the world.[B] Causes of the public disappointment about newspapers.[C] Origins of the declining newspaper industry.[D] Aims of a journalism credibility project.2. The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be ________.[A] quite trustworthy[B] somewhat contradictory[C] very illuminating[D] rather superficial3. The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their ________.[A] working attitude[B] conventional lifestyle[C] world outlook[D] educational background4. Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its ________.[A] failure to realize its real problem[B] tendency to hire annoying reporters[C] likeliness to do inaccurate reporting[D] prejudice in matters of race and genderUNIT SEVENBeing a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone.There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women has 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today —everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring —means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, it has involved little physical change. No other species fills so many places in nature. But in the past 100,000 years — even the past 100 years — our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they "look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension." No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.1. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?[A] A lack of mates.[B] A fierce competition.[C] A lower survival rate.[D] A defective gene.2. What does the example of India illustrate?[A] Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.[B] Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.[C] The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.[D] India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.3. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because________.[A] life has been improved by technological advance[B] the number of female babies has been declining[C] our species has reached the highest stage of evolution[D] the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing4. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?[A] Sex Ration Changes in Human Evolution.[B] Ways of Continuing Man's Evolution.[C] The Evolutionary Future of Nature.[D] Human Evolution Going Nowhere.Unit EightWild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War Ⅱ and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the "great game" of espionage — spying as a "profession". These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan's vocation as well.The latest revolution isn't simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen's e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it "open-source intelligence", and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.Among the firms making the biggest splash in this new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at .Straiford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster's dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. "As soon as that report runs, we'll suddenly get 500 new Internet sign-ups from Ukraine," says Friedman, a former political science professor. "And we'll hear back from some of them." Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That's where Straitford earns its keep.Friedman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firm's outsider status as the key to its success. Straitford's briefs don't sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.1. The emergence of the Net has ________.[A] received support from fans like Donovan[B] remolded the intelligence services[C] restored many common pastimes[D] revived spying as a profession2. Donovan's story is mentioned in the text to ________.[A] introduce the topic of online spying[B] show how he fought for the US[C] give an episode of the information war[D] honor his unique services to the CIA3. The phrase "making the biggest splash" (line 1, paragraph 3) most probably means ________.[A] causing the biggest trouble[B] exerting the greatest effort[C] achieving the greatest success[D] enjoying the widest popularity4. It can be learned from paragraph 4 that ________.[A] Straitford's prediction about Ukraine has proved true[B] Straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its information[C] Straitford's business is characterized by unpredictability[D] Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information5. Straitford is most proud of its ________.[A] official status[B] nonconformist image[C] efficient staff[D] military backgroundUnit NineIn recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such "captive" shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It's theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. "Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?" asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail's net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who's going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.。
2016职称英语理工类备考阅读理解练习题
2016职称英语理工类备考阅读理解练习题There are several different methods that can be used to create a forecast. The method a forecaster chooses depends upon the experience of the forecaster, the amount of information available to the forecaster, the level of difficulty that the forecast situation presents, and the degree of accuracy or confidence needed in the forecast.The first of these methods is the persistence method; the simplest way of producing a forecast. The persistence method assumes that the conditions at the time of the forecast will not change. For example, if it is sunny and 87 degrees today, the persistence method predicts that it will be sunny and 87 degrees tomorrow. If two inches of rain fell today, the persistence method would predict two inches of rain for tomorrow. However, if weather conditions change significantly from day to day, the persistence method usually breaks down and is not the best forecasting method to use.The trends method involves determining the speed and direction of movement for fronts, high and low pressure centers, and areas of clouds and precipitation(降水量). Using this information, the forecaster can predict where he or she expects those features to be at some future time. For example, if a storm system is 1,000 miles west of your location and moving to the east at 250 miles per day, using the trends method you would predict it to arrive in your area in 4 days. The trends methodworks well when systems continue to move at the same speed in the same direction for a long period of time. If they slow down, speed up, change intensity, or change direction, the trends forecast will probably not work as well.The climatology(气候学) method is another simple way of producing a forecast. This method involves averaging weather statistics accumulated over many years to make the forecast. For example, if you were using the climatology method to predict the weather for New York City on July 4th, you would go through all the weather data that has been recorded for every July 4th and take an average. The climatology method only works well when the weather pattern is similar to that expected for the chosen time of year. If the pattern is quite unusual for the given time of year, the climatology method will often fail.The analog method is a slightly more complicated method of producing a forecast. It involves examining today's forecast scenario(模式) and remembering a day in the past when the weather scenario looked very similar (an analog). The forecaster would predict that the weather in this forecast will behave the same as it did in the past. The analog method is difficult to use because it is virtually impossible to find a predict analog. Various weather features rarely align themselves in the same locations as they were in the previous time. Even small differences between the current time and the analog can lead to very different results.31. Which of the following factors is NOT mentioned in choosing a forecasting method?A. Necessary amount of information.B. Degree of difficulty involved in forecasting.C. Practical knowledge of the forecaster.D. Creativity of the forecaster.32. The persistence method fails to work well whenA. it is rainy.B. it is sunny.C. weather conditions stay stable.D. weather conditions change greatly.33. The trends method works well whenA. weather features are constant for a long period of time.B. weather features are defined well enough.C. predictions on precipitation are accurate.D. the speed and direction of movement are predicable.34. The analog method should not be used in making a weather forecast whenA. the analog looks complicated.B. the current weather scenario is different from the analog.C. the analog is more than 10 years old.D. the current weather scenario is exactly the same as the analog.35. Historical weather data are necessary inA. the persistence method and the trends method.B. the trends method and the climatology method.C. the climatology method and the analog method.D. The persistence method and the analog method.参考答案：DDABC更多职称英语考试免费资料请访问“新东方在线职称英语频道”。