归纳总结法Inductive-GeneralizationPPT课件
4归纳逻辑中文课件(卡尔纳普)℉
归纳逻辑与演绎逻辑的比较
卡尔纳普认为，演绎逻辑与归纳逻辑所 共同面临的最基本的任务有这样三项：由 前提(或证据)出发寻找相应的结论(或假说)， 给定一定的前提(或证据)以及一定的结论 (或假说)，检查该结论能否由该前提所推出， 该假说能否由该证据所证实；任给由一前 提推出一结论或由一证据证实一假说的证 明，检查此证明是否正确。
论，我们可以建立起研究归纳前提(证 据)对结论(假说)的证实度的归纳逻辑， 这是归纳逻辑的真正研究对象，正如 演绎逻辑以逻辑蕴涵为研究对象一样。 这也就是归纳推理、归纳逻辑的合理 性之所在，这样的归纳逻辑理论是具 有实用意义的。
能建立目的较为有限制的归纳机器
卡尔纳普认为，我们能够建立目的较 为有限制的归纳机器，即可按程序计 算给定的归纳前提(证据)对给定的结论 (假说)的证实度的机器，这是卡尔纳普 的设想，其实现的必要条件是建立起 他所主张的归纳逻辑理论。
第二节 归纳逻辑及其与演绎逻辑的比较
卡尔纳普将归纳逻辑理解为研究包括 归纳推理在内的一切非演绎、非论证 性推理前提对结论的证实度的理论， 这一思想是针对波普否认归纳推理、 归纳逻辑的合理性、必要性以及证实 的可能性而提出的。
波普在这方面的主张
有限不能证明无限，过去不能证明将来， 归纳推理无论’以确定的抑或概率的命题 为结论，其合理性都是不能得到证明的， 同理，科学理论不可能通过证实来予以检 验而具有意义；另一方面，从科学考察的 实际来看，归纳推理并无用处，科学方法 根本不具有归纳的性质，科学理论不是通 过归纳推理由经验材料建立起来的，而是 靠想象、猜测、灵机一动产生出来，再经 由“证伪”来予以检验。波普由此认为， 归纳逻辑既无必要建立，也不可能建立起 来。
第一节 生平及关于归纳逻辑的基本思想
周志华 机器学习ppt Chap01绪论
这个团队行动保密，定期向奥巴马报送结果； 被奥巴马公开称为总统竞选的
“核武器按钮”(“They are our nuclear codes”)
机器学习源自“人工智能”
Artificial Intelligence (AI), 1956 -
浊响
浊响
应该采用哪一个 模型(假设)?
归纳偏好 (inductive bias)
机器学习算法在学习过程中对某种类型假设的偏好
A更好？ B更好？
一般原则： 奥卡姆剃刀
(Ocam’s razor)
任何一个有效的机器学习算法必有其偏好
学习算法的归纳偏好是否与问题本身匹配， 大多数时候直接决定了算法能否取得好的性能！
- 1947年出土 - 超过30,000个羊皮纸片段
Cairo Genizah - 19世纪末被发现 - 超过300,000个片段 - 散布于全球多家博物馆
高水平专家的大量精力 被用于古文献修复
[L. Wolf et al., IJCV 2011]
例如：古文献修复 （文化）
一个重要问题：
原书籍已经变成分散且混杂的多个书页，如何拼接相邻的书页？
文献筛选的故事为了降低昂贵的成本tufts医学中心引入了机器学习技术邀请专家阅读少量摘要标记为有关或无关分类模型对是否有关进行预测人类专家只需阅读50篇摘要系统的自动筛选精度就达到93人类专家阅读1000篇摘要则系统的自动筛选敏感度达到95人类专家以前需阅读33000篇摘要才能获得此效果色泽青绿蜷缩乌黑蜷缩青绿硬挺清脆决策树神经网络支持向量机boosting贝叶斯网
自动鉴定
分类模型 待鉴定画作
特有“笔迹”
归纳推理ppt课件
简单枚举归纳推理 科学归纳推理 典型归纳推理 回溯归纳推理
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完全归纳推理
根据一类事物中所包含的各个对象都具有 某种属性，推出一般性结论的推理。
我们班第一小组的同学都是揭阳人， 我们班第二小组的同学都是揭阳人， 我们班第三小组的同学都是揭阳人， 我们班第四小组的同学都是揭阳人， 我们班共有第一、第二、第三、第四四个小组， ———————————————————— 所以，我们班四个小组的同学都是揭阳人。
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简单枚举法的优缺点
• 优点在于使用方便，节约时间；对少量个别对象进行考察，就 能得出关于该类事物的普遍性的结论。
• 缺点在于结论具有或然性；有些通过简单枚举归纳推理求得的 结论已被事实践推翻。
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• 天鹅都是白色的 • 天下乌鸦一般黑
（澳洲有黑色的天鹅） （日本有白乌鸦）
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科学归纳推理
根据一类对象中部分对象与其属性之间的 联系具有必然性，推出该类对象的全部都
具有这种属性的推理。
2001年春节前入室盗劫案件高发， 2002年春节前入室盗劫案件高发， 2003年春节前入室盗劫案件高发， ………… 2001、2002、2003……都是春节前入室盗劫案件高发，因为 这些盗劫犯想在春节前大捞一笔回家过年。 ———————————————————— 所以，每年春节前入室盗劫案件高发。
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归纳推理与演绎推理有何关系？
区别
• 思维进程的方向不同
个别
归纳推理 演绎推理
一般
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归纳推理与演绎推理有何关系？
归纳推理PPT讲稿思维导图知识点归纳总结[PPT白板课件]
![归纳推理PPT讲稿思维导图知识点归纳总结[PPT白板课件]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/ea8ebe7af01dc281e53af086.png)
猜想：
例2３， 2 2 1， 2 2 2， 2 2 3， 3 31 3 3 2 3 33
由此我们猜想：
例４.根据图中5个图形及相应点的个数的变化规律,
试猜测第n个图形中有 n2 n 1个点. z/xxk
(1) (2) (3)
(4)
(5)
小结
1.什么是归纳推理（简称归纳）?
铜能导电
铝能导电
金能导电
整 银能导电 体
一切金属 都能导电.
一般
第一个数为2
第二个数为4 第三个数为6 第四个数为8
第n个 数为2n.
归纳推理
由某类事物的部分对象具有某些特征,推出该类 事物的全部对象都具有这些特征,或者由个别事实 概括出一般性的结论,这样的推理称为归纳推理(简 称归纳).
归纳推理是由部分到整体，个别到 一般的推理。
2、有下列各式：１２ １３１
1 ,１２ １３１
1 7
3 2
,
１２ １３１
1 15
2பைடு நூலகம்
,
,
则按此规律可以猜想此类
不等式的一般形式为
（Ｎ*）
情景创设2：
火星
地球
相似点:绕太阳运转、绕轴自转、有大气层、有季节变换、大部 分时间的温度适合地球上的某些已知生物的生存等。
地球上有生命 猜想 火星上可能有生命
变式 3：（2005 年高考湖南卷）已知数列an 的第 1 项
a1
0
，且
an1
an 1
3 3an
(n 1, 2,
) ，则 a20
B
A．0
B． 3 C． 3
归纳法与演绎法 ppt课件
杜威（John Deway）提出了所谓的 “双轨反射思考方式”(Double movement of reflective thought)，认为归 纳法和演绎法两种方法可以同时采用， 而形成了科学的方法 。
建立假设（演绎）
再归纳 再演绎 建立理论
收集资料
结论 分析资料（归纳）
1.演绎必须以归纳为基础。
情况A与所研究的现象a之间的因果联系。
场合
不同情况
不同现象
{ 正面场合
A ,B, C, A ,D, E,
a ,b, c, a ,d, e,
{ 反面场合
B ,F, G, D ,O, P,
b ,f, g, d ,o, p,
所以,情况A与研究的想象a之间有因果联系。
iv)共变化
在新考察的场合中，情况A发生变化，而
empirical） 杜威，兼容了理性主义与经验主义
——知识是来自人的感官的知觉； ——知识是源自偶发的内在经验
补充（杜威知识观）
补充（杜威知识观）
（一）归纳法
归纳法是对观察、实验和调查所 获得的个别事实，概括出一般原理的 一种思维方式和推理形式，其主要环 节是归纳推理。
归纳推理可以分为三种方式：
演绎推理是一种必然性推理，因为推 理的前提是一般，推出的结论是个别， 一般中概括了个别。
事物有共性，必然蕴藏着个别，所以 “一般”中必然能够推演出“个别”，
而推演 出来的结论是否正确，取决于： ——大前提是否真确； ——推理是否合乎逻辑。
(三）认识论中的科学研究：
·由认识个别到认识一般——归纳法； ·再由认识一般进而认识个别——演
A, B, C, D 是a, b, c, d的原因； A是a的原因， B是b的原因， C是c的原因 所以，D 与d之间有因果联系。
归纳、演绎、类比等逻辑思维方法
归纳、演绎、类比等逻辑思维方法Inductive, deductive, and analogical reasoning are three important methods of logical thinking. These methods play a crucial role in various fields such as science, mathematics, philosophy, and everyday problem-solving. Each method has its unique characteristics and applications, contributing to the development of human knowledge and understanding. In this essay, we will explore these three methods from multiple perspectives, highlighting their definitions, processes, and real-world examples.Inductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that involves drawing general conclusions based on specific observations or patterns. It starts with specific instances and then generalizes them into broader principles or theories. This method is often used in scientific research, where scientists collect data, analyze patterns, and make generalizations about the natural world. For example, after observing several instances of objects falling to the ground when released, Isaac Newton formulated the law ofuniversal gravitation, which states that every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.On the other hand, deductive reasoning is a logical thinking process that starts with general principles or theories and applies them to specific situations to draw specific conclusions. It involves reasoning from the general to the particular. Deductive reasoning is commonly used in mathematics and formal logic, where a set of axioms or premises are used to derive new statements or theorems. For instance, in geometry, the Pythagorean theorem is deduced from the axioms of Euclidean geometry. The theorem states that in a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides.Analogical reasoning is a method of logical thinking that involves drawing conclusions by finding similarities between different situations or objects. It relies on the assumption that if two or more things are similar in somerespects, they are likely to be similar in other respects as well. Analogical reasoning is often used in problem-solving, decision-making, and creative thinking. For example, when faced with a new problem, one might try to find similarities with previously encountered problems and apply similar solutions. This method is also used in legal reasoning, where judges may consider previous cases as precedents to guide their decisions in similar cases.In addition to their definitions and applications, it is important to understand the processes involved in these methods of logical thinking. Inductive reasoning typically involves several steps, including observation, pattern recognition, hypothesis formation, and conclusion drawing. It requires careful data collection, analysis, and evaluation to ensure the validity of the generalization. Deductive reasoning, on the other hand, follows a more structured process. It starts with a set of premises or axioms, applies logical rules or principles, and derives specific conclusions. This process is often represented in the form of syllogisms or logical arguments. Analogical reasoning involves identifying similarities betweendifferent situations or objects, extracting relevant information, and applying it to the current problem or situation.To illustrate the practical relevance of these logical thinking methods, let's consider some real-world examples. In the field of medicine, doctors often use inductive reasoning to diagnose patients. They collect specific symptoms and observations, analyze patterns, and make generalizations about the underlying medical conditions. Deductive reasoning is employed in computer programming, where programmers use predefined rules or algorithms to solve specific problems. They start with general programming principles and apply them to write code for specific tasks. Analogical reasoning is commonly used in marketing and advertising. Marketers often draw on successful campaigns from the past and apply similar strategies to promote new products or services.In conclusion, inductive, deductive, and analogical reasoning are three important methods of logical thinking that have diverse applications in various fields. Inductivereasoning involves generalizing from specific observations, deductive reasoning applies general principles to specific situations, and analogical reasoning draws conclusions by finding similarities between different situations. Understanding the processes and examples of these methods can enhance problem-solving, decision-making, and creative thinking abilities. These methods are essential tools for advancing human knowledge and understanding the complexities of the world we live in.。
归纳总结法Inductive-GeneralizationPPT
accumulate evidence or facts
make the “inductive leap”
reach a useful generalization.
Induction is often used in expository and as well as in persuasive writing.
cause proved the same: in the
would frequent the utility room, swing
open the small metal door on the
gas heater, and peer at the
mechanism inside.
darkness a soft little paw was playing feline rhythms on the key
of discipline
Reelections on her life
Example
As an early-morning pastime, Susie, my
tortoise-colored kitten, would frequent the
utility room, swing open the small metal door
kitten, Susie had an unusual interest in
mechanical things.
5
6
And late at night, when there was sometimes a gentle tapping in the
study next to my bedroom, the
Writing Strategy — Inductive Generalization
归纳总结法Inductive-GeneralizationPPT课件
Let’s take text A as an example:
4
Para 4
Changes of socialization
changes of her life style
shyer
More cautious
More anxious
Bad tempered
A form of escape/a lack
cause proved the same: in the
would frequent the utility room, swing
open the small metal door on the
gas heater, and peer at the
mechanism inside.
darkness a soft little paw was playing feline rhythms on the key
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Useful expressions
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Group work
Do you agree or disagree the following statement?
The Internet Will (not) Isolate Us from One Another
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8
Free admission to Museums
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Phenomena
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1 2 3
4 5 6
2021/7/2410源自2021/7/2411
Phenomena 1.2.3.. Examples 1.2.3…
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Free admission to Museums
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Phenomena
9
1 2 3
4 5 6
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10
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11
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Phenomena 1.2.3.. Examples 1.2.3…
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Useful expressions
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Group work
Do you agree or disagree the following statement?
kitten, Susie had an unusual interest in
- mechanical things.
5
6
And late at night, when there was sometimes a gentle tapping in the
study next to my bedroom, the
of my typewriter.
During the daytime her favorite toy was not the usual ball of the yarn, but a small musical
top.
For a kitten, Susie had an unusual interest in mechanical things.
The Internet Will (not) Isolate Us from One Another
You may begin the essay by describing your experience of the digital world. After that you may reach a conclusion as to whether the internet will or will not isolate you from your friends.
-
Let’s take text A as an example:
3
Beginning from the paragraph 4, the writer accumulates evidence to show the negative effects of the virtual life on her: her aversion to outside forms of socializing, her lack of discipline, a tendency to become shyer and badtempered, etc. Then, in paragraph 10, she makes the inductive leap and reaches the generalization that daily routine and socializing are important to a human being.
on the gas heater, and peer at the mechanism
inside. During the daytime her favorite toy was
not the usual ball of the yarn, but a small
musical top. And late at night, when there was
cause proved the same: in the
would frequent the utility room, swing
open the small metal door ont the
mechanism inside.
darkness a soft little paw was playing feline rhythms on the key
Writing Strategy — Inductive Generalization
What is Induction Generalization? ：reasoning from detailed facts to general
principles
-
1
2
Induction (归纳法) is a process:
-
1. What is the conclusion? ➢For a kitten, Susie had an unusual interest in mechanical things. 2. How does the author draw this conclusion? ➢By three examples of the kitten’s interest.
accumulate evidence or facts
make the “inductive leap”
reach a useful generalization.
Induction is often used in expository and as well as in persuasive writing.
-
Let’s take text A as an example:
4
Para 4
Changes of socialization
changes of her life style
shyer
More cautious
More anxious
Bad tempered
A form of escape/a lack
sometimes a gentle tapping in the study next to
my bedroom, the cause proved the same: in the
darkness a soft little paw was playing feline
rhythms on the key of my typewriter. For a
of discipline
Reelections on
-
her life
Example
As an early-morning pastime, Susie, my
tortoise-colored kitten, would frequent the
utility room, swing open the small metal door