中西文化差异论文图文稿
文学作品中西文化的差异
⽂学作品中西⽂化的差异2019-08-06⼀、从“弑⽗情节”到“弑⽗情结”我们先来看看情结原型：古希腊忒拜神话中有这样⼀个预⾔，底⽐斯王在某⽇醉酒后与伊俄卡斯忒的⼀夜交合，导致了⼀个新⽣⼉的降⽣，刚出⽣的婴⼉被抛到喀泰戎的荒⼭中。
牧⽺⼈发现了这位双脚受伤肿胀的婴⼉，管他叫他俄狄浦斯，把他送给没有⼦嗣的邻国国王波⾥玻斯做养⼦。
长⼤后，俄狄浦斯因破解斯芬克斯之谜⽽受到拥戴，被推选为国王，并娶得伊俄卡斯忒⼥王为妻。
多年后他才发现：在特尔斐神庙争⽃中杀掉的那个狭路相逢者，正是他的亲⽣⽗亲，⽽所娶之妻则是⾃⼰的母亲，由于在不知不觉间犯下了“弑⽗娶母”的⼤罪，瘟疫和饥荒降临⼈间。
俄狄浦斯诅咒⾃⼰的眼睛竟看到这样⼀幅景象，便⽤胸针刺瞎双眼，放弃王位和家庭，万念俱灰，浪迹天涯……公元前431年，雅典悲剧⼤师索福克勒斯根据这⼀神话传说，创作了古希腊经典悲剧《俄狄浦斯王》，俄狄浦斯成为西⽅深⼊⼈⼼的悲剧英雄。
奥地利精神病医师、⼼理学家、精神分析学派创始⼈西格蒙德•弗洛伊德从精神分析⼼理学的⾓度，将俄狄浦斯为代表的古希腊英雄神话中许多弑⽗情节加以提炼并转化，他试图从意识、前意识、潜意识三个层次，揭⽰⼈性中最接近兽性的⼀些本能性的冲动，将⽂学现象归结为⼼理学现象。
弗洛伊德认为，⼉童通过⽗母呵护⾃⼰的过程中，⽽得到满⾜，恋⽗情结和恋母情结正是在这⼀阶段产⽣的。
在此情形之下，男孩早就对他的母亲发⽣了⼀种特殊的柔情，视母亲为⾃⼰的所有物，⽽把⽗亲看成是争得此所有物的敌⼈，并想取代⽗亲在⽗母关系中的地位；同理，⼥孩也以为母亲⼲扰了⾃⼰对⽗亲的柔情，侵占了她应占的地位。
在弗洛伊德的⼼理学语境下，“弑⽗情节”演变成“弑⽗情结”，⽂学⼈物形象转换成⼼理学图像。
但弗洛伊德仅仅完成了从病理⼼理学⾓度分析“弑⽗情结”的起源，并将其定位于⼈类童年时期的创伤性经验。
“把⼼灵作为⼼理学研究对象”的19世纪瑞⼠⼼理学家荣格继承并发展了弗洛伊德的观点，他认为，⼼灵或⼈格结构是由意识（⾃我）、个体潜意识（情结）和集体潜意识（原型）等三个层⾯所构成。
用图阐释中西文化差异
用图阐释中西方的文化差异下面那些图画都是一个德国人画的，看来他对中国文化还是颇有些研究的。
至少他看到了问题的表面，这已经很不一般。
之所以说他对中国与德国文化之间的差别的理解有些表面化，是因为他只看到表面，却没有更深入地理解为什么中国人会如他所绘画出来的那种情形。
相信他一时半会儿不会给出答案，或者说，不会给出正确的答案的。
不过，即便是这样，也可以从他的画中，深刻地感受到东西方文化之间的严重差别，以及因差别而造成的一系列问题。
比如，思维方式，为人处事，世界观，人生意义探究等。
这些画非常生动，同时也让人思考。
至少我看到了这些画，印象非常深刻之余，想到了好多：究竟中国文化与西方文化之间的差距有多大，两者之间究竟有没有一点儿交叉点？如果有的话，那是什么样的交叉点？这个交叉点的面积究竟有多大？此外，两者之间能否有可能有某些时候达成50%以上的相类似，甚至更大胆一点假设80%相类似？达到80%看起来似乎非常有难度。
中国文化，如西方文化一样，经过数千年的积淀，已成为中国人特有基因，成为“遗传微粒”。
中国人的老祖宗在每个中国人出生前，就把这种“炎黄基因”的大部分覆制传递到中国人身上，就是说，还没出生，中国人就不由自主地成为特定意义上的“中国人”，并使之一辈子不可有丝毫更改。
而德国人，或者说欧洲的那些西方人，也一样，也只能将他们祖先的基因传承下去，也不会有什么本质性的改变。
所以，当看到有些纯种中国人讲英语，不停地“耸肩”，“恩哼”时，真让人感到难受，可以说是种折磨人的事情。
事实上，中国人永远不可能把西方人特有的“耸肩”的绝对正确姿势，给完全拷贝过来。
正如德国人或者说西方人，永远也把握不了中国京剧中的举手投足、一颦一笑的样子一样。
看他们表演京剧，不过就是当一乐子，一笑了之。
事实上，西方人永远不可能彻底理解中国人为什么在思考方式、为人处事上面会是那样，而不是这样；也永远不会真正弄明白为什么中国人的世界观会与他们的相当不同，而不是相同；更不明白为什么中国人对人生意义的看法与他们的相去那么远，而不是这么近。
东西方文化差异论文
东西方文化差异摘要：中西方不同历史背景和发展进程导致中西文化存在着很大的差异。
伴随着经济的迅速发展，中国和世界上的其他国家的经济文化联系日益密切。
随着相互间了解的加深，中西方间的文化冲突也日益增多。
中国是四大文明古国之一，中华民族是唯一传承千年的文明和民族。
中国的文化，始于夏商周，盛于唐宋，经过不断地发展变化，逐渐形成体系。
西方社会，是几大古代文明的继承者，曾一直和东方的中国遥相呼应。
经过中世纪的黑暗，最终迎来了文艺复兴，并孕育了资本主义和现代文明，产生了现代科技和文化。
我们有必要了解这些文化的差异。
思维方式上的差异中国是具有五千年历史的多民族的国家。
中国传统文化的历史渊源是以儒家为主、兼有诸子百家各学派的文化。
这种传统文化的特点之一是强调整体的定性思维方式，这与西方文化强调个体局部的实证思维方式大不一样。
西方主要是基督教文化。
儒家哲学体系里强调的是修身、齐家、治国、平天下。
首先是修身第一位，也就是讲究道德文化；西方的哲学思想强调的是分析，所以分别形成了侧重整体思维或个体思维的差异。
如果把东方的文明比做一个充满感性的女性，那么西方文明就是理性的男性，东方人重视的是精神上的忠孝道义，西方人重视的是物质上的快捷便利；东方人喜欢看事物的整体，西方人则喜欢化整为零。
我们中国人总是强调“和为贵”，“天人合一”等，而西方则讲究多样的标立新说。
我们思维方式里经常有意会性；他们是一种直观性。
这之间没有什么优与劣，只是发展的方向不同，适应的对象不同罢了。
两种不同的文化，造就了两种不同的教育制度。
极其鲜明的对比体现了处在两种不同文化背景下的孩子，先说西方的教育，他们的主体是过于培养孩子的自我能力和素质，从小时就锻炼他们自己的生活能力，比而较之，除了环境因素外，最重要的一个原因是中国文化的背景太深，很难改变这种传统。
还有，中国的素质教育过分强调应试能力的培养，往往忽视了对能力的培养及自我能力的提高，这就在根本上造成了中国学生在国际竞赛的水平很高，而生活则远不及人。
中西文化差异(英文版)(选修课论文)
Overview of intercultural communicationThe 20th century human science and technology has been a breakthrough development, which has greatly changed the world pattern and human way of life. Modern transportation high-speed development, high speed road crisscross, family car at a faster speed, in wider range popularization, this makes the companionship unprecedented frequently. Modern communications technology is highly developed and the rapid popularization of mobile phone, which makes the communication between people absolutely clear. Especially the popularization of the computer and the Internet, make the birth of human life form enters a new era, breaking the previous life function space restrictions. These great change a core is between person and person, time and space is pulled close distance, the huge earth be compressed into a small "global village", intercultural communication become each nation ingapore life part. However, cultural differences are cross-cultural communication barriers, cultural differences to overcome communication barriers has become the common problems facing the world. Today we mainly to discuss the differences between eastern and western etiquette culture appearance and deep reasons.2 reviewEastern rite refers mainly to China, Japan, Korea, Thailand, Singapore, etc, as a representative of the Asian countries represent with the eastSquare the characteristics of the nationalities etiquette culture. Western etiquette refers mainly to spread in Europe, North America countries culture etiquette.2.1 communicative language etiquette differenceOverall, the etiquette of western emphasis on practical, express blunt, frank. In “ let ” for orientals rite, all thingses all mannersMake three points, compared with westerners, often appear humility and implicative. For exampleDaily greetings 1.In a typical representative of China Oriental culture, daily acquaintances greet the most commonly used is to eat? "" go where?" and so on, this is our common and be willing to accept it, being such inquiries, we feel each other for their concerns, but in the west, this greeting will make them feel suddenly, embarrassed, even unhappy, because westerners will put this question to understand become a "questioned", they used mode is "hello" or "good morning" and so on, in Britain, "it is a fine day today" is the most commonly used sentence structures.2. Appellation,In China, general is very familiar with close to each other between will use first names, an western "use first names" range wants than China broadIn China's family, we cultured is degress trenchant, long young orderly, and call is must be made clear, otherwise it will be considered rude, but in western families, you can even call parents name, to the male elders are called "uncle", can be called "women elder aunt".3. Hospitality and guestWe are getting along with people, always habits from his perspective for others. This shows up in hospitality and guest, conscientious guest always try not to bother master, don't let host cost money, thus to host hospitality always politely to decline. So, qualified master will not directly asked guests want something, but active ponder the customer's needs, and actively give satisfaction. On the table and hospitality of the host always give a guest good or not advised dishes. Therefore, Chinese hospitality and guest scenes often atmosphere: party kept telling, the other side is kept me.Foreigners are especially westerners, whether master or guest, everyone very frank, without formal. When the guest calls, master meeting flatly ask each other "anything to drink;" If the guest would like to have something to drink, can directly ask each other "what do you have to drink", and choose a favorite drink; If the guest is really don't want to drink, the guest will say "thank you! I don't want to drink". In table, the host asks the guest will not come again point, if the guests say enough, host general won't again to guest advised being wined and dined drink.Treat praise 4.We have always regarded modesty as a virtue. Whether for own ability or achievements, always like their modesty. If no such may be accused of "not condescension", "arrogance". For instance, Chinese scholars in speech before, usually say: "I am learning is not deep, preparations are not fully, everyone please give us your advice;" At the party, hospitable host face a full table of food said: "without what dish, please literally eat"; When a boss entrusts with an important task, usually modestly said: "I'm afraid I can't do the job."Foreigners are especially westerners without modesty habit. They think that a person want to be granted, must first assertiveness. So, with their own ability and grades always realistically to evaluation. Dinner, the host will detail to the guest's employment order of characteristic, and the hope guests like, By boss entrusts with an important task, they will thank boss and said he must do wellDining etiquette 2.2 differenceWe have something called "saying", thus diet in the Chinese will eat as is a top priority. Chinese food notice well-balanced -- even than on nutrition attention. Western diet is more exquisite, are nutritional collocation and absorption, is formed subject diet conception.Dining atmosphere 1.Chinese eat like lively, many people round into 1 table eating laughing, have dinner atmosphere warmer place, except in very formal banquets, the Chinese people in table rarely have special etiquette. While the westerners when eating like quiet, they think in table must pay attention to your manners, such as eating cannot emit loud very unpleasant sound.Table manners 2.China avers are user-friendly and fete guest left when position the honored guests arrangement on the left of the box-office, which in turn and row. Western is right for honour, men and women interval and sit, female guest seats than male guest tallish, man has to open for free right lady chair in order to show respect.2.3 dress etiquetteWestern man in formal social occasions usually wear a conservative style suit, inside the wear white shirt and tie. They like black,So usually wear black leather shoes. Western lady on formal occasions to wear a dress suits. Another woman out have wear earrings custom.Western countries, especially in the United States, at ordinary times people like to wear casual wear, such as t-shirts with jeans.Today's Chinese dress increasingly westernized, traditional qipao ZhongShanZhuang, etc have withdrawn from the stage of history. Formal occasions men and womenOutfit already with western and no two different. In the usual civic life, pour will see many people in vest, shorts and slippers etcClose etiquette costumes.2.4 in other waysIs against 2.4.1 treat blood affectionOriental attaches great importance to the family and kinship, blood is thicker than water, the traditional concept deep-rooted in relationships, the most stable is related by blood. Westerners are relatively independent consciousness is very strong, east speaking not value family kinship, they will obligation points very clear, responsibility must be neglecting, duty is completely depend on the actual ability, always emphasize individual own freedom.2.4.2 giftsChina will give gifts as reciprocity, pay attention to interpersonal bridge, and the gifts of numerous, weddings and funerals, birthday, a raise, moving etc can serve as gifts for reason.The etiquette of western emphasizes communicative practice, on the basis of the exquisite manners concise, generally not easily giving gifts to others, even give gifts, also won't too much on the gift itself value, cultured is gift of cultural style and artistic quality.Gifts and accept gifts, also exist differences between east and west. Westerners give gifts, always to accepting the person directlyLocal explanation: this is my “ carefully chosen gifts for you, hope you like ”, or “ this is the best gift ”Kind words, Westerners generally not refuse the other people's gift, accept gifts first to express gratitude, took the gift giver after alwaysFace to face down to see gifts, and presents a praise. And Oriental is different, the Chinese and Japanese people in gifts also music.then,Well-chosen before, but in receiving always hides said courteously “ the meager ritual no respect, please take it ”, or words to that effect.Oriental in receiving, and usually politely refuse xing. After received gifts, generally does not face to face down, lest each other because of the offeringGift underweight or unsitisfatory embarrassed, or appear yourself each light righteousness, impolite.。
中西文明比较论文
中西文明比较论文——由“小”生活看“大”文化由于中西环境的差异，形成了不同的中西文化。
然而，我们应该清楚，文化无优劣，其区别只不过是不同的环境条件下的生活方式不同罢了。
但是如何理解和分析这一区别则是非常重要的。
了解中西文化的差异对促进中西方更好的文化交流也发挥一定的作用，能更好的促进跨文化交流的发展。
衣：中西服装的形成，各有自己的历史渊源，受各自的生活条件、方式和文化传统、地域环境和穿着观念等的影响。
其中尤以文化传统和穿着观念的影响更为重要和直接。
古今中外，人们的服装穿着状态、行为以及它的演变和发展都受服装穿着观念的支配。
服装的穿着观念又是一个比较复杂的问题，它是由服装个体或群体的主客观多重因素的综合而形成的。
它包括自然和生活条件、生活方式、伦理道德、文化传统观念、时尚价值观念以及审美观念等。
不同的个人、不同的民族、不同的时代可以形成不同的服装穿着观念，产生不同的服装文化。
所以有人讲，一个民族或一个国家在各个时期对服装朱同穿着观念，就是这个民族和这个国家的服装发展史，也就是这个民族和国家的发展史。
纵观中、西服装的发展历史和现状，表现在服装传召观念方面，主要有以下不同:一．对服装的穿着，中国讲究仪表的修饰，西方崇尚显露人体的美在中国的穿着观念中，服装一向是被看作穿着者权力和地位的象征，同时中国又是一个礼仪之邦，非常崇尚传统礼教。
孔子曾说：：\君子不可以不饰，不饰无貌，不貌无敬，不敬无礼，无礼不立。
\因此必须\正其衣冠，尊其瞻视\。
可以说，中国人对服装穿着是为了表现礼仪观念，中国人是用\观念\去穿服装的，所以是用一块\精神的布\把身体遮蔽起来。
西方的穿着观念与中国截然不同，西方有崇尚人体的传统，要求服装穿着者能更好地表现和反映人体美。
西方的穿着观念是服装穿着必须是为人体服务，通过服装穿着能使人体显长掩短，装点得更美。
形成这种穿着观念是有着复杂的历史原因。
二．中国人的服装行为注重自我调节，所以较保守，少变化；西方人的服装行为注重自我表演，所以较开放，多变革。
中西文化差异论文
中西文化差异论文金融、旅游和移民等一样被彻底地国际化，并且这个世界从来没有像今天这样彼此联系和相互依存。
”【1】我们这里要探讨的中西文化，是指以儒家文化为代表的中国传统文化和以美国文化为代表的现代西方文化。
之所以拿中国的传统儒家文化和西方现代文化比,是因为我个人认为,中国截止目前还没有建立自己新的文化系统,我们现在的所谓中国文化,只不过传统文化和西方文化的拼盘而已,还没有形成自己的体系,或者脱离原有的儒家文化体系。
下面我们主要从以下几个方面，通过比较，来看看中西文化的差异和具体体现：一、中西文化背景的差异以中国文化为代表的中国乃至东亚、东南亚地区，受到儒家思想和佛教文化的影响深远，追根溯源，可以上溯到两千多年前的春秋战国时代，以孔子编纂修订的“六经”为其文化的根源和基础，这种文化总的表现为：注重个人修养，注重道德力量，反对武力，注重与他人、自然的和谐相处，追求精神的超脱，以“仁”和“孝”为社会架构的核心。
而以美国文化为代表的西方文化，其思想基础都是源自欧洲文艺复兴时的思想，源头则是古希腊罗马文化，受基督教影响深远，这种文化，看重个人的自由和权利，注重实践，勇于探索，富于冒险，跟中国人喜欢对生命本源的哲学思考不同，他们更注重于对自然的探索和求证，从物质层面去考量生命的本源，在社会组织中，以“爱”为其架构的内核。
二、科学观的差异相对于科学研究和探索，中国人更相信先人的经验和权威，相信古人甚至超过相信今人，迷信权威，缺乏创新和探索精神，所以，尽管人类历史上举足轻重的四大发现都是中国人发明的，但一个客观的事实是，所有的现代工业文明，包括现代教育、民主政治都是西方人的成果。
郑和下西洋时，中国的造船技术是世界一流的，但几千人的船队七下西洋，不过为了宣示明王朝的“富有与强大”，当麦哲伦的船队环游世界时, 当西方人使用中国发明的指南针、火药入侵我们时，我们想到的竟然是在大海边再造一处万里长城，思维的保守与守旧，缺乏创新和探险精神由此可见一斑。
英语论文 中西方文化差异
Name :David（wang chongyang ）Student #: 2009101925Professor :KyleClass : English 09-03Date : May11 ,2012The Differences Between Chinese and Western CultureMr. Yi Zhongtian was in the "culture of food on the table" in the interpretation of Chinese and Western cultures were subtle ideological core of Chinese culture is the "group consciousness" ideological core of Western culture is the "individual consciousness." So even if the dinners Westerners, but also points the dish, the drink of the wine, so as not to impose our own will. Chinese culture is that the individual will, to obey the common will of the group. Since the intended purpose favors with the intention of blood, its way of manners, naturally, is precious, so the Chinese people love dinner, hi total of food, about harmony. I believe that in a cross-cultural communication in the face of a strange culture, Yin Siwei, life habits and behaviors in different ways, and cultural exchanges during the conflict will inevitably occur. The author from the following four aspects of Chinese and Western table manners were simple compared to the cross-cultural communication can be a proper, decent way to communicate.First, cultural differences from the cutlery to use point of view Chopsticks and knife and fork is the most basic differences between Chinese and Western table manners. Zhejiang University, Professor Yu Xiu Ling: East and West appear chopsticks and knife and fork eating the different tools and environment relationship. Bamboo chopsticks to have originated in the place. Northern China wood, bamboo from southern China, ancestors from local materials, bamboo and wood have become the most primitive materials chopsticks chopsticks. The emergence of a knife and forkthan chopsticks much later. According to research by Professor Yu Xiu Ling, the original knife and fork and European origin living in ancient nomadic habits, they immediately carry knives of life, often cooked the meat, cut off to eat. About 15 centuries before and after the meal in order to improve posture, Europeans used the double-pointed cross. To the 18th century only the tip of a fork with four forks. Knife and fork and chopsticks, not only brought different eating habits, also affected the Eastern and Western concepts in life. Professor Yu Xiu Ling, eating into the system will inevitably bring a knife and fork, and chopsticks sitting around the table with family members must dine match. Beginning point of Western food, which derived from the West pay attention to independent, children grow up into the world after the independence of ideas and habits. The chopsticks brought together meals daily, highlighting the young and old sat together in the family unit, so that Asians have a relatively strong family values. When I reminded in the use of Chinese and Western dishes have different specifications. If not play with chopsticks when eating Chinese food (to them when the drumstick is a very rude way), but can not use chopsticks pointing to the person or make gestures. Of course, absolutely can not suck or the chopsticks chopsticks inserted in the rice, which is taboo (which seems to funeral incense is considered unlucky.) When using the knife and fork there are some taboos. Such as holding a knife and fork when not meddling. To speak or talk, knife and fork on the plate should only decency. Avoid using their own utensils for others bowl. Do not bend over picking up utensils fall. Do not cut off a good meal products, especially products with a soup meal, to eat a piece-by-all and more. Second, cultural differences from the point of seating arrangements Western formal banquets are particular about the seating arrangements. Traditional Chinese dinner with square table. Door is on both sides of the partial blocks. Treat, the elderly, people with high status of the guest of honor sit or seat, men and women who sat down the owner or Peiqia Block, and the remaining customers in order to sit side seat. Westerners treat with a long table, men and women sit in the owner at both ends, then the guest of honor men and women and the general order of the guests seating arrangements, that men and women interspersed arrangement, subject to seat the hostess, the guest ofhonor sitting in the top right of the hostess, Main Binfu the top right of man of the house to sit, pay attention to "ladies first" Western gentleman, will show the attentions of the ladies. In China, respect for the left and right for the times; on respect,second; in respect, partial for the times. In the West, respect for the right, left for the times. I particularly Western seat etiquette tips: The most graceful way is seated from the left seat. Do not put your elbows on the desktop, not Rocker foot. Can not withdraw in the middle of the meal (if things do need to leave should be whispered about greeting guests.) Dinner, sit up straight, back straight, neck elongation. Depend on the upper arm and back to back, abdomen, and a table for about a fist distance. Remember to head high with food, in the face of the food into the mouth, it is necessary to the food to the mouth to mouth opinions on the food rather than bent.Third, cultural differences from the point of dining atmosphere Trouble on the table of Chinese and Western food on the table is static and the most fundamental difference between Chinese and Western table manners. Table climate differences, the Chinese table action, the Western table static. Chinese food for life to matter to music, show and great, the atmosphere of excitement is often breathtaking. Chinese people get a table, then in full flight, with each other for food, drinks upon, enjoy, delicacies, delicious cuisine. Banquet this way in order to reflect the enthusiasm and sincerity the owner, the table reflects the excitement of patrons from the heart's delight. This "trouble" to some extent reflects the Chinese family from the warm, neighborhood harmony, unity and people's "Harmony." Westerners have a table to sit quietly dedicated to cutting their own dinner. Soup can not make noise, such as hot soup can be cooled before eating, do not blow through your mouth. Shut up when eating chewing. Do not lick their lips or smack sound. Guests can dine and talk about, but not only with a few acquaintances talk. If guests do not know about, they may first introduce myself. Others can not take the mouth interrupted his speech. Keep the volume level of the other party can hear. Chewing of food do not speak, even if someone speak to you, have to wait to answer after swallowing V. Conclusion The world's cultures are equal. Culture, good or bad. Should avoid using their own culture,ethics and values as a standard to measure, judge and should adopt an objective and tolerant attitude towards foreign culture; the same time, but also to avoid blindly follow, imitate foreign culture, but should stick to their excellent cultural traditionWord cited : Yi Zhongtian 《culture of food on the table》Du Li.(2001). 《Chinese and Western Holiday’s Customs andDiets》. Cuisine Journal of Yangzhou University .Li Xin.(2008).《 Comparison of Chinese and Western Festival Cultures》. Academic Journal of Zhongzhou.Li Ziyin.(2007). 《Cultural Diversity in Traditional Festivals》.。
中西方文化差异英语论文
The difference between Chinese culture and westerncultureA Comparative study on school educationAs we all know, there are lots of differences in school education between China and America. Now I want to talk about the differences from primary education to higher education.The reasons why I want to compare these two kinds of education style are very simple. Firstly, if we want to learn about a country, we should learn its educational style to so that we can learn how they cultivate the next generation. Secondly, we can study others’advantages and improve ours’, especially for we developing countries. Third, development of society always relies on science, and science come from education, if we want to be strong, education is the very key.You may ask why the differences exist, yeah, why? In my opinion, differences come so obviously because we have quite different thinking methods, we Chinese prefer to summarize experience after every practice, and we are good at applying our summary into practice. While Americans are used to doing some practice first, they can achieve a lot in these practice. In other words our thinking method is limited in the elder generation's experience seriously, what we do is to apply these summary into application, it will do great harm to our innovation. Now let us compare our different kind of education style from primary education to higher education between the two countries.1, Primary School EducationIt's so common that our children suffer lots of homework after class, what is more, the young have to attend to every kind of extra class to improve their scores, we have to admire that our children grasp better basic knowledge, however, what we lose is far more than what we gain. As is the time should we have a reflection, we put so heavy pressure on the young, but it does not work well, children ought to have a happy childhood.While, children in American have less classes and less homework, teachers prefer to let the young do more activities not exercise they want them to consider more and achieve the interest during their practice. Teachers often let children have free talks to train speaking skills, so today we can see American do better in arguing. During primary education, their students mainly study math and language, teachers usually arrange some activities which need to be finished in group, it not only improves the young's friendship but also does good to their sense of a teamwork. We can see the US children have quite relaxed growing environment. They have a more comfortable childhood I think.2. High School EducationIn Chinese high school, we study for three years, during this period, students have a lot of things to do, most of which is about study, every day we are preparing for college entrance examination, we all want to make good scores and choose an ideal college, so you can imagine this three-year career is a great challenge for us. Every day, we begin our class from 7:00 to 12:00 in the morning and from 2:00 till 5:30 in the afternoon, during a day's study, we mainly have math, physic, chemistry, biology,English and Chinese classes, these are the very subjects we should prepare for college entrance examination. We also have some interesting classes. Each week we have two PE classes, during this time we can do what sports we love and we can also relax ourselves, in my opinion only two PE classes are really not enough for us. We have two psychology classes, in this class teacher will show us some exciting topics that have something to do with us, it really help us a lot when we feel lost and frustrated. In Art class teacher will show us famous pictures and tell us the story of each work, we feel quite relaxed at this moment as we can have a sleep or do some other things. Though study is essential during these three years, yet what is the most important I think is that we develop great friendship during high school life, and our friendship is so pure that we can trust each other without any hesitation. Though these three years is the busiest period, it really gives us an valuable memory.When we come to American high school, we can see they have a relaxed study life, as is seen, their high school life is similar to our college life, they commonly study for four years during high school, they need not to pay too much attention to college entrance examination, in American, people prefer your ability than your scores, so students work hard to improve their all kinds of abilities. They go to class from 7:30 to 2:15 from Monday to Friday and only six classes every day, maybe you do not believe, but it is really true. They also have more interesting classes such as pottery class, theatre class and legal class, what the school wants is to strengthen students' practical skills. American students go to class in different classroom while we Chinese have permanent classroom, what is more, they are free to develop themselves andmajor in the subjects they like. As long as they get enough credits they can get graduated, so we can conclude that their style is like our college style.And our class atmosphere is also different, Chinese students should sit rightly and answer the teacher's question carefully, we consider that shows our respect to our teacher, however, American students prefer to sit as comfortable as they feel, they think it is good for study efficiency.3. College EducationIn this part we will continue to introduce the difference between two kinds of education styles.In China, having entranced college, students finally have the chance to lead a relaxed life after so many years study life. Many of them pursuit not to fail in every term's final examination, considering that is enough. And after these four years, students both can get a job and go for further study, it mainly depend on your personal desire. In the four year's life we have to get enough credits to get graduated, we need to attend to required courses and elective subjects. In college you may not go to every class, it is so common that every student have ever escaped from classes. And during these four years we can join all kinds of organizations and that is a good way to improve our communication skills and we can meet more people, maybe one or more among them will do us a favor in the future. We also take part in many kinds of national examinations, among which are CET4, CET6, and NCRE2. If you get the certification. It will help you a lot when you attend a job interview after graduation.Now let us have a look at American college life. In the front of this article weknow their students have a very relaxed life as they do not need to worry about entering college, they can go to college though their score is low, of course, if you want to choose famous college you should have good score. After American students entering college, many of them begin to work harder than they ever did, they may stay in the library all day long, they think it is time for their effort, or they will not get satisfied job after graduation.And on the way I want to say something not so important. In China a student can go to famous university as long as he have good social relationship, and he will get a gradual certificate. While if you study in America, you should pay attention, getting in by the back door is impossible, if you do not work hard you will never graduate successfully, and no satisfied job is waiting for you.In general, Chinese educational style pays more attention to basic knowledge, especially to math physic and chemistry. Our students really have steady basic knowledge that the US students admire very much. When we turn to see US students, we can easily find they prefer to improve social skills, including arguing, social work and teamwork, this difference lead to a phenomenon that if Chinese and American both work in a company most of the Americans will work as manager, and most of we Chinese will work as technical staff who work for the manager.When asked what bring this difference, American say "Chinese have very good knowledge standard but they are not willing to talk about their opinions in meetings, they are used to work along with former experience and lack innovation spirit."4. Different education systemIn China the majority of young people will get the opportunity to enjoy the 9 years' mandatory education, and very few people can go to high school or college, so the proportion of people get educated to the whole people is quite low. The reason why our government puts so many efforts to encourage the young to get further study is mainly to improve our nation's quality.In American, education attract great attention from the government, compulsory education is 12 years, 3 years longer than ours, the students not only enjoy free books but even have free lunch, from this you can see how American care about education. What is more, most of the people will not get satisfied with 12 years education, if so, they can hardly get a job. Many of them will go for further study. They study more forwardly and more self-conscious, and these two kinds of good behavior also bring a good social atmosphere.Chinese teachers are used to divide students in different level based on they marks in the exam, and students will be divided into different classes.While American teachers prefer to use "ABCD" instead of Arabic numerals to evaluate the students, in their eyes every student is good, so teachers will not grudge praise for the students, maybe appreciative education is enlightened from this.That is the whole content I want to share with you to learn the difference between American and Chinese school education, we can see that we really have a lot of things to solve in our education, why our people can not get Nobel prize, maybe there is something wrong with our education system. What we should do is to learn other's advantages and decrease the gap. Maybe years later our students will get theworld's attention.。
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中西文化差异论文集团文件发布号：（9816-UATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DQQTY-中西文化差异摘要：在全球化背景下，中西方之间政治经济文化交流频繁，联系紧密。
“地球村”已经不是梦想。
但在这种不断的交流之中，中西方之间文化差异产生的碰撞也引起了各路专家学者乃至普通国民对于中西文化优缺点，该发扬还是该摈弃的大讨论。
本文主要从引用杜维明、季羡林、陈忠实、王蒙等名家的观点以及作者本人对于中国传统文化的认识来阐释中西文化中存在的差异。
关键词：中西文化差异；儒家；科学；法制；民主；价值观；语言；随着科学技术的进步，人类的交通工具、沟通手段越来越发达，在全球经济一体化的浪潮下，在信息技术的推动下，世界正在变得越来越小，“地球村”已成为一种现实的写照，历史上从来没有一个时期，像今天这样，使不同国家间的交流与合作如此的深入与紧密。
但是，在这种交流、合作的主旋律下，国家之间的摩擦和争执也越来越频繁，这当中，既有政治体制、经济利益的缘故，但更多的则是由于文化的异同导致的认识上的差异。
屹立在世界东方的中国也意识到了文化的差异所带来的不同地区不同国家之间的交流障碍，所以不断的做出各种类似于“中法文化交流年”、“中俄文化交流年”的举动以期望加强不同文化国家的交流，促进两国的经济文化以至于政治合作。
在杜维明先生看来：“不同的文明当然有冲突的危险，不同的族群，不同的语言，不同的性别，不同的年龄，不同的地域，都可能有冲突。
假若我们认为有这种危险，那么对话更是有必要。
”①。
一方面，“因为生态环保意识、女性主义和多元宗教的发展，逐渐使西方过分突出自由、理性、人权和个人主义倾向受到遏止，人们开始认识到其他的普世价值，包括公益、平等、同情、礼教、责任和群体等，这是非常值得我们注意的情况。
”【1】另一方面，全球化与多样性建构出一个文明对话的语境。
“全球化并不是一个均质化的过程。
因为至少融合（convergence）理念——即世界各处最终将归于单一模式发展——是如此的简单以至于不能解释全球化趋势中的复杂性，诚然，环境的恶化、疾病的传播、毒品的泛滥和犯罪率的上升等如同科学、技术、贸易、金融、旅游和移民等一样被彻底地国际化，并且这个世界从来没有像今天这样彼此联系和相互依存。
”【1】我们这里要探讨的中西文化，是指以儒家文化为代表的中国传统文化和以美国文化为代表的现代西方文化。
之所以拿中国的传统儒家文化和西方现代文化比,是因为我个人认为,中国截止目前还没有建立自己新的文化系统,我们现在的所谓中国文化,只不过传统文化和西方文化的拼盘而已,还没有形成自己的体系,或者脱离原有的儒家文化体系。
下面我们主要从以下几个方面，通过比较，来看看中西文化的差异和具体体现：一、中西文化背景的差异以中国文化为代表的中国乃至东亚、东南亚地区，受到儒家思想和佛教文化的影响深远，追根溯源，可以上溯到两千多年前的春秋战国时①肖永明《儒家人文精神与文明对话——杜维明岳麓书院演讲笔录》代，以孔子编纂修订的“六经”为其文化的根源和基础，这种文化总的表现为：注重个人修养，注重道德力量，反对武力，注重与他人、自然的和谐相处，追求精神的超脱，以“仁”和“孝”为社会架构的核心。
而以美国文化为代表的西方文化，其思想基础都是源自欧洲文艺复兴时的思想，源头则是古希腊罗马文化，受基督教影响深远，这种文化，看重个人的自由和权利，注重实践，勇于探索，富于冒险，跟中国人喜欢对生命本源的哲学思考不同，他们更注重于对自然的探索和求证，从物质层面去考量生命的本源，在社会组织中，以“爱”为其架构的内核。
二、科学观的差异相对于科学研究和探索，中国人更相信先人的经验和权威，相信古人甚至超过相信今人，迷信权威，缺乏创新和探索精神，所以，尽管人类历史上举足轻重的四大发现都是中国人发明的，但一个客观的事实是，所有的现代工业文明，包括现代教育、民主政治都是西方人的成果。
郑和下西洋时，中国的造船技术是世界一流的，但几千人的船队七下西洋，不过为了宣示明王朝的“富有与强大”，当麦哲伦的船队环游世界时, 当西方人使用中国发明的指南针、火药入侵我们时，我们想到的竟然是在大海边再造一处万里长城，思维的保守与守旧，缺乏创新和探险精神由此可见一斑。
所以，尽管中国一度创造了辉煌的的历史，有影响世界的发明创造，但终究未能形成科学的风气和氛围，建立完整的科学体系，所有的发明创造带有很大的个人性和随意性；而西方人重视实践和理论，富于探险精神，倡导理性思维，通过正规的学院式教育对科学成果进行普及和推广，极大的促进了科学的发展，也最终建立了完整的科学体系；具体表现为：第一、中方重感性、经验、直觉；西方重唯理、思辨作为东方民族典型代表的中国传统思维方式，以直觉和经验为特征。
中国古代科学和哲学的各种范畴是靠向内思维得到的，是将各种经验现象酝酿体会、豁然贯通而提出的概念的。
这些概念的理解与西方向外思维逻辑演绎所得到的不同，理解只能意会而难以言传，如对中医的医理和气功的理解，又如对一幅书法作品、一幅国画的欣赏，只能向内领会，才能领略作者的神韵的起伏；而希腊哲学是西方哲学的源头，古希腊对自然有着浓厚的兴趣，他们关心世界本源、主客体关系、事物如何发展变化等。
虽然他们在简单仪器下的观察和实践缺乏逻辑连贯性，理性的方式并不系统，但人们的这种直接观察总是弥漫着理性思维的色彩，抽象思辨是西方思维的特征。
“康德的学说是从大陆理性派生长起来的，是非常纯粹的理性，所以他早年认为情感问题不属于哲学家探讨的问题，而是心理学家探讨的问题。
情感是一种感性，人有情感就要受到感性的限制。
康德推崇的是一种理性，用理性来指导、规范感性的东西。
”【2】“我们常常倾向于过高估计了激情的作用。
从我国的戏曲中可以看出我们是一个富于戏剧化激情的民族，动不动是紧锣密鼓、大吹大擂、大忠大奸、气急败坏；动不动是挥刀斩去、一头撞死、当场拿下或立马下跪。
”【3】第二、中方的整体综合；西方的细节分析东方文化结构则以整体综合见长而西方文化结构以细节分析居优。
如：在姓氏排列中，中国姓氏先是宗姓、辈份，其次才是自己的名字，突出的是氏族整体。
西方国家则先是自己的名字，再是父名，然后才是族姓，突出的是自己。
又如：在时间、地址的书写表达顺序上，中国人习惯以年、月、日从大到小依次为序，地址则是按省、市、县到门牌号码排序，突出的是从整体到个别的析出关系，西方人则与中国人的顺序表达恰好相反，突出的是个别到整体的合成关系。
可见在中华民族的精神文化和意识结构中，从整体出发的综合观占突出地位，而这种整体综合观在考察事物时，通常忽略细节和成分分析，往往提供的是关于对象模糊整体的图景。
第三、中西方在人与自然关系上的着眼点与执着不同杜维明教授认为：“中国文化关注的对象是人”。
人与人的关系是中国文化关心的核心问题，人们立足于现实人生，所以政治伦理学相当发达。
而西方文化较多关注的是自然，人与自然的关系是古希腊注重的中心问题，由此衍生出理智和科技。
中国的哲学无论儒、道、佛学都是一种人生哲学。
儒学求作为，道学求长生，佛学求悟觉。
儒学以孔子思想为正宗，孔子思想的核心是“仁”。
何者为“仁”孔子曰：“仁者爱人！”可见是怎样做人的学问，兴趣在阐发君臣、父子等一套人与人之间的伦理关系，修身养性的目的即实现自己的从政的抱负——齐家、治国、平天下。
纯科学的研究及所有的自然科学都成为多数人不屑选择的行为和兴趣。
陈忠实的《白鹿原》中“白嘉轩笃守农耕为本的传统，修身、齐家、治村，始终以传统道德的维护者自居。
在第一次与鹿子霖发生纠纷时，以归还李家寡妇的田地并周济李家粮食、银元为终结，并因此使白鹿村获得仁义庄的称号——‘仁义白鹿村’;当得知白孝文与田小娥有染时，毫不留情地把白孝文推进祠堂，当众施行最严厉的惩罚，并且把白孝文‘分’出白家;为乡民的利益率众抗税交农，为祈雨忍痛自残，为教化村民，他以德报怨，宽佑仇家。
小说27章，写到黑娃被捕，白嘉轩得知他被捕的消息便出门上路，到县上探狱并设法营救黑娃。
黑娃曾率众砸宗祠、还打断白嘉轩的腰杆，可谓是他的仇人。
当儿子白孝武怪父亲忘了前事要‘让原上人拿尻子笑’，白嘉轩则说当口救下黑娃能让黑娃学好，‘谁笑我谁水浅’。
在黑娃回拜宗祠时，他亲自迎接。
这种不计前嫌的行为，正是白嘉轩在白鹿原上努力构建的‘仁义’思想的具体表现，他那超越纷乱世事所展开的立乡约、修宗祠、建学校、正民风、兴仁义等举措，和他那‘腰杆始终挺得端直’的长者风度，都充分显示出其固守和恢复文化道德传统的雄心。
”【4】中国文化在人与自然的关系上也有着自己的执着。
中国文化的一个重要特征就是“天人合一”，把自然人格化，追求人的精神消融于自然界之中，人与自然共呼吸的和谐状态。
中国文化的根深植于大地之中，中国文化自始即重农，“四民之中，士之下即为农”、“民以食为天”即缘由于此。
道家思想更是要人们对人生留恋和在大自然中寻求到生命慰籍的杰作。
在《齐物论》结尾写了一个千古流传的“庄周梦蝶”的寓言“昔者庄周梦为蝴蝶，栩栩然胡蝶也，自喻适志与，不知周也。
俄然觉，则蘧蘧然周也。
不知周之梦为蝴蝶与，蝴蝶之梦为周与周与蝴蝶，则必有分矣。
此之谓物化。
”②这个故事很好的体现了天人合一的思想，物我同化，彼此自由的进入了对方，成为了对方，没有了分割的界限，是完全有物也是完全无物的最高境界。
西方古代科学寓于对自然的探索之中，因此西方很早就出现了毕达哥拉斯、阿基米得这样一些名垂千古的专业科学家。
在人与自然的关系上，西方文化认为天人处于对立的斗争状态，因而产生了与中国文化不同的对自然的态度，即人应征服、控制自然，强调人与自然的对立，把自然看成敌对力量。
荷马史诗纯以海外遇险、征服自然为题材，他们的游戏都是在大自然的风浪中锻炼成长的人物。
西方人也讲人与人之间的关系，但首先关注的不是伦理而是竞争，因而出现了“优胜劣汰”的规律。
“物竞天择，适者生存，生存竞争，优胜劣败的观念是清末的严复从《天演论》那边引进的。
此外他们的‘天助自助者’、‘有志者事竟成’、‘上帝要谁灭亡，就先让他疯狂’之类的说法，都显示了他们对主观奋斗的强调。
”【5】三、法制观念的差异“法令所以导民也，刑法所以禁奸也。
文武不备，良民惧然身修者，官未曾乱也。
奉职循礼，已可以为治，何必威严哉”③可见，在中国人心中，法律只是道德的补充，所以，中国人提倡自我的完善，不提倡用法律法规来约束人，对法律的重视不是很够。
在对欲望的约束方面，中国人主张用礼、道德来约束，通过先贤的教诲和学习提高自己的修养，控②庄子《齐物论》③司马迁《史记》制和压抑一切“不符合道德”的欲望，讲究克己复礼，这种结果导致了人格的缺陷，丧失了独立的人格。
而西方人认为人的原欲是不应该被压制的，对于社会和个人的规范，主张用“法制”，通过制度，如三权分立的组织、政治机构来约束制约，道德则处于从属的地位。