New Orleans Jazz
爵士乐流行流派
爵士音乐流派大全Work Song（工作歌）又称为“劳动号子”，19世纪中期美国南方黑奴在工作时所唱的歌曲，后来成为蓝调和Minsttel Show的重要创作题材。
Blues（蓝调）蓝调音乐的产生是为了抒发演唱者的个人情感，顾名思义，这种音乐听起来十分忧郁(Blue)。
这种以歌曲直接陈述内心想法的表现方式，与当时白人社会的音乐截然不同。
代表人物是W.CHandy，出生在1873年的美国阿拉巴马州，被誉为“蓝调之父”，创作了许多知名的蓝调音乐，例如：St. Louis Blues、Yellow Dog Blues、Aunt Hagars' Blues、The Memphis Blues、Beale Street Blues等等。
Ragtime（拉格泰姆爵士乐，也叫繁音拍子）从严格来说，Ragtime不是真正的爵士乐。
Ragtime没有即兴演奏和布鲁斯音乐的感觉，这种分割对于早期的爵士乐的形式产生了巨大的影响。
Ragtime鼎盛期是1899年至1915年，其中最为知名的要算钢琴音乐。
这种风格大多是由管弦乐队演奏的，其对位法和节奏融合了古典音乐和行进音乐队音乐的特点，在后来的爵士乐风格中都被迪克西兰爵士乐音乐家风格采用，新奥尔良爵士乐这是爵士乐最早的音乐风格。
大致是从1895年当巴迪·博尔登在新奥尔良组建自己的第一支乐队时开始，这种音乐就在新奥尔良演奏，直到1917年斯托瑞维尔俱乐部不幸关闭为止，Ragtime未能留下任何录音资料。
然而由于后来的原创迪克西兰爵士乐队在1917年的成功以及20年代许多成功演出的资料的保存使我们有机会感受到这种音乐的风格。
由于新奥尔良爵士乐强点合奏，因此没一件乐器在乐队的角色所受到了严格的限制，通常，小号和短号使乐队中重要角色，常常演奏旋律部分，而长号则是和音的主要部分，副部则通常由短号演奏。
节奏部相对稳定，通常包括钢琴、圆号、低音大提琴和鼓，Ragtime 同早期的行进乐队又直接的渊源。
New Orleans jazz is a name for the
With a "rhythm section" of at least two of the following instruments: guitar or banjo, string bass or tuba, piano, and drums.
The term Dixieland became widely used after the advent of the first millionselling hit records of the Original Dixieland Jazz Band in 1917. The music has been played continuously since the early part of the 20th century. Louis Armstrong's All-Stars was the band most popularly identified with Dixieland, although Armstrong's own influence runs through all of jazz.
West Coast revival
The "West Coast revival" is a movement begun in the late 1930s by the Lu Watters Yerba Buena Jazz Band of San Francisco and extended by trombonist Turk Murphy. It started out as a backlash to the Chicago style, which is closer in development towards swing.
NBA球队简介.
NBA球队简介西部：1、休斯敦火箭（Houston Rockets）：球队最早是在盛行军需产业的圣地亚哥，1961年迁美国国家航空天局（NASA）所在地休斯顿后，“火箭”这个名字更加名副其实了。
National Aeronautics and Space Administration美国国家航空和宇宙航行局。
名称变迁：1967-71 圣地亚哥火箭队(San Diego Rockets)1971-今休斯顿火箭队(Houston Rockets)获总冠军年份：1994年、1995年退役球衣号码：(22) 克莱德.德雷克斯勒（Clyde Drexler）(23) 卡尔文.墨菲（Calvin Murphy）(24) 摩西.马龙（Moses Malone）(34) 哈基姆.奥拉朱旺（Hakeem Olajuwon）(45) 鲁迪.汤姆贾诺维奇（Rudy Tomjanovich）(55)迪肯贝.穆托姆博（Dikembe Mutombo Mpolondo Mukamba Jean Jacque Wamutombo）主场所在城市：德克萨斯州休斯顿市主体育馆：丰田中心球馆(Toyota Center)可容纳人数：18500人加入NBA时间：1967年火箭队名来历: 火箭原先在圣地亚哥，1967年圣地亚哥火箭成了NBA的第12个成员。
鉴于圣地亚哥地区航空事业日益发达，最终球迷投票决定，以“火箭”为名。
1971年球队搬到休斯敦后，这个名字神奇般地依旧适用，显示出其超强的预见性，因为全美最著名的宇航中心就在休斯敦。
2、洛杉矶湖人（L.A. Lakers）：1948年加盟NBA时，湖人队还在明尼苏达阿波利斯，但是一次飞机失事，使湖人老板痛下决心，于1960年搬迁到了洛杉矶。
队名也是征集来的名字，大意是在美国东北部五大湖工作或者居住的人。
获总冠军年份(15次）：1949年、1950年、1952年、1953年、1954年、1972年、1980年、1982年、 1985年、1987年、1988年、2000年、2001年、2002年、2009年退役球衣号码：13张伯伦 22贝勒 25古德里奇32“魔术师”约翰逊 33贾巴尔 42詹姆斯-沃西 44杰里-韦斯特主场所在城市：加利福尼亚州洛杉矶市主体育馆：斯台普斯球馆(STAPLES Center)可容纳人数：18997人加入NBA时间：1948年现任主教练：菲尔-杰克逊(Phil Jackson)湖人队于1948年加盟NBA，原来属于明尼阿波利斯，于1960年搬迁到了洛杉矶。
我的《爵士乐》
任何风格的音乐,都离不开旋律、节奏、和声、音乐表现形式等基本元素，爵士乐也是如此。 爵士乐的旋律并无固定，老到传统民歌、新到流行歌曲都可作为爵士 旋律 乐的旋律，当然，也有专门为爵士风格而创作的比较另类的旋律。所以， 旋律在爵士乐中并不起着决定性作用，起决定作用的是节奏与和声。
和声旋律Biblioteka 音调欣赏一首 诺拉 琼斯 的《Don't Know Why》，感受爵士乐的风格特点
自由爵士（1960\‘-1980\’ ）
自由爵士产生于60年代，这种全新的音乐刚一 出现，就深受广大爵士音乐家和爵士乐迷的喜爱。 自由爵士不同于以往爵士乐，在和声、旋律方 面没有太多的限制，演奏者在演奏过程中可以自由、 大胆、随心所欲的发挥。自由爵士具有全新的节奏 概念，节拍、对称性被统统打乱，同时，它也强调 音乐本身的强度与张力，加入大量的不谐和音，把 非洲、印度、日本、及阿拉伯等不同的音乐融合到 了一起，采用了印度的西塔尔琴、塔布拉双鼓、扩 音拇指钢琴、警笛和大量的电子设备及打击乐器， 因此，有些自由爵士乐队看上去就象一支非爵士的 先锋派乐队。
“雷格泰姆之王” 斯科特· 乔普林
Jazz 的艺术价值： 将通俗音乐与严肃音乐有 机的结合在一起。 代表作：《蓝色狂想曲》
中 国
爵士乐的发展
中国最具有代表性的爵士音乐 演奏家和爵士乐手如下：
萨克斯管：刘元 、金浩 、杜银蛟、 陆 廷荃、 小号：付华、文智勇 长号：路卡（意大利）、麦特 （USA） 王晶 钢琴：孔宏伟、夏佳、杨德辉、崔洪根、 梁和 平、莫大卫 （USA） 莫瑞 诺（意大利） 吉他：艾迪（马达加斯加）、刘林、刘 玥、顾中山、冢田和茂（日）、隆龙、 贝斯：张岭、刘玥、黄勇、张辉、任一 清、袁波 爵士鼓：张勇光、刘效松、程进、金大 友（USA)、古贺泉（日）、谷峰、贝贝、 关菲、 歌手： 谷峰、张盈、姚意、
2023年大学_英语国家社会与文化入门试题及答案
2023年英语国家社会与文化入门试题及答案英语国家社会与文化入门试题一、Fill in the following information gaps(20%)(1 point each)1. 80%2. 16073. Nature4. the legislative5 .corporation 6. Wall Street7.the White Anglo-Saxon Protestant 8. Italy9 .Fennimore Cooper. 10. Leaves of Grass11. the front line 12. Master of Business Administration13 .Bachelor of Arts 14 .IBM15 .Microsoft 16 .Glasgow17. the King 18. the common laws19 .violin 20.Associate of Sciences二、Choose the correct answer for each of the following (35%)(1 point each) 1-5 BCADA 6-10 BDAAA 11-15 AABAD 16-20 DAAAA 21-25 BDDBA 26-30 ADADD31-35 ACACC三、Give brief explanations of the following ideas (Choose 5 from8 to present on the paper )(25%)(5 point each)1.a significant role of LondonLondon is the capital of the UK, the largest city located in the south of the country. Its dominant in Britain in all sorts of ways. Its the cultural and business centre and the headquarters of the vast majority of Britains bigcompanies. Its not only the financial centre of the nation, but also one of the major international financial centers in the world. It is a huge weight in Britains economic and cultural life.2. the Anglo-SaxonsThe Anglo-Saxons were two groups of Germanic peoples who settled down in England from the 5th century. They were regarded as the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.3. two immigration movements to the AmericasThe American continents were peopled as a result of twolong-continuingimmigration movements, the first from Asia and the second from Europe and Africa.4.American characteristics of religionThe Bill of Rights of the U.S. Constitution provides that there is no state religion and that church and state must be separated (Americans with different religions live together under the sane law). American religious beliefs continue to be strong with social progress. In the United States, every church is a completely independent organization and concerned with its own finance and its ownbuilding. There has been little concentration on doctrine or religious argument such as in European history.5.Three Faiths in the U.S.By the 1950s, the three faiths model of American religion had developed. Americans were considered to come in three basic varieties: Protestant,Catholic and Jewish, the order reflecting the strength in numbers of each group.6.the "Beat Generation"The "Beat Generation" was made up of a group of young writers in the 1950s based in San Francisco. The name referred simultaneously to the rhythm of Jazz music, to their sense that society was worn out, to the interest in new forms of experience, through drugs, alcohol or Eastern mysticism. Alan Ginsburg s poem Howl set for them a tone of social protest.7.Jazz musicEarly jazz music first appeared in the Southern city of New Orleans at the end of the 19th century .It was a blend of folk music, Work chants, spirituals, marches , and even European classical music. A defining mark of this early New Orleans jazz was that a group of musicians improvising their notes in changing chords around a specific melodic line. All jazz bands use such instruments as a trumpet, a clarinet, a trombone, and percussion instruments like the drum, banjo, andguitars. Jazz developed into the 1920s with two different styles, namely, the Chicago style jazz and the New York style8. PuritanismPuritans were those who followed the doctrine of John Calvin and wanted to purify the Church of England. They believed that human beings werepredestined by God before they were born. Some were Gods chosen people while others were damned to hell. No church nor good works could save people, The sign of being God s elect was the success in his work or the prosperity in his calling. These beliefs had great impact on American culture.四、Analyze the causes that brought about the relative decline of the UK economy(20%)The UK has experienced an economic decline since 1945. But this is a relative decline rather than an absolute one .But Britain is wealthier and more productive than it was in 1945, but since other countries developed more rapidly, it has slid from being the second largest economy to being the sixth. There are four reasons for the relative economic decline since 1945:firstly ,Britain had gone heavily into debt in order to finance the war, selling many of its accumulated overseas assets, and borrowing large amounts from the United States and Canada. These debts meant that the UK entered the post-war era with a major economic problem; secondly, British colonies which used to provide raw materials and big markets gained independence. For example ,India, popularly known as "The Jewel in the Crown" of the British Empire, gained its independence in 1947, only 2 years after the end of the war. And the rest of the empire quickly followed Indiato independence, leaving Britain as just a medium-size European country ; thirdly Britain was heavily burdened with the huge military expenditure during relatively rapid andtrouble-free the process of decolonization, which was still forced to maintain a substantial and expensive military presence in many overseas locations until the process was completed ,mostly by the end of the 1960s . Also its position as one of the shapers of the post-war world required substantial militarycontributions both as one of NATOs major partners, and as a member of the UN Security Council. All this had the result that Britain spent a higher proportion of its national wealth on the military than most of its competitors; and fourthly, Britain also lacked the investment in modern equipment and new products for during the war its industry survived comparatively unaffected. British industry however could continue with its older factories and pre-war products, and given its otherlong-term .economic problems, This failure to invest sufficiently in industry also reflects a long-standing and continuing problem in the UK economy. relatively low rates of investment (the amount of money businesses put aside from profits to reinvest in the business in new products and production methods) were characteristic of the British economy in relation to other developed economies, this contrasted greatly with some of itscompetitors ,the two most successful post-war economies, Japan and Germany. So the comparatively strong economic position Britain found itself in 1945 was in many ways deceptive.英语国家社会与文化入门试题答案一、Fill in the following information gaps(20%)(1 point each)1. In England more than ___1__ of its population living in cities ,and about 2% of the population working in agriculture, so England is a highly urbanized country .2. In the year of ____2_____,the first permanent settlement in North America was established, in todays Virginia .3.Ralph Waldo Emerson, a American transcendentalist, published a startling book called __3__,he claimed by studying and respecting to nature individual could reach a higher spiritual state without form religion .4.The U.S. federal government consist of the following three branches the executive , _____4_____and the judicial.5.One advantage of limited liability, so investors risked only the amount of their investment and not their entire assets6.The best -known stock exchange is New York Stock Exchange located in _____6_____area of New York City7.WASP stands for _______7______.8.The majority of the Catholics in the U.S. are descendants of immigrants from Ireland,_______8_______and Poland.10.A collection of poems written by Walt Whitman , it is a ground-breaking book. That is 11.An jazz music ensemble of musicians consists of two sections:________11________ and the percussion.12. G.R.E and M.B.A. stand for Graduate Record Examination and__________12________ in U.S education.13.In the U.S., B.A. and B.S. stand for ________13_________and Bachelor of Science in higher education.14.The two most well known computer companies are ______14_______ and Apple in the United States.15.Now the largest software company is _____15___________whose director is Bill Gates in the United States.16.Two Scottish cities which have a ancient and internationally respected universities, they are Edinburgh and _______16____________.17.The Britain, the official head of state is now ________17_______ while the real center of political life is in the House of Commons .18.The British Constitution consists of statutelaw ,_____18___________ and convention.19.In jazz music major musical instrument include __19_____, clarinet, piano , trombone , cymbal ,bell, hollow wooden block, chimes ,drum, guitar etc.20.In the American education A.S. stands for ________.二、Choose the correct answer for each of the following (35%)(1 point each)1. The Supreme Court of in the U.S. today consist of a chief justice and ____ associate justices.A. 1B. 8C.11D.4352. The following were some of the characteristics of Protestantism exceptA. challenging the authority of the Pope.B. salvation through faith.C. salvation through the church.D. establishing a direct contact with God.3. Which of the following American values did NOT come from Puritanism?A. separation of state and church.B. respect of education.C. intolerant moralism.D. a sense of mission.4. The theory of American politics and the American Revolution originated mainly fromA. George Washington.B. Thomas Jefferson.C. John Adams.D. John Locke.5. Which of the following was NOT a denomination of Protestantism?A. Catholics.B. Puritans.C. Quakers.D. Church of England.6. Which of the following is NOT guaranteed in the Bill of Rights?A. The freedom of religion.B. The freedom of searching a persons home by police.C. The freedom of speech and of the press.D. The right to own weapons if one wishes7.Service industry does not include_______________.A. BankingB. management consultationB. AirlineC. steelmaking8. The United States produces as much as half of the worldsA. wheat and riceB. cottonC. tobacco and vegetable oilD. soybeans and com9. The latest technology that farmers have adopted isA. artificial fertilizersB. pesticideC. tractorsD. computers10. A ____ is a type pf play with comedy ,singing ,dancing, music and acrobatics performed for children at Christmas in western Europe.A. pantomimeB. King ArthurC. Robin HoodD. Gone with Wind11. In the United States, people go to church mainly for the following reasons exceptA. for finding a job in society.B. for having a place in a community.C. for identifying themselves with dominant values.D. for getting together with friends.12. In Britain and American there are many _______ in every city, town and village ,where sell almost sell every thing.A. corner shopsB. book shopsC. food shopsD. grocers shops13.Which of the following was written by Thoreau?A. NatureB. WaldenC. The Scarlet LetterD. The Fall of the House of Usher14. ______________was mainly interested in writing about Americans living in Europe.A. Henry JamesB. Mark TwainC. William Dean HowellsD. Stephen Crane15. Three of the following authors are Nobel Prize winners. Which one is not.A. Ernest HemingwayB. Eugene ONeillC. William FaulknerD. F. Scott Fitzgerald16.______________does NOT belong to the "Lost Generation".A. John Dos PassosB. Ernest HemingwayC. F. Scott FitzgeraldD. John Steinbeck17. ______was NOT written by Hemingway.A. Light in AugustB. The Sun Also RisesC. A Farewell to ArmsD. For Whom the Bell Tolls18. The following authors were women writers who wrote novels in the late 19th and early 20th century with exception ofA. Emily DickinsonB. Edith WhartonC. Willa CatherD. Kate Chopin19.Both public and private Universities depend on the following sources of income except,A. investmentB. student tuitionC. endowmentsD. government funding20. The legislative branch of the U.S. consists of congress that is divided into:A. the House of Representatives and the SenateB. the House of Representative and the SenatesC. the House of commons and the House of LordsD. the House of Common and the House of Lord21. The complex drumming in the rhythm section of early jazz music was brought over to America by________A. Spanish missionaries from Europe.B .Black slaves from West Africa.C. British colonists from Asia.D. the Creole from the West India.22.Which of the following is not a team game?A. volleyballB. bowlingC. soccerD. field hockey23 .If white –collar crimes were included in the Crime Index and if authorities were more vigorous in their enforcement of law ,the profile of a typical criminal in the United states would be_____A. olderB. wealthierC. whiteD. living near city centers24. Which of the following used human being as guinea pigs to test drugs including LDS?A. The FBIB. The CIAC. CongressD. Richard Nixon25. The one group within the counter culture best known for their pursuit of happiness as their only goal in life was called____________A. the HippiesB. the Beat GenerationC. the Me GenerationD. the Lost Generations26. Which of the following can NOT be found in London?A. Teahouses.B. Galleries.C. Museums.D. Theatres.27. The Tower Of London, a historical sight, located in the centre of London, was built byA. King HaroldB. Robin HoodC. Oliver CromwellD. William the Conqueror28. The ________provides a fair way for deciding whom to admit when then they have 10 or 12 applicants for every first year students seat in the U.S.A.SATSB.NBAC.NEED.CBA29. Northern Ireland is the smallest of the four nations, but is quite well-known in the world forA. its most famous landmark, the "Giants Causeway".B. its rich cultural lifeC. its low living standardsD. its endless political problems30. Which of the following about the Parliament is NOT true?A. There are no legal restraints upon Parliament.B. Strictly speaking, the Queen is part of the Parliament.C. Parliament has the supreme power of passing laws.D. Parliament has no power to change the terms of the Constitution.31. In modern political system in Britain MPs stands for_________.A. members of parliamentB. members of parliamentsC. member of parliamentD. member of parliaments32. ___________ made the first desktop PC.A. Thomas EdisonB. Apple computersC. Tow tong amateur inventorsD. Samuel F.B. More33. These ____ and _____ stand today as Wales great tourist attractions. Tourism is an important industryA. castles and estatesB. Hadrians WallC. Giants CausewayD. Royal Pavilion34. The British Queen decided to open__________ to summer tourists to raise money, which caused a lot criticism from the public.A. the Tower of London .B. British Museum.C. Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle.D. Westminster Abbey35.Dodds brothers, Johnny was on the ___________ ,Warren was on theA . drum.. B. guitar. C. clarinet D. banjo.A . drum.. B. guitar. C. clarinet D. banjo.三、Give brief explanations of the following ideas (Choose 5 from8 to present on the paper )(25%)(5 point each)1. a significant role of London2.the Anglo-Saxons3.two immigration movements to the Americas4. American characteristics of religion5.Three Faiths in the U.S.6. the "Beat Generation"7.Jazz music8. Puritanism四、Analyze the causes that brought about the relative decline of the UK economy(20%)。
10.11.30英语介绍jazz
New Jazz基本简介
new jazz（中文翻译不是新爵士，它的全称是New York Jazz） 其实new jazz 就是现在我们现在一般在跳的爵士，只不过pose点比较多 以前可能是有了舞蹈，再找音乐，但是新潮爵士则是有音乐，再配合去编 舞，像各式音乐MTV。 NEW JAZZ早期是在美国纽约由芭蕾所演化过来的。。。 创造出了芭蕾融合HIP-HOP的街舞魅力 其实NEW JAZZ的特色也可以说成是JAZZ加上HIP-HOP的一种舞```` NEW JAZZ的特色就是：身体的延展。NEW JAZZ的每一个动作都有固定的角 度跟摆的方式 跳NEW JAZZ的时候作手的动作的时候会有无限延伸的感觉，这种感觉就像 是有人正在拉你的手一样 目前跳NEW JAZZ 的主要有:珍妮·杰克逊，安室奈美惠， 蔡妍。李孝利, 天舞(韩国组合天上智喜中一员),BOA的舞蹈也有一部分是NEW JAZZ. 珍 妮·杰克逊和安室奈美惠是世界上说的两位跳NEW JAZZ不错的艺人，newjazz是早期在美国纽约由芭蕾所演化过来,但是它透过Janet Jackson的「IF」 MTV中,才逐渐让人发现芭蕾融合Hip Hop得街舞魅力。 而安室奈美惠是亚洲区的代表。安室奈美惠,诸如此类的舞蹈产生,之后才 开始有NewJazz自己独特的舞蹈风格和名词。 目前我们国内的jazz dancer多是女生， 跟舞者在跳NEW JAZZ的妩媚感觉 可以说有很大的关系。new jazz也就是power jazz，每一个动作都要求要有 爆发力，带有野性，但它和hip-hop里的new jazz是有区别的。
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爵士乐艺术特色
• • • 在爵士乐的曲调中，除了从欧洲传统音乐、白人的民谣和通俗歌曲中吸取的成分之外， 最有个性的是“布鲁斯音阶”（关于这种音阶的结构，我们将在有关布鲁斯的部分专 门介绍），而爵士乐的和声可以说是完全建立在传统和声的基础之上，只是更加自由 地使用各种变化和弦，其中主要的与众不同之处，也是由布鲁斯和弦带来的。 爵士乐在使用的乐器和演奏方法上极有特色，完全不同于传统乐队。自“爵士乐 时代”以来，萨克斯管成为销售量最大的乐器之一；长号能够奏出其他铜管乐器做不 到的、滑稽的或是怪诞的滑音，因而在爵士乐队中大出风头；小号也是爵士乐手偏爱 的乐器，这种乐器加上不同的弱音器所产生的新奇的音色以及最高音区的几个音几乎 成了爵士乐独有的音色特征；钢琴、班卓琴、吉他以及后来出现的电吉他则以其打击 式的有力音响和演奏和弦的能力而占据重要地位。相反，在传统乐队中最重要的弦乐 器（小提琴、中提琴、大提琴）的地位相对次要一些；圆号的浓郁音色在管弦乐队中 是很迷人的，但是对于爵士乐队来说，它的气质太温顺了，几乎无人使用。在管弦乐 队中，每件乐器在音色和音量的控制上都尽量溶入整体的音响之中，在爵士乐队中却 恰恰相反，乐手们竭力使每一件乐器都“站起来”。 与传统音乐比较而言，爵士乐的另一大特征是它的发音方法和音色，无论是乐 器还是人声，这些特征都足以使人们绝不会将它们与任何传统音乐的音色混淆。这些 特殊之处大多来源于用乐器或人声对美洲黑人民歌的模仿。如果我们有机会听到真正 的黑人田间歌曲和灵歌，就会发现那些由粗嘎到圆滑、由窒闷到响亮、由刺耳到柔美、 由野蛮到抒情的大幅度的变化是多么地富有特色、动人心魄。而在爵士乐中，更加入 了非歌唱的吼声、高叫和呻吟，突出了这种感觉。除此以外，特殊的演奏和演唱技巧 也是造成特异效果的重要手段，在这些技巧中最常用的是不同于传统观念的颤音。我 们知道，所谓颤音是音高（有时也可能是力度）的有规律的变化造成的；比如小提琴 上的揉弦，就是利用这种变化而产生富有生命力的音响效果。
爵士乐的四个基本特征
爵士乐的四个基本特征爵士乐的四个基本特征爵士乐于19世纪末20世纪初诞生于美国，爵士乐突破了地域，成了现代世界性的音乐。
爵士乐是“黑白音乐”交融的产生，那么它有那几个特征呢?以下是店铺整理的爵士乐的四个基本特征，仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。
任何风格的音乐，都离不开旋律、节奏、和声、音乐表现形式等基本元素，爵士乐也是如此。
1、节奏与重音爵士乐的典型特征之一就是节奏与重音的多变。
爵士乐在节奏上广泛的使用切分节奏，也就是随时随地改变节拍重音的自然规律，节拍重音或先现或延迟，给人一种摇晃不定、灵活多变的感觉。
一位香港的爵士乐老师曾让我做过这样的练习：即以四个16分音符为一个节拍单位，然后尝试在每一单位拍不同的16分音符位置上改变休止点，同时将重音移到这个休止点上。
总之，多变的切分节奏是爵士乐的精髓之一。
2、和声与解决爵士乐和声以七和弦为基础，并在此基础上根据泛音列的自然规律融入9度、11度、13度音程，构成9和弦、11和弦、13和弦。
根据和声色彩需要，还可以通过添加临时升降记号的手段，将9度、11度、13度音程改变为b9度、#9度、#11度和b13度音程。
在9、11、13和弦的进行过程中，可根据9、11、13音或者b9、#9、#11和b13音等的自然倾向，做下行二度解决或上行甚至跳进到其他音。
它们的解决规律，通常是十三和弦变为十一、九、或七和弦;十一和弦变为九或七和弦;九和弦变为七或三和弦。
另外，爵士和声还常使用替代和弦手法。
关于替代和弦，大家可阅读和声学的有关章节，在这里不好做大篇幅的讲解，只好作罢。
3、旋律与作用爵士乐的旋律并无固定，老到传统民歌、新到流行歌曲都可作为爵士乐的旋律，当然，也有专门为爵士风格而创作的比较另类的旋律。
所以，旋律在爵士乐中并不起着决定性作用，起决定作用的是节奏与和声。
4、表现形式爵士乐的音乐表现形式可从两个方面去理解：1、表演形式，爵士乐通常以器乐演奏为主，它既有独奏、重奏以及小乐队的形式，也有类似交响乐团的大乐队编制。
西方音乐欣赏一乡村音乐
美国传奇乡村歌手J R Cash（约翰 尼·卡什）和妻子June Carter（琼恩卡 特）的一张专辑。de》， 《Wildwood Flower》 June Carter Cash获得了第46届格莱 美奖最佳乡村女歌手大奖。
Go melt back in the night babe, 'cause everything inside is made of stone There's nothin' in here moving, and anyway I'm not alone You say you're lookin' for someone To pick you up each time you fall To gather flowers constantly and to come each time you call A lover for your life and nothing more. But it ain't me babe, no, no, no It ain't me babe, no, no, no It ain't me babe, it ain't me you're looking for. It ain't me babe, no, no, no It ain't me babe, it ain't me you're looking for...babe
Representatives
卡特家族（The Carter Family）
这支乐队由Alvin Carter和他的妻子Sara Carter、弟媳妇Maybelle Carter组成，被 成为“乡村音乐第一家”。 代表作： Wildwood Flower（野花） Keep On The Sunny Side(心向光明) Storms Are On The Ocean（海之风暴）
美国通俗音乐分类
美国通俗音乐分类：1．Jazz; 1) traditional jazz---- a) blues, 代表人物：Billy Holiday b)ragtime(切分乐曲): 代表人物：Scott Joplin c)New Orleans jazz (= Dixieland jazz) eg: Louis Armstron d)swing eg: Glenn Miller, Duke Ellington, etc. e)bop (=bebop, rebop) eg: Lester Young, Charlie Parker etc. 2)modern jazz ------ a) cool jazz(=progressive jazz)高雅爵士乐。
Eg: Kenny G. b)third-stream jazz. Eg: Charles Mingus, John Lewis. c) main stream jazz. d)avant-garde jazz. e) soul jazz. Eg: Sarah Vaughn, Ella Fitzgerald f) Latin jazz. 2.gospel music 福音音乐，主要源于Nero spirituals. Eg. Dolly Parker, Mahalia Jackson 3.Country and Western music. Eg. John Denver, Tammy Wynette, Kenny Rogers, etc. 4. Rock music-----------a)rock and roll eg: Elvis Prestley(US) , the Beatles(UK.) b)folk rock Eg: Bob Dylon, Michael Jackson, Mariah Carey, Bruce Springsteen, Lionel Riche etc. c)punk rock d)acid rock e)rock jazz eg: M.J. McLaughlin f) Jurassic rock 5.Music for easy listening (i.e. light music )Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent. From the very beginning, music was regarded as an indispensable accompaniment; when the Lumiere films were shown at the first public film exhibition in the United States in February 1896, they were accompanied by piano improvisations on popular tunes. At first, the music played bore no special relationship to the films; an accompaniment of any kind was sufficient. Within a very short time, however, the incongruity of playing lively music to a solemn film became apparent, and film pianists began to take some care in matching their pieces to the mood of the film.As movie theaters grew in number and importance, a violinist, and perhaps a cellist, would be added to the pianist in certain cases, and in the larger movie theaters small orchestras were formed. For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualification for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces. Since the conductor seldom saw the films until the night before they were to be shown(if indeed, the conductor was lucky enough to see them then), the musical arrangement was normally improvised in the greatest hurry.To help meet this difficulty, film distributing companies started the practice of publishing suggestions for musical accompaniments. In 1909, for example, the Edison Company began issuing with their films such indications of mood as“ pleasant”, “sad”, “lively”. The suggestions became more explicit, and so emerged the musical cue sheet containing indications of mood, the titles of suitable pieces of music, and precise directions to show where one piece led into the next.Certain films had music especially composed for them. The most famous of these early special scores was that composed and arranged for D.W Griffith’s film Birth of a Nation, which was released in 1915.Note:美国通俗音乐分类：1．Jazz;1) traditional jazz---- a) blues, 代表人物：Billy Holidayb)ragtime(切分乐曲): 代表人物：Scott Joplinc)New Orleans jazz (= Dixieland jazz) eg: Louis Armstrond)swing eg: Glenn Miller, Duke Ellington, etc.e)bop (=bebop, rebop) eg: Lester Young, Charlie Parker etc.2)modern jazz ------ a) cool jazz(=progressive jazz)高雅爵士乐。
爵士音乐
New Orleans Jazz（新奥尔良爵士乐)[1916] 就像许多其他艺术形式的起源一样，爵士乐的起源与发展也是历经十九世纪 数十年的蕴育与成长，才在二十世纪初逐渐演化为较成熟的音乐形式，以更 广为接受和普遍流行的姿态，走上以新奥尔良为中心的音乐舞台，成为美国 文化的象征。 发生在第一次世界大战前后的新奥尔良传统爵士乐，其组成元素就如同美国 是一个民族与文化的大熔炉那样复杂：即以赞美诗、江湖卖唱表演.....与碎 乐句（Rag）等音乐元素，以对位法（Counterpoint)与散拍乐的切分乐 （Syncopation)为主体性音乐创作为动力元素，结合大量独奏、即兴装饰性 演奏与改写旋律的核心要件所展现出来的音乐体系。早期的新奥尔良传统爵 士乐队以小型团体为主，其演奏主旋律的乐器有：小号、单簧管、萨克斯管 和长号；伴奏乐器则有：土巴号（Tuba)、斑鸠琴、贝斯（常以拨奏为主）、 小提琴、钢琴和鼓。它们经常多声部同时进行对位吹奏，以制造出一种热闹、 有劲的气氛与乐风。早期新奥尔良传统爵士乐的代表性人物与乐团有: 金.奥 利佛（‚King”Oliver）领导的Creole Jazz Band和The New Orleans Rhythm Kings、杰利.罗.摩顿（Jelly Roll Morton)领导的Red Hot Peppers、 路易斯.阿姆斯壮（Louis Armstrong)等人也是新奥尔良传统爵士乐的早期代 表性人物。
爵士乐音乐的特点 ：(1)从大音阶来讲，它的第三级(Mi)音和第七
级(Si)音经常是降低一些(平时讲是降半音，实际上不到半音)。有时第 五级(Sol)音也降半音。这些降音还常辅以滑音和颤音，因而更加强了 歌曲忧郁、悲伤的色彩；由于有以上这些特点，按这种方法形成的音 阶，人们称之为"布鲁斯音阶"。 (2)旋律中多用切分节奏和三连音，形 成轻重音颠倒； (3)节奏多为双拍，通常为4/4拍，也有部分是2/4拍 ； (4)从歌词、曲调结构上讲，布鲁斯多采用对称的、带音韵的两行词。 第一句重复一遍。每段曲调12小节，每句4小节，从而形成：‖∶ A ∶‖＋B三句的固式曲式结构 (5)和弦常用主和弦(Ⅰ)、属和弦(Ⅴ)和 下属和弦。(Ⅳ)，因此，和声听起来很和谐，而且朴素。 其他特点因 素： 爵士乐的演唱利用无意义的“衬词”在即兴的规则下形成了风格 独特爵士唱法。 爵士乐的切分节奏复杂多样，特别是跨小节的连续切 分经常将原有的节奏整小节移位，造成一种飘忽不定的游移感。 原来 的4／4拍节奏经改变后变成了3／16拍。 爵士乐的旋律经常采用布鲁 斯音阶（ 1 2 b3 3 4 5 6 b7 7 ）来形成它的特点，有时还在布鲁斯音 阶的基础上增加＃4和其他一些变化音，使其变得更加丰富多彩 。 爵 士乐的和声比流行音乐和声要复杂得多，它以七和弦为基础，并且大 量的运用扩展音（如：9音、11音、13音）和替代和弦，有时还经常 出现连续的下行纯五度副属和弦进行，使其呈现出丰富多彩的和声效 果。 即兴是爵士乐手（或歌手）必练的演奏（或演唱）技巧之一 。
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New Orleans Jazz
爵士樂的誕生
New Orleans是爵士樂的發源地。
在二十世紀初，New Orleans商業發達，音樂風氣興盛，城市裡有數個頗具規模的歌劇院，加上節慶時的鼓號行進樂隊、紅燈區裡的撩人樂音、在街角演奏各式樂器的街頭藝人，把New Orleans塑造成一個充滿著音樂的都市，也提供了孕育爵士樂的最佳環境。
爵士樂最直接的前身是散拍（Ragtime）與藍調（Blues）。
散拍是當時美國最流行的音樂類型，通常以鋼琴演奏，鋼琴的右手演奏具有切分音的旋律線，左手則演奏一拍低音、一拍和弦的伴奏，所以當鋼琴手在演奏散拍時，左手伴奏的部分需要不斷地移動彈奏的位置，這樣的伴奏形式也稱為「大跨度鋼琴伴奏」（Stride Piano Style）。
藍調是黑人的民族音樂，音樂內容主要是抒發情感，歌手藉由歌詞表達生活中的喜怒哀樂，音樂的部分則通常是用一把吉他或鋼琴伴奏。
聽聽藍調女歌手Bessie Smith所演唱的Back Water Blues，伴奏是鋼琴手James P. Johnson，Johnson左手的伴奏也使用許多的「大跨度伴奏」【試聽：Bessie Smith／Back Water Blues】。
爵士樂從散拍吸收了切分音的節奏、和聲理論、演奏技巧；從藍調吸收了對音色的想法，再加上了最重要的兩個元素：搖擺與即興之後，爵士樂誕生了。
最早的爵士樂
New Orleans Jazz是爵士樂誕生後的第一種樂風，也可稱為Dixieland[1] Jazz或Early Jazz。
在編制上，New Orleans Jazz使用小編制的樂團，常使用小號、豎笛、長號等管樂器，再加上鋼琴、低音號或低音提琴、鼓組、斑鳩琴等等，組成五至七人的樂團。
小號在樂團中通常負責演奏旋律、豎笛演奏裝飾旋律【試聽】、長號則是演奏具有滑音的低音副旋律【試聽】。
在New Orleans，樂隊常會坐在一輛卡車上就出門演奏，而長號手因為演奏時要拉長滑管，所以通常會被安排在最後面的位置，因此，長號在New Orleans Jazz時期的演奏風格就稱為「車尾風格」（Tailgate Style）。
New Orleans Jazz從New Orleans發跡，但由於New Orleans紅燈區的關閉，導致演奏工作機會減少，爵士樂手為求生計，乘著汽輪順著密西西比河北上來到Chicago尋找新的機會。
在Chicago，爵士樂手不但找到演出機會，也找到新的舞台—錄製唱片。
在當時，Chicago是美國唱片工業的重鎮，許多從New Orleans 北上的優秀樂手，如Joe “King” Oliver、Louis Armstrong都在Chicago錄音。
第一張爵士唱片
第一張爵士唱片錄製於1917年，錄音的團體是Original Dixieland Jazz Band，聽聽他們所錄製的Livery Stable Blues（馬房藍調），在錄音中，我們可以聽到小號、豎笛、長號模仿不同的動物的叫聲，鋼琴則是擔任伴奏的部分。
我們聽錄音可以發現，鼓組的聲音並不是很清楚，因為當時的錄音技術還不是很發達，在錄音時，所有的樂器圍繞在一個像大漏斗的收音器，也就是相當於現在麥克風的功能，依音量大小安排位置，鼓組的音量因為最大，所以被安排在最遠的地方，只不過，音量雖然平衡了，但是聲音卻不清楚。
爵士樂發展至今，已有百年的歷史，在這一百年當中，它不斷地吸收不同音樂類型的元素，也不斷地有音樂家前仆後繼地投入心力在這項藝術上，它不斷成長，也不斷改變，如今的爵士樂，已經多元到了難以想像的境界。
這是爵士樂在發展之初，任何人都意想不到的吧。
[1] Dixie是指法國錢幣。
New Orleans因為曾是法國屬地，所以也稱為Dixieland。