BLOOMFIELD

• 如果我们先改变1--2 • • 如果我们先改变1—3 • • 如果我们先改变2—3 • 如果把这三部分全部改变
pin—tin—tan系列 pin—tin—tick系列 pin--pan—pack系列
Pin--tin--tan--tack 系列
•
第一部分和第三部分不具备相似之处了
3.2.2 Conclusion
(C) In the case of pin our alphabetic
• writing represents the three phonemes by three letters p, I, n, but our conventions of writing are a poor guide ; For example ,in the word thick our writing represents the first phoneme by the two-letter group th and the third by the two-letter group ck
• (4)pin begins with the same sound as pig, pill, pit, but ends differently; • (5)pin begins with the same sound as pat , push , pegs ,but the resemblance is smaller than in (4) • (6)pin begins and ends like pen , pan , pun ,but the middle part is different ; • (7)pin begins and ends differently from dig , fish ,mill , but the middle part is the same .
• (B)From the experiment , we also find that the
word pin include three phonemes : pet The first of these occurs in pack push fig The second of these occurs in hit miss tan <褐色> The third of these occurs in run hen
• 5 Evaluation
1 Bloomfield’s Biography
• Leonard Bloomfield (April 1, 1887 – April 18,
1949) was an American linguist who led the development of structural linguistics in the United States during the 1930s and the 1940s. His influential textbook Language, published in 1933, presented a comprehensive description of American structural linguistics. • Bloomfield’s language(1993) was once held as the model of scientific methodology and greatest work in linguistics. For Bloomfield, linguistics is a branch of psychology, and specifically of the positivistic brand of psychology known as Behaviourism.
2.3 Three Parts of Speech-Event
• (B1) The speaker, Jill, moved her vocal chords, her lower jaw, her tongue, and so on, in a way which forced the air into the form of sound-waves. Jill as a speaking person, has not one but two ways of reacting to a stimulus: S→R (practical reaction) S→ r (linguistic substitute reaction) • (B2) The sound-waves in the air in Jill’s mouth set the surrounding air into a similar wave-motion. • (B3) Jack heard the speech. (practical stimulus) S → R (linguistic substitute stimulus) s → R • Speechless reaction: S → R Reaction mediated by speech: S→r ----------- s→R • Principle Ⅲ: The gap between the bodies of the speaker and the hearer---the discontinuity of the two nervous systems---is bridged by the sounds waves.
• （A）we can conclude from the experiment that
the distinctive features of this word are three indivisible units .
• Each of the three is a minimum unit of distinctive sound-feature ====a phoneme
• 3.3 The Classification of Phoneme
• 3. 31 Prime Phonemes
简单主音位
• 3.32 Compound Prime Phonemes 复合主音位
3 Basic Knowledge of Phoneme
3.1 The Definition of Phoneme 3.2 The Concrete Methods to Identify Phonemes
3.3 The Classification of Phoneme
• Flow Diagram
2.2 Speech---Utterance (B)
• Jill had been alone. S → R • PrincipleⅠ: Language enables one person to make a reaction (R) when another person has the stimulus (S). • Principle Ⅱ: The division of labor, and, with it, the whole working human society, is due to language.
Phonetics 语音学
m
nds
Phonology 音位学/音系学 基 本 概 念
sounds with meaning
phoneme pin
（区别性的语音特征）
3.2 The Concrete Methods to Identify Phonemes
• 3.2.1 The Minimal Pairs Test /(commutation test)替换测验
2 Stimulus ---Response Theory
• Bloomfield exemplified his process of stimulus--response theory in an interesting way. Suppose that Jack and Jill are walking down a lane. Jill is hungry. She sees an apple in a tree. She makes a noise with her larynx, tongue, and lips. Jack vaults the fence, climbs the tree, takes the apple, brings it to Jill, and places in her hand. Jill eats the apple • This succession of events could be studied in many ways, but we, who are studying language, will naturally distinguish between the act of speech and practical events. The incident consists of three parts, in order of time.
2.1 A and C
• The events in A concern mainly the speaker, Jill. All the events, which precede Jill’s speech and concern her, we call the speaker’s stimulus (S). • We turn now to C, the practical events which came after Jill’s speech. These concern mainly the hearer, Jack, and consist of his fetching the apple and giving it to Jill. The practical events which follow the speech and concern the hearer, we call the hearer’s response (R). • Our whole story depends upon some of the more remote conditions connected with A and C.