演示文稿物理化学专业术语
1物理化学术语

phase diagram
viscosity
surface tension
resistance
fluidity
membrane 膜
expand 使膨胀, 扩张
crystalline solid 结晶固体
amorphous solid 无定形的固体
crystal 晶体
repetitive 重复的
theoretical density 理论密度 particle 粒子 orientation 取向 corner 顶点,角 polymorphous 多晶型的 radius ratio 半径比
theoretical density particle orientation corner polymorphous radius ratio
incorporate插入,合并
point defect 点缺陷 interstitial site 间隙位置 composition 组成 wustite 方铁体, 维氏体, 铁酸盐, Fe<1 O
incorporate point defect interstitial site composition wustite
2. viscosity, surface tension
The resistance of a substance to flow is viscosity--the opposite of fluidity流动性. Surface tension is the property of a surface that imparts给 予 membrane-like behavior to the surface; it is formally形式上defined as the amount of energy required to expand the surface of a liquid by a unit area.
09《物理化学》专业术语

第一批精品课程——《物理化学》精品课程系列资料(9)物理化学专业术语生命与环境科学系分析化学-物理化学教研室2011年3月(为必须掌握的重点内容;为理解性的内容)第零章 序 论物理化学:物理化学从研究化学现象和物理现象之间的相互联系入手,探求化学变化中具有普遍性的基本规律的学科。
第一章 气体理想气体(ideal gas ,perfect gas):在任何情况下都严格遵守气体三定律的气体。
理想气体状态方程(The perfect gas equation)pV nRT =。
适用于理想气体,对低压下的实际气体也可近似使用。
理想气态方程的衍生式:m RT nRT m p RT RT V V MV Mρ====;式中 p 、V 、T 、n 单位分别为 Pa 、m 3、K 、mol ;R=·mol -1·K -1,V m 为气体摩尔体积,单位为 m 3·mol -1,ρ为密度单位 kg·m -3,M 为分子量。
此式适用与理想气或近似地适用于低压气。
p 是气体扩散的推动力(体积膨胀)。
道尔顿定律(Dalton’s Law ):B Bp p =∑, 定义:各种气体的分压之和等于总压。
适用于理想气体混合物。
式中 为组分B 在与混合气体具有相同的温度、体积的条件下单独存在的压力。
阿马加定律(Amagart’s law ):B BV V *=∑各种气体的分体积之和等于总体积。
适用于理想气体混合物。
式中 为组分B 在与混合气体具有相同的温度、体积的条件下单独存在的体积。
饱和蒸气(suturated vapor):处于气液平衡时的气体。
饱和蒸气压(suturated vapor pressure):在一定温度下,与液体成平衡的饱和蒸气具有的压力,简称蒸汽压(vaporpressure)。
沸点(boiling point):当液体饱和蒸气压与外界压力相等时,液体沸腾,相应的温度为液体的沸点。
最全的物理化学名词解释

最全的物理化学名词解释材料人考学饱和蒸汽压:单位时间内有液体分子变为气体分子的数目与气体分子变为液体分子数目相同,宏观上说即液体的蒸发速度与气体的凝结速度相同的气体称为饱和蒸汽,饱和气体所具有的压力称为饱和蒸汽压。
敞开体系:体系与环境之间既有物质交换,又有能量交换。
封闭体系:体系与环境之间无物质交换,但有能量交换孤立体系:体系与环境之间既无物质交换,又无能量交换,故又称为隔离体系。
广度量和强度量:是指与物质的数量成正比的性质,如系统物质的量,体积,热力学能,熵等。
具有加和性,在数学上是一次齐函数,而是指与物质无关的性质,如温度压力等平衡态:系统内部处于热平衡、力平衡、相平衡、化学平衡状态函数:体系的一些性质,其数值仅取决于体系所处的状态,而与体系的历史无关;它的变化值仅取决于体系的始态和终态,而与变化的途径无关。
具有这种特性的物理量称为状态函数。
热:体系与环境之间由于温度的不同而传递的能量称为热。
功:体系与环境之间传递的除热以外的其它能量都称为功。
摩尔相变焓:是指单位物质的量的物质在恒定温度T及该温度平衡压力下发生相变时对应的焓变标准摩尔生成焓:在温度为T的标准态下,由稳定相态的单质生成化学计量数VB=1的β相态的化合物B 该生成反应的焓变称为该化合物B在温度T时的标准摩尔生成焓。
标准摩尔燃烧焓:在标准压力下,反应温度时,1摩尔反应物质B完全氧化成相同温度的指定产物时的标准摩尔反应焓。
可逆过程:我们把某一体系经过某一个过程,如果能使体系和环境都完全复原,则该过程称为“可逆过程”。
反应热当体系发生反应之后,使产物的温度回到反应前始态时的温度,体系放出或吸收的热量,称为该反应的热效应。
溶解热:在恒定的T、p下,单位物质的量的溶质B溶解与溶剂A中,形成B的摩尔分数xB=0.1的溶液时,过程的焓变。
稀释热:在恒定的T、p下,某溶剂中质量摩尔浓度b1的溶液用同样的溶剂稀释成为质量摩尔浓度b2的溶液时,所引起的每单位物质的量的溶质之焓变。
物理化学名词解释

物理化学名词解释
物理化学是研究物质变化和性质的科学领域,涉及到许多重要的名词和概念。
以下是几个常见的物理化学名词解释:
1. 热力学:热力学是研究能量转化和传递的学科,主要关注物质的热力学性质,如热容量、热力学平衡和热力学循环等。
2. 动力学:动力学是研究物质变化速率和机理的学科,涵盖了反应速率、化学平衡和反应机理等内容。
3. 反应速率:反应速率是化学反应进行的快慢程度的度量,通常通过测量反应物消失或生成物出现的速度来确定。
4. 平衡常数:平衡常数是描述化学平衡时反应物与生成物浓度之间的关系的指标。
平衡常数可以用于预测反应的方向和平衡位置。
5. 活性能:活性能是指物质在化学反应中的反应能力,通常用于比较不同物质的反应性能。
6. 离子化能:离子化能是指将一个原子或分子中的电子从其原子轨道或分子轨道中移除所需的能量。
7. 催化剂:催化剂是一种能够加速化学反应速率但本身不参与反应的物质。
催化剂通过提供新的反应路径或降低反应的活化能来实现加速反应的目的。
8. 物质的态:物质的态指的是物质的存在形式,包括固态、液态和气态。
物质的态可以通过改变温度和压力来改变。
以上只是一小部分物理化学的名词解释,物理化学作为一个广泛的学科领域,涉及到许多其他的名词和概念,如分子动力学、量子力学、电化学等等。
通过研究这些名词和概念,我们可以更好地理解和应用物理化学的原理和理论。
]物理化学名词解释
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物理化学概念及术语A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z概念及术语 (16)BET公式BET formula (16)DLVO理论DLVO theory (16)HLB法hydrophile-lipophile balance method (16)pVT性质pVT property (16)ζ电势zeta potential (16)阿伏加德罗常数Avogadro’number (16)阿伏加德罗定律Avogadro law (16)阿累尼乌斯电离理论Arrhenius ionization theory (16)阿累尼乌斯方程Arrhenius equation (17)阿累尼乌斯活化能Arrhenius activation energy (17)阿马格定律Amagat law (17)艾林方程Erying equation (17)爱因斯坦光化当量定律Einstein’s law of photochemical equivalence (17)爱因斯坦-斯托克斯方程Einstein-Stokes equation (17)安托万常数Antoine constant (17)安托万方程Antoine equation (17)盎萨格电导理论Onsager’s theory of conductance (17)半电池half cell (17)半衰期half time period (18)饱和液体saturated liquids (18)饱和蒸气saturated vapor (18)饱和吸附量saturated extent of adsorption (18)饱和蒸气压saturated vapor pressure (18)爆炸界限explosion limits (18)比表面功specific surface work (18)比表面吉布斯函数specific surface Gibbs function (18)比浓粘度reduced viscosity (18)标准电动势standard electromotive force (18)标准电极电势standard electrode potential (18)标准摩尔反应焓standard molar reaction enthalpy (18)标准摩尔反应吉布斯函数standard Gibbs function of molar reaction (18)标准摩尔反应熵standard molar reaction entropy (19)标准摩尔焓函数standard molar enthalpy function (19)标准摩尔吉布斯自由能函数standard molar Gibbs free energy function (19)标准摩尔燃烧焓standard molar combustion enthalpy (19)标准摩尔熵standard molar entropy (19)标准摩尔生成焓standard molar formation enthalpy (19)标准摩尔生成吉布斯函数standard molar formation Gibbs function (19)标准平衡常数standard equilibrium constant (19)标准氢电极standard hydrogen electrode (19)标准态standard state (19)标准熵standard entropy (20)标准压力standard pressure (20)标准状况standard condition (20)表观活化能apparent activation energy (20)表观摩尔质量apparent molecular weight (20)表观迁移数apparent transference number (20)表面surfaces (20)表面过程控制surface process control (20)表面吸附量surface excess (21)表面张力surface tension (21)表面质量作用定律surface mass action law (21)波义尔定律Boyle law (21)波义尔温度Boyle temperature (21)波义尔点Boyle point (21)玻尔兹曼常数Boltzmann constant (22)玻尔兹曼分布Boltzmann distribution (22)玻尔兹曼公式Boltzmann formula (22)玻尔兹曼熵定理Boltzmann entropy theorem (22)泊Poise (22)不可逆过程irreversible process (22)不可逆过程热力学thermodynamics of irreversible processes (22)不可逆相变化irreversible phase change (22)布朗运动brownian movement (22)查理定律Charle’s law (22)产率yield (23)敞开系统open system (23)超电势over potential (23)沉降sedimentation (23)沉降电势sedimentation potential (23)沉降平衡sedimentation equilibrium (23)触变thixotropy (23)粗分散系统thick disperse system (23)催化剂catalyst (23)单分子层吸附理论mono molecule layer adsorption (23)单分子反应unimolecular reaction (23)单链反应straight chain reactions (24)弹式量热计bomb calorimeter (24)道尔顿定律Dalton law (24)道尔顿分压定律Dalton partial pressure law (24)德拜和法尔肯哈根效应Debye and Falkenhagen effect (24)德拜立方公式Debye cubic formula (24)德拜-休克尔极限公式Debye-Huckel’s limiting equation (24)等焓过程isenthalpic process (24)等焓线isenthalpic line (24)等几率定理theorem of equal probability (24)等温等容位Helmholtz free energy (25)等温等压位Gibbs free energy (25)等温方程equation at constant temperature (25)低共熔点eutectic point (25)低共熔混合物eutectic mixture (25)低会溶点lower consolute point (25)低熔冰盐合晶cryohydric (26)第二类永动机perpetual machine of the second kind (26)第三定律熵Third-Law entropy (26)第一类永动机perpetual machine of the first kind (26)缔合化学吸附association chemical adsorption (26)电池常数cell constant (26)电池电动势electromotive force of cells (26)电池反应cell reaction (27)电导conductance (27)电导率conductivity (27)电动势的温度系数temperature coefficient of electromotive force (27)电动电势zeta potential (27)电功electric work (27)电化学electrochemistry (27)电化学极化electrochemical polarization (27)电极反应reactions on the electrode (27)电极种类type of electrodes (27)电解池electrolytic cell (28)电量计coulometer (28)电流效率current efficiency (28)电迁移electro migration (28)电迁移率electromobility (28)电渗electroosmosis (28)电渗析electrodialysis (28)电泳electrophoresis (28)丁达尔效应Dyndall effect (28)定容摩尔热容molar heat capacity under constant volume (28)定容温度计Constant voIume thermometer (28)定压摩尔热容molar heat capacity under constant pressure (29)定压温度计constant pressure thermometer (29)定域子系统localized particle system (29)动力学方程kinetic equations (29)动力学控制kinetics control (29)独立子系统independent particle system (29)对比摩尔体积reduced mole volume (29)对比体积reduced volume (29)对比温度reduced temperature (29)对比压力reduced pressure (29)对称数symmetry number (29)对行反应reversible reactions (29)对应状态原理principle of corresponding state (29)多方过程polytropic process (30)多分子层吸附理论adsorption theory of multi-molecular layers (30)二级反应second order reaction (30)二级相变second order phase change (30)法拉第常数faraday constant (31)法拉第定律Faraday’s law (31)反电动势back E.M.F (31)反渗透reverse osmosis (31)反应分子数molecularity (31)反应级数reaction orders (31)反应进度extent of reaction (32)反应热heat of reaction (32)反应速率rate of reaction (32)反应速率常数constant of reaction rate (32)范德华常数van der Waals constant (32)范德华方程van der Waals equation (32)范德华力van der Waals force (32)范德华气体van der Waals gases (32)范特霍夫方程van’t Hoff equation (32)范特霍夫规则van’t Hoff rule (33)范特霍夫渗透压公式van’t Hoff equation of osmotic pressure (33)非基元反应non-elementary reactions (33)非体积功non-volume work (33)非依时计量学反应time independent stoichiometric reactions (33)菲克扩散第一定律Fick’s first law of diffusion (33)沸点boiling point (33)沸点升高elevation of boiling point (33)费米-狄拉克统计Fermi-Dirac statistics (33)分布distribution (33)分布数distribution numbers (34)分解电压decomposition voltage (34)分配定律distribution law (34)分散相dispersion phase (34)分体积partial volume (34)分体积定律partial volume law (34)分压partial pressure (34)分压定律partial pressure law (34)分子反应力学mechanics of molecular reactions (34)分子间力intermolecular force (34)分子蒸馏molecular distillation (35)封闭系统closed system (35)附加压力excess pressure (35)弗罗因德利希吸附经验式Freundlich empirical formula of adsorption (35)负极negative pole (35)负吸附negative adsorption (35)复合反应composite reaction (35)盖.吕萨克定律Gay-Lussac law (35)盖斯定律Hess law (35)甘汞电极calomel electrode (35)感胶离子序lyotropic series (35)杠杆规则lever rule (35)高分子溶液macromolecular solution (36)高会溶点upper consolute point (36)隔离法the isolation method (36)格罗塞斯-德雷珀定律Grotthus-Draoer’s law (36)隔离系统isolated system (37)根均方速率root-mean-square speed (37)功work (37)功函work content (37)共轭溶液conjugate solution (37)共沸温度azeotropic temperature (37)构型熵configurational entropy (37)孤立系统isolated system (37)固溶胶solid sol (37)固态混合物solid solution (38)固相线solid phase line (38)光反应photoreaction (38)光化学第二定律the second law of actinochemistry (38)光化学第一定律the first law of actinochemistry (38)光敏反应photosensitized reactions (38)光谱熵spectrum entropy (38)广度性质extensive property (38)广延量extensive quantity (38)广延性质extensive property (38)规定熵stipulated entropy (38)过饱和溶液oversaturated solution (38)过饱和蒸气oversaturated vapor (38)过程process (39)过渡状态理论transition state theory (39)过冷水super-cooled water (39)过冷液体overcooled liquid (39)过热液体overheated liquid (39)亥姆霍兹函数Helmholtz function (39)亥姆霍兹函数判据Helmholtz function criterion (39)亥姆霍兹自由能Helmholtz free energy (39)亥氏函数Helmholtz function (39)焓enthalpy (39)亨利常数Henry constant (39)亨利定律Henry law (39)恒沸混合物constant boiling mixture (40)恒容摩尔热容molar heat capacity at constant volume (40)恒容热heat at constant volume (40)恒外压constant external pressure (40)恒压摩尔热容molar heat capacity at constant pressure (40)恒压热heat at constant pressure (40)化学动力学chemical kinetics (40)化学反应计量式stoichiometric equation of chemical reaction (40)化学反应计量系数stoichiometric coefficient of chemical reaction (40)化学反应进度extent of chemical reaction (41)化学亲合势chemical affinity (41)化学热力学chemical thermodynamics (41)化学势chemical potential (41)化学势判据chemical potential criterion (41)化学吸附chemisorptions (41)环境environment (41)环境熵变entropy change in environment (41)挥发度volatility (41)混合熵entropy of mixing (42)混合物mixture (42)活度activity (42)活化控制activation control (42)活化络合物理论activated complex theory (42)活化能activation energy (43)霍根-华森图Hougen-Watson Chart (43)基态能级energy level at ground state (43)基希霍夫公式Kirchhoff formula (43)基元反应elementary reactions (43)积分溶解热integration heat of dissolution (43)吉布斯-杜亥姆方程Gibbs-Duhem equation (43)吉布斯-亥姆霍兹方程Gibbs-Helmhotz equation (43)吉布斯函数Gibbs function (43)吉布斯函数判据Gibbs function criterion (44)吉布斯吸附公式Gibbs adsorption formula (44)吉布斯自由能Gibbs free energy (44)吉氏函数Gibbs function (44)极化电极电势polarization potential of electrode (44)极化曲线polarization curves (44)极化作用polarization (44)极限摩尔电导率limiting molar conductivity (44)几率因子steric factor (44)计量式stoichiometric equation (44)计量系数stoichiometric coefficient (45)价数规则rule of valence (45)简并度degeneracy (45)键焓bond enthalpy (45)胶冻broth jelly (45)胶核colloidal nucleus (45)胶凝作用demulsification (45)胶束micelle (45)胶体colloid (45)胶体分散系统dispersion system of colloid (45)胶体化学collochemistry (45)胶体粒子colloidal particles (45)胶团micelle (45)焦耳Joule (45)焦耳-汤姆生实验Joule-Thomson experiment (46)焦耳-汤姆生系数Joule-Thomson coefficient (46)焦耳-汤姆生效应Joule-Thomson effect (46)焦耳定律Joule's law (46)接触电势contact potential (46)接触角contact angle (46)节流过程throttling process (46)节流膨胀throttling expansion (46)节流膨胀系数coefficient of throttling expansion (46)结线tie line (46)结晶热heat of crystallization (47)解离化学吸附dissociation chemical adsorption (47)界面interfaces (47)界面张力surface tension (47)浸湿immersion wetting (47)浸湿功immersion wetting work (47)精馏rectify (47)聚(合)电解质polyelectrolyte (47)聚沉coagulation (47)聚沉值coagulation value (47)绝对反应速率理论absolute reaction rate theory (47)绝对熵absolute entropy (47)绝对温标absolute temperature scale (48)绝热过程adiabatic process (48)绝热量热计adiabatic calorimeter (48)绝热指数adiabatic index (48)卡诺定理Carnot theorem (48)卡诺循环Carnot cycle (48)开尔文公式Kelvin formula (48)柯诺瓦洛夫-吉布斯定律Konovalov-Gibbs law (48)科尔劳施离子独立运动定律Kohlrausch’s Law of Independent Migration of Ions (48)可能的电解质potential electrolyte (49)可逆电池reversible cell (49)可逆过程reversible process (49)可逆过程方程reversible process equation (49)可逆体积功reversible volume work (49)可逆相变reversible phase change (49)克拉佩龙方程Clapeyron equation (49)克劳修斯不等式Clausius inequality (49)克劳修斯-克拉佩龙方程Clausius-Clapeyron equation (49)控制步骤control step (50)库仑计coulometer (50)扩散控制diffusion controlled (50)拉普拉斯方程Laplace’s equation (50)拉乌尔定律Raoult law (50)兰格缪尔-欣谢尔伍德机理Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism (50)雷利公式Rayleigh equation (50)兰格缪尔吸附等温式Langmuir adsorption isotherm formula (50)冷冻系数coefficient of refrigeration (50)冷却曲线cooling curve (51)离解热heat of dissociation (51)离解压力dissociation pressure (51)离域子系统non-localized particle systems (51)离子的标准摩尔生成焓standard molar formation of ion (51)离子的电迁移率mobility of ions (51)离子的迁移数transport number of ions (51)离子独立运动定律law of the independent migration of ions (51)离子氛ionic atmosphere (51)离子强度ionic strength (51)理想混合物perfect mixture (52)理想气体ideal gas (52)理想气体的绝热指数adiabatic index of ideal gases (52)理想气体的微观模型micro-model of ideal gas (52)理想气体反应的等温方程isothermal equation of ideal gaseous reactions (52)理想气体绝热可逆过程方程adiabatic reversible process equation of ideal gases (52)理想气体状态方程state equation of ideal gas (52)理想稀溶液ideal dilute solution (52)理想液态混合物perfect liquid mixture (52)粒子particles (52)粒子的配分函数partition function of particles (53)连串反应consecutive reactions (53)链的传递物chain carrier (53)链反应chain reactions (53)量热熵calorimetric entropy (53)量子统计quantum statistics (53)量子效率quantum yield (53)临界参数critical parameter (53)临界常数critical constant (53)临界点critical point (53)临界胶束浓度critical micelle concentration (53)临界摩尔体积critical molar volume (54)临界温度critical temperature (54)临界压力critical pressure (54)临界状态critical state (54)零级反应zero order reaction (54)流动电势streaming potential (54)流动功flow work (54)笼罩效应cage effect (54)路易斯-兰德尔逸度规则Lewis-Randall rule of fugacity (54)露点dew point (54)露点线dew point line (54)麦克斯韦关系式Maxwell relations (55)麦克斯韦速率分布Maxwell distribution of speeds (55)麦克斯韦能量分布MaxwelIdistribution of energy (55)毛细管凝结condensation in capillary (55)毛细现象capillary phenomena (55)米凯利斯常数Michaelis constant (55)摩尔电导率molar conductivity (56)摩尔反应焓molar reaction enthalpy (56)摩尔混合熵mole entropy of mixing (56)摩尔气体常数molar gas constant (56)摩尔热容molar heat capacity (56)摩尔溶解焓mole dissolution enthalpy (56)摩尔稀释焓mole dilution enthalpy (56)内扩散控制internal diffusions control (56)内能internal energy (56)内压力internal pressure (56)能级energy levels (56)能级分布energy level distribution (57)能量均分原理principle of the equipartition of energy (57)能斯特方程Nernst equation (57)能斯特热定理Nernst heat theorem (57)凝固点freezing point (57)凝固点降低lowering of freezing point (57)凝固点曲线freezing point curve (58)凝胶gelatin (58)凝聚态condensed state (58)凝聚相condensed phase (58)浓差超电势concentration over-potential (58)浓差极化concentration polarization (58)浓差电池concentration cells (58)帕斯卡pascal (58)泡点线bubble point line (58)配分函数partition function (58)配分函数的析因子性质property that partition function to be expressed as a product of the separate partition functions for each kind of state (58)碰撞截面collision cross section (59)碰撞数the number of collisions (59)偏摩尔量partial mole quantities (59)平衡常数(理想气体反应)equilibrium constants for reactions of ideal gases (59)平动配分函数partition function of translation (59)平衡分布equilibrium distribution (59)平衡态equilibrium state (60)平衡态近似法equilibrium state approximation (60)平衡状态图equilibrium state diagram (60)平均活度mean activity (60)平均活度系统mean activity coefficient (60)平均摩尔热容mean molar heat capacity (60)平均质量摩尔浓度mean mass molarity (60)平均自由程mean free path (60)平行反应parallel reactions (61)破乳demulsification (61)铺展spreading (61)普遍化范德华方程universal van der Waals equation (61)其它功the other work (61)气化热heat of vaporization (61)气溶胶aerosol (61)气体常数gas constant (61)气体分子运动论kinetic theory of gases (61)气体分子运动论的基本方程foundamental equation of kinetic theory of gases (62)气溶胶aerosol (62)气相线vapor line (62)迁移数transport number (62)潜热latent heat (62)强度量intensive quantity (62)强度性质intensive property (62)亲液溶胶hydrophilic sol (62)氢电极hydrogen electrodes (62)区域熔化zone melting (62)热heat (62)热爆炸heat explosion (62)热泵heat pump (63)热功当量mechanical equivalent of heat (63)热函heat content (63)热化学thermochemistry (63)热化学方程thermochemical equation (63)热机heat engine (63)热机效率efficiency of heat engine (63)热力学thermodynamics (63)热力学第二定律the second law of thermodynamics (63)热力学第三定律the third law of thermodynamics (63)热力学第一定律the first law of thermodynamics (63)热力学基本方程fundamental equation of thermodynamics (64)热力学几率thermodynamic probability (64)热力学能thermodynamic energy (64)热力学特性函数characteristic thermodynamic function (64)热力学温标thermodynamic scale of temperature (64)热力学温度thermodynamic temperature (64)热熵thermal entropy (64)热效应heat effect (64)熔化热heat of fusion (64)溶胶colloidal sol (65)溶解焓dissolution enthalpy (65)溶液solution (65)溶胀swelling (65)乳化剂emulsifier (65)乳状液emulsion (65)润湿wetting (65)润湿角wetting angle (65)萨克尔-泰特洛德方程Sackur-Tetrode equation (66)三相点triple point (66)三相平衡线triple-phase line (66)熵entropy (66)熵判据entropy criterion (66)熵增原理principle of entropy increase (66)渗透压osmotic pressure (66)渗析法dialytic process (67)生成反应formation reaction (67)升华热heat of sublimation (67)实际气体real gas (67)舒尔采-哈迪规则Schulze-Hardy rule (67)松驰力relaxation force (67)松驰时间time of relaxation (67)速度常数reaction rate constant (67)速率方程rate equations (67)速率控制步骤rate determining step (68)塔费尔公式Tafel equation (68)态-态反应state-state reactions (68)唐南平衡Donnan equilibrium (68)淌度mobility (68)特鲁顿规则Trouton rule (68)特性粘度intrinsic viscosity (68)体积功volume work (68)统计权重statistical weight (68)统计热力学statistic thermodynamics (68)统计熵statistic entropy (68)途径path (68)途径函数path function (69)外扩散控制external diffusion control (69)完美晶体perfect crystalline (69)完全气体perfect gas (69)微观状态microstate (69)微态microstate (69)韦斯顿标准电池Weston standard battery (69)维恩效应Wien effect (69)维里方程virial equation (69)维里系数virial coefficient (69)稳流过程steady flow process (69)稳态近似法stationary state approximation (69)无热溶液athermal solution (70)无限稀溶液solutions in the limit of extreme dilution (70)物理化学Physical Chemistry (70)物理吸附physisorptions (70)吸附adsorption (70)吸附等量线adsorption isostere (70)吸附等温线adsorption isotherm (70)吸附等压线adsorption isobar (70)吸附剂adsorbent (70)吸附热heat of adsorption (70)吸附质adsorbate (70)析出电势evolution or deposition potential (71)稀溶液的依数性colligative properties of dilute solutions (71)稀释焓dilution enthalpy (71)系统system (71)系统点system point (71)系统的环境environment of system (71)相phase (71)相变phase change (71)相变焓enthalpy of phase change (71)相变化phase change (71)相变热heat of phase change (71)相点phase point (71)相对挥发度relative volatility (72)相对粘度relative viscosity (72)相律phase rule (72)相平衡热容heat capacity in phase equilibrium (72)相图phase diagram (72)相倚子系统system of dependent particles (72)悬浮液suspension (72)循环过程cyclic process (72)压力商pressure quotient (72)压缩因子compressibility factor (73)压缩因子图diagram of compressibility factor (73)亚稳状态metastable state (73)盐桥salt bridge (73)盐析salting out (73)阳极anode (73)杨氏方程Young’s equation (73)液体接界电势liquid junction potential (73)液相线liquid phase lines (73)一级反应first order reaction (73)一级相变first order phase change (74)依时计量学反应time dependent stoichiometric reactions (74)逸度fugacity (74)逸度系数coefficient of fugacity (74)阴极cathode (75)荧光fluorescence (75)永动机perpetual motion machine (75)永久气体Permanent gas (75)有效能available energy (75)原电池primary cell (75)原盐效应salt effect (75)增比粘度specific viscosity (75)憎液溶胶lyophobic sol (75)沾湿adhesional wetting (75)沾湿功the work of adhesional wetting (75)真溶液true solution (76)真实电解质real electrolyte (76)真实气体real gas (76)真实迁移数true transference number (76)振动配分函数partition function of vibration (76)振动特征温度characteristic temperature of vibration (76)蒸气压下降depression of vapor pressure (76)正常沸点normal point (76)正吸附positive adsorption (76)支链反应branched chain reactions (76)直链反应straight chain reactions (77)指前因子pre-exponential factor (77)质量作用定律mass action law (77)制冷系数coefficient of refrigeration (77)中和热heat of neutralization (77)轴功shaft work (77)转动配分函数partition function of rotation (77)转动特征温度characteristic temperature of vibration (78)转化率convert ratio (78)转化温度conversion temperature (78)状态state (78)状态方程state equation (78)状态分布state distribution (78)状态函数state function (78)准静态过程quasi-static process (78)准一级反应pseudo first order reaction (78)自动催化作用auto-catalysis (78)自由度degree of freedom (78)自由度数number of degree of freedom (79)自由焓free enthalpy (79)自由能free energy (79)自由膨胀free expansion (79)组分数component number (79)最低恒沸点lower azeotropic point (79)最高恒沸点upper azeotropic point (79)最佳反应温度optimal reaction temperature (79)最可几分布most probable distribution (80)最可几速率most propable speed (80)概念及术语BET公式BET formula1938年布鲁瑙尔(Brunauer)、埃米特(Emmett)和特勒(Teller)三人在兰格缪尔单分子层吸附理论的基础上提出多分子层吸附理论。
物理化学名词解释

物理化学名词解释物理化学是一门从物理学角度分析化学现象和过程的学科,它涉及到众多的名词和概念。
下面,让我们来一起了解一些常见的物理化学名词。
首先是“热力学第一定律”。
它指出,能量可以在不同形式之间转换,但在任何过程中,能量的总量保持不变。
简单来说,就像一个封闭的盒子,里面的能量不管怎么变化,总和始终是固定的。
比如,汽车燃烧汽油产生动力,汽油中的化学能转化为机械能和热能,但总能量是不变的。
“热力学第二定律”也是非常重要的一个概念。
它表明,在任何自发的过程中,系统的熵总是增加的。
熵可以理解为系统的混乱程度。
比如,一间杂乱无章的房间,如果没有人为整理,它会变得越来越乱,这就是熵增的体现。
“焓”这个名词在物理化学中也经常出现。
焓是一个热力学系统的能量状态的组合函数。
在等压过程中,系统吸收或放出的热量等于焓的变化。
对于一些化学反应,如果我们想知道在恒压条件下的能量变化,焓的概念就很有用。
“自由能”包括吉布斯自由能和亥姆霍兹自由能。
吉布斯自由能决定了一个过程在恒温恒压下能否自发进行。
如果吉布斯自由能的变化是负值,那么这个过程就能自发进行;反之则不能。
亥姆霍兹自由能则是在恒温恒容条件下判断过程自发性的依据。
“化学势”反映了物质发生迁移或化学反应的趋势。
在多组分系统中,化学势就像是每个组分的“驱动力”,决定了它们在系统中的分布和变化。
“相”和“相变”也是常见的概念。
相是指系统中物理性质和化学性质完全均匀的部分。
比如,水有气相、液相和固相,这就是三种不同的相。
相变则是指物质从一种相转变为另一种相的过程,像水的蒸发就是液相变为气相的相变。
“化学平衡”描述的是可逆化学反应达到的一种动态平衡状态。
在这个状态下,正反应速率和逆反应速率相等,反应物和生成物的浓度不再发生明显变化。
“动力学”研究的是化学反应的速率和反应机制。
反应速率表示单位时间内反应物或生成物浓度的变化。
而反应机制则是探讨化学反应具体是如何进行的,包括中间步骤和过渡态等。
物理化学名词解释

名词解释1.热:由系统与环境之间的温度差而引起的能量传递。
2.功:系统与环境之间其他一切被传递的能量称为功。
3.热力学能:是系统中物质的所有能量的总和。
4.热容:在无化学反应和相变化且非体积功为零的条件下,封闭系统吸收的热δQ与温度的升高dT成正比,比例系数为系统的热容,用C表示。
5.系统:将一部分物质从其他部分划分出来,作为研究的对象,称为系统。
6.环境:与系统密切相关的物质和空间称为环境。
7.敞开系统:系统环境之间既有物质的交换,又有能量的传递。
8.封闭系统:系统与环境之间没有物质的交换,只有能量的传递。
9.孤立系统:系统与环境之间既无物质的交换,也无能量的传递。
10.电子导体:也称为第一类导体,通过自由电子的定向迁移来实现其导电的目的。
11.离子导体:也称为第二类导体,依靠正、负离子的定向迁移来实现其导电的目的。
12.电解池:将电能转化为化学能的装置叫电解池。
13.原电池:将化学能转化为电能的装置叫原电池。
14.化学动力学:研究反应速率和各种因素(例如浓度、压力、温度)对反应速率的影响。
15.基无反应:由反应物微粒(分子、原子或自由基等)一步直接生成产物的反应。
16.总包反应:由多个基无反应组成的反应称为总反应。
17.反应速率:化学反应进行的快慢程度,用单位时间内反应物或生成物的物质的量表示。
18.催化作用:一种或多种少量的物质,能使化学反应的速率显著增大,而这些物质本身在反应前后的数量及化学性质都不改变。
19.自催化作用:催化剂可以是有意识的加入反应体系的,也可以是在反应过程中自发产生的。
后者是一种或几种反应产物的中间产物,称为自催化剂,这种现象称为自催化作用。
20.相界面:将两种分开的界面21.表面张力:在液体表面存在一种使液面收缩的力,称表面张力。
22.液面铺展:液体在另外一种与其不互溶的液体表面自动展开成膜的过程。
23.胶束:当浓度增加到一定程度时,表面活性剂分子的疏水基通过疏水相互作用缔合在一起而远离水环境向内、亲水基朝向水中向外形成了多分子聚集体,称为胶束。
[课件]物理化学简介PPT
![[课件]物理化学简介PPT](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/9b3dcc00482fb4daa58d4b8f.png)
m pM ρ V RT 3 3 200 10 16.04 10 kg m3 8.315 (25 273.15) 1.294 kg m3
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§1.1 理想气体状态方程
物理化学简 介
绪论
0.1 物理化学——一门无处不在的学科 0.2 学习物理化学的要求及方法 0.3 物理量的表示及运算
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0.1 物理化学——一门无处不在的学科
何谓物理化学 (Physical Chemistry) ?
物理化学 是从物质的物理现象与化学现象的联系入 手,探求化学变化基本规律的一门学科。 “用物理的理论、物理的实验手段”, 探求化学变化基本规律的一门学科。 •目的 主要是为了解决生产实践和科学实验中向 化学提出的理论问题,揭示化学变化的本质,
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0.2 学习物理化学的要求及方法
课程特点
“三多一复杂”
•学习要求
概念多 理论多 公式多 计算复杂
学习物理化学课程与其他课程的学习既有相同点 也有不同点。物理化学课程综合性强,各章节既有 联系又相对独立。因此,学习时切忌死记硬背。
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0.2 学习物理化学的要求及方法
•学习要求
1. 多动脑
多给自己提问,多问几个为什么,如:前人提出 问题和解决问题的思路和方法有什么可取之处,有什 么局限性,方法是否严谨?结论是否可靠?你能否找 出例外情况?
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0.1 物理化学——一门无处不在的学科
① 宏 观
微 观
只有深入到微观,研究分子、原子层次的规律,才能 了解结构与性质的关系,掌握化学变化的本质。 宏观 介观 微观 (看得见的物体) (纳米材料) (原子、分子)
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4.3 standard solution
standard solution: a solution of known concentration Concentration of solution:
1. mass (weight) percent= (mass of solute / mass of solution) ×100%
Viscosity: The resistance of a substance to flow
Surface tension: the amount of energy required to expand the surface of a liquid by a unit area. Imparts membrane-like behavior to the surface.
Multiple unit cell: contain other lattice points in addition to those at the corners
Theoretical density: the mass of the unit cell divided by the volume of the unit cell
Henry’s law: At constant temperature, the partial pressure of a gas over a solution is directly proportional to the solubility of the gas in that solution
Solubility: the concentration of a saturated solution. unsaturated solution: can dissolve more solute. Supersaturated solution: holds more solute than would
Immisicible:
4.2 Ideal solution
Ideal solution of a molecular: the forces between all particle of both solvent and solute are identical.
Ideal solution of an ionic solute: the ions in solution are independent of each other and attracted only to solvent molecules.
be in equilibrium with undissolved solute
4.1 miscibility
Miscibility: the mutual solubility of two substances in the same phase.
Like dissolves like: Substances that are similar in structure, bonding, and especially in intermolecular forces tend to be highly or even infinitely miscible.
3.1 Crystal
Crystal: a solid that has a shape bounded by plane surfaces intersecting at fixed angles
Space lattice: a system of points representing sites with identical environments in the same orientation in the crystal
Unit cell: the most convenient small part of a space lattice, if repeated in three dimension, will generate the entire lattice.
3.1.1 Unit cell:
Primitive unit cell: a unit cell in which only the corners are occupied
(优质)物理化学专业术语 PPT课件
1.changes of state
melting
fusion
Solid
liquid
crystallizationvaporizatFra bibliotekongas
condensation
Solid sublimation gas
deposition
liquefaction
2.Fluidity of a substance
Polymorphous: able to crystallize in more than one crystal structure
Isomorphous: have the same crystal structure
4. Solution
Saturated solution: the concentration of dissolved solute is equal to that which would be in equilibrium with undissolved solute under the given conditions.
3. Solid
Amorphous solid: a substance in which the atoms, molecules, or ions have a random and nonrepetitive threedimensional arrangement.
Crystalline solid: a substance in which the atoms, molecules, or ions have a characteristic regular, and repetitive three-dimensional arrangement.