手机火车汉字发展史英文版

手机火车汉字发展史英

文版

Company Document number：WUUT-WUUY-WBBGB-BWYTT-1982GT

手机火车汉字发展史英文版

手机发展史英文版

The history of mobile phones begins with early efforts to develop radio telephone technology and from two-way radios in vehicles and continues through emergence of modern mobile phones and associated services.

Radiophones have a long and varied history going back to Reginald Fessenden's invention and shore-to-ship demonstration of radio telephony, through the Second World War with military use of radio telephony links and civil services in the 1950s, while hand-held mobile radio devices have been available since 1973. Mobile phone history is often divided into generations (first, second, third and so on) to mark significant step changes in capabilities as the technology improved over the years.

Contents [hide]

1 Pioneers of radio telephony

2 Emergence of commercial mobile phone services

3 First generation: Cellular networks

4 Second generation: Digital networks

5 Third generation: High speed IP data networks

6 Growth of mobile broadband and the emergence of 4G

7 Patents

8 See also

9 Notes

10 References

11 External links

[edit] Pioneers of radio telephony

In 1908, . Patent 887,357 for a wireless telephone was issued to Nathan B. Stubblefield of Murray, Kentucky. He applied this patent to "cave radio" telephones and not directly to cellular telephony as the term is currently understood.[1]

In 1910 Lars Magnus Ericsson installed a telephone in his car, although this was not a radio telephone. While travelling across the country, he would stop at a place where telephone lines were accessible and using a pair of long electric wires he could connect to the national telephone network.[2]

In Europe, radio telephony was first used on the first-class passenger trains between Berlin and Hamburg in 1926. At the same time, radio telephony was introduced on passenger airplanes for

air traffic security. Later radio telephony was introduced on a large scale in German tanks during the Second World War. After

the war German police in the British zone of occupation first

used disused tank telephony equipment to run the first radio

patrol cars.[citation needed] In all of these cases the service

was confined to specialists that were trained to use the equipment. In the early 1950s ships on the Rhine were among the first to use radio telephony with an untrained end customer as a user.

Two-way radios (known as mobile rigs) were used in vehicles such as taxicabs, police cruisers, and ambulances, but were not mobile phones because they were not normally connected to the telephone network. Users could not dial phone numbers from their vehicles. A large community of mobile radio users, known as the mobileers, popularized the technology that would eventually give way to the mobile phone. Originally, mobile two-way radios were permanently installed in vehicles, but later versions such as the so-called transportables or "bag phones" were equipped with a cigarette lighter plug so that they could also be carried, and

thus could be used as either mobile or as portable two-way radios. During the early 1940s, Motorola developed a backpacked two-way radio, the Walkie-Talkie and later developed a large hand-held

two-way radio for the US military. This battery powered "Handie-Talkie" (HT) was about the size of a man's forearm.

In 1946 soviet engineers G. Shapiro and I. Zaharchenko successfully tested their version of a radio mobile phone mounted

inside a car. The device could connect to local telephone network with a range of up to 20 kilometers.

Top of cellular telephone towerIn December 1947, Douglas H. Ring and W. Rae Young, Bell Labs engineers, proposed hexagonal cells for mobile phones in vehicles.[3] Philip T. Porter, also of Bell Labs, proposed that the cell towers be at the corners of the hexagons rather than the centers and have directional antennas that would transmit/receive in three directions (see picture at right) into three adjacent hexagon cells.[4] The technology did not exist then and the frequencies had not yet been allocated. Cellular technology was undeveloped until the 1960s, when Richard H. Frenkiel and Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs developed the electronics.

During the 1950s the experiments of the pioneers started to appear as usable services across society, both commercially and culturally. In the 1954 movie Sabrina, the businessman Linus Larrabee (played by Humphrey Bogart) makes a call from the phone in the back of his limousine.

In 1958, Kupriyanovich resized his "radiophone" to "pocket" version. The weight of improved "light" handset was about 500 grams.

In 1967, each mobile phone had to stay within the cell area serviced by one base station throughout the phone call. This did not provide continuity of automatic telephone service to mobile phones moving through several cell areas.

In 1969, a patent for a wireless phone using an acoustic coupler for incoming calls was issued in US Patent Number

3,449,750 to George Sweigert of Euclid, Ohio on June 10, 1969. Dialing a number for outgoing calls was not provided.

The concepts of frequency reuse and handoff, as well as a number of other concepts that formed the basis of modern cell phone technology, were described in the 1970s. In 1970 Amos E. Joel, Jr., another Bell Labs engineer,[6] invented an automatic "call handoff" system to allow mobile phones to move through several cell areas during a single conversation without loss of conversation. Also Fluhr and Nussbaum,[7] Hachenburg et al.[8] , and . Patent 4,152,647, issued May 1, 1979 to Charles A. Gladden and Martin H. Parelman, both of Las Vegas, Nevada and assigned by them to the United States Government.

汉字发展史英文版

In the last 50 or so years, inscriptions have been found on pottery in a variety of locations in China such as Bànpō near

Xī'ān, as well as on bone and bone marrows at Hualouzi, Chang'an

County near Xi'an. These simple, often geometric marks have been frequently compared to some of the earliest known Chinese characters, on the oracle bones, and some have taken them to mean that the history of Chinese writing extends back over six millennia.

However, because these marks occur singly, without any context to imply, and because they are generally extremely crude and simple, Qiú Xīguī (2000, p. 31) concluded that "we do not have any basis for stating that these constituted writing, nor is there reason to conclude that they were ancestral to Shang dynasty Chinese characters." Isolated graphs and pictures continue to be found periodically, frequently accompanied by media reports pushing back the purported beginnings of Chinese writing a few thousand years. For example, at Damaidi in Ningxia, 3,172 pictorial cliff carvings dating to 6000–5000 BC have been discovered, leading to headlines such as "Chinese writing '8,000 years old.'"[6] Similarly, archaeologists report finding a few inscribed symbols on tortoise shells at the Neolithic site of Jiahu in Henan, dated to around 6,600–6,200 BCE, leading to headlines of "'Earliest writing' found in China.[7]

In his comment released to the BBC, Professor David Keightley urged caution in the latter instance, pointing to the lack of any

direct cultural connection to Shāng culture, combined with gaps between them of many millennia. However, in the same BBC article, a supporting argument is provided by Dr Garman Harbottle, of the Brookhaven National Laboratory in New York, US, who collaborated with a team of archaeologists at the University of Science and Technology of China, in Anhui province in the discovery. Dr Harbottle points to the persistence of sign use at different

sites along the Yellow River throughout the Neolithic and up to the Shāng period, when a complex writing system appears.[7] One group of sites of interest is the Dàwènkǒu culture sites (2800–2500 BCE, only one millennium earlier than t he early Shāng culture sites, and positioned so as to be plausibly albeit indirectly ancestral to the Shāng). There, a few inscribed

pottery and jade pieces have been found,[8] one of which combines pictorial elements (resembling, according to some, a sun, moon or clouds, and fire or a mountain) in a stack which brings to mind the compounding of elements in Chinese characters. Major scholars are divided in their interpretation of such inscribed symbols. Some, such as Yú Xǐngwú,[9] Táng Lán[10] and Lǐ Xuéqín,[11] have identified these with specific Chinese characters. Others such as Wang Ningsheng[12] interpret them as pictorial symbols such as clan insignia, rather than writing. But in the view of Wang

Ningsheng, "True writing begins when it represents sounds and consists of symbols that are able to record language. The few isolated figures found on pottery still cannot substantiate this point."[13]

火车发展史的英文介绍+汉译

China Railway began in the late Qing Dynasty. However, the Qing government corruption, conservative, authoritarian, but regulation of ancestors from, refused to accept new things. They built railways, the application of steam as a "淫巧often associated with", that will repair the railway "I lost dangers, harm I Tin House, hindered my feng shui", which stubbornly refused to build the railway.

July 3, 1876, from Britain, the United States of collusion by British agents in China - Jardines - ostensibly carrying the construction of the Qing government to Shanghai from Wusong an "unusual road," the land without permission in China China built the first business of the railway line is completed, the opening of the Shanghai Wusong the. Subsequently, the Qing government of the two silver 285000, at 3 times the redemption payment and the removal of the railway.

1879, Westernization Group leader Li order to Tangshan Kaiping coal mine to Tianjin, Tangshan奏请to the construction of the railway Beitang. The Qing government to railway locomotive "smoke 禾稼injury, vibration sleep hills," he decided to shorten the rail, only repair a section of the Tangshan Coal to Xu, Xu芦台Coal to inter-cut canal, connecting蓟运河to achieve Beitang Haikou; sleep in order to avoid rolling hills shock decision by horse traction vehicles.

However, using horse traction vehicles can not play should be the effectiveness of the railway, in 1881 the opening of the railway Tang Xu, the Chinese workers, then an engineer with the British payment of the several design drawings, the boiler and the mine shaft lifting frame the trough of the old iron and other materials, the success of a trial-type 0-3-0 steam locomotive. This is the history of China's first locomotive manufacturing.

Another argument is that China's first train a Tang Xu then Chief Engineer of the British rail thin model with the wife of George Stevenson of the famous British-made steam "No. rocket" and caused by, and It is named "China's No. rocket." But the Chinese workers in locomotive engraved on both sides of the one-stop, so they call it "The Dragon" Train.

Because photos can clearly see the Rocket of China (Chinese rockets) and long word mark, so future generations have been identified this is the first Chinese-made motorcycles. However,

left over from the picture we can see that this locomotive design specifications, manufacturing well, how can and from the waste material to create a "monster", etc. view

In 2003, the British study of Chinese railway彼得克拉什Jindal found a "China No. rocket" group photo. By comparison, one can

see this photo on the "China No. rocket" and the picture kept on "China's No. rockets" are obviously different: the chimney of a small locomotive and the rates high, a thick and short;

locomotive both sides of the tank before a shoe-shaped block, a; driver's cab, a tag is the № 1, a circular marker is ... ... as

a result of old age, lack of information, the first Chinese-made motorcycles mystery remains uncertain and can not be the truth.

China Railway Museum a collection of Taiwan and China's oldest locomotive, since it has a great body of the "0" character, it is then it is referred to as the "0" Train. Research experts concluded that after the opening of the railway Tang Xu, "in 1882, and from the United Kingdom to purchase two small 0-2-0 type

(only two pairs of drive wheels) locomotive (called 0), and to

participate in running." Were considered to be China The first imports of a motorcycle.

Since 1881, Tang Xu railway built in 1911 to the fall of the Qing government for 30 years, is the first stage of China's railway. This stage, the Qing government and internally as a result of Westernization Group recommends that people with lofty ideals and promote the continuous, not only changing the construction of the railway will "lose my dangers, harm I Tin House, hindered my feng shui" of understanding, but accept the lessons of the war a failure and further strengthening the understanding of Haiphong to the "opening of the railway may be the remedy for the military" finally determine the policy of railway construction, the establishment of the railway company, began planning to build a railway. 30 years, China's 18 provinces and cities in the construction of the railway of kilometers. Some of these government-run railway, some commercial, some government officials and businessmen co-organized, there is a part of Sino-foreign joint, or simply repair is a foreigner.

The wheel of history to enter the Republic of China, the railway construction has changed the situation. Interim government in Nanjing in the early days of its establishment with the Ministry of Communications, also has set up the Chinese

Railway Association and China National Railway Company. In 1928 from the beginning of the ruling KMT government in Nanjing, in his long rule of more than 20 years, although the development of a large-scale development of the railway project and the Ministry of Railways had set up the national railway undertaking unified management, but does not build the railway. Lack of the national railway branch less dry conditions, poor people in the country decline, the case of years of war has not changed. In 1949, the Chinese locomotive may have the 4069 Statistics of Taiwan, respectively, from nine countries, more than 30 factories, as many as 198 kinds of motorcycle models, it is no wonder China is known as a "locomotive State Museum." According to the information available now, with imports from the United Kingdom

in 1892 to create the Double, Bershire type (type than Shell) and other locomotive.

翻译：

中国有铁路始于清朝末期。然而清政府腐败、保守、专制，唯祖宗之规是从，不肯接受新生事物。他们把修建铁路、应用蒸汽机车视为“奇技淫巧”，认为修铁路会“失我险阻，害我田庐，妨碍我风水”，因而顽固地拒绝修建铁路。

1876年7月3日，由英、美合谋，由英国在华的代理人——怡和洋行——背着清政府诡称修建从吴淞到上海的一条“寻常马路”，擅自在中国的

土地上修建的中国第一条营业性铁路上海吴淞铁路建成通车了。随后，清政府出银万两，分3次交款赎回这条铁路并予以拆除。

1879年，洋务派首领李鸿章为了将唐山开平煤矿的煤炭运往天津，奏请修建唐山至北塘的铁路。清政府以铁路机车“烟伤禾稼，震动寝陵”为由，决定将铁路缩短，仅修唐山至胥各庄一段，胥各庄至芦台间开凿运河，连接蓟运河，以达北塘海口；为避免机车震动寝陵，决定由骡马牵引车辆。

然而用骡马牵引车辆根本不能发挥出铁路应有的效用，1881年唐胥铁路通车时，中国工人凭借时任工程师的英国人金达的几份设计图纸，采用矿场起重锅炉和竖井架的槽铁等旧材料，试制成功了一台0-3-0型的蒸汽机车。这就是中国历史上制造的第一台机车。

另有一种说法是，中国第一辆火车是当时任唐胥铁路总工程师的英人薄内的夫人仿照乔治·斯蒂文森制造的英国着名的蒸汽机车“火箭号”而造成的，并把它命名为“中国火箭号”。可是中国工人却在机车两侧各刻一条龙，于是就把它叫做“龙号”机车。

由于照片上可以清楚地看到Rocket of China（中国火箭）的字样和龙的标记，所以后人一直认定这就是中国制造的第一台机车。但是从遗留下来的图片中我们可以看到这台机车设计规范、制造精良，怎么能和由废旧料制造的“怪物”等而观之

2003年，研究中国铁路的英国人彼得·克拉什发现了一张金达与“中国火箭号”合影的照片。通过比较，可以看出这张照片上的“中国火箭号”与中国保存的那张照片上“中国火箭号”有明显地不同之处：机车的烟囱

一个细而高，一个粗而矮；机车两侧水柜前，一个有鞋形块，一个没有；司机室上，一个是№1的标记，一个是圆形标记……由于年代的久远，资料的缺少，中国制造的第一台机车之谜依然扑朔迷离，一时难以真相大白。

目前中国铁道博物馆收藏着一台中国现存最古老的机车，由于它机身上有一个大大的“0”字，人们便把它称为“0号”机车。专家考证后认为唐胥铁路通车后，“1882年，又从英国购来两台小型的0—2—0式（只有两对动轮）机车（称0号），参加运行。”被认为是中国进口的第一辆机车。

自1881年建成唐胥铁路至 1911年清政府垮台的30多年间，是中国铁路的首创阶段。这一阶段内，清政府由于洋务派和国内有志之士的不断建议和提倡，不但改变了修建铁路会“失我险阻，害我田庐，妨碍我风水”的认识，而且接受战争失败的教训，又进而从加强海防上认识到“铁路开通可为军事上之补救”，终于确定兴建铁路的方针，建立铁路公司，开始有筹划地修建铁路了。30多年时间里，中国的18个省市修筑了铁路计公里。这些铁路有的是官办，有的是商办，有的是官商合办，还有一部分是中外合办，或者干脆就是外国人修的。

历史的车轮驶进中华民国，铁路建设的状况有所改观。南京临时政府在其成立之初设有交通部，又先后成立中华全国铁路协会和中国铁路总公司。从1928年开始执政的南京国民党政府，在其长达20余年的统治中，虽然制订了大规模发展铁路的计划，并一度设立铁道部统管全国铁路事业，但建成的铁路并不多。全国铁路缺干少支的状况，在国衰民穷、连年战争的情况下，一直未得改变。到1949年，中国可统计的机车有4069

台，分别出自9个国家的30多家工厂，机车型号多达198种，难怪人称中国是“万国机车博物馆”。据现在可以查到的资料，从英国进口的有1892年制造的Double，Bershire型（比谢尔式）机车等。