STUDY ON FUZZY PD CONTROL OF PLANAR TWO-LINK FLEXIBLE MANIPULATOR

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QUARC_Quancer公司产品,自动控制软件介绍

A SINGLE PC SOLUTION FOR RAPID CONTROL PROTOTYPING IN WINDOWS ®.QUARC generates real-time code directly from Simulink®-designed controllers and runs the generated code in real-time on the Windows® target - all on the same PC. The Data Acquisition Card seamlessly interfaces with Simulink® using Hardware-in-the-loop blocks provided in the QUARC T argets Library.SPLIT SECOND CONTROL DESIGN – A DECADE IN ThE MAkINGQUARC was built on the legacy of WinCon, the first real-time software to run Simulink®-generated code in Windows®. QUARC seamlessly integrates with Simulink® and redefines the traditional design-to-implementation interface toolset. Just click a button to enjoy more functionality and development flexibility, all geared towards improved real-time performance. Academics havesuccessfully deployed many advanced control and mechatronic systems, ranging from intelligent unmanned systems to force-feedback-enabled virtual reality.ADVANCEDINDUSTRIAL R&DACADEMIA INDUSTRYFOUR USES OF QUARCCONTROLS EDUCATION INNOVATIVERESEARCH GRADUATE-LEVEL EXPLORATION Enhance your engineering courses with industry- relevant hands-on learning Explore practical solutions for real-life challenges with a synergistic approachConduct ground-breaking research in emerging areas such as Unmanned Vehicle Systems and hapticsFast track time-to-market with an affordable rapid control prototyping solutionChoosing software for control system design andimplementation is critical for timely, successful research and development. Quanser knows this because we’ve pioneered control engineering for over 20 years. That’s why we created QUARC – a powerful rapid control prototyping tool that significantly accelerates control design and implementation. initially designed for industrial demands, QUARC is nonetheless ideal foradvanced research, masters-level, and evenundergraduate, teaching. QUARC is an integral part of all Quanser control lab workstations and is used all over the world by thousands of educational institutions and organizations, including the Canadian Space Agency and Defense Research and Development Canada. Discover what QUARC can help you achieve in less time and effort than you might be spending now.ACCELERATE CONTROLS EDUCATIONQUARC is an ideal tool to teach control concepts. It allows students to draw a controller, generate code and run it - all without Digital Signal Processing or without writing a single line of code. The capabilities of this powerful yet adaptable software are emphasized by the comprehensive curriculum that accompanies Quanser’s control lab equipment. The supplied Instructor and Student Workbooks feature lab exercises and projects based on Simulink®. They help focus students’ efforts on key control concepts rather than tedious code writing. The curriculum is developed by engineers for engineers to effectively demonstrate and teach the mechatronic design approach practised in industry. This includes modeling, controller design, simulation and implementation. An excellent low-cost rapid control prototyping system, QUARC is being usedby thousands of institutions worldwide. It is an effective and efficient teaching tool for undergraduate and graduate-level courses in classical and modern control theory.hOW QUARC FUSES MULTIPLEENGINEERING COURSESThe Integrated Learning Centre at Queen’s University fuses all engineering disciplines into one modern lab. Quanser’s workstations, featuring a wide range of modular Quanser experiments, are used here to teach introductory, intermediate and advanced controls. QUARC software is an integral part of all those workstations. An economical approach to outfitting a lab, it also keeps students motivated, providing access to even more hands-on learning.CONTROLS EDUCATIONis done, allowing the studentsto focus more on the controldesign theory and less on theworkings of MATLABSimulink, thus improvingthe learning experience.”Dr. Wen-Hua Chen,Loughborough University,United KingdomThis Flexible Link module furtherexpands your topics of study withthe SRV02 workstation.All on a Single PCQUARC provides a single PC solution for rapid control prototypingin Windows XP® or Vista®. It generates real-time code directly fromSimulink®-designed controllers – but for the same PC. This single PCSolution for rapid control prototyping significantly accelerates controldesign and implementation. This helps students focus on theimportant aspects of the control design process and completeproject-based assignments successfully.Simple. Intuitive.QUARC user interfaces are easy to understand without training.For example, QUARC’s “external mode” communications allow theSimulink® diagram to communicate with real-time code generatedfrom the model. Tune parameters of the running model by changingblock parameters in the Simulink® diagram. Want to view the statusof a signal in the model? Simply open a Simulink® Scope (or any otherSink in the diagram) while the model runs on the target. Furthermore,data can be streamed to the MATLAB® workspace or to a file on diskfor off-line analysis.Low MaintenanceQUARC streamlines the process of maintaining and servicing a laboratorywithout sacrificing system performance or an excessive amount of yourstaff’s time. The extremely flexible host-target structure allows QUARC usersto maximize limited resources (i.e. PC, laptop and hardware) with minimaleffort or cost. Host (control design environment) and target (platformwhich executes the real-time code) can be on separate computers yet stillcommunicate through a network connection. QUARC can sustain anypossible multi-configuration. Ask about License Server Architecture.The Integrated Learning Center, Queen’s University, Canada.BRING ThEORIES TO LIFEWhether you’re exploring emerging technologies or transforming knowledge into solutions for real-world challenges, count on Quanser to help you achieve your research goals. The power of QUARC software combined with Quanser’s innovative plants can helpresearchers test their theories in real-time, on real hardware. QUARC seamlessly integrates with Quanser’s research platforms toimplement virtually any control algorithm. Combine QUARC with Quanser’s multi-function Data Acquisition card and plants to create a self-contained control workstation ideal for advanced research. Use it to design, simulate, implement, and test a variety of time-varyingsystems: communications, controls, signal processing, video processing, and image processing.All this is achievable quickly , easily and affordably because the workstation is a fully integrated, open-architecture solution.The set-up pictured below shows a 3 DOF Gyroscope workstation as one example of a Quanser workstation for high level research. This typical configuration entails: • P lant • Amplifier• Data Acquisition Card • Virtual Plant Simulation• Rapid Control Prototyping Design Software • Pre-designed ControllersFor more information about the Quanser’s research platformsplease visit /MCC.14323 DOF GYROSCOPEFeaturing three Degrees Of Freedom (DOF), this dynamically diverse experimental platform is ideal for teaching rotational dynamic challenges.DATA ACQUISITION CARDMeasure and command real-time signals with high I/Osampling period. QUARC supports a wide range of Quanser and National Instruments data acquisition cards. For a complete list please visit /QUARC.AMPLIFIER AMPAQQuanser’s multi-channel linear current amplifier is ideal forprecision controls. The AMPAQ connects to the DAQ terminal board and is connected to the 3-DOF Gyroscope with its easy-connect cables.SOFTWARE TO ACCELERATE DESIGN3-DOF Gyroscope models are designed to run in real-time with QUARC ® software, which integrates seamlessly withMATLAB ®/Simulink ®.“Using Quanser’s software, we can easily design control systems for many plants. We can apply complex control strategies quickly and effectively - and it is very easy to verify theory on the real plant.”Kenichi yano,Associate Professor, Gifu University , JapanEFFORTLESS INTEGRATION FOR MEChATRONIC RESEARChQUARC is a powerful, flexible mechatronic integration tool, providing time-saving and simple solutions to those unique challenges encountered when you’re developing mechatronic systems. Whether you have custom-made research platforms or use manufactured equipment, QUARC is the only software that makes it easy to interface with all of them. QUARC offers a suite of third-party device blocks which help researchers seamlessly interface and control KUKA robots, PGR cameras and SensAble® PHANTOM devices, to name a few. These blocks not only allow a Simulink® model to communicate with external devices but also implement the mathematical framework for controlling them. All this is possible without the need to learn new tools or hand coding since the controller design and integration is performed in an environment most researchers are familiar with, such as Windows®, MATLAB®, Simulink®.“QUARC’s support of TCP/IP has been a tremendous help for our research. It allowed us to develop a distributed sensing system that isn’t dependent on expensive I/O hardware or DAQ boards. Further, this allows for safety-critical redundancy when we aredoing vehicle control tests.”Sean Brennan,Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering,Pennsylvania State University , USAQUARC OFFERS OVER 10 BLOCKSETSThe table provides an overview. At a glance,you can see specific research applications, unique attributes and technical specifications.Now you can enjoy greater flexibility whenimplementing control schemes. QUARC expands the possibilities for complex control design by:multiple operating Systems Support.QUARC is designed so that code could be generated for multipleoperating systems and hardware platforms while maintaining a common, seamless and easy-to-use interface. Simulink® models can run in real-time on a variety of targets - a target being acombination of operating system and processor for which QUARC generates code from a Simulink® diagram. Targets includeWindows® and QNX®. The number of targets QUARC supports is continually increasing.Support for Communications.The QUARC Stream API offers a flexible and protocol-independent communications framework. Conduct standard communication between QUARC models and more: between a QUARC model and an external third-party application (e.g., graphical userinterface) or even between two external third-party applications. The Stream API is independent of the development environment and can be used in C/C++, .NET, MATLAB®, LabVIEW TM , etc. The Stream API enables the communication between multiple real-time model over the internet. This could be used for distributed control, teleoperation, device interfacing, etc. The stream API natively supports the following protocols: TCP/IP, UDP, serial, shared memory , named pipes, ARCNET, and more.For demos and tutorials on QUARC’s communication capabilities request a free trial of QUARC at /QUARC.increasing number of Blocksets.The number of interfaces QUARC supports is continuallyincreasing over time to ensure easy integration with recent and popular third-party devices. Here are a few more examples: • Nintendo Wiimote• Q bot- An Unmanned Ground Vehicle based on iRobot Create®• Schunk Grippers• SparkFun Electronics SerAccelGet an updated list of interfaces supported by QUARC at /QUARC/blocksetsDESCRIPTIONUsing the KUKA Robot Blockset you can control any KUKA robot equipped with RSI (Robot SensorInterface) through the interactive Simulink® environment without tedious hand coding and cumbersome hardware interfacing.This blockset is not included in the standard QUARC license and is sold separately.The Point Grey Research (PGR) Blockset is used to acquire images from some of the Point Grey Research cameras. QUARC also provides image processing blocksets that can be used to find objects of a given color within a source image or convert images from one format to another.This blockset is included in the standard QUARC license.The Wiimote (Wii Remote) block reads the state of the Wiimote and outputs the button, acceleration, and Infra Red (IR) camera information. Using this blockset you can easily interface the Wiimote into the controller. This blockset is included in the standard QUARC license.The Novint Falcon Blockset is used for implementing control algorithms for the Falcon haptic device. Using the Blockset significantly simplifies the task of designing controllers for the Falcon.This blockset is included in the standard Quarc license.TEChNICAL CAPABILITIES AND SPECIFICATIONS• E nables the deployment of real-time executables with GUI • S upport for setting and getting values (e.g., knobs, displays, scopes, and other inputs and outputs)Supported devices:• SensAble PHANTOM Omni • SensAble PHANTOM Desktop • SensAble PHANTOM Premium• SensAble PHANTOM Premium 6DOF Data provided as output,• GPS position (latitude, longitude, altitude)• Number of visible satellites (dilution of precision data)• Accuracy information (dilution of precision – DOP)Typical accuracy 1-3m (WAAS)SUGGESTED RESEARCh APPLICATIONS• GUI Design (e.g. Cockpit)• Force feedback virtual reality• Haptically-enabled medical simulations • Teleoperation• Precise robotic manipulation• Image-based control and localization • Autonomous navigation and control • Fault detection• Image-based control and localization• Autonomous navigation and control • Image recognition • Mapping• Obstacle detection and avoidance • Visual servoing and tracking • Vision feedback• Teleoperation• Robotic manipulation• Force feedback virtual reality• Haptically enabled medical simulations • Teleoperation• Localization• Autonomous navigation and control• M ission reconfiguration(e.g., for Unmanned Vehicle Systems)• Fault recovery • Safety watchdogDYNAMICRECONFIGURATIONkUkA ROBOT ALTIASENSABLEPhANTOM ® SERIESVISUALIzATIONPGR CAMERASWII REMOTENOVINT FALCONGPSNATURAL POINTOPTITRACkThe PHANTOM® Blockset lets you control the series of PHANTOM® haptic devices via Simulink®. For added flexibility researchers can combine the Phantom Blockset and Visualization Blockset to enjoy seamless haptics rendering of virtual environments.This blockset is not included in the standard QUARC license and is sold separately.The Visualization Blockset creates 3D visualizations of simulations or actual hardware in real-time. By combining meshes and textures, you can create objects to seamlessly integrate high-performance graphics with real-time controllers. Comprehensive documentation and examples along with additional content are provided to help new users get started and master this blockset quickly. QUARC Visualization blockset is used in the Virtual Plant Simulation of selected Quanser plants such as SRVO2 and Active Suspension. This blockset is included in the standard QUARC license.• Y coordinates of up to four IR points detected by the wiimote IR camera. Valid values range from 0 to 767 inclusive.• A compatible Bluetooth device must be installed on the PC• A bility to command either Cartesian or joint velocity set points • A bility to measure the Cartesian positions, joint angles and joint torques • A bility to set either Cartesian or the joint minimum and maximum velocity limits • K UKA built-in safety checks are still enabled for safe operation• S end forces and torques in Cartesian or joint space • Read encoder values, position, and joint angles• Send commands in two different work spaces to the Phantom device • T he block outputs the gimbal angles of the device plus the values associated with the buttons and the 7 DOF available on the device (thumb-pad or scissors)• R emotely connect to a visualization server with multiple clients • N o interference with the operation of your real-time controller• Plugins provided for Blender and Autodesk’s 3ds Max 2008, 2009 and 2010• S et different material properties such as diffuse color, opacity , specular color, shininess, and emissivity.• T exture map support for png, jpg, tiff, and bmp.• X 3D support• C onfigurable mouse and keyboard interface for manually navigating around the environment • P erformance far exceeds TMW’s Virtual Reality toolbox• U p to 16 cameras can be connected and configured for single or multiple capture volumes • C apture areass up to 400 square feet • S ingle point tracking for up to 80 markers, or 10 rigid-body objects • T ypical calibration time is under 5 minutes • P osition accuracy on the order of mm under typical conditions• U SB 2.0 connectivity to ground station PC• U p to 100 fps tracking• S upport for Draganflyer 2 HI-COL and the FireflyMV • F rame rate selection from 7.5 fps to 60 fps • R esolutions from 640 x 480 to 1024 x 768, • C olor or grayscale, and custom image (subimage) sizes supported for faster framerates• C ontinuity of states between the model being switched-out and the model being switched-in, as a necessary condition to the system stability • S witching within one sampling interval, as a necessary condition to the system stability • D ynamic reconfiguration can be triggered either automatically (e.g., from a supervisory model) or manually• D ynamic Reconfiguration can be triggered either locally or remotely (i.e., on a remote target)The OptiTrack Blockset allows motion capture and tracking by using 3 or more synchronized infrared (IR) cameras that capture images containing reflective markers within a workspace. The blockset can be used to track either individual markers or rigid bodies. This Blockset makes it easy to conduct vision-based control experiments in real-time, especially for objects that were previously difficult to track, such as indoor autonomous vehicles.This blockset is not included in the standard QUARC license and is sold separately.The GPS Blockset allows GPS receivers to be easily accessed, thereby adding GPS localization to an experimentalplatform. This Blockset integrates with Ublox GPS devices as well as NMEA compliant GPS devices. This blockset is not included in the standard Quarc license and is sold separately.The Altia Design Blockset enables the user to interact with the real-time code from Altia GUIs. Unlike theMATLAB® GUIs, MATLAB® and Simulink® are not required when using Altia GUIs. This blockset gives you the tools you need to generate complete production systems without writing a single line of code. This blockset is included in the standard QUARC license.The Dynamic Reconfiguration Blockset lets you dynamically switch models on the target machine within a sampling interval. A running model may be replaced with another model while ensuring continuity of states between both with no interruptions (i.e. no skipped sample). For a demo and tutorial on the Dynamic Reconfiguration blockset request a free trial of QUARC at /QUARC.This blockset is not included in the standard QUARC license and is sold separately.Data provided as output:• P osition: X, Y, and Z position in Cartesian coordinates• Button information: Whether a button is currently pressed or not • F orce: X, Y, and Z forces applied by the Falcon end-effectormodel 1model 2* Please note that prices for blocksets may vary. For more information or to request a quote please contact sales@.• Payload 5 kg • Number of axes 6• Repeatability <±0.02 mm • Weight 28 kg• Mounting positions floor or ceiling • Controller KR C2sr • Max speed 8.2 m/sData provided as output:• X, Y, and Z axis accelerations • Button states • X coordinates of up to four IR points detected by the wiimote IR camera. Valid values range from 0 to 1023 inclusive• S upport for setting values (i.e. Meters and other outputs)• F eatures the Quanser Plot library for AltiaBLOCkSET* • Virtual reality rendering• Game and medical simulation• Simulation of mechanical components • Data fusion • R eal-time status displays of physical hardware• Virtual cockpit for aerial vehicles REQUEST A FREE 30 DAY TRIAL OF QUARC TODAY. VISIT /QUARC• Robotic manipulation • Teleoperation“The Host Computer System for the Challenging Environment Assessment Laboratory (CEAL) at the Toronto Rehabilitation Institute (TRI) was developed using Quanser’s QU ARC real-time software. The power of QU ARC, with Quanser’s engineering support, enabled TRI to create a flexible developmentenvironment for researchers to implement sophisticated real-time experiments, using a large-scale 11-ton, 6-DOF motion platform and high-performance audio-visual rendering systems”Dr. Geoff Fernie , Vice President, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, CanadaQUARC ACCELERATES MEChATRONIC DEVELOPMENT WITh RAPID CONTROL PROTOTYPINGQUARC is a powerful Rapid Control Prototyping (RCP) platform that meets industrial research and development demands. This robust software helps manage the increasing complexity of controlengineers’ tasks and accelerates their ability to test control strategies. Generating countless iterations of Simulink® control designsbecomes almost effortless - a block diagram design is automatically implemented on the system and computed in real time, eliminating the need for manual coding. This RCP platform is adaptable to virtually any mechatronic interfaces and scalable for complex multi-input and multi-output systems.Affordable Industrial-Grade PerformanceFor a fraction of the cost of comparable systems, Research and Development engineers can convert a PC into a powerful platform for control system development and deployment. When combined with a Quanser Power Amplifier and a Quanser Data Acquisition Card, QUARC software provides an ideal rapid prototyping and hardware-in-the-loop development environment. QUARC is also compatible with a wide range of commercially available data acquisition cards, including National Instruments boards.QUARC evolved from experience with its predecessor WinCon.The Canadian Space Agency played an intricate role in defining and confirming many of the features of QUARC. This was done in the context of their micro-satellite development program on an early stage prototype. It has since been adopted by industries requiring the latest in performance and development flexibility such as the Aerospace, Defence and Medical device industries.QUARC capabilities and features are designed to optimize the RCP process. Below are a few samples of such features.• F lexible and extensible communications blocks configurablefor real-time TCP/IP, UDP, serial, shared memory and other protocols • P erformance Diagnostics • R TW Code Optimization support • M odularity and incremental builds via model referencing • C ontrol of thread priorities and CPU affinity • A synchronous execution (e.g., ideal for efficient communication) • R un any number of models on one target – or simultaneously on multiple targets • S elf-booting models for embedded targets• E xternal Hardware-In-the-Loop card and communication interfacing provided in C/C++, MATLAB®, LabVIEW TM , and .NET languages • M ultiprocessor (SMP) support, e.g., on a quad-core Windows target QUARC models can take advantage of all four cores. • S imulink® 3D Animation (formerly known as Virtual Reality) Toolbox support• A bility to interface with MATLAB® GUIs, LabVIEW TM panels, and Altia“We have been using Quanser’s QU ARC software to do real-time robot control. QU ARC enables fast and easy prototyping of control algorithms with hardware in the loop and has been an invaluable tool for algorithm development, simulation, and verification.”Paul Bosscher, Harris Corporation, USAChallenging environment AssessmentLaboratory (CeAL) will be one of the most advanced rehabilitation research facilities in the world.INNO VATE, RESEARCHAND EXPLOIT KNOWLEDGE.QU ANSERCONSULTING SOFTWAREHARDWAREPlantDAQAmplifierQUARC®: A POWERFUL ENGINEFOR ENGINEERING DEPARTMENTSThree issues challenge university engineering departments everywhere: teaching, research and budget. One solution resolves them: QUARC software from Quanser!For T eaching: Created by engineers for engineers, QUARC is an excellent low-cost rapid control prototyping system. Working seamlessly with Simulink®, QUARC helps students put ideas andtheory into practice sooner. Plus curriculum is offered to help educators focus on what matters most. With more hands-on learning, undergraduate and graduate students alike are captivated and motivated to study further.For Research: Originally designed for industrial use, QUARC is idealfor advanced research. From the precise control of surgical robots to unmanned air vehicles and beyond, ideas can be tested in real-time- even ideas that are out of this world. Small wonder our client list includes NASA, the Canadian Space Agency and thousands of universities and colleges. (Look on your left.)For your department’s budget: QUARC seamlessly integrates over80 Quanser experiments - from introductory to very advanced. These are modular by design and maximize efficiencies, offering multiple uses for one workstation. Academics ourselves, Quanser appreciates your need for careful budgeting. So QUARC is competitively pricedand available with single- or multiple-user licenses.Learn more at /QUARCProducts and/or services pictured and referred to herein and their accompanying specifications may be subject to change without notice. Products and/or services mentioned herein are trademarks or registered trademarks of Quanser Inc. and/or its affiliates. Other product and company names mentioned herein are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.©2010 Quanser Inc. All rights reserved. Rev 2.0。

全国大学英语CET六级考试试卷及解答参考(2025年)

2025年全国大学英语CET六级考试模拟试卷及解答参考一、写作（15分）Task 1: Writing (30 minutes)Part AWrite an email to your friend about a recent movie you watched. In your email, you should:1.Briefly introduce the movie and its main theme.2.Share your personal feelings about the movie.3.Recommend the movie to your friend, explaining why you think they would enjoy it.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” in stead. Do not write the address.Example:Dear [Friend’s Name],I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to share with you a movie I recently watched that I thought you might find interesting.The movie I’m talking about is “Inception,” directed by Chris topher Nolan.It revolves around the concept of dream manipulation and the layers of reality. The story follows Dom Cobb, a skilled thief who specializes in extracting secrets from within the subconscious during the dream state.I was deeply impressed by t he movie’s intricate plot and the exceptional performances of the cast. The visual effects were breathtaking, and the soundtrack was perfectly matched to the action sequences. The movie made me think a lot about the nature of reality and the power of dreams.I highly recommend “Inception” to you. I believe it will be a captivating experience, especially if you enjoy films that challenge your perceptions and make you think.Looking forward to your thoughts on this movie.Best regards,Li MingAnalysis:This example follows the structure required for Part A of the writing task. It starts with a friendly greeting and a brief introduction to the subject of the email, which is the movie “Inception.”The writer then shares their personal feelings about the movie, highlighting the plot, the cast’s performances, the visual effects, and the soundtrack. This personal touch helps to engage the reader and provide a more authentic recommendation.Finally, the writer makes a clear recommendation, explaining that theybelieve the movie would be enjoyable for their friend based on itsthought-provoking nature and entertainment value. The email concludes with a friendly sign-off, maintaining a warm and inviting tone.二、听力理解-长对话（选择题，共8分）第一题听力原文：M: Hi, Lisa. How was your trip to Beijing last weekend?W: Oh, it was amazing! I’ve always wanted to visit the Forbidden City. The architecture was so impressive.M: I’m glad you enjoyed it. By the way, did you manage to visit the Great Wall?W: Yes, I did. It was a long journey, but it was worth it. The Wall was even more magnificent in person.M: Did you have any problems with transportation?W: Well, the subway system was very convenient, but some of the bus routes were confusing. I ended up getting lost a couple of times.M: That’s a common problem. It’s always a good idea to download a map or use a GPS app.W: Definitely. I also found the people in Beijing to be very friendly and helpful. They spoke English well, too.M: That’s great to hear. I’m thinking of visiting Beijing next month. Arethere any other places you would recommend?W: Oh, definitely! I would suggest visiting the Summer Palace and the Temple of Heaven. They are both beautiful and culturally significant.M: Thanks for the ti ps, Lisa. I can’t wait to see these places myself.W: You’re welcome. Have a great trip!选择题：1、Why did Lisa visit Beijing?A. To visit the Great Wall.B. To see her friends.C. To experience the local culture.D. To study Chinese history.2、How did Lisa feel about the Forbidden City?A. It was boring.B. It was too crowded.C. It was impressive.D. It was not as beautiful as she expected.3、What was the biggest challenge Lisa faced during her trip?A. Finding accommodation.B. Getting lost.C. Eating healthy food.D. Visiting all the tourist spots.4、What other places does Lisa recommend visiting in Beijing?A. The Summer Palace and the Temple of Heaven.B. The Great Wall and the Forbidden City.C. The National Museum and the CCTV Tower.D. The Wangfujing Street and the Silk Market.答案：1、C2、C3、B4、A第二题Part Two: Listening ComprehensionSection C: Long ConversationsIn this section, you will hear one long conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will hear some questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C), and D).1.What is the main topic of the conversation?A) The importance of cultural exchange.B) The challenges of teaching English abroad.C) The experiences of a language teacher in China.D) The impact of language barriers on communication.2.Why does the speaker mention studying Chinese?A) To show his respect for Chinese culture.B) To express h is gratitude for the Chinese students’ hospitality.C) To emphasize the importance of language learning.D) To explain his reasons for choosing to teach English in China.3.According to the speaker, what is one of the difficulties he faced in teaching English?A) The students’ lack of motivation.B) The limited resources available.C) The cultural differences between Chinese and Western students.D) The high expectations from the school administration.4.How does the speaker plan to overcome the language barrier in his future work?A) By learning more Chinese.B) By using visual aids and non-verbal communication.C) By collaborating with local language experts.D) By relying on his previous teaching experience.Answers:1.C2.C3.C4.B三、听力理解-听力篇章（选择题，共7分）第一题Passage:A new study has found that the way we speak can affect our relationships and even our physical health. Researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles, have been investigating the connection between language and well-being for several years. They have discovered that positive language can lead to better health outcomes, while negative language can have the opposite effect.The study involved 300 participants who were monitored for a period of one year. The participants were asked to keep a daily diary of their interactions with others, including both positive and negative comments. The researchers found that those who used more positive language reported fewer physical symptoms and a greater sense of well-being.Dr. Emily Thompson, the l ead researcher, explained, “We were surprised to see the impact that language can have on our health. It’s not just about what we say, but also how we say it. A gentle tone and supportive language can make a significant difference.”Here are some examples of positive and negative language:Positive Language: “I appreciate your help with the project.”Negative Language: “You always mess up the project.”The researchers also looked at the effects of language on relationships. They found that couples who used more positive language were more likely toreport a satisfying relationship, while those who used negative language were more likely to experience relationship stress.Questions:1、What is the main focus of the study conducted by the University of California, Los Angeles?A) The impact of diet on physical health.B) The connection between language and well-being.C) The effects of exercise on mental health.D) The role of social media in relationships.2、Which of the following is a positive example of language from the passage?A) “You always mess up the project.”B) “I can’t believe you did that again.”C) “I appreciate your help with the project.”D) “This is a waste of time.”3、According to the study, what is the likely outcome for couples who use negative language in their relationships?A) They will have a more satisfying relationship.B) They will experience fewer physical symptoms.C) They will report a greater sense of well-being.D) They will likely experience relationship stress.Answers:1、B2、C3、D第二题Passage OneIn the United States, there is a long-standing debate over the best way to educate children. One of the most controversial issues is the debate between traditional public schools and charter schools.Traditional public schools are operated by government and are funded by tax dollars. They are subject to strict regulations and are required to follow a standardized curriculum. Teachers in traditional public schools are typically unionized and receive benefits and pensions.On the other hand, charter schools are publicly funded but operate independently of local school districts. They are free to set their own curriculum and teaching methods. Charter schools often have a longer school day and a more rigorous academic program. They are also subject to performance-based evaluations, which can lead to their closure if they do not meet certain standards.Proponents of charter schools argue that they provide more choices for parents and that they can offer a more personalized education for students. They also claim that charter schools are more accountable because they are subject to more direct oversight and can be closed if they fail to meet their goals.Opponents of charter schools argue that they take resources away fromtraditional public schools and that they do not provide a level playing field for all students. They also claim that charter schools can be more selective in their admissions process, which may lead to a lack of diversity in the student body.Questions:1、What is a key difference between traditional public schools and charter schools?A) Funding sourceB) CurriculumC) Teacher unionsD) Academic rigor2、According to the passage, what is a potential advantage of charter schools?A) They are subject to fewer regulations.B) They offer more choices for parents.C) They are more likely to receive government funding.D) They typically have a shorter school day.3、What is a common concern expressed by opponents of charter schools?A) They are less accountable for their performance.B) They may lead to a lack of diversity in the student body.C) They are more expensive for local taxpayers.D) They do not follow a standardized curriculum.Answers:1、B) Curriculum2、B) They offer more choices for parents.3、B) They may lead to a lack of diversity in the student body.四、听力理解-新闻报道（选择题，共20分）第一题News ReportA: Good morning, everyone. Welcome to today’s news broadcast. Here is the latest news.News Anchor: This morning, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced that the number of confirmed cases of a new strain of the H1N1 flu virus has reached 10,000 worldwide. The WHO has declared the outbreak a public health emergency of international concern. Health officials are urging countries to take immediate measures to contain the spread of the virus.Q1: What is the main topic of the news report?A) The announcement of a new strain of the H1N1 flu virus.B) The declaration of a public health emergency.C) The measures taken to contain the spread of the virus.D) The number of confirmed cases of the new strain.Answer: BQ2: According to the news report, who declared the outbreak a public health emergency?A) The World Health Organization (WHO)B) The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)C) The European Union (EU)D) The United Nations (UN)Answer: AQ3: What is the main purpose of the health officials’ urging?A) To increase awareness about the flu virus.B) To encourage people to get vaccinated.C) To take immediate measures to contain the spread of the virus.D) To provide financial assistance to affected countries.Answer: C第二题News Report 1:[Background music fades in]Narrator: “This morning’s top news includes a major announcement from the Ministry of Education regarding the upcoming changes to the College English Test Band Six (CET-6). Here’s our correspondent, Li Hua, with more details.”Li Hua: “Good morning, everyone. The Ministry of Education has just announced that starting from next year, the CET-6 will undergo significant modifications. The most notable change is the inclusion of a new speaking section, which will be mandatory for all test-takers. This decision comes in response to the increasing demand for English proficiency in various fields. Let’s goto the Education Depar tment for more information.”[Background music fades out]Questions:1、What is the main topic of this news report?A) The cancellation of the CET-6 exam.B) The addition of a new speaking section to the CET-6.C) The difficulty level of the CET-6 increasing.D) The results of the CET-6 exam.2、Why has the Ministry of Education decided to include a new speaking section in the CET-6?A) To reduce the number of test-takers.B) To make the exam more difficult.C) To meet the demand for English proficiency.D) To replace the written test with an oral test.3、What will be the impact of this change on students preparing for the CET-6?A) They will need to focus more on writing skills.B) They will have to learn a new type of test format.C) They will no longer need to take the exam.D) They will be able to choose between written and oral tests.Answers:1、B2、C3、B第三题You will hear a news report. For each question, choose the best answer from the four choices given.Listen to the news report and answer the following questions:1、A) The number of tourists visiting the city has doubled.B) The city’s tourism revenue has increased significantly.C) The new airport has attracted many international tourists.D) The city’s infrastructure is not ready for the influx of tou rists.2、A) The government plans to invest heavily in transportation.B) Local businesses are benefiting from the tourism boom.C) The city is experiencing traffic congestion and overcrowding.D) The city is working on expanding its hotel capacity.3、A) Th e city’s mayor has expressed concern about the impact on local culture.B) The tourism industry is collaborating with local communities to preserve traditions.C) There are concerns about the negative environmental effects of tourism.D) The city is implementing strict regulations to control tourist behavior.Answers:1.B) The city’s tourism revenue has increased significantly.2.C) The city is experiencing traffic congestion and overcrowding.3.B) The tourism industry is collaborating with local communities to preserve traditions.五、阅读理解-词汇理解（填空题，共5分）第一题Read the following passage and then complete the sentences by choosing the most suitable words or phrases from the list below. Each word or phrase may be used once, more than once, or not at all.Passage:In the past few decades, the internet has revolutionized the way we communicate and access information. With just a few clicks, we can now connect with people from all over the world, share our thoughts and experiences, and even conduct business transactions. This rapid advancement in technology has not only brought convenience to our lives but has also raised several challenges and concerns.1、_________ (1) the internet has made it easier for us to stay connected with friends and family, it has also led to a decrease in face-to-face interactions.2、The increasing reliance on digital devices has raised concerns about the impact on our physical and mental health.3、Despite the many benefits, there are also significant_________(2) associated with the internet, such as privacy breaches and cybersecuritythreats.4、To mitigate these risks, it is crucial for individuals and organizations to adopt robust security measures.5、In the future, we need to strike a balance between embracing technological advancements and maintaining a healthy lifestyle.List of Words and Phrases:a) convenienceb) challengesc) privacy breachesd) physicale) significantf) mentalg) privacyh) embracei) reliancej) face-to-face1、_________ (1)2、_________ (2)第二题Reading PassagesPassage OneMany people believe that a person’s personality is established at birthand remains unchanged throughout life. This view is supported by the idea that personality is determined by genetic factors. However, recent studies have shown that personality can be influenced by a variety of environmental factors as well.The word “personality” can be defined as the unique set of characteristics that distinguish one individual from another. It includes traits such as extroversion, neuroticism, and agreeableness. These traits are often measured using psychological tests.According to the passage, what is the main idea about personality?A. Personality is solely determined by genetic factors.B. Personality remains unchanged throughout life.C. Personality is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors.D. Personality is determined by a combination of psychological tests.Vocabulary Understanding1、The unique set of characteristics that distinguish one individual from another is referred to as ________.A. personalityB. genetic factorsC. environmental factorsD. psychological tests2、The view that personality is established at birth and remains unchanged throughout life is ________.A. supportedB. challengedC. irrelevantD. misunderstood3、According to the passage, traits such as extroversion, neuroticism, and agreeableness are part of ________.A. genetic factorsB. environmental factorsC. personalityD. psychological tests4、The passage suggests that personality can be influenced by ________.A. genetic factorsB. environmental factorsC. both genetic and environmental factorsD. neither genetic nor environmental factors5、The word “personality” is best defined as ________.A. the unique set of characteristics that distinguish one individual from anotherB. the genetic factors that determine personalityC. the environmental factors that influence personalityD. the psychological tests used to measure personalityAnswers:1、A2、A3、C4、C5、A六、阅读理解-长篇阅读（选择题，共10分）First QuestionPassage:In the digital age, technology has transformed almost every aspect of our lives, including education. One significant impact technology has had on learning is through online platforms that offer a wide variety of courses and educational materials to anyone with internet access. This democratization of knowledge means that individuals no longer need to rely solely on traditional educational institutions for learning. However, while online learning provides unprecedented access to information, it also poses challenges such as ensuring the quality of the content and maintaining student engagement without the structure of a classroom setting. As educators continue to adapt to these changes, it’s clear that technology will play an increasingly important role in s haping the future of education.1、According to the passage, what is one major advantage of online learning?A) It guarantees higher academic achievements.B) It makes educational resources more accessible.C) It eliminates the need for traditional learning methods entirely.D) It ensures that all students remain engaged with the material.2、What challenge does online learning present according to the text?A) It makes it difficult to assess the quality of educational content.B) It increases the reliance on traditional educational institutions.C) It decreases the amount of available educational material.D) It simplifies the process of student engagement.3、The term “democratization of knowledge” in this context refers to:A) The ability of people to vote on educational policies.B) The equal distribution of printed books among citizens.C) The process by which governments control online information.D) The widespread availability of educational resources via the internet.4、How do educators respond to the changes brought about by technology in education?A) By rejecting technological advancements in favor of conventional methods.B) By adapting their teaching practices to incorporate new technologies.C) By insisting that online learning should replace traditional classrooms.D) By ignoring the potential benefits of online learning platforms.5、Based on the passage, which statement best reflects the future outlook for education?A) Traditional educational institutions will become obsolete.B) Technology will have a diminishing role in the education sector.C) Online learning will complement but not completely replace traditional education.D) Students will no longer require any form of structured learning environment.Answers:1.B2.A3.D4.B5.CThis is a fictional example designed for illustrative purposes. In actual CET exams, the passages and questions would vary widely in topic and complexity.第二题Reading PassagesPassage OneGlobal warming is one of the most pressing environmental issues facing the world today. It refers to the long-term increase in Earth’s average surface temperature, primarily due to human activities, particularly the emission of greenhouse gases. The consequences of global warming are far-reaching, affecting ecosystems, weather patterns, sea levels, and human health.The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has warned that if global warming continues at its current rate, we can expect more extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, droughts, and floods. Additionally, rising sealevels could displace millions of people, leading to social and economic instability.Several measures have been proposed to mitigate the effects of global warming. These include reducing greenhouse gas emissions, transitioning to renewable energy sources, and implementing sustainable agricultural practices. However, despite the urgency of the situation, progress has been slow, and many countries have failed to meet their commitments under the Paris Agreement.Questions:1、What is the primary cause of global warming according to the passage?A、Natural climate changesB、Human activitiesC、Ecosystem changesD、Increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere2、Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a consequence of global warming?A、Extreme weather eventsB、Rising sea levelsC、Improved crop yieldsD、Increased global biodiversity3、What is the IPCC’s main concern regarding the current rate of global warming?A、It is causing a decrease in Earth’s average surface temperatu re.B、It is leading to more extreme weather events.C、It is causing the Earth’s magnetic field to weaken.D、It is causing the ozone layer to thin.4、What are some of the proposed measures to mitigate the effects of global warming?A、Reducing greenhouse gas emissions, transitioning to renewable energy sources, and implementing sustainable agricultural practices.B、Building more coal-fired power plants and expanding deforestation.C、Increasing the use of fossil fuels and reducing the number of trees.D、Ignoring the issue and hoping it will resolve itself.5、Why has progress in addressing global warming been slow, according to the passage?A、Because it is a complex issue that requires international cooperation.B、Because people are not concerned about the consequences of global warming.C、Because scientists do not have enough information about the issue.D、Because the Paris Agreement has not been effective.Answers:1、B2、C3、B4、A5、A七、阅读理解-仔细阅读（选择题，共20分）First QuestionPassage:In the age of rapid technological advancement, the role of universities has shifted beyond traditional academic pursuits to include fostering innovation and entrepreneurship among students. One such initiative taken by many institutions is the integration of technology incubators on campus. These incubators serve as platforms where students can turn their innovative ideas into tangible products, thereby bridging the gap between theory and practice. Moreover, universities are increasingly collaborating with industry leaders to provide practical training opportunities that prepare students for the challenges of the modern workforce. Critics argue, however, that this shift might come at the cost of undermining the foundational academic disciplines that have historically formed the core of higher education.Questions:1、What is one key purpose of integrating technology incubators in universities according to the passage?A) To reduce the cost of university education.B) To bridge the gap between theory and practice.C) To compete with other universities.D) To focus solely on theoretical knowledge.Answer: B) To bridge the gap between theory and practice.2、According to the text, how are universities preparing students for the modern workforce?A) By isolating them from industry professionals.B) By providing practical training through collaboration with industry leaders.C) By discouraging entrepreneurship.D) By focusing only on historical academic disciplines.Answer: B) By providing practical training through collaboration with industry leaders.3、What concern do critics raise about the new initiatives in universities?A) They believe it will enhance foundational academic disciplines.B) They fear it could undermine the core of higher education.C) They think it will make universities less competitive.D) They are worried about the overemphasis on practical skills.Answer: B) They fear it could undermine the core of higher education.4、Which of the following best describes the role of universities in the current era as depicted in the passage?A) Institutions that strictly adhere to traditional teaching methods.B) Centers that foster innovation and entrepreneurship among students.C) Organizations that discourage partnerships with industries.D) Places that prevent students from engaging with real-world challenges.Answer: B) Centers that foster innovation and entrepreneurship among students.5、How does the passage suggest that technology incubators benefit students?A) By ensuring they only focus on theoretical studies.B) By giving them a platform to turn ideas into products.C) By limiting their exposure to practical experiences.D) By encouraging them to avoid modern workforce challenges.Answer: B) By giving them a platform to turn ideas into products.This set of questions aims to test comprehension skills including inference, detail recognition, and understanding the main idea of the given passage. Remember, this is a mock example and should be used for illustrative purposes only.Second QuestionReading Passage:The Future of Renewable Energy SourcesIn recent years, there has been a growing interest in renewable energy sources due to their potential to reduce dependency on fossil fuels and mitigate the effects of climate change. Solar power, wind energy, and hydropower have all seen significant advancements in technology and cost-efficiency. However, challenges remain in terms of storage and distribution of these energy sources. For solar energy to become a viable primary energy source worldwide, it must overcome the limitations posed by weather conditions and geographical location. Wind energy faces similar challenges, particularly in areas with low wind speeds. Hydropower, while more consistent than both solar and wind energies, is limited。

分阶段健康教育对早期食管癌患者疾病认知及生存质量的影响

分阶段健康教育对早期食管癌患者疾病认知及生存质量的影响肖博，柴蕴珠，王睿，杨瑾郑州大学第一附属医院郑东院区消化内科，河南郑州450000【摘要】目的观察分阶段健康教育应用于早期食管癌患者的效果。

方法选取2021年3月至2022年10月郑州大学第一附属医院郑东院区消化内科收治的96例早期食管癌患者纳入研究，按随机数表法分为对照组和观察组，每组48例。

术前至术后放化疗期间，对照组患者实施常规健康教育，观察组患者实施分阶段健康教育。

比较两组干预前、放化疗结束后的疾病认知度、健康状态、自我管理效能感、应对策略和生存质量。

结果放化疗结束后，观察组患者的疾病知识、围手术期知识和放化疗知识评分分别为(14.38±3.52)分、(34.22±3.39)分、(32.89±4.41)分，明显高于对照组的(12.06±2.74)分、(31.18±2.75)分、(29.10±3.80)分，差异均有统计学意义(P <0.05)；放化疗结束后，观察组患者的健康状态优良率为95.83%，明显高于对照组的79.17%，差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)；放化疗结束后，观察组患者的健康促进策略量表(SUPPH)评分为(118.46±8.51)分，明显高于对照组的(114.37±7.23)分，差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)；放化疗结束后，观察组患者的回避评分、屈服评分分别为(12.56±2.47)分、(8.45±2.60)分，明显低于对照组的(15.30±3.11)分、(11.07±3.16)分，面对评分为(24.19±3.54)分，明显高于对照组的(21.25±2.87)分，差异均有统计学意义(P <0.05)；放化疗结束后，观察组患者的癌症患者生活质量测定量表(QOL-C30)评分为(81.35±5.20)分，明显低于对照组的(86.04±6.82)分，差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。

译林版高中英语选择性必修第四册UNIT2单元提能强化练含答案

UNIT 2单元提能强化练Ⅰ.阅读理解AWhen homework and tests keep you up late at night,you may plan to make up for your lost sleep during the weekends.But is it useful?A study published in the journal Current Biology shows that the habit of sleeping in on weekends doesn’t fix the damage that has been done by a lack of sleep during the week.Even worse,it may damage your health.In the study,which was conducted over 10 days,36 healthy young men and women with different sleep requirements were divided into three groups.The first group were asked to sleep nine hours a night and the second group five hours a night.The members of the third group slept for five hours on weekdays but rested as long as they wanted on the weekend.The researchers found that people who lacked sleep ate more snacks and gained weightquickly.However,this wasn’t the case for the first group.That could be partially due to the shifting of the biological clock and changes to certain body hormones,especially hunger hormones.In order to catch up on their sleep during weekends,people in the third group would eat later as a habit.So their biological clocks shifted,which also changed the production of hunger hormones.“The hormone leptin(瘦素) decreases appetite(胃口),while the hormone ghrelin(胃饥饿素) increases appetite,” explained US researcher Vsevolod Polotsky.“Sleep shortage causes the leptin to drop and the ghrelin to rise,so you’re hungry and eat more.”And even if they tried to sleep for as long as they wanted to during weekends,according to researchers,it was still not enough because they found it difficult to fall asleep.Moreover,short and insufficient sleep schedules will lead to an inability to change blood sugar and increase the risk of metabolic(新陈代谢) disease in the long term.1.What do we know about the study?A.Participants were divided into two groups.B.Researchers studied 36 children and adults.C.It lasted for more than two weeks.D.Each group follow different sleep requirements.2.What does the underlined word “shifting” in paragraph 5 probably mean?A.Increasing.cking.C.Changing.D.Shortening.3.Why may people without enough sleep eat more?A.They need to create more energy.B.There is less leptin in their bodies.C.They have a lower blood sugar.D.Their bodies produce less hormones.4.What can be a suitable title for this passage?A.Appetite Affects Our Sleep QualityB.Sleeping in Causes Weight LossC.Catching up on Sleep Harms Our BodyD.Men and Women Sleep DifferentlyB(2023新高考全国Ⅱ卷)Turning soil,pulling weeds,and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids.And at first it is,says Abby Jaramillo,who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts,a school garden program at four low-income schools.The program aims to help students develop scienceskills,environmental awareness,and healthy lifestyles.Jaramillo’s students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores.“The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks,” she says.“They come to us thinking vegetables are awful,dirt is awful,insects are awful.” Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt,most are eager to try something new.Urban Sprouts’ classes,at two middle schools and two high schools,include hands-on experiments such as soil testing,flower-and-seed dissection,tastings of fresh or dried produce,and work in the garden.Several times a year,students cook the vegetables they grow,and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools.Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes.“We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they’re eating differently,” Jaramillo says.She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition.Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens.Besides,working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students,many of whom have emotional control issues.“They get outside,” she says,“and they feel successful.”5.What do we know about Abby Jaramillo?A.She used to be a health worker.B.She grew up in a low-income family.C.She owns a fast food restaurant.D.She is an initiator of Urban Sprouts.6.What was a problem facing Jaramillo at the start of the program?A.The kids’ parents distrusted her.B.Students had little time for her classes.C.Some kids disliked garden work.D.There was no space for school gardens.7.Which of the following best describes the impact of the program?A.Far-reaching.B.Predictable.C.Short-lived.D.Unidentifiable.8.What can be a suitable title for the text?A.Rescuing School GardensB.Experiencing Country LifeC.Growing Vegetable LoversD.Changing Local LandscapeⅡ.完形填空(2023新高考全国Ⅱ卷)In April last year,I saw a post on the PNP(Pilots N Paws) website from a family in Topeka.They had to move to Virginia but they were on a very tight 1.They could not afford to pay for 2 for their dog,Tiffy,and 3 wanted to take her with them.It just 4 that I was planning another PNP flight with another pilot,Karen,who 5 to take Tiffy from Kansas City to Virginia.What I was to do was fly to Topeka to 6 Tiffy.When I met Tiffy’s owners,they seemed very 7.George,the husband,was trying to be calm,but I could tell this was 8 for him,having to leave his dog to a 9 and trust that everything would10.After some goodbyes,I asked George and his wife to help me 11 Tiffy into the plane.I promised to take care of Tiffy and 12 them as soon as we got to Kansas City.The flight was 13,and Tiffy was a great passenger.The next day,she 14 with Karen and made it back to George in Virginia within a few days.He was so 15 and sent me a nice e-mail with pictures.It felt great to know that I had helped bring this family together again.1.A.turn B.budgetC.scheduleD.connection2.A.food B.shelterC.medicineD.transportation3.A.desperately B.temporarilyC.secretlyD.originally4.A.appeared B.provedC.happenedD.showed5.A.waited B.offeredC.hurriedD.failed6.A.see off B.look forC.hand overD.pick up7.A.confused B.nervousC.annoyedD.curious8.A.hard B.finemonD.lucky9.A.coworker B.passengerC.strangerD.neighbor10.A.speed up B.work oute backD.take off11.A.feed B.followC.changeD.load12.A.call B.joinC.leaveD.serve13.A.unnecessary B.unexpectedC.unavoidableD.uneventful14.A.returned B.foughtC.flewD.agreed15.A.thankful B.generousC.proudD.sympatheticⅢ.读后续写阅读下面材料,根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段,使之构成一篇完整的短文。

fuzzy control 外文翻译

C H A P T E R2Fuzzy Control:The BasicsA few strong instincts and a few plain rules suﬃceus.–Ralph Waldo Emerson2.1OverviewThe primary goal of control engineering is to distill and apply knowledge about how to control a process so that the resulting control system will reliably and safely achieve high-performance operation.In this chapter we show how fuzzy logic provides a methodology for representing and implementing our knowledge about how best to control a process.We begin in Section2.2with a“gentle”(tutorial)introduction,where we focus on the construction and basic mechanics of operation of a two-input one-output fuzzy controller with the most commonly used fuzzy operations.Building on our understanding of the two-input one-output fuzzy controller,in Section2.3we pro-vide a mathematical characterization of general fuzzy systems with many inputs and outputs,and general fuzziﬁcation,inference,and defuzziﬁcation strategies.In Section2.4we illustrate some typical steps in the fuzzy control design process via a simple inverted pendulum control problem.We explain how to write a computer program that will simulate the actions of a fuzzy controller in Section2.5.More-over,we discuss various issues encountered in implementing fuzzy controllers in Section2.6.Then,in Chapter3,after providing an overview of some design methodologies for fuzzy controllers and computer-aided design(CAD)packages for fuzzy system construction,we present several design case studies for fuzzy control systems.It is these case studies that the reader willﬁnd most useful in learning theﬁner2324Chapter2/Fuzzy Control:The Basicspoints about the fuzzy controller’s operation and design.Indeed,the best way toreally learn fuzzy control is to design your own fuzzy controller for one of theplants studied in this or the next chapter,and simulate the fuzzy control system toevaluate its performance.Initially,we recommend coding this fuzzy controller in ahigh-level language such as C,Matlab,or ter,after you have acquiredaﬁrm understanding of the fuzzy controller’s operation,you can take shortcuts byusing a(or designing your own)CAD package for fuzzy control systems.After completing this chapter,the reader should be able to design and simulatea fuzzy control system.This will move the reader a long way toward implementationof fuzzy controllers since we provide pointers on how to overcome certain practicalproblems encountered in fuzzy control system design and implementation(e.g.,coding the fuzzy controller to operate in real-time,even with large rule-bases).This chapter provides a foundation on which the remainder of the book rests.After our case studies in direct fuzzy controller design in Chapter3,we will usethe basic deﬁnition of the fuzzy control system and study its fundamental dynamicproperties,including stability,in Chapter 4.We will use the same plants,andothers,to illustrate the techniques for fuzzy identiﬁcation,fuzzy adaptive control,and fuzzy supervisory control in Chapters5,6,and7,respectively.It is thereforeimportant for the reader to have aﬁrm grasp of the concepts in this and the nextchapter before moving on to these more advanced chapters.Before skipping any sections or chapters of this book,we recommend that the reader study the chapter summaries at the end of each chapter.In these summarieswe will highlight all the major concepts,approaches,and techniques that are coveredin the chapter.These summaries also serve to remind the reader what should belearned in each chapter.2.2Fuzzy Control:A Tutorial IntroductionA block diagram of a fuzzy control system is shown in Figure2.1.The fuzzy con-troller1is composed of the following four elements:1.A rule-base(a set of If-Then rules),which contains a fuzzy logic quantiﬁcationof the expert’s linguistic description of how to achieve good control.2.An inference mechanism(also called an“inference engine”or“fuzzy inference”module),which emulates the expert’s decision making in interpreting and ap-plying knowledge about how best to control the plant.3.A fuzziﬁcation interface,which converts controller inputs into information thatthe inference mechanism can easily use to activate and apply rules.4.A defuzziﬁcation interface,which converts the conclusions of the inferencemechanism into actual inputs for the process.1.Sometimes a fuzzy controller is called a“fuzzy logic controller”(FLC)or even a“fuzzylinguistic controller”since,as we will see,it uses fuzzy logic in the quantiﬁcation of linguisticdescriptions.In this book we will avoid these phrases and simply use“fuzzy controller.”2.2Fuzzy Control:A Tutorial Introduction 25FIGURE 2.1Fuzzy controller.We introduce each of the components of the fuzzy controller for a simple prob-lem of balancing an inverted pendulum on a cart,as shown in Figure 2.2.Here,y denotes the angle that the pendulum makes with the vertical (in radians),l is the half-pendulum length (in meters),and u is the force input that moves the cart (in Newtons).We will use r to denote the desired angular position of the pendulum.The goal is to balance the pendulum in the upright position (i.e.,r =0)when it initially starts with some nonzero angle oﬀthe vertical (i.e.,y =0).This is a very simple and academic nonlinear control problem,and many good techniques already existfor its solution.Indeed,for this standard conﬁguration,a simple PID controller works well even in implementation.In the remainder of this section,we will use the inverted pendulum as a con-venient problem to illustrate the design and basic mechanics of the operation of a fuzzy control system.We will also use this problem in Section 2.4to discuss much more general issues in fuzzy control system design that the reader will ﬁnd useful for more challenging applications (e.g.,the ones in the next chapter).FIGURE 2.2Inverted pendulumon a cart.26Chapter2/Fuzzy Control:The Basics2.2.1Choosing Fuzzy Controller Inputs and OutputsConsider a human-in-the-loop whose responsibility is to control the pendulum,asshown in Figure2.3.The fuzzy controller is to be designed to automate how ahuman expert who is successful at this task would control the system.First,theexpert tells us(the designers of the fuzzy controller)what information she or hewill use as inputs to the decision-making process.Suppose that for the invertedpendulum,the expert(this could be you!)says that she or he will usee(t)=r(t)−y(t)andde(t)dtas the variables on which to base decisions.Certainly,there are many other choices(e.g.,the integral of the error e could also be used)but this choice makes goodintuitive sense.Next,we must identify the controlled variable.For the invertedpendulum,we are allowed to control only the force that moves the cart,so thechoice here is simple.FIGURE2.3Human controlling aninverted pendulum on a cart.For more complex applications,the choice of the inputs to the controller and outputs of the controller(inputs to the plant)can be more diﬃcult.Essentially,youwant to make sure that the controller will have the proper information availableto be able to make good decisions and have proper control inputs to be able tosteer the system in the directions needed to be able to achieve high-performanceoperation.Practically speaking,access to information and the ability to eﬀectivelycontrol the system often cost money.If the designer believes that proper informationis not available for making control decisions,he or she may have to invest in anothersensor that can provide a measurement of another system variable.Alternatively,the designer may implement someﬁltering or other processing of the plant outputs.In addition,if the designer determines that the current actuators will not allowfor the precise control of the process,he or she may need to invest in designingand implementing an actuator that can properly aﬀect the process.Hence,while insome academic problems you may be given the plant inputs and outputs,in manypractical situations you may have someﬂexibility in their choice.These choices2.2Fuzzy Control:A Tutorial Introduction27 aﬀect what information is available for making on-line decisions about the controlof a process and hence aﬀect how we design a fuzzy controller.Once the fuzzy controller inputs and outputs are chosen,you must determinewhat the reference inputs are.For the inverted pendulum,the choice of the referenceinput r=0is clear.In some situations,however,you may want to choose r assome nonzero constant to balance the pendulum in the oﬀ-vertical position.To dothis,the controller must maintain the cart at a constant acceleration so that the pendulum will not fall.After all the inputs and outputs are deﬁned for the fuzzy controller,we canspecify the fuzzy control system.The fuzzy control system for the inverted pendu-lum,with our choice of inputs and outputs,is shown in Figure2.4.Now,within this framework we seek to obtain a description of how to control the process.We see thenthat the choice of the inputs and outputs of the controller places certain constraintson the remainder of the fuzzy control design process.If the proper information isnot provided to the fuzzy controller,there will be little hope for being able to designa good rule-base or inference mechanism.Moreover,even if the proper informationis available to make control decisions,this will be of little use if the controller isnot able to properly aﬀect the process variables via the process inputs.It must be understood that the choice of the controller inputs and outputs is a fundamentally important part of the control design process.We will revisit this issue several times throughout the remainder of this chapter(and book).FIGURE2.4Fuzzy controller for an inverted pendulum on a cart.2.2.2Putting Control Knowledge into Rule-BasesSuppose that the human expert shown in Figure2.3provides a description of howbest to control the plant in some natural language(e.g.,English).We seek to takethis“linguistic”description and load it into the fuzzy controller,as indicated bythe arrow in Figure2.4.28Chapter2/Fuzzy Control:The BasicsLinguistic DescriptionsThe linguistic description provided by the expert can generally be broken intoseveral parts.There will be“linguistic variables”that describe each of the time-varying fuzzy controller inputs and outputs.For the inverted pendulum,“error”describes e(t)“change-in-error”describes ddt e(t)“force”describes u(t)Note that we use quotes to emphasize that certain words or phrases are linguistic descriptions,and that we have added the time index to,for example,e(t),to em-phasize that generally e varies with time.There are many possible choices for the linguistic descriptions for variables.Some designers like to choose them so that they are quite descriptive for documentation purposes.However,this can sometimes lead to long descriptions.Others seek to keep the linguistic descriptions as short as pos-sible(e.g.,using“e(t)”as the linguistic variable for e(t)),yet accurate enough so that they adequately represent the variables.Regardless,the choice of the linguistic variable has no impact on the way that the fuzzy controller operates;it is simply a notation that helps to facilitate the construction of the fuzzy controller via fuzzy logic.Just as e(t)takes on a value of,for example,0.1at t=2(e(2)=0.1),linguistic variables assume“linguistic values.”That is,the values that linguistic variables take on over time change dynamically.Suppose for the pendulum example that “error,”“change-in-error,”and“force”take on the following values:“neglarge”“negsmall”“zero”“possmall”“poslarge”Note that we are using“negsmall”as an abbreviation for“negative small in size”and so on for the other variables.Such abbreviations help keep the linguistic de-scriptions short yet precise.For an even shorter description we could use integers:“−2”to represent“neglarge”“−1”to represent“negsmall”“0”to represent“zero”“1”to represent“possmall”“2”to represent“poslarge”This is a particularly appealing choice for the linguistic values since the descriptions are short and nicely represent that the variable we are concerned with has a numeric quality.We are not,for example,associating“−1”with any particular number of radians of error;the use of the numbers for linguistic descriptions simply quantiﬁes the sign of the error(in the usual way)and indicates the size in relation to the2.2Fuzzy Control:A Tutorial Introduction29 other linguistic values.We shallﬁnd the use of this type of linguistic value quite convenient and hence will give it the special name,“linguistic-numeric value.”The linguistic variables and values provide a language for the expert to expressher or his ideas about the control decision-making process in the context of the framework established by our choice of fuzzy controller inputs and outputs.Recallthat for the inverted pendulum r=0and e=r−y so thate=−yandd dt e=−ddtysince ddt r=0.First,we will study how we can quantify certain dynamic behaviorswith linguistics.In the next subsection we will study how to quantify knowledge about how to control the pendulum using linguistic descriptions.For the inverted pendulum each of the following statements quantiﬁes a diﬀerent conﬁguration of the pendulum(refer back to Figure2.2on page25):•The statement“error is poslarge”can represent the situation where the pendulum is at a signiﬁcant angle to the left of the vertical.•The statement“error is negsmall”can represent the situation where the pendulum is just slightly to the right of the vertical,but not too close to the vertical to justify quantifying it as“zero”and not too far away to justify quantifying it as “neglarge.”•The statement“error is zero”can represent the situation where the pendulum is very near the vertical position(a linguistic quantiﬁcation is not precise,hence we are willing to accept any value of the error around e(t)=0as being quantiﬁed linguistically by“zero”since this can be considered a better quantiﬁcation than “possmall”or“negsmall”).•The statement“error is poslarge and change-in-error is possmall”can representthe situation where the pendulum is to the left of the vertical and,since ddt y<0,the pendulum is moving away from the upright position(note that in this case the pendulum is moving counterclockwise).•The statement“error is negsmall and change-in-error is possmall”can represent the situation where the pendulum is slightly to the right of the vertical and,sinced dt y<0,the pendulum is moving toward the upright position(note that in thiscase the pendulum is also moving counterclockwise).It is important for the reader to study each of the cases above to understand how the expert’s linguistics quantify the dynamics of the pendulum(actually,each partially quantiﬁes the pendulum’s state).30Chapter2/Fuzzy Control:The BasicsOverall,we see that to quantify the dynamics of the process we need to have a good understanding of the physics of the underlying process we are trying to control.While for the pendulum problem,the task of coming to a good understanding ofthe dynamics is relatively easy,this is not the case for many physical processes.Quantifying the process dynamics with linguistics is not always easy,and certainlya better understanding of the process dynamics generally leads to a better linguisticquantiﬁcation.Often,this will naturally lead to a better fuzzy controller providedthat you can adequately measure the system dynamics so that the fuzzy controllercan make the right decisions at the proper time.RulesNext,we will use the above linguistic quantiﬁcation to specify a set of rules(arule-base)that captures the expert’s knowledge about how to control the plant.Inparticular,for the inverted pendulum in the three positions shown in Figure2.5,we have the following rules(notice that we drop the quotes since the whole rule islinguistic):1.If error is neglarge and change-in-error is neglarge Then force is poslargeThis rule quantiﬁes the situation in Figure2.5(a)where the pendulum has alarge positive angle and is moving clockwise;hence it is clear that we shouldapply a strong positive force(to the right)so that we can try to start thependulum moving in the proper direction.2.If error is zero and change-in-error is possmall Then force is negsmallThis rule quantiﬁes the situation in Figure2.5(b)where the pendulum hasnearly a zero angle with the vertical(a linguistic quantiﬁcation of zero does notimply that e(t)=0exactly)and is moving counterclockwise;hence we shouldapply a small negative force(to the left)to counteract the movement so that itmoves toward zero(a positive force could result in the pendulum overshootingthe desired position).3.If error is poslarge and change-in-error is negsmall Then force is negsmallThis rule quantiﬁes the situation in Figure2.5(c)where the pendulum is far tothe left of the vertical and is moving clockwise;hence we should apply a smallnegative force(to the left)to assist the movement,but not a big one since thependulum is already moving in the proper direction.Each of the three rules listed above is a“linguistic rule”since it is formed solely from linguistic variables and values.Since linguistic values are not preciserepresentations of the underlying quantities that they describe,linguistic rules arenot precise either.They are simply abstract ideas about how to achieve good controlthat could mean somewhat diﬀerent things to diﬀerent people.They are,however,at2.2Fuzzy Control:A Tutorial Introduction31(a)(b)(c)FIGURE2.5Inverted pendulum in various positions.a level of abstraction that humans are often comfortable with in terms of specifyinghow to control a process.The general form of the linguistic rules listed above isIf premise Then consequentAs you can see from the three rules listed above,the premises(which are sometimescalled“antecedents”)are associated with the fuzzy controller inputs and are onthe left-hand-side of the rules.The consequents(sometimes called“actions”)are associated with the fuzzy controller outputs and are on the right-hand-side of therules.Notice that each premise(or consequent)can be composed of the conjunctionof several“terms”(e.g.,in rule3above“error is poslarge and change-in-error is negsmall”is a premise that is the conjunction of two terms).The number of fuzzy controller inputs and outputs places an upper limit on the number of elementsin the premises and consequents.Note that there does not need to be a premise (consequent)term for each input(output)in each rule,although often there is.Rule-BasesUsing the above approach,we could continue to write down rules for the pendulumproblem for all possible cases(the reader should do this for practice,at least fora few more rules).Note that since we only specify aﬁnite number of linguisticvariables and linguistic values,there is only aﬁnite number of possible rules.Forthe pendulum problem,with two inputs andﬁve linguistic values for each of these,there are at most52=25possible rules(all possible combinations of premiselinguistic values for two inputs).A convenient way to list all possible rules for the case where there are not toomany inputs to the fuzzy controller(less than or equal to two or three)is to use atabular representation.A tabular representation of one possible set of rules for theinverted pendulum is shown in Table2.1.Notice that the body of the table lists thelinguistic-numeric consequents of the rules,and the left column and top row of thetable contain the linguistic-numeric premise terms.Then,for instance,the(2,−1)position(where the“2”represents the row having“2”for a numeric-linguistic valueand the“−1”represents the column having“−1”for a numeric-linguistic value)has a−1(“negsmall”)in the body of the table and represents the rule32Chapter2/Fuzzy Control:The BasicsIf error is poslarge and change-in-error is negsmall Then force is negsmall which is rule3above.Table2.1represents abstract knowledge that the expert hasabout how to control the pendulum given the error and its derivative as inputs.TABLE2.1Rule Table for the Inverted Pendulum“force”“change-in-error”˙eu−2−1012−222210“error”−12210−1e0210−1−2110−1−2−220−1−2−2−2The reader should convince him-or herself that the other rules are also valid and take special note of the pattern of rule consequents that appears in the body of thetable:Notice the diagonal of zeros and viewing the body of the table as a matrixwe see that it has a certain symmetry to it.This symmetry that emerges whenthe rules are tabulated is no accident and is actually a representation of abstractknowledge about how to control the pendulum;it arises due to a symmetry in thesystem’s dynamics.We will actually see later that similar patterns will be foundwhen constructing rule-bases for more challenging applications,and we will showhow to exploit this symmetry in implementing fuzzy controllers.2.2.3Fuzzy Quantiﬁcation of KnowledgeUp to this point we have only quantiﬁed,in an abstract way,the knowledge thatthe human expert has about how to control the plant.Next,we will show how touse fuzzy logic to fully quantify the meaning of linguistic descriptions so that wemay automate,in the fuzzy controller,the control rules speciﬁed by the expert.Membership FunctionsFirst,we quantify the meaning of the linguistic values using“membership func-tions.”Consider,for example,Figure2.6.This is a plot of a functionμversus e(t)that takes on special meaning.The functionμquantiﬁes the certainty2that e(t)can be classiﬁed linguistically as“possmall.”To understand the way that a mem-bership function works,it is best to perform a case analysis where we show how tointerpret it for various values of e(t):2.The reader should not confuse the term“certainty”with“probability”or“likelihood.”Themembership function is not a probability density function,and there is no underlying probabilityspace.By“certainty”we mean“degree of truth.”The membership function does not quantifyrandom behavior;it simply makes more accurate(less fuzzy)the meaning of linguisticdescriptions.2.2Fuzzy Control:A Tutorial Introduction33•If e(t)=−π/2thenμ(−π/2)=0,indicating that we are certain that e(t)=−π/2is not“possmall.”•If e(t)=π/8thenμ(π/8)=0.5,indicating that we are halfway certain thate(t)=π/8is“possmall”(we are only halfway certain since it could also be“zero”with some degree of certainty—this value is in a“gray area”in terms oflinguistic interpretation).•If e(t)=π/4thenμ(π/4)=1.0,indicating that we are absolutely certain thate(t)=π/4is what we mean by“possmall.”•If e(t)=πthenμ(π)=0,indicating that we are certain that e(t)=πis not “possmall”(actually,it is“poslarge”).FIGURE2.6Membership function forlinguistic value“possmall.”The membership function quantiﬁes,in a continuous manner,whether values ofe(t)belong to(are members of)the set of values that are“possmall,”and hence itquantiﬁes the meaning of the linguistic statement“error is possmall.”This is why itis called a membership function.It is important to recognize that the membershipfunction in Figure2.6is only one possible deﬁnition of the meaning of“error is possmall”;you could use a bell-shaped function,a trapezoid,or many others.For instance,consider the membership functions shown in Figure2.7.For some application someone may be able to argue that we are absolutely certain that anyvalue of e(t)nearπ4is still“possmall”and only when you get suﬃciently far fromπ4do we lose our conﬁdence that it is“possmall.”One way to characterize this un-derstanding of the meaning of“possmall”is via the trapezoid-shaped membership function in Figure2.7(a).For other applications you may think of membership in the set of“possmall”values as being dictated by the Gaussian-shaped member-ship function(not to be confused with the Gaussian probability density function) shown in Figure2.7(b).For still other applications you may not readily acceptvalues far away fromπ4as being“possmall,”so you may use the membership func-tion in Figure2.7(c)to represent this.Finally,while we often think of symmetric characterizations of the meaning of linguistic values,we are not restricted to these34Chapter 2/Fuzzy Control:The Basicssymmetric representations.For instance,in Figure 2.7(d)we represent that we be-lieve that as e (t )moves to the left of π4we are very quick to reduce our conﬁdencethat it is “possmall,”but if we move to the right of π4our conﬁdence that e (t )is“possmall,”diminishes at a slower rate.(a) Trapezoid.(b) Gaussian.(c) Sharp peak.(d) Skewed triangle.FIGURE 2.7A few membership function choices for representing “error ispossmall.”In summary,we see that depending on the application and the designer (ex-pert),many diﬀerent choices of membership functions are possible.We will further discuss other ways to deﬁne membership functions in Section 2.3.2on page 55.It is important to note here,however,that for the most part the deﬁnition of a member-ship function is subjective rather than objective.That is,we simply quantify it in a manner that makes sense to us,but others may quantify it in a diﬀerent manner.The set of values that is described by μas being “positive small”is called a “fuzzy set.”Let A denote this fuzzy set.Notice that from Figure 2.6we are absolutely certain that e (t )=π4is an element of A ,but we are less certain thate (t )=π16is an element of A .Membership in the set,as speciﬁed by the membership function,is fuzzy;hence we use the term “fuzzy set.”We will give a more precise description of a fuzzy set in Section 2.3.2on page 55.A “crisp”(as contrasted to “fuzzy”)quantiﬁcation of “possmall”can also be speciﬁed,but via the membership function shown in Figure 2.8.This membership function is simply an alternative representation for the interval on the real line π/8≤e (t )≤3π/8,and it indicates that this interval of numbers represents “poss-mall.”Clearly,this characterization of crisp sets is simply another way to represent a normal interval (set)of real numbers.While the vertical axis in Figure 2.6represents certainty,the horizontal axis is also given a special name.It is called the “universe of discourse”for the input e (t )since it provides the range of values of e (t )that can be quantiﬁed with linguistics2.2Fuzzy Control:A Tutorial Introduction35FIGURE2.8Membership function for acrisp set.and fuzzy sets.In conventional terminology,a universe of discourse for an input oroutput of a fuzzy system is simply the range of values the inputs and outputs cantake on.Now that we know how to specify the meaning of a linguistic value via a mem-bership function(and hence a fuzzy set),we can easily specify the membershipfunctions for all15linguistic values(ﬁve for each input andﬁve for the output)of our inverted pendulum example.See Figure2.9for one choice of membership functions.Notice that(for our later convenience)we list both the linguistic values andthe linguistic-numeric values associated with each membership function.Hence,we see that the membership function in Figure2.6for“possmall”is embeddedamong several others that describe other sizes of values(so that,for instance,the membership function to the right of the one for“possmall”is the one that represents“error is poslarge”).Note that other similarly shaped membership functions makesense(e.g.,bell-shaped membership functions).We will discuss the multitude ofchoices that are possible for membership functions in Section2.3.2on page55.The membership functions at the outer edges in Figure2.9deserve specialattention.For the inputs e(t)and ddt e(t)we see that the outermost membershipfunctions“saturate”at a value of one.This makes intuitive sense as at some point the human expert would just group all large values together in a linguistic de-scription such as“poslarge.”The membership functions at the outermost edges appropriately characterize this phenomenon since they characterize“greater than”(for the right side)and“less than”(for the left side).Study Figure2.9and convince yourself of this.For the output u,the membership functions at the outermost edges cannot be saturated for the fuzzy system to be properly deﬁned(more details on this point will be provided in Section2.2.6on page44and Section2.3.5on page65).The basic reason for this is that in decision-making processes of the type we study,we seek to take actions that specify an exact value for the process input.We do not generally indicate to a process actuator,“any value bigger than,say,10,is acceptable.”It is important to have a clear picture in your mind of how the values of the membership functions change as,for example,e(t)changes its value over time. For instance,as e(t)changes from−π/2toπ/2we see that various membership。

my research plan英语作文250

my research plan英语作文250The new semester will start again, I make the plan of the new semester, with my father and mother let everyone see me is how to plan.Language, I decided to extracurricular reading for an hour a day, a week reading an extra-curricular, increase my extracurricular knowledge, expand my knowledge. I also decided to sign up for a composition class, to make the composition to a degree of my ideal. On Chinese classes to actively raise your hand to speak, I have more published my own understanding and ideas. Mathematics, I think I'm in this respect is strong, but I still want to work. This semester, I will still continue to mathematical olympiad class learning, improve the ability of mathematical olympiad. I decided to do every day is really 5, can get the second prize for this year's competition. Math class listening carefully, do not speak little, and should also actively raise your hand to speak.Computer is my favorite, I the greatest interest in it, so I had and dad, I want to attend this term DianNaoBanlearning, learning web design. And their control as far as possible to play computer games time, do not affect learning.English is my weaknesses, I find most about it. My mother gave me quote the Cambridge English class. I also want to read more and remember more English words, strive for progress in English.Sport, I prepared for the devil training, every day after dinner will go to the outdoor activities, playing badminton, playing football and so on. Also want to exercise more, in the home in the evening do dumbbell exercise, and sit-ups. I also want to get up early in the morning, you'd better run and do exercises. Best can offer a track team.The plan is ready. But dad on the right side of some doubt ask me: "you can do this plan?" I'm sure of answer: "go! Go! I must finish the project!"。

study plan模板

Study Plan✧My academic backgroundI majored in electrical science and technology in xxxxxx from 2005 to 2009 and received my bachelor’s degree. I am good at computer language which is useful in my major. During four years study, it brings me very strong interest. Both the importance and interest make me to pursue my further study. The program I applied in XX University is electrical and computer engineering. I understand it is best for me in that program.✧Why America?America is the most developed country. It has the most advanced knowledge and skills in Electrical Industry. Studying in America will enhance my comprehension and professional skills in this field. the master program in United States serves a balance between learning something and putting them into practice, this is very important and necessary for students to acquire a kind of knowledge much more comprehensively.✧Why this university?The department of Electrical and Computer Engineering in XXX University in which I will study concentrates on the area of circuit design fit me perfectly, and the courses and research orientation meet my interests well.I believe it is an excellent place for me to carry out a further study in Electrical Engineering and get me prepared for my career goal.✧Course scheduleI will go to study for a master degree on Electrical and Computer Engineering in America. I was accepted by XXX University, and my parents are able to support my studying there. I will study there for 2 years. In the first year, I will concentrate on learning basic courses, such as VLSI Design, network basic, and controls system. From the second year, I will do some research work with the professors in the University.✧My future planI want to be an IC engineer in a developing company after I have finished my master study and come back from America. So I can use my knowledge and skills I learned to design and improve circuit design, as in China thereare many opportunities for me and there is a huge electricals market. My father is a good engineer. Many of his classmates and friends working there makes me easier to adjust to the job with their help. I want to be that kind of guy and there will be a great advantage for me if I graduate from the XXXX University and seek a position in China.。

天津大学微电子学与固体电子学考研复习辅导资料及导师分数线信息

天津大学微电子学与固体电子学考研复习辅导资料及导师分数线信息天津大学微电子学与固体电子学考研科目包括政治、外语、数学一以及电路、半导体物理或电介质物理、信号与系统、物理化学。

主要研究方向有四个，每个方向不同考试科目也不同，考生备考时需分清。

专业代码、名称及研究方向考试科目备注080903微电子学与固体电子学①101思想政治理论②201英语一或202俄语或203日语③301数学一④811电路①101思想政治理论②201英语一或202俄语或203日语③301数学一④813半导体物理或电介质物理①101思想政治理论②201英语一或202俄语或203日语③301数学一④815信号与系统①101思想政治理论②201英语一或202俄语或203日语③301数学一④839物理化学天津大学微电子学与固体电子学近两年考研录取信息院（系、所）专业报考人数录取人数电子信息与工程学院（2012年）微电子学与固体电子学184 53电子信息与工程微电子学与固体193 52学院（2013年）电子学天津大学微电子学与固体电子学2012年报考人数为184人，录取人数为53人，2013年报考人数为193人，录取人数为52人。

由真题可以发现，现在考点涉及的广度和深度不断扩宽和加深。

由天津考研网签约的天津大学在读本硕博团队搜集整理了天津大学电子信息与工程学院微电子学与固体电子学考研全套复习资料，帮助考生梳理知识点并构建知识框架。

真题解析部分将真题按照知识点划分，条理清晰的呈现在同学们眼前。

然后根据各个考点的近几年真题解析，让同学对热点、难点了然于胸。

只有做到了对真题规律和趋势的把握，8—10月底的提高复习才能有的放矢、事半功倍！天津大学电子信息与工程学院微电子学与固体电子学考研导师信息刘开华纵向课题经费课题名称情境感知服务位置信息获取机理与算法 2009-01-01--2011-12-31 负责人:刘开华科技计划:国家基金委拨款单位:国家基金委合同经费:32课题名称智能航空铅封技术研究 2010-01-01--2012-12-31 负责人:刘开华科技计划:天津市科技支撑计划重点项目拨款单位:天津市科学技术委员会合同经费:50 横向课题经费课题名称基于相位法的RFID定位技术 2013-01-01--2013-12-31 负责人:刘开华科技计划: 拨款单位:中兴通信有限公司合同经费:16课题名称基于ADoc芯片组的产品开发 2008-09-01--2009-08-31 负责人:刘开华科技计划: 拨款单位:THOMSON宽带研发（北京）有限公司合同经费:6.3 期刊、会议论文Tan, Lingling; Bai, Yu; Teng, Jianfu; Liu, Kaihua; Meng, Wenqing Trans-Impedance Filter Synthesis Based on Nodal Admittance Matrix Expansion CIRCUITS SYSTEMS AND SIGNAL PROCESSINGnullTan, Lingling; Liu, Kaihua; Bai, Yu; Teng, Jianfu Construction of CDBA and CDTA behavioral models and the applications in symbolic circuits analysis ANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUITS AND SIGNAL PROCESSINGnullMa Yongtao，Zhou Liuji，Liu Kaihua A Subcarrier-Pair Based Resource Allocation Scheme Using SensorsnullMa Yongtao，Zhou Liuji，Liu Kaihua, Wang Jinlong Iterative Phase Reconstruction and Weighted IEEE sensorsnull罗蓬，刘开华，闫格基于FrFT能量重心谱校正的LFM信号参数估计信号处理null 潘勇, 刘开华，等 A novel printed microstrip antenna with frequency reconfigurable characteristics for Bluetooth/WLAN/WiMAX applications Microwave and Optical Technology Lettersnull阎格，刘开华，吕西午基于分数阶Fourier变换的新型时频滤波器设计哈尔滨工业大学学报nullLin Zhu, Kaihua Liu, Zhang Qijun, Yongtao Ma and Bo Peng An enhanced analyticalNeuro-Space Mapping method for large-signal microwave device modeling null 罗蓬，刘开华，于洁潇，马永涛一种相干宽带线性调频信号的波达方向估计新方法通信学报nullLin Zhu, Yongtao Ma, Qijun Zhang and Kaihua Liu An enhanced Neuro-Space Mapping method for nonlinear device modeling nullYue Cui, Kaihua Liu, Junfeng Wang Direction-of-arrival estimation for coherent GPS signals based on oblique projection Signal ProcessingnullLV Xi-wu, LIU Kai-hua, et al. Efficient solution of additional base stations in time-of-arrival positioning systems Electronics Lettersnull省部级以上获奖刘开华；等数字电视接收系统、软件技术的研发与应用”天津市科技进步奖三等奖 2011-04-29李华；刘开华；等数字视频压缩与码流测试技术的研发及应用天津市科技进步奖二等奖 2009-04-29知识产权刘开华, 于洁潇高速公路上车辆的车速和相对位置实时测量系统及方法刘开华；潘勇；于洁潇；陈征一种基于无联网的车载自动实时监控远程终端刘开华，黄翔东，于洁潇，王兆华，闫格基于相位差测距的RFID无线定位方法王安国纵向课题经费课题名称基带处理与天线协同 2007-07-16--2011-11-16 负责人:王安国科技计划:国家科技部拨款单位:财政部合同经费:157.41课题名称无线网络多源稀疏协作编码研究 2011-01-01--2013-12-31 负责人:韩昌彩科技计划:国家基金委拨款单位:国家基金委合同经费:20横向课题经费课题名称具有波束多选择性的多频段可重构天线研究 2013-01-01--2014-12-31 负责人:王安国科技计划: 拨款单位:东南大学毫米波国家重点实验室合同经费:5 课题名称双方向图算法在室内定位中的应用 2012-01-01--2012-12-31 负责人:冷文科技计划: 拨款单位:中兴通讯股份有限公司合同经费:14.5期刊、会议论文马宁王安国姬雨初石和平Cooperative Space Shift Keying for Multiple-Relay Network IEEE Communications Lettersnull裴静王安国高顺,冷文Miniaturized Triple-Band Antenna With a Defected Ground Plane for WLAN/WiMAX Applications IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Lettersnull 赵国煌王安国冷文陈彬陈华Wideband internal antenna with coupled feeding for 4G mobile phone Microwave and Optical Technology Lettersnull陈彬王安国赵国煌Design of a novel ultrawideband antenna with dual band-notchedcharacteristics Microwave and Optical technology lettersnull蔡晓涛王安国马宁冷文 A Novel Planar Parasitic Array Antenna with Reconfigurable Azimuth pattern IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Lettersnull马宁王安国聂仲尔曲倩倩姬雨初Adaptive Mapping Generalized Space Shift Keying Modulation China Communicationsnull王安国蔡晓涛冷文带寄生贴片的圆盘形方向图可重构天线设计电波科学学报null 王安国陈彬冷文赵国煌一种小型化五频段可重构蝶形天线的设计电波科学学报null蔡晓涛王安国马宁冷文 Novel radiation pattern reconfigurable antenna with six beam choices The Journal of China Universities of Posts and Telecommunicationsnull 曲倩倩王安国聂仲尔郑剑锋 Block Mapping Spatial Modulation Scheme for MIMO Systems The Journal of China Universities of Posts and Telecommunicationsnull 王安国刘楠兰航方向图可重构宽带准八木天线的设计天津大学学报null李锵纵向课题经费课题名称基于稀疏核支持向量机的音乐自动分类系统关键技术研究2009-06-01--2010-06-01 负责人:李锵科技计划: 拨款单位:天津大学建筑设计研究院合同经费:3课题名称jg预研项目 2010-03-01--2010-12-01 负责人:李锵科技计划: 拨款单位:渤海石油运输有限责任公司合同经费:3课题名称超声波热治疗中非侵入式温度成像与弹性成像关键技术研究2015-01-01--2018-12-31 负责人:李锵科技计划:国家自然科学基金项目拨款单位: 国家自然科学基金委员会合同经费:85课题名称高等学校学科创新引智计划综合管理平台的设计与开发2010-04-01--2012-04-01 负责人:李锵科技计划: 拨款单位:苏州国芯科技有限公司合同经费:3横向课题经费课题名称微粒捕集器数据采集系统开发 2008-01-01--2008-06-01 负责人:李锵科技计划: 拨款单位:润英联新加坡私人有限公司合同经费:22.5课题名称电子系统可靠性增长建模与仿真 2006-12-01--2008-01-01 负责人:李锵科技计划: 拨款单位:中国人民解放军海军航空工程学院合同经费:5期刊、会议论文李锵，滕建辅，赵全明，李士心Wavelet domain Wiener filter and its application in signal denoising null张立毅，李锵，刘婷，滕建辅The research of the adaptive blind equalizer's steady residual error null徐星，李锵，关欣Chinese folk instruments classification via statistical features and sparse-based representation null张立毅，李锵，刘婷，滕建辅Study of improved constant modulus blind equalization algorithm null张立毅，孙云山，李锵，滕建辅Study on the fuzzy neural network classifier blind equalization algorithm null郭继昌，滕建辅，李锵Research of the gyro signal de-noising method based on stationary wavelets transform null肖志涛，于明，李锵，国澄明Symmetry phase congruency: Feature detector consistent with human visual system characteristics nullCai wei，李锵，关欣 Automatic singer identification based on auditory features. null 李锵，滕建辅，王昕，张雅绮，郭继昌Research of gyro signal de-noising with stationary wavelets transform null郭继昌，滕建辅，李锵，张雅绮The de-noising of gyro signals by bi-orthogonal wavelet transform nullLiu Tianlong，李锵，关欣Double boundary periodic extension DNA coding sequence detection algorithm combining base content null关欣，滕建辅，李锵，苏育挺Blind acoustic source separation combining time-delayed autocorrelation and 4TH-order cumulants null张立毅，李锵，滕建辅Kurtosis-driven variable step size blind equalization algorithm with constant module nullQin Lu，李锵，关欣Pitch Extraction for Musical Signals with Modified AMDF nullZhang Xueying，李锵，关欣 The Improved AMDF Gene Exon Prediction null李锵，Jian Dong,Ming-Guo Wang,滕建辅 Analysis and simulation of antenna protocol optimization for ad hoc networks nullFeng Yanyan，李锵，关欣Entropy of Teager Energy in Wavelet-domain Algorithm Applied in Note Onset Detection nullBao Hu, Li ShangSheng, 李锵，滕建辅Research on the technology of RFSS in large-scale universal missile ATE null张立毅，Haiqing Cheng,李锵，滕建辅 A research of forward neural network blind equalization algorithm based on momentum term null张立毅，李锵，滕建辅 A New Adaptive Variable Step-size Blind Equalization Algorithm Based on Forward Neural Network nullYutao Ma,李锵，Chao Li，Kun Li，滕建辅Design of active transimpedance band-pass filters with different Q values International Journal of Electronicsnull夏静静，李锵,刘浩澧，Wen-shiang Chen,Po-Hsiang Tsui An Approach for the Visualization of Temperature Distribution in Tissues According to Changes in Ultrasonic Backscattered Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicinenull耿晓楠，李锵，崔博翔，王荞茵，刘浩澧超声温度影像与弹性成像监控组织射频消融南方医科大学学报null谭玲玲, 李锵, 李瑞杰, 滕建辅 Design of transimpedance low-pass filters InternationalJournal of Electronicsnull李锵，李秋颖，关欣基于听觉图像的音乐流派自动分类天津大学学报（自然科学与工程技术版）nullChong Zhou, Wei Pang, 李锵, Hongyu Yu, Xiaotang Hu, HaoZhang, Extracting the Electromechanical Coupling Constant of Piezoelectric Thin Film by the High-Tone Bulk Acoustic Resonator IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Controlnull 朱琳, 李锵, 刘开华基于ADS的声表面波单端对谐振器建模压电与声光null董丽梦, 李锵, 关欣基于稀疏表示分类器的音乐和弦识别系统研究计算机工程与应用null关欣，李锵，田洪伟基于差分全相位MFCC的音符起点自动检测计算机工程null 关欣，李锵，郭继昌，滕建辅二、四阶组合时延统计量多乐器盲分离计算机工程与应用null杨甲沛, 李锵, 刘郑, 袁晓琳基于自适应学习速率的改进型BP算法研究计算机工程与应用null李锵, 张法朝, 张瑞峰System design of DPF data recorder and data analysis null李锵, 袁晓琳, 杨甲沛Application of ant colony algorithm in the optimization of the time environmental conversion factor of the reliability models null张立毅，白煜，李锵，滕建辅复数系统中五二阶归一化积累盲均衡算法的研究通信学报null郭继昌，关欣，李锵，刘志杨红外图像预处理系统中模拟视频输出时序设计电子技术应用null关欣，滕建辅，李锵，苏育挺，Wang Shu-Yan Blind source separation combiningtime-delayed second and fourth order statistics 天津大学学报（自然科学与工程技术版）null 张立毅，李锵，滕建辅复数系统中三、二阶归一化累积量盲均衡算法的研究计算机工程与应用null张立毅，李锵，滕建辅经典盲均衡算法中稳态剩余误差的分析天津大学学报null 滕建辅，董健，李锵，关欣Design of maximally flat FIR filters based on explicit formulas combined with optimization 天津大学学报（英文版）null郭继昌，陈敏俊，李锵，关欣红外焦平面失效元处理方法及软硬件实现光电工程null 马杰，王昕，李锵，滕建辅基于特征值和奇异值分解方法的盲分离天津大学学报（自然科学与工程技术版）null李锵，郭继昌，关欣，滕建辅基于通用DSP的红外焦平面视频图像数字预处理系统天津大学学报（自然科学与工程技术版）null李锵，郭继昌，关欣，刘航，童央群基于DSP的红外焦平面视频图像数字处理系统的设计测控技术null马杰，滕建辅，李锵具有参考噪声源的多路传感器信号盲分离方法测控技术null 周郭飞，李锵，滕建辅微带扇形分支线在低通滤波器设计中应用电子测量技术null 李锵，滕建辅，李士心，肖志涛小波域Wiener滤波器信号的去噪方法天津大学学报（自然科学与工程技术版）null肖志涛，于明，李锵，唐红梅，国澄明 Log Gabor小波性能分析及其在相位一致性中应用天津大学学报（自然科学与工程技术版）null罗批，李锵，郭继昌，滕建辅Improved genetic algorithm and its performance analysis 天津大学学报（英文版）null罗批，郭继昌，李锵，滕建辅一种实用的电子线路参数优化算法电路与系统学报null 罗批，李锵，郭继昌，滕建辅基于偏最小二乘回归建模的探讨天津大学学报null 知识产权李锵，闫志勇，关欣一种结合SVM和增强型PCP特征的和弦识别方法中国2014100089231李锵, 冯亚楠, 关欣基于Teager能量熵的音符切分方法学术专著(关欣, 杨爱萍, 白煜, 李锵), 信号检测与估计:理论与应用（译著）, 电子工业出版社2012-01-31(白煜, 李锵), 模拟集成电路设计的艺术(译著), 人民邮电出版社 2010-11-04(李锵，周进等), 无线通信基础（译著）, 人民邮电出版社 2007-06-30(李锵，董健，关欣，鲍虎), 数字通信（原书第2版）（译著）, 机械工业出版社 2006-02-28 (张为，关欣，刘艳艳，李锵), 电子电路设计基础（译著）, 电子工业出版社 2005-10-01 (张雅绮，李锵等), Verilog HDL高级数字设计（译著）, 电子工业出版社 2005-01-31 (李锵，侯春萍，赵宇), 网络（原书第2版）（译著）, 机械工业出版社 2004-11-30(李锵，郭继昌), 无线通信与网络, 电子工业出版社 2004-06-30本文内容摘自《天津大学814通信原理考研红宝书》，更多考研资料可登陆网站下载！。

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