教你学术论文毕业论文的写作教程anabstract
教你学术论文 毕业论文的写作教程 3
IntroductionGenerally speaking, the purpose of an introduction is to introduce the topic of the writing and to create interest on the part of the readers. It can be as short as a sentence or a paragraph and as long as an entire chapter, depending on the length andcomplexity of the writing. The introduction chapter of your dissertation or thesis is theone in which you provide all of the basic information that the reader will need to understand the dissertation which is to follow. Such things as the background of your research, how you came to research your topic, what your topic is and how it relates to the world around it, and what kind of general principles and methodology you will be using to research your topic and evaluate your hypothesis, are all aspects of what you will cover in the introduction chapter.I General functions of introduction1. introducing the subject:The author is here to supply sufficient background information to relieve the readers who are not well informed in this field of troubles in understanding and evaluating the results of the given study without referring to previous publications on the topic. Since the topic in this section is what the paper is going to deal with, the readers, then, can get a preliminary but overall impression before going on with the full text of the paper.2. limiting the research scope (Establish and Narrow the topic)Only when an introduction clearly defines the limits of the research scope (the limits within which you treat the subject) can readers retrieve the information efficiently provided that the subject is introduced correctly. Your introduction should direct the readers to a specific focus.There are a number of expressions used to limit the scope of work:The problem is within the scope of …The problem under discussion is within the scope of …Studies of these effects covered various aspects of …Our studies with this technique are confined to only one particular aspect …The problem described previously was directed to the example of…, which differsfrom …The subject is concerned chiefly with the study of …The author has limited his studies to the related aspects of …The approach under study is only applied to …The problem I have referred tofalls within thefield of …The theory cannot apply to other cases of …The emphasis of this paper is to survey …3. stating the general purposeThe task is to inform the reader of the general purpose of the paper and illustrate the primary objectives of his research. To start writing your introduction chapter, come up with a simple one sentence summary of the goal of your research. The reader will come to the first chapter of your thesis expecting a statement of purpose. This statement should tell the reader what the topic of the research paper is and what you hope to achieve.4. showing the writing arrangementThe logical arrangement of the writing enables the reader to understand the paper more easily when further reading is necessary. The best place for this information can be found at the end of the introduction.It is supposed to give the reader a sense of how the dissertation will be organized. Provide some kind of chapter by chapter breakdown to tell the reader what can be expected so that the reader will be able to scan the paper at first and have a good sense of what ended up happening. Use solid principles of organization throughout your paper, in addition to hitting all the above topics in your introductory paragraph, to make your dissertation as readable as possible.Expressions used to indicate the organization of the information include:This paper is divided intofive major sections asfollows …Sections one of this paper opens with …Section three develops the second hypotheses on …In this paper, data and results are presented under the major heading of …Sectionfour shows (introduces, reveals, treats, deals with, develops, etc) …The result of… is given in the last sectio n.Thefifth section provides an exposition that places the primary emphasis on …In thefollowing, a wide range of test data are reported …II. Structural features of introduction and some idiomatic expressions 1. starting with the research background (Literature review)To orient the reader, the pertinent(related) literature(文献) should be reviewed in writing a professional paper. The research background is usually given in the section of introduction accompanied by the recent development in this field. That is to answer the question“what have been done? ”You can talk about the background of the project. How did you choose the project? What kind of greater historical context does the research that you are engaged in exist within? You may want to talk about any related experiments or research that specific people have done in the past, including landmark research cases which are related to the topic at hand. This gives the reader a sense of how your research fits into the greater scheme of things, and lets the reader compare what you are about to present to the research which they may or may not already be familiar with from leading figures in the history of the field.Some expressions used to introduce the background of the subject in an introduction are:Over the past several decades, …Somebody reported …The previous work on … has indicated tha t …Recent experiments by … have suggeste d …In most studies of…, … has been emphasized with attention being given to …Industrial use of… is becoming increasingly common.There have been afew studies highlighting …It is well known that …2. transiting to the existing problem (investigation needed/gap )Authors usually transit to the main problem to be discussed or weak points remaining in the previous work to be further studied and/or improved. That is to answer the question“what have not been done? ”The following are expressions often used to present existing problems:Great progress has been made in thisfield, but (however, nevertheless, etc.) …Also, the consideration of … alone cannot explain the observedfact that …A part of the explanation could lie in … however, …The study of… gives rise to two main difficulties: one is …, the other i s …Despite the recent progress reviewed in …, there is no generally accepted theory concerning …From the above discussion, it appears that at present neither … nor … are known.Sofar there is not enough convincing evidence showing …The data available in literaturefailed to prove that …The theory of… did not explain how much modifications aros e.No direct outcome was then reported in …Until now, not any experiment in this area has suggested that …Until now, nofield experiments of … have been reported.No clear advancement has sofar been seen in …The methods we use differs greatlyfrom the one reported ten years ago.3. focusing on the present research (Purpose /value of your research)On the basis of reviewing the previous research, especially unfolding or displaying the weak points of the previous work to be overcome or existing problems to be solved, the author may gradually and naturally turn the reader’s attention to the present research, by stating his primary research objectives, novel ideas, advanced methods, new materials, fresh factors, etc. that is to answer the question“what am I going to d o? ”Now tell the reader what your hypothesis is, as well as your basic reasons for believing in the hypothesis. How does your knowledge of the reality of the field make you lean towards one hypothesis or another? Explain to the reader how you will be able to prove or disprove the hypothesis that you set out with through the course of your research. Talk about any particular relevant issues that could affect the course of the research, or any basic questions or problems that people might have regarding the topic and how you will go about your research process. Try to anticipate how people will react to your hypothesis and make sure that you are able to start your project on a strong heading. It may be best to have the opening paragraph of your thesis reviewed before you embark on the research process, to make sure that you are on the right track (or at least that the track makes sense to others) before you set off and put a lot of effort into collecting data.Expressions to be used to introduce the present work:In this paper, … is investigated(studied, discussed, presented, etc.)The present work deals mainly with …We repot here … in the presence of…This paper reports on …On the basis of existing literature data, we carried out studies in an effort to …The present study will thereforefocus on …The primary goal of this research is …The purpose of this paper is …In this paper, we aim at …III. ways to begin an introductionnarrative: to begin with an anecdote or a brief story that somehow illuminates the thesis, effective in catching the reader ’s attentio n descriptive: to provide an effective lead to the discussion of the subject by explaining ,illustrating or giving a bit of backgroundpreparatory: to begin with an explanation or definition of the subject to prepare for a discussion in detail in the body of the essay inquisitive: pose provocative questions to simulate the reader ’s interestcorrective: to put a common belief or show how the subject has been misunderstoods tating a problem: begin with the statement of the problem and proceed to discuss the solutiongiving a surprising fact or statistics: to grab the reader ’s attentionusing a striking quote: to use surprising quote from a well-known book or person and lead to the discussion of the topic。
学术论文写作步骤
学术论文写作步骤学术论文是一种系统性、科学性的研究成果，对于高等教育领域的学生以及科研人员来说，撰写学术论文是一项必备的能力。
本文将介绍学术论文写作的一般步骤，以帮助读者更好地参与学术研究并提升论文写作的质量。
一、确定研究主题和目的学术论文的第一步是确定研究主题和目的。
研究主题应该是明确的，具有研究价值和创新性。
同时，确定研究目的能帮助研究者在整个研究过程中保持明确的方向，不偏离主题。
二、收集和审查文献在确定研究主题和目的后，接下来需要收集并审查相关的文献。
这包括查阅学术期刊、书籍、论文、报告以及互联网上的相关资源。
通过收集和审查文献，可以了解已有研究的现状、理论框架和方法，为自己的研究提供基础。
三、制定研究方法研究方法是学术论文的核心部分，它决定了研究者如何收集、分析和解释研究数据。
根据自己的研究目的和研究对象，选择合适的研究方法，如实地调查、问卷调查、实验研究等。
同时，要详细描述研究方法，以使他人能够重现研究结果。
四、收集和分析数据在收集数据时，要确保数据的准确性和可靠性。
可以使用统计软件或其他分析工具对数据进行分析。
在数据分析过程中，要运用适当的统计方法，清晰地展示结果，以支持自己的研究结论。
五、撰写论文大纲和正文在撰写论文之前，制作论文大纲是必不可少的步骤。
论文大纲可以帮助研究者整理思路，合理组织论文结构。
在大纲的基础上，逐步完成论文的正文部分。
正文中应包括引言、文献综述、研究方法、数据分析和讨论、结论等内容。
同时，要注重论文的逻辑性和连贯性，确保每一段落的内容都与整个研究主题相关。
六、撰写参考文献和引用格式在学术论文中，引用他人的研究成果是必不可少的。
为了避免抄袭，研究者需要详细记录自己所参考的文献，同时在论文中按照规范的引用格式进行引用。
不同学术领域有不同的引用格式要求，如APA、MLA等。
研究者需要了解并正确使用适合自己领域的引用格式。
七、修改和润色论文在完成初稿后，需要仔细检查论文中的语法错误、排版问题以及逻辑结构。
学术英语写作Unit-5----Abstract
What is an abstract? Types of abstracts Why write an abstract? What should the abstract include? How do you write an abstract? What is the style of an abstract? An outline for writing an abstract Common problems in writing an abstract Difference between an abstract and an introduction The Tricks, Conclusion of the lecture
Informative abstracts资料性摘要
The informative abstract, also known as the complete abstract, is a compendious summary of a paper's substance including its background, purpose, methodology, results, and conclusion. Usually between 100 and 200 words, the informative abstract summarizes the paper's structure, its major topics and key points. A format for scientific short reports that is similar to an informative abstract has been proposed in recent years. Informative abstracts may be viewed as standalone documents.
Abstract科技论文摘要的写作
二、摘要的分类(Classification of abstract)
根据内容的不同,摘要可分为以下三大类: 一是报道性摘要( informative abstract) :
也称信息型摘要或资料性摘要。是指明一
次文献的主题范围及内容梗概的简明摘要， 相当于简介。
特点是全面、简要地概括论文的目的、 方法、主要数据和结论。通常这种摘要 可部分地取代阅读全文。
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被动语态。以前强调多用被动语态，理由是科 技论文主要是说明事实经过，至于那件事是谁 做的，无须一一证明。事实上，在指示性摘要 中，为强调动作承受者，还是采用被动语态为 好。即使在报道性摘要中，有些情况下被动者 无关紧要，也必须用强调的事物做主语。 例如：In this case, a greater accuracy in measuring distance might be obtained.
⋯ (to be) contrary to ⋯ ⋯ (to be) in contrast with ⋯
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常用的句型有： (1) Examples of …demonstrate that … (2) Statistics confirm that …
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4. 结论( What conclusions can I draw?) ：
To investigate ⋯. and ⋯;
To assess⋯; To determine
whether⋯; To study⋯; To examine ⋯;
To evaluate ⋯ and compare ⋯;
To improve⋯; To describe ⋯; To explore ⋯; To clarify; To identify ⋯。
论文写作abstract
How to Write an Abstract for a Research PaperWANG YanSchool of International StudiesUIBEIssues to address:1What is an abstract?2Functions of an abstract3Structure of an abstract4Principles of abstract writing1. What is an abstract?☐An abstract is a condensed version of a longer piece of writing that highlights the major points covered, concisely describes the purpose and scope of the writing,and reviews the writing's contents inabbreviated form.⏹It is a concise and clear summary of acomplete research paper.⏹It tells the reader What you set out todo, and Why you did it,How you did it, What you found (recommendations).2. Functions of an abstract☐An abstract is used to communicate specific information from the article.☐It is aimed at introducing the subject to readers, who may then read the article to find out the author's results, conclusions, or recommendations.2. Functions of an abstract☐The practice of using key words in an abstract is vital because of today'selectronic information retrieval systems.⏹Titles and abstracts are filed electronically, andkey words are put in electronic storage.⏹When people search for information, they enterkey words related to the subject, and thecomputer prints out the titles of all the articlescontaining those key words.⏹An abstract must contain key words about whatis essential in an article so that someone elsecan retrieve information from it.3. Structure of an abstract☐The components of an abstract①Background Information②Subject Matter/Problem Statement③Purpose④Method (and Data)⑤Results / Findings⑥Conclusion / ImplicationsThe components of an abstract①Background information◆You may need to refer briefly to background toprovide a context.②Statement of the problem (subject matter):◆What problem(s) are you trying to solve?◆What is the author’s focus in this research?③Purpose of the research:◆What is the reason/purpose for doing this research?④Methods (approach and data):◆What is the main method used for the research?What is the theoretical framework?◆What is the subject scope? What data is analyzed?⑤Results (Findings):◆What did you find/invent/create?⑥Conclusion (Implications):◆What are the larger implications of your findings, esp.for the problem/gap identified in steps ①& ②?Exercise 1:A Sample Abstract(1) The dozens of studies on academic discourse carried out over the past 20 years have mostly focused on written academic prose or on academic lectures. (2) Other registers that may be more important for students adjusting to university life, such as textbooks, have received surprisingly little attention, and spoken registers such as study groups or on-campus service encounters have been virtually ignored. (3) To explain more fully the nature of the tasks that incoming international students encounter, this article undertakes a comprehensive linguistic description of the range of spoken and written registers at U.S. universities. (4) Specifically, the article describes a multidimensional analysis of register variation in the TOEFL 2000 Spoken and Written Academic Language Corpus. (5) The analysis shows that spoken registers are fundamentally different from written ones in university contexts, regardless of purpose. (6) Some of the register characterizations are particularly surprising. (7) The findings of this research may provide insights and have significant implications for pedagogy and further research.subject matter (1) The dozens of studies on academic discoursecarried out over the past 20 years have mostlyfocused on written academic prose or onacademic lectures.problem statement (2) Other registers that may be more important forstudents adjusting to university life, such astextbooks, have received surprisingly littleattention, and spoken registers such as studygroups or on-campus service encounters havebeen virtually ignored.background information(3) To explain more fully the nature of the tasks that incoming international students encounter, this article undertakes a comprehensive linguistic description of the range of spoken and written registers at U.S. universities.(4) Specifically, the article describes a multidimensional analysis of register variation in the TOEFL 2000 Spoken and Written Academic Language Corpus.purposemethod data(5) The analysis shows that spoken registers are fundamentally different from written ones in university contexts, regardless of purpose.(6) Some of the register characterizations are particularly surprising.(7) The findings of this research may provide insights and have significant implications for pedagogy and further research.findings implications Subject:written in the third person Length:short, usually 10% or less of the length of the original piece Audience:understandable to a wide audience Language:technical language of the discipline or profession Verbs:passive voice Tense:the present tense the past tense the present perfect tense 4. Principles of abstract writing4. Principles of abstract writing☐Requirements for the abstract of aBA thesis in UIBE⏹Length: 200-300 words⏹Key words: 3⏹One page of Chinese abstract and onepage of English abstractLanguage used in an abstract Background:(1) The dozens of studies on academicdiscourse carried out over the past 20years have mostly focused on writtenacademic prose or on academic lectures. (2) Other registers that may be moreimportant for students adjusting touniversity life, such as textbooks,have received surprisingly little attention, and spoken registers such as studygroups or on-campus service encountershave been virtually ignored.Language used in an abstract Background:☐Most studies in this field have addressed …☐In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in …☐… has received much attention in the field of …e.g.:As a newly developed interdisciplinary field of study, research on the development ofpragmatic competence is increasinglyattracting extensive academic interest.Purpose:(3) To explain more fully the nature of the tasks that incoming international students encounter, this article undertakes a comprehensive linguistic description ...This paperattempts to…The purpose of this paper is to …This paper isintended to…Language used in an abstract Language used in an abstract Purpose ☐The purpose/aim/objective/goal (of present study is/was to ☐The present study is /was designed/ devised/ intended to / aimed at ☐This study was performed/ conducted/ carried out/undertaken to ☐We aimed/sought to/attempted to e.g.:The aim of this study was to determine the protective function of …Methods:(4) Specifically, the article describes a multidimensional analysis of register variation...A …approach isused in this studyto examine.The study employsa … approach.Language used in an abstractMethods:☐Introduce the research process:⏹study, investigate, examine, discuss, analyze, emphasize, focus, explain☐Describe the research methods:⏹measure, estimate, calculate, test☐Introduce the uses or implications:⏹use, applyLanguage used in an abstract Results:(5) The analysis shows that spoken registers are fundamentally different from …(6) Some of the register characterizations are particularly surprising.It is found that …The resultsindicated that…The resultssuggest/show that …Language used in an abstract Results:☐Show the research results:⏹show, result, present, suggeste.g.:⏹Our results show that …⏹The results we obtained demonstrate that …⏹By means of informal mathematical arguments, simulations and a series of worked examples, we conclude that …Language used in an abstractConclusion/implications:(7) The findings of this research may provide insights and have significant implications for pedagogy and further research.It is suggested that …The paper suggests …It isrecommended that …It is concluded that …Language used in an abstract Conclusion/Implications:1) indicate the results:⏹These results suggest that …⏹These data confirm the presence of …2) support a point:⏹These results (do not) support the idea that …⏹These results fail to support the idea that …3) show uncertainty of an idea:⏹There is no evidence that …⏹It is likely/unlikely that …4) show significance of the findings:⏹be of great (some/little/no) clinical significance in …⏹It sheds light on future studies in this field.5) suggest further studies:⏹… remain to be further studied.⏹It remains to be proved that …Language used in an abstract Steps For Writing Effective Abstracts1.Reread your paper with the purpose of abstracting in mind. Look specifically for these main parts: purpose, methods, scope, results, conclusions, and recommendations.2.After you have finished rereading your paper, write a rough draft WITHOUT LOOKING BACK AT YOUR PAPER. Consider the main parts of the abstract listed in step 1. Do not merely copy key sentences from your paper.3.Revise your rough draft to correct weaknesses in organization and coherence, drop superfluous information, add important information originally left out, eliminate wordiness, and correct errors in grammar and mechanics.4.Carefully proofread your final copy.Four C's of Abstract Writing☐Complete—it covers the major parts of the project/case.☐Concise—it contains no excess wordiness or unnecessary information.☐Clear—it is readable, well organized, and not too jargon-laden.☐Cohesive—it flows smoothly between the parts.Qualities Of A Good AbstractAn effective abstract☐uses one or more well-developed paragraphs, which are unified, coherent, concise, and able tostand alone☐uses an introduction-body-conclusion structure in which the parts of the paper are discussed in order: purpose, methods, findings, conclusions☐follows strictly the chronology of the paper☐provides logical connections between materials included☐adds no new information but simply summarizes the research☐is intelligible to a wide audienceQualities Of A Good Abstract☐Accuracy —choose exact words for precise☐Specificity —be concrete☐Objectivity —succinctly summarize main points;☐Informativeness —what the research is about; how it was taken, what wasdiscovered☐Independency —must stand aloneSummary☐Writing an abstract is a sophisticated skill.To write a good abstract for your papersyou should follow a checklist consisting of: background, problem statement,purpose,method,results,and conclusion.☐Make sure that all the components of a good abstract are included in your paper.Summary☐The two main features of an abstract are its discourse structure and the language used for condensing the information.☐The secret of writing a successful abstract is in giving the most information in the leastnumber of words in a coherent structure.☐Because Readers want quick information.If it suits them, they will read on for thedetails.Exercise 2:☐Read the following abstract and find out the problems in terms ofstructure and language☐Revise the abstractDevelopmental changes in speakingvocabulary by English majorsI carried out a longitudinal study on the changes in speakingvocabulary by English majors through four years’learning, whichwas then compared with the native speakers’performance. TheEnglish learners involved in the study were 56 students who wereenrolled in a university in 2001. I asked them to complete an oraltask by producing a three-minute monologue after three minutes’preparation in a language lab. The native speakers were 15American college students who accomplished the same task asthe English learners. The developmental changes were measuredin terms of three indexes: fluency, word variations and lexicalfrequency profile. The performance on the three indexes of theEnglish majors across four years and the native speakers form acontinuum. However, Year Four students were significantly lowerin fluency and word variations than native speakers, but similar tothe native speakers in lexical frequency profile. The periodbetween Year Two and Year Three saw the most noticeableprogress. The students with different starting levels of the threeindexes varied in terms of their changes. The low-level groupmade greater progress than the middle-level group whichproduced slightly faster progress than the high-level group.Exercise 3:☐Read the selected abstracts fromsome published journal articles.☐Discuss the structure, content andlanguage of these abstracts.☐Make comments on these articles:⏹Are they well written?⏹If not, can you revise them?Assignment☐Write an abstract for your BAgraduation thesis11。
毕业论文Abstract怎么写？
毕业论文Abstract怎么写？毕业论文Abstract怎么写？毕业论文的Abstract简单说就是毕业论文的英文摘要，先把中文摘要写好，然后翻译成英文就可以了。
摘要也就是内容提要，是论文中不可缺少的一部分。
论文摘要是一篇具有独立性的短文，有其特别的地方。
它是建立在对论文进行总结的基础之上，用简单、明确、易懂、精辟的语言对全文内容加以概括，留主干去枝叶，提取论文的主要信息。
作者的观点、论文的主要内容、研究成果、独到的见解，这些都应该在摘要中体现出来。
好的摘要便于索引与查找，易于收录到大型资料库中并为他人提供信息。
因此摘要在资料交流方面承担着至关重要的作用。
书写摘要的基本规范和原则（1）论文摘要分为中文摘要和外文（一般为英文）摘要。
摘要在篇幅方面的限定，不同的学校和机构有不同的要求，通常中文摘要不超过300字，英文摘要不超过250个实词，中英文摘要应一致。
毕业论文摘要可适当增加篇幅。
（2）多向指导教师请教，并根据提供的意见及时修改，以期达到更高水平。
（3）摘要是完整的短文，具有独立性，可以单独使用。
即使不看论文全文的内容，仍然可以理解论文的主要内容、作者的新观点和想法、课题所要实现的目的、采取的方法、研究的结果与结论。
（4）叙述完整，突出逻辑性，短文结构要合理。
（5）要求文字简明扼要，不容赘言，提取重要内容，不含前言、背景等细节部分，去掉旧结论、原始数据，不加评论和注释。
采用直接表述的方法，删除不必要的文学修饰。
摘要中不应包括作者将来的计划以及与此课题无关的内容，做到用最少的文字提供最大的信息量。
（6）摘要中不使用特殊字符，也不使用图表和化学结构式，以及由特殊字符组成的数学表达式，不列举例证。
论文的Abstract写法
文摘要求对于科技期刊的文章，论文的 abstract 主要由三部分组成，即：研究的问题、过程和方法、结果。
文摘只有写得正确，写的好，才能起到帮助读者了解原文的作用。
因此必须对文献进行认真的主题分析， 找出文献的主题概念， 正确地组织好这些主题内容，简明准确完整地写出文摘来。
文摘长度一般不超过 150 words 。
少数情况下允许例外，视原始文献而定。
在不遗漏主题概念的前提下，文摘应尽量简洁。
（一）.缩短文摘方法:1.取消不必要的字句：如 ”t is reported here ”、 “new ”、 “ mainly ” 也尽量不要。
2. 对物理单位及一些通用词可以适当进行简化;3. 取消或减少背景信息（ Background Information ）;4. 不说无用的话，如“本文所谈的有关研究工作是对过去老工艺的一个极大的改进”， “本工作首次实现了 …” “经检索尚未发现与本文类似的文献”等词句切不可进入文摘;5. 作者在文献中谈及的未来计划不纳入文摘；6. 文摘第一句应避免与题目（Title ）重复。
7. 尽量简化一些措辞和重复的单元，如：（二）.文体风格 1. 文摘叙述要完整，清楚，简明；2. 尽量用短句子并避免句形单调；3. 用过去时态叙述作者工作，用现在时态叙述作者结论；如 “The structure of dislocation cores in GaP was investigated by weak-beam electron microscopy. Thedislocations are dissociated into two Shokley partials with separations of 80 edge and screw casesrespectively. The results show that... __________________________________ ”可直接用名词或名词短语作定语的情况下，要少用 of 句型。
学术英语abstract写作
文摘的文体结构
摘要_应具备的要素
简明扼要（conciseness）:去除文献中的次要 材料或辅助细节。
客观公正（objectivity）:摘要中不应有原文中 没有的信息资料。
全面完整（completeness）:要包括主题思想， 主要资料，结论或建议。
摘要中常见错误
������ 字少、错选：提示 性、报道性、资料性 ������ 结构要素残缺：目 的，方法，结果，结论 ������ 丧失摘要特点������
· Omit obscure abbreviations.
· Write the paper before you write the abstract.
Sample:
background
Feedback and assessment play an important role in teaching and learning of oral presentation skills. This study describes the implementation and evaluation of an innovative instruction that uses a Student Response System for peer assessment of oral presentations. A large number of oral presentations were assessed and students’ perceptions and learning what
Note:
有时由于篇幅的限制，摘要的内容不一定包括有五 个要素，因而需要缩减摘要的字数和内容。经过压 缩的摘要通常只能突出两个或三个要点，其中最重 要的应该是阐明研究的结果。简要的资料性摘要往 往省略背景知识。如果允许的字数范围内，摘要可 以在最后用一到两句话进行总结并提出建议。一篇 简要的资料性摘要的内容通常包括：
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Questions on the Abstract•What is the subject matter/area the research paper is dealing with?•What background information is provided by the author(s)?•What is the purpose of the present study?•How is the research to be done?•What are some of the important findings?•What are some of the implications of the study?Elements of structure in an Abstract•We can see that by asking a number of questions we can discover the structure of the Abstract.•We can refer to each section as an "element of stmcture"・ Tlie six elements of structure can then be refeiTed to as•Topic Specification (TS),•Background Information (BI),•Purpose Statement (PS),•Methodology and Data (MD),•Results/Findings (RF), and•Implications/Conclusions (IC).•An important issue here is the time for the writing of the Abstract・•Usually it is written after the study/research is completed but this is not always the case as, for example, people send abstracts of unfinishedpapers to conferences they would like to participate in.•Such abstracts are not totally different from those written for finished papers; they may include less information in some parts like in theResults and Implications sections・Information content of Abstracts•An obvious conclusion to be made at the beginning is that Abstracts are short pieces of writing・•Of course we can have long and short Abstracts but that is beside the point.•The information in an Abstract is condensed because of the summarizing nature of the Abstract・•There is no redundant information in an Abstract・•Getting rid of the redundancy in the Abstracts, however, is not always easy to achieve・Structure of an Abstract•An Abstract of a research paper is the first source of information for a would-be reade匚•Of course the title of the research paper would provide information about the topic of investigation but it is the Abstract that provides a bird^s eye view of the subject matter, the pmpose of the study, the way the research is carried out, some important findings, the implications, and a conclusion.• The Abstract summarizes the study for people who would like to spend no more than a few minutes on the pape匚Sample AbstractTitle： Analyzing Bush's Remarks to the Nation on the Terrorists Attacks from a Critical PerspectiveAbstract：(1) Critical discourse analysis is an important way of inteipreting rather than just describing the linguistic structure of texts. (2) It aims to reveal the relationship between language and ideology・(3) One of the great events that happened in the year 2001 is [was that] the U.S.A. was attacked on September 11th・(4) Right after the attack, President George Bush delivered a speech to the nation. (5) The New York Times ported [reported] his address on Sep, 12th.(6) Tliis paper tries to analyze Bush，s remarks from a critical perspective, focusing on revealing the hidden ideology of the American government.Sample Abstract2On Textual Equivalence of English-Chinese Translation in the Light of Theme/Rheme Theory(1) Translations "refer to the process and result of transfemng a text from the source language into the target language^・(2) One of the issues of translation is the format of equivalence・(3) This light on textual equivalence based on Halliday^ theme/rheme theoiy (4) This paper consists of five parts an introduction. (5) Pail I introduces Halliday^s notion of theme and rheme, theirfunction in a message organization and the main types of theme in English. (6) Part II, with Halliday's theoiy as reference, the paper lists many examples of English-Chinese translation as far as different types of theme is concerned, and then it analyzes the choice of theme in English and the choice of topic in Chinese version. (7) Part III, based on the data analysis of theme choice in English and the topic choice in Chinese in part II, the paper tries to make clear that English and Chinese, belonging to different language systems, have different ways of organizing a message. (8) Part IV suggests some possible ways for English-Chinese translation when them in English can not be taken as topic in Chinese version.(9) Part V is the conclusion, in which the paper points out that in English-Chinese translation, in which the paper points out that in English-Chinese translation, a competent translator should decide from the receiver^ perspective what (whether the theme or not) will be placed at the topic position for Chinese audience. (10) Through the theoretical view and the empirical analysis, this paper tries to assert that in translation, at the text level, no exact equivalence can always be found. (11) A translator^ task is to transfer one language into another in a more appropriate format in the target language, on condition that the information and the style of the source language are maintained and well received by the audience of the target language.Comments•The main problem with Abstract 2 is that a lot of the information given in the second paragraph, i.e. sentences 5-9 can be omitted・•Abstracts do not usually give detailed information about the content of each section of a research pape匚•By asking the 6 questions mentioned above, we get some idea of the elements of structure in the Abstract・•However, the information needed for establishing each element has to be sifted through the additional information that could have been put in the Introduction of the same paper.•The secret of a successful Abstract is in giving the most information in the least number of words in a coherent structure. This can be achieved by reading good Abstracts and then imitating them when you need to write one.。