【托福写作备考】TPO10综合写作文本与解析
新托福TPO综合写作详细解析汇总
新托福TPO综合写作详细解析汇总
在新托福综合写作中，有的同学语言使用的能力还有一定局限，还要刻意追求句式的复杂化，但这样的后果就是写出来的句子个个都有错，个个都有表达不清。
其实用最好的词表达最多的内容才是最厉害的写作方式，本文小编为大家整理了一篇新托福综合写作范文，来源于TPO 1—15。
新托福综合写作范文TPO2详细解析:团队的作用
新托福综合写作范文TPO3详细解析:伦勃朗
新托福综合写作范文TPO4详细解析:恒温动物
新托福综合写作范文TPO5详细解析:查科峡谷的巨屋
新托福综合写作范文TPO6详细解析:在线百科的利弊
新托福综合写作范文TPO7详细解析:环保认证在美国无用
新托福综合写作范文TPO8详细解析:塞恩加尔骑士
新托福综合写作范文TPO9详细解析:氢燃料
新托福综合写作范文TPO10详细解析:海獭数量减少的原因
新托福综合写作范文TPO11详细解析:人们不爱读书了
新托福综合写作范文TPO12详细解析:简·奥斯汀
新托福综合写作范文TPO13详细解析:私人化石买卖的坏处
新托福综合写作范文TPO14详细解析:回收性砍伐
新托福综合写作范文TPO15详细解析:控制蔗蜍数量的方法
新托福综合写作对语言的要求是清晰表达，准确转述即可(其实独立写作的要求也类似)。
没有必要一味地追求语言的华丽，把话说清楚最重要。
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TPO1-10独立写作思路分析（共5篇）
TPO1-10独立写作思路分析（共5篇）第一篇：TPO1-10独立写作思路分析TPO1: A or D: At universities and colleges, sports and social activities are just as important as classes and libraries and should receive equal financial support.1p: 先强调大学的功能(miniature of the society)肩负大学生平衡发展的重任，需要保证足够的投资 2p: 学生喜欢运动，运动有利于学生身心健康。
3p: 学生喜欢参加社会活动，参加社会活动能拓展学生的人际网络。
4p: 政府和财政部门应该重视对体育设施和公共设施的建设，为学生创建良好物质条件。
TPO 2: A or D: Always telling the truth is the most important consideration in any relationship between people.（参见Steve同学的高分模板范文）1p: 【屈原式《天问》】神啊，我一直在思考一个问题-不扯100+不罢休。
2p: white lie这个词组的存在说明了“转弯抹角”的必要性，因为在某些情况下，说实话会造成A。
麻烦，B。
尴尬，C。
损失。
因此人们为了避免麻烦、尴尬和损失是正常的，在某些情况下，撒谎是人的本能反应。
撒谎之外的一个选择是：保持沉默。
3p: 但人际交往的基本原则是坦诚和诚信。
White lie必须有限度而且有原则。
否则会破坏人际关系。
4p: 结论：Tricky question或open debate取决于：seriousness.【立场决定2p-3p的比重，你们懂的】TPO 3: A or D: It is more important to keep your old friends than it is to make new friends.1p: As the wheels of globalization roll on...每天都在加新朋友，也有老朋友失去联系。
托福TPO10阅读原文及答案解析Part1
托福TPO10阅读原文及答案解析Part1托福TPO作为托福的模考工具，它的题目对于我们备考托福很有参考价值，为了帮助大家备考，下面小编给大家整理了托福TPO10阅读原文及答案解析Part1，望喜欢！托福TPO10阅读原文Part1Chinese PotteryChina has one of the worlds oldest continuous civilizations-despite invasions and occasional foreign rule. A country as vast as China with so long-lasting a civilization has a complex social and visual history, within which pottery and porcelain play a major role.The function and status of ceramics in China varied from dynasty to dynasty, so they may be utilitarian, burial, trade-collectors, or even ritual objects, according to their quality and the era in which they were made. The ceramics fall into three broad types-earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain-for vessels, architectural items such as roof tiles, and modeled objects and figures. In addition, there was an important group of sculptures made for religious use, the majority of which were produced in earthenware.The earliest ceramics were fired to earthenware temperatures,but as early as the fifteenth century B.C., high-temperature stonewares were being made with glazed surfaces. During the Six Dynasties period (AD 265-589), kilns in north China were producing high-fired ceramics of good quality. Whitewares produced in Hebei and Henan provinces from the seventh to the tenth centuries evolved into the highly prized porcelains of the Song dynasty (AD. 960-1279), long regarded as one of the high points in the history of Chinas ceramic industry. The tradition of religious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less clearly delineated than that of stonewares or porcelains, for it embraces the old custom of earthenware burial ceramics with later religious images and architectural ornament. Ceramic products also include lead-glazed tomb models of the Han dynasty, three-color lead-glazed vessels and figures of the Tang dynasty, and Ming three-color temple ornaments, in which the motifs were outlined in a raised trail of slip-as well as the many burial ceramics produced in imitation of vessels made in materials of higher intrinsic value. Trade between the West and the settled and prosperous Chinese dynasties introduced new forms and different technologies. One of the most far-reaching examples is the impact of the fine ninth-century AD. Chinese porcelain waresimported into the Arab world. So admired were these pieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware made in imitation of porcelain and instigated research into the method of their manufacture. From the Middle East the Chinese acquired a blue pigment-a purified form of cobalt oxide unobtainable at that time in China-that contained only a low level of manganese. Cobalt ores found in China have a high manganese content, which produces a more muted blue-gray color. In the seventeenth century, the trading activities of the Dutch East India Company resulted in vast quantities of decorated Chinese porcelain being brought to Europe, which stimulated and influenced the work of a wide variety of wares, notably Delft. The Chinese themselves adapted many specific vessel forms from the West, such as bottles with long spouts, and designed a range of decorative patterns especially for the European market.Just as painted designs on Greek pots may seem today to be purely decorative, whereas in fact they were carefully and precisely worked out so that at the time, their meaning was clear, so it is with Chinese pots. T o twentieth-century eyes, Chinese pottery may appear merely decorative, yet to the Chinese the form of each object and its adornment hadmeaning and significance. The dragon represented the emperor, and the phoenix, the empress; the pomegranate indicated fertility, and a pair of fish, happiness; mandarin ducks stood for wedded bliss; the pine tree, peach, and crane are emblems of long life; and fish leaping from waves indicated success in the civil service examinations. Only when European decorative themes were introduced did these meanings become obscured or even lost.From early times pots were used in both religious and secular contexts. The imperial court commissioned work and in the Yuan dynasty (A.D. 1279-1368) an imperial ceramic factory was established at Jingdezhen. Pots played an important part in some religious ceremonies. Long and often lyrical descriptions of the different types of ware exist that assist in classifying pots, although these sometimes confuse an already large and complicated picture.Paragraph 2: The function and status of ceramics in China varied from dynasty to dynasty, so they may be utilitarian, burial, trade-collectors, or even ritual objects, according to their quality and the era in which they were made. The ceramics fall into three broad types-earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain-for vessels, architectural items such as roof tiles,and modeled objects and figures. In addition, there was an important group of sculptures made for religious use, the majority of which were produced in earthenware.托福TPO10阅读题目Part11.The word status in the passage is closest in meaning to○origin○importance○quality○design2. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true of Chinese ceramics?○The function of ceramics remained the same from dynasty to dynasty.○The use of ceramics as trade objects is better documented than the use of ceramics as ritual objects.○There was little variation in quality for any type of ceramics over time.○Some religious sculptures were made using the earthenware type of ceramics.Paragraph 3: The earliest ceramics were fired to earthenware temperatures, but as early as the fifteenth century B.C., high-temperature stonewares were being made with glazedsurfaces. During the Six Dynasties period (AD 265-589), kilns in north China were producing high-fired ceramics of good quality. Whitewares produced in Hebei and Henan provinces from the seventh to the tenth centuries evolved into the highly prized porcelains of the Song dynasty (AD. 960-1279), long regarded as one of the high points in the history of Chinas ceramic industry. The tradition of religious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less clearly delineated than that of stonewares or porcelains, for it embraces the old custom of earthenware burial ceramics with later religious images and architectural ornament. Ceramic products also include lead-glazed tomb models of the Han dynasty, three-color lead-glazed vessels and figures of the Tang dynasty, and Ming three-color temple ornaments, in which the motifs were outlined in a raised trail of slip-as well as the many burial ceramics produced in imitation of vessels made in materials of higher intrinsic value.3. The word evolve in the passage is closest in meaning to○divided○extended○developed○vanished4. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○While stonewares and porcelains are found throughout most historical periods, religious sculpture is limited to the ancient period.○Religious sculpture was created in most periods, but its history is less clear than that of stonewares or porcelains because some old forms continued to be used even when new ones were developed.○While stonewares and porcelains changed throughout history, religious sculpture remained uniform in form and use. ○The historical development of religious sculpture is relatively unclear because religious sculptures sometimes resemble earthenware architectural ornaments.5. Paragraph 3 supports all of the following concerning the history of the ceramic industry in China EXCEPT:○The earliest high-fired ceramics were of poor quality.○Ceramics produced during the Tang and Ming dynasties sometimes incorporated multiple colors.○Earthenware ceramics were produced in China beforestonewares were.○The Song dynasty period was notable for the production of high quality porcelain ceramics.Paragraph 4: Trade between the West and the settled and prosperous Chinese dynasties introduced new forms and different technologies. One of the most far-reaching examples is the impact of the fine ninth-century AD. Chinese porcelain wares imported into the Arab world. So admired were these pieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware made in imitation of porcelain and instigated research into the method of their manufacture. From the Middle East the Chinese acquired a blue pigment-a purified form of cobalt oxide unobtainable at that time in China-that contained only a low level of manganese. Cobalt ores found in China have a high manganese content, which produces a more muted blue-gray color. In the seventeenth century, the trading activities of the Dutch East India Company resulted in vast quantities of decorated Chinese porcelain being brought to Europe, which stimulated and influenced the work of a wide variety of wares, notably Delft. The Chinese themselves adapted many specific vessel forms from the West, such as bottles with long spouts, and designed a range of decorativepatterns especially for the European market.6. The word instigate in the passage is closest in meaning to ○improved○investigated○narrowed○caused7. According to paragraph 4, one consequence of the trade of Chinese ceramics was○the transfer of a distinctive blue pigment from China to the Middle East○an immediate change from earthenware production to porcelain production in European countries○Chinese production of wares made for the European market ○a decreased number of porcelain vessels available on the European marketParagraph 5: Just as painted designs on Greek pots may seem today to be purely decorative,whereas in fact they were carefully and precisely worked out so that at the time, their meaning was clear, so it is with Chinese pots. To twentieth-century eyes, Chinese pottery may appear merely decorative, yet to the Chinese the form of each object and its adornment had meaning and significance. The dragonrepresented the emperor, and the phoenix, the empress; the pomegranate indicated fertility, and a pair of fish, happiness; mandarin ducks stood for wedded bliss; the pine tree, peach, and crane are emblems of long life; and fish leaping from waves indicated success in the civil service examinations. Only when European decorative themes were introduced did these meanings become obscured or even lost.8. The word whereas in the passage is closest in meaning to ○while○previously○surprisingly○because9. In paragraph 5, the author compares the designs on Chinese pots to those on Greek pots in order to○emphasize that while Chinese pots were decorative, Greek pots were functional○argue that the designs on Chinese pots had specific meanings and were not just decorative○argue that twentieth-century scholars are better able to understand these designs than were ancient scholars○explain how scholars have identified the meaning of specific images on Chinese pots10. Which of the following is mentioned in paragraph 5 as being symbolically represented on Chinese ceramics?○Chinese rulers○love of homeland○loyally to friends○success in trade11. Paragraph 5 suggests which of the following about the decorations on Chinese pottery?○They had more importance for aristocrats than for ordinary citizens.○Their significance may have remained clear had the Chinese not come under foreign influence.○They contain some of the same images that appear on Greek pots○Their significance is now as clear to twentieth century observers as it was to the early Chinese.Paragraph 6: From early times pots were used in both religious and secular contexts. The imperial court commissioned work and in the Yuan dynasty (A.D. 1279-1368) an imperial ceramic factory was established at Jingdezhen. Pots played an important part in some religious ceremonies. Long and often lyrical descriptions of the different types of ware exist thatassist in classifying pots, although these sometimes confuse an already large and complicated picture.12. The word these in the passage refers to○religious ceremonies○descriptions○types of ware○potsParagraph 4: Trade between the West and the settled and prosperous Chinese dynasties introduced new forms and different technologies. One of the most far-reaching examples is the impact of the fine ninth-century AD. Chinese porcelain wares imported into the Arab world. ■So admired were these pieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware made in imitation of porcelain and instigated research into the method of their manufacture. ■From the Middle East the Chinese acquired a blue pigment-a purified form of cobalt oxide unobtainable at that time in China-that contained only a low level of manganese. Cobalt ores found in China have a high manganese content, which produces a more muted blue-gray color. ■In the seventeenth century, the trading activities of the Dutch East India Company resulted in vast quantities of decorated Chinese porcelain being brought toEurope, which stimulated and influenced the work of a wide variety of wares, notably Delft. ■The Chinese themselves adapted many specific vessel forms from the West, such as bottles with long spouts, and designed a range of decorative patterns especially for the European market.13. Look at the four squares [■]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Foreign trade was also responsible for certain innovations in coloring.Where could the sentence best fit?14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Ceramics have been produced in China for a very long time. ●●●Answer choices○The Chinese produced earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain pottery and they used their ceramics for a variety of utilitarian, architectural, and ceremonial purposes.○The shape and decoration of ceramics produced for religious use in China were influenced by Chinese ceramics produced for export.○As a result of trade relations, Chinese ceramic production changed and Chinese influenced the ceramics production of other countries.○Chinese burial ceramics have the longest and most varied history of production and were frequently decorated with written texts that help scholars date them.○Before China had contact with the West, the meaning of various designs used to decorate Chinese ceramics was well understood.○Ceramics made in imperial factories were used in both religious and non-religious contexts.托福TPO10阅读答案Part1参考答案：1. ○22. ○43. ○34. ○25. ○16. ○47. ○38.○19. ○210. ○111. ○212. ○213. ○214. The Chinese producedAs a result of tradeBefore China had contact托福TPO10阅读翻译Part1参考翻译：中国的陶瓷尽管中国曾饱受入侵，偶尔丧失主权受制于外国，她仍然拥有世界上最源远流长的文明。
TPO-10 Reading 2 解析
Q1正确答案：B解析：以human activities做关键词定位至第一句，提到在判断人类对气候的影响之前必须断定自然的影响，所以B正确。
Q2正确答案：C解析：以proxy records做关键词定位至最后一句，a better picture of fluctuations further back in time，指的是时间更久远，所以答案是C，这个比较简单，跟文章说的完全一样。
Q3正确答案：D解析：去掉定语从句后，原文变成substance can be deposited to record…，A和C 的因果关系是硬造出来的，原文没有，错误；而且A说unchanging，原文是变化，A与原文相反；B原文是record，不是infer，B错误；而且C说difficult to observe，原文未提及，错误；D正确。
Q4正确答案：B解析：以proxy temperature records做关键词定位至第四句，本句说了重建温度的很多方法，无论是冰川，沉积物还是碳酸盐，都属于substance，所以B正确，其他都未提及。
Q5正确答案：A解析：striking“显著的，吸引人的”，所以noticeable“引人注意的”正确。
句子一开始就提到同样striking的是，说明之前一定有一个很striking的东西。
前一句说有significant natural changes，所以significant的同义词就是striking。
Q6正确答案：C解析：第四段很短，快速读完。
A和D在第一句，说气候在一段时间内会变化；第二句里的stability对应B中的changed little，所以这三项都正确，不选；只有C未提及，所以C是答案。
Q7正确答案：C解析：erratic“古怪的，飘忽不定的”，所以C的unpredictable正确。
原句说equally erratic，所以之前一定得有一个跟erratic意思差不多的词，之前有chaotic fluctuation，所以erratic和chaotic是同义词，chaotic“混乱的”，备选项中只有unpredictable跟这个意思接近，A“剧烈”B“重要”D“常见”都不正确。
托福听力原文与题目TPO10-22
TPO10-C1Narrator:Listen to a conversation between a student and her Photography Professor. 独白:听下面一段学生和摄影学教授的对话Student:Professor Jason, there is something that's been on my mind.学生:杰森教授，我一直在思考一件事情。
Professor:Ok.教授:是什么呢？Student:Remember last week, you told us that it's really important to get our photography into a show, basically as soon as we can?学生:记得上周您说把自己的作品尽快的展览出来非常重要吗？Professor:Yes up, it's a big step, no question.教授:是的。
这是很重要的一步，毫无疑问。
Student:Thing is, I am sitting here and I am just not sure how I get there.学生:问题是，我就坐在这里想，真的不知道接下来该怎么办。
I mean I've got some work I like, but is it the really what the gallery is looking for?我倒是有些自己喜欢的作品，但是美术馆也会喜欢吗？How would I know, how do I make the right context to get it into show, I just reallydon't...我怎样知道如何将自己的作品展览出来呢，我真的没有头绪。
Professor:Ok, hold on, slow down.教授:好，别急，别急。
托福范文及赏析-TPO10独立写作-智课网
智课网TOEFL备考资料托福TPO独立写作TPO10Playing computer games is a waste of time. Children should not be allowed to play them.题目翻译玩电脑游戏是浪费时间，应当禁止儿童玩电脑游戏。
审题关键词Computer games, Children, Waste of time论证分析补: We have to admit that playing computer games is a waste of children’s time in some cases, such as when they play games instead of studying for an essential examination.正：Playing computer games can relax a child’s mind.正：Moreover, playing computer games can inspire children’s imagination and creation.范文With the development of modern technology, there has been a growing popularity in the playing of computer games, especially among children. As a result, there is an ongoing debate as to whether children should be allowed to play them.Some people do approve of children playing these games, while others strongly object to the idea, stating that they are just a waste of time and that children should not be allowed to have access to them. From my point of view, ignoring the merits of playing computer games and overstating the disadvantages of doing so, is subject to criticism. The reasons given below will illustrate and strengthen my viewpoint.First and foremost, playing computer games can help children relax their anxieties and relieve them from daily pressure. Children in today's society are subject to far more pressure and anxieties than before and hence they should have the right to some free time for relief from the burden of the high expectation of their parents, from the demanding requirements from teachers and from theoverwhelming pressures of society.Second, well-designed computer games can also assist in the mental development of children. Quickly moving scenes can cultivate children's quick responses, complicated plots enable children to quickly evaluate any situation, and emergencies in the game develops children's ability to make quick and decisive decisions.Third, computer games can also play a role in the education of moral values. Most computer games have a general plot of the good finally beating off the bad, fostering in children's minds the importance and necessity of fighting against the bad in society.Taking into account all of those aspects, as long as computer games are well-designed for children, and that children are under appropriate guidance when playing them, playing computer games is not necessarily a waste of time, for it can have a positive influence on children's development mentally and psychologically.满分要素剖析语言表达本文的语言非常中规中矩。
TPO10综合写作和独立写作范文
TPO 10 综合写作范文The professor challenges the pollution hypothesis in the reading, stating that ongoing investigations reveal that predation is the most likely cause of sea otter decline.First, the passage says that pollution hypothesis is supported by concrete evidence such as oil rigs and other industrial chemical pollution along the coast. However, the professor points out that no dead bodies of sea otters were found washed on shore, suggesting that this is more consistent with the predator hypothesis because the sea otters could have been eaten immediately by their predators.Second, the passage says that only environmental factors could have an overall effect on the entire ecosystem, thus causing the widespread decline of other sea mammals. However, the professor points out that whales have essentially disappeared due to human activities so the orcas (larger predator whales that used to prey on other whales) began to change their diet and feed on other sea mammals for survival, thus causing the overall decline of sea otters, seals and sea lions. Finally, the passage says that the pollution hypothesis can explain the uneven pattern of otter decline. However, the professor points out that the predation theory offers a better explanation to this phenomenon. This is because the survival changes of sea otters depends on whether the place they live is accessible to orcas or not. The number of sea otters remains pretty stable in shallow and rocky locations because these locations are typically inaccessible to orcas.A or D? Playing computer games is a waste of time. Children should not be allowed to play them.Thesis Statement: Introducing a restriction to keep children away from computer games is neither sensible nor possible.1). Playing computer games is not entirely harmful: it serves to develop intelligence.2). Restriction is never a good idea: mutual respect and understanding is to key to deal with kids. Conclusion: Enlightened parents should be encouraging, tolerant and supportive. (E.T.S: 你懂的)It might be tempting to suggest that playing computers will bring negative effects on children’s study, physical health and social abilities and therefore, they should be prohibited from playing them. As a college student capable of critical thinking, however, I believe that what they claim is not well-grounded, as they fail to take all aspects into consideration. In fact, introducing a restriction to keep children away from computer games is neither sensible nor possible.As the wheels of globalization roll on, people’s ideas change constantly each single day. In the past, people are regarded as illiterates when they cannot read or write. In the information age, however, people who cannot use computers are also regarded as illiterates. Parents often assume that playing computer games will deprive the children of their time to communicate. But the world has changed. Computer games and online games have become so widespread and prevalent that children who do not play them will have much difficulty communicating with their peers. Parents who do not wish their children to be regarded as nerds should think twice when considering introducing a restriction. In addition, playing computer games is not entirely harmful either. Now there are a lot of computer games aiming at developing intelligence. Playing these games will foster the problem-solving skills and strategic thinking of the children.It is also important to remember that parents should renew their way of thinking and parenting ideology to keep up with the tide of our time when dealing with their children. Democracy has become a prominent theme in our time and children have been exposed to various ideas so they have gradually become aware of the importance of being respected. Parents should not totally ban their children from playing games even if the advantages are far outweighed by the disadvantages. Restriction is never a good idea because it inevitably invites rebellion. The most desirable approach, at least it seems to me, is that parents should address the problems on the principle of mutual respect and understanding when it comes to the education to the young. In order to solve the problem, parents should learn to understand how the kids think and what they want, instead of imposing a lot of groundless restrictions.My father Simple is an enlightened parent who sets a perfect example in terms of educating the next generation. As a legendary World of Warcraft player, he is always encouraging, tolerant and supportive when it comes to my educational issues and in fact, we often discuss how to speed up our upgrading process. He never mentions the repulsive words like "restriction" or "condition" because he knows that teens react to them with adverse reactions. His supportive attitude helps to establish family rapport and I have repaid his trust and encouragement with impressive academic performance and a myriad of passionately coveted awards in a wide range of extracurricular activities, such as robot-design world champion and rock-climbing winner. My father has, through his personal action, taught me a profound lesson that it is important to play frantically when playing and study devotedly when studying.。
托福TPO10阅读原文及答案解析Part1
托福TPO10阅读原文及答案解析Part1托福TPO作为托福的模考工具，它的题目对于我们备考托福很有参考价值，为了帮助大家备考，下面小编给大家整理了托福TPO10阅读原文及答案解析Part1，望喜欢！托福TPO10阅读原文Part1Chinese PotteryChina has one of the world's oldest continuous civilizations-despite invasions and occasional foreign rule. A country as vast as China with so long-lasting a civilization has a complex social and visual history, within which pottery and porcelain play a major role.The function and status of ceramics in China varied from dynasty to dynasty, so they may be utilitarian, burial, trade-collectors', or even ritual objects, according to their quality and the era in which they were made. The ceramics fall into three broad types-earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain-for vessels, architectural items such as roof tiles, and modeled objects and figures. In addition, there was an important group of sculptures made for religious use, the majority of which were produced in earthenware.The earliest ceramics were fired to earthenware temperatures, but as early as the fifteenth century B.C., high-temperature stonewares were being made with glazed surfaces. During the Six Dynasties period (AD 265-589), kilns in north China were producing high-fired ceramics of good quality. Whitewares produced in Hebei and Henan provinces from the seventh to the tenth centuries evolved into the highly prized porcelains of the Song dynasty (AD. 960-1279), long regarded as one of the high points in the history of China's ceramic industry.The tradition of religious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less clearly delineated than that of stonewares or porcelains, for it embraces the old custom of earthenware burial ceramics with later religious images and architectural ornament. Ceramic products also include lead-glazed tomb models of the Han dynasty, three-color lead-glazed vessels and figures of the Tang dynasty, and Ming three-color temple ornaments, in which the motifs were outlined in a raised trail of slip-as well as the many burial ceramics produced in imitation of vessels made in materials of higher intrinsic value.Trade between the West and the settled and prosperous Chinese dynasties introduced new forms and different technologies. One of the most far-reaching examples is the impact of the fine ninth-century AD. Chinese porcelain wares imported into the Arab world. So admired were these pieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware made in imitation of porcelain and instigated research into the method of their manufacture. From the Middle East the Chinese acquired a blue pigment-a purified form of cobalt oxide unobtainable at that time in China-that contained only a low level of manganese. Cobalt ores found in China have a high manganese content, which produces a more muted blue-gray color. In the seventeenth century, the trading activities of the Dutch East India Company resulted in vast quantities of decorated Chinese porcelain being brought to Europe, which stimulated and influenced the work of a wide variety of wares, notably Delft. The Chinese themselves adapted many specific vessel forms from the West, such as bottles with long spouts, and designed a range of decorative patterns especially for the European market.Just as painted designs on Greek pots may seem today to bepurely decorative, whereas in fact they were carefully and precisely worked out so that at the time, their meaning was clear, so it is with Chinese pots. To twentieth-century eyes, Chinese pottery may appear merely decorative, yet to the Chinese the form of each object and its adornment had meaning and significance. The dragon represented the emperor, and the phoenix, the empress; the pomegranate indicated fertility, and a pair of fish, happiness; mandarin ducks stood for wedded bliss; the pine tree, peach, and crane are emblems of long life; and fish leaping from waves indicated success in the civil service examinations. Only when European decorative themes were introduced did these meanings become obscured or even lost.From early times pots were used in both religious and secular contexts. The imperial court commissioned work and in the Yuan dynasty (A.D. 1279-1368) an imperial ceramic factory was established at Jingdezhen. Pots played an important part in some religious ceremonies. Long and often lyrical descriptions of the different types of ware exist that assist in classifying pots, although these sometimes confuse an already large and complicated picture.Paragraph 2: The function and status of ceramics in China varied from dynasty to dynasty, so they may be utilitarian, burial, trade-collectors', or even ritual objects, according to their quality and the era in which they were made. The ceramics fall into three broad types-earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain-for vessels, architectural items such as roof tiles, and modeled objects and figures. In addition, there was an important group of sculptures made for religious use, the majority of which were produced in earthenware.托福TPO10阅读题目Part11.The word "status" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ origin○ importance○ quality○ design2. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true of Chinese ceramics?○ The function of ceramics remained the same from dynasty to dynasty.○ The use of ceramics as trade objects is better documented than the use of ceramics as ritual objects.○ There was little variation in quality for any type of ceramics over time.○ Some religious sculptures were made using the earthenware type of ceramics.Paragraph 3: The earliest ceramics were fired to earthenware temperatures, but as early as the fifteenth century B.C., high-temperature stonewares were being made with glazed surfaces. During the Six Dynasties period (AD 265-589), kilns in north China were producing high-fired ceramics of good quality. Whitewares produced in Hebei and Henan provinces from the seventh to the tenth centuries evolved into the highly prized porcelains of the Song dynasty (AD. 960-1279), long regarded as one of the high points in the history of China's ceramic industry. The tradition of religious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less clearly delineated than that of stonewares or porcelains, for it embraces the old custom of earthenware burial ceramics with later religious images and architectural ornament. Ceramic products also include lead-glazed tomb models of the Han dynasty, three-color lead-glazed vessels and figures of theTang dynasty, and Ming three-color temple ornaments, in which the motifs were outlined in a raised trail of slip-as well as the many burial ceramics produced in imitation of vessels made in materials of higher intrinsic value.3. The word "evolve" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ divided○ extended○ developed○ vanished4. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○ While stonewares and porcelains are found through out most historical periods, religious sculpture is limited to the ancient period.○ Religious sculpture was created in most periods, but its history is less clear than that of stonewares or porcelains because some old forms continued to be used even when new ones were developed.○ While stonewares and porcelains changed throughout history, religious sculpture remained uniform in form and use.○ The historical development of religious sculpture is relatively unclear because religious sculptures sometimes resemble earthenware architectural ornaments.5. Paragraph 3 supports all of the following concerning the history of the ceramic industry in China EXCEPT:○ The earliest high-fired ceramics were of poor quality.○ Ceramics produced during the Tang and Ming d ynasties sometimes incorporated multiple colors.○ Earthenware ceramics were produced in China before stonewares were.○ The Song dynasty period was notable for the production of high quality porcelain ceramics.Paragraph 4: Trade between the West and the settled and prosperous Chinese dynasties introduced new forms and different technologies. One of the most far-reaching examples is the impact of the fine ninth-century AD. Chinese porcelain wares imported into the Arab world. So admired were these pieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware made in imitation of porcelain and instigated research into the method of their manufacture. From the Middle East the Chinese acquired a blue pigment-a purified form of cobalt oxide unobtainable at that time in China-that contained only a low level of manganese. Cobalt ores found in China have a high manganese content, which produces a more muted blue-gray color. In the seventeenth century, the trading activities of the Dutch East India Company resulted in vast quantities of decorated Chinese porcelain being brought to Europe, which stimulated and influenced the work of a wide variety of wares, notably Delft. The Chinese themselves adapted many specific vessel forms from the West, such as bottles with long spouts, and designed a range of decorative patterns especially for the European market.6. The word "instigate" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ improved○ investigated○ narrowed○ caused7. According to paragraph 4, one consequence of the tradeof Chinese ceramics was○ the transfer of a distinctive blue pigment from China to the Middle East○ an immediate change from earthenware production to porcelain production in European countries○ Chinese production of wares made for the European market○ a decreased number of porcelain vessels available on the European marketParagraph 5: Just as painted designs on Greek pots may seem today to be purely decorative,whereas in fact they were carefully and precisely worked out so that at the time, their meaning was clear, so it is with Chinese pots. To twentieth-century eyes, Chinese pottery may appear merely decorative, yet to the Chinese the form of each object and its adornment had meaning and significance. The dragon represented the emperor, and the phoenix, the empress; the pomegranate indicated fertility, and a pair of fish, happiness; mandarin ducks stood for wedded bliss; the pine tree, peach, and crane are emblems of long life; and fish leaping from waves indicated success in the civil service examinations. Only when European decorative themes were introduced did these meanings become obscured or even lost.8. The word "whereas" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ while○ previously○ surprisingly○ because9. In paragraph 5, the author compares the designs onChinese pots to those on Greek pots in order to○ emphasize that while Chinese pots were decorative, Greek pots were functional○ argue that the designs on Chinese pots had specific meanings and were not just decorative○ argue that twentieth-century scholars are better able to understand these designs than were ancient scholars ○ explain how scholars have identified the meaning of specific images on Chinese pots10. Which of the following is mentioned in paragraph 5 as being symbolically represented on Chinese ceramics?○ Chinese rulers○ love of homeland○ loyally to friends○ success in trade11. Paragraph 5 suggests which of the following about the decorations on Chinese pottery?○ They had more importance for aristocrats than for ordinary citizens.○ Their significance may have remained clear had the Chinese not come under foreign influence.○ They contain some of the same images that appear on Greek pots○ Their significance is now as clear to twentieth century observers as it was to the early Chinese.Paragraph 6: From early times pots were used in both religious and secular contexts. The imperial court commissioned work and in the Yuan dynasty (A.D. 1279-1368) an imperial ceramic factory was established at Jingdezhen. Pots played an important part in some religious ceremonies. Long and oftenlyrical descriptions of the different types of ware exist that assist in classifying pots, although these sometimes confuse an already large and complicated picture.12. The word "these" in the passage refers to○ religious ceremonies○ descriptions○ types of ware○ potsParagraph 4: Trade between the West and the settled and prosperous Chinese dynasties introduced new forms and different technologies. One of the most far-reaching examples is the impact of the fine ninth-century AD. Chinese porcelain wares imported into the Arab world. ■So admired were these pieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware made in imitation of porcelain and instigated research into the method of their manufact ure. ■From the Middle East the Chinese acquired a blue pigment-a purified form of cobalt oxide unobtainable at that time in China-that contained only a low level of manganese. Cobalt ores found in China have a high manganese content, which produces a more muted blue-gray color. ■In the seventeenth century, the trading activities of the Dutch East India Company resulted in vast quantities of decorated Chinese porcelain being brought to Europe, which stimulated and influenced the work of a wide variety of wares, notably Delft. ■The Chinese themselves adapted many specific vessel forms from the West, such as bottles with long spouts, and designed a range of decorative patterns especially for the European market.13. Look at the four squares [■]that indicate whe re the following sentence could be added to the passage.Foreign trade was also responsible for certain innovations incoloring.Where could the sentence best fit?14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Ceramics have been produced in China for a very long time.●●●Answer choices○ The Chinese produced earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain pottery and they used their ceramics for a variety of utilitarian, architectural, and ceremonial purposes.○ The shape and decoration of ceramics produced for religious use in China were influenced by Chinese ceramics produced for export.○ As a result of trade relations, Chinese ceramic production changed and Chinese influenced the ceramics production of other countries.○ Chinese burial ceramics have the longest and most varied history of production and were frequently decorated with written texts that help scholars date them.○ Before China had contact with the West, the meaning of various designs used to decorate Chinese ceramics was well understood.○ Ceramics made in imperial factories were used in bothreligious and non-religious contexts.托福TPO10阅读答案Part1参考答案：1. ○22. ○43. ○34. ○25. ○16. ○47. ○38.○19. ○210. ○111. ○212. ○213. ○214. The Chinese producedAs a result of tradeBefore China had contact托福TPO10阅读翻译Part1参考翻译：中国的陶瓷尽管中国曾饱受入侵，偶尔丧失主权受制于外国，她仍然拥有世界上最源远流长的文明。
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【托福写作备考】TPO10综合写作文本与解析TPO 10The sea otter is a small mammal that lives in waters along the western coast of North America from California to Alaska. When some sea otter populations off the Alaskan coast started rapidly declining a few years ago, it caused much concern because sea otters play an important ecological role in the coastal ecosystem. Experts started investigating the cause of the decline and quickly realized that there were two possible explanations: environmental pollution or attacks by predators. Initially, the pollution hypothesis seemed the more likely of the two.中文：海獭是一种生活在北美西海岸从加州到阿拉斯加沿线的小型海洋哺乳动物。
几年前，阿拉斯加海岸的海獭数量急剧减少。
由于海獭对于维持海岸沿线生态平衡有非常重要的作用，所以其数量下降引起了广泛的关注。
专家开始研究海獭数量下降的原因，并且很快发现了两个可能的原因，分别是环境污染和天敌捕食。
最初，环境污染说看起来更为可信。
The first reason why pollution seemed the more likely cause was that there were known sources of it along the Alaskan coast, such as oil rings and other sources of industrial chemical pollution. Water samples from the area revealed increased levels of chemicals that could decrease the otters’resistance to life-threatening infections and thus could indirectly cause their deaths.中文：为什么污染说更为可信呢?这是因为阿拉斯加海岸确实有污染源，比如石油带或者其他的工业污染物。
该地的水样显示水中化学物的含量增加，其数量可以导致海獭对于对于一些致命感染丧失抵抗力，进而间接导致数量下降。
Second, other sea mammals such as seals and sea lions along the Alaskan coast were also declining; indicating that whatever had endangered the otters was affecting other sea mammals as well. This fact again pointed to environmental pollution, since it usually affect the entire ecosystem rather than a single species. Only widely occurring predators, such as the orca (a large predatory whale), could have the same effect, but orcas prefer to hunt much larger prey, such as other whales.中文：第二，在阿拉斯加海域，包括海豹和海狮在内的其他海洋哺乳动物的数量也有所下降。
这表明造成海獭数量下降的原因也对其他海洋哺乳动物造成了影响。
原因再次指向了环境污染，这是因为环境污染问题常常不是仅仅影响某个特定物种，而是影响整个生态系统。
除此之外，只有像逆戟鲸(一种大型肉食鲸)那种食性广泛的动物才能通过捕食呈现相同的效果。
但是，逆戟鲸更喜欢捕食像鲸类这种的大型猎物。
Third, scientists believed that the pollution hypothesis could also explain the uneven pattern of otter decline: at some Alaskan locations the otter populations declined greatly, while at others they remained stable. Some experts explained theseobservations by suggesting that ocean currents or other environmental factors may have created uneven concentrations of pollutants along the coast.中文：第三，科学家认为污染说同时可以解释海獭数量变化的不均衡性。
所谓不均衡性是指在阿拉斯加某些区域海獭数量下降明显，而在其他地方海獭的数量保持未定。
一些专家指出这样的观察结果表明洋流和其他环境因素导致了海岸线上污染物的不均衡聚集。
在阅读完材料后需要提取的观点是：- Main point: 海獭数量下降的原因是环境污染- Sub point 1:阿拉斯加海域确有污染源- Sub point 2:除海獭外，还有其他哺乳动物的数量下降- Sub point 3:不同区域海獭数量下降情况不同，可以解释为污染物聚集情况不同导致的。
完后是一段听力材料：Well, ongoing investigations have revealed that predation is the most likely cause of sea otter decline after all.中文：目前的研究表明天敌捕食是最可能导致海獭数量减少的原因。
First, the pollution theory is weakened by the fact that no one can really find any Dead Sea otters washing off on Alaskan beaches. That’s not what you would expect if infections caused by pollution started killing a lot of otters. On the other hand, the fact that it’s so hard to find dead otters is consistent with the predator hypothesis. If an otter is killed by a predator, it’s eaten immediately so it can’t wash up on shore.中文：首先，由于没有人发现有海獭尸体被冲上阿拉斯加海滩，所以污染理论捕食那么站得住脚的。
如果污染造成的疾病感染导致了海獭数量的剧减，那么情况不该如此。
而且，很少发现海獭尸体也恰恰说明了天敌捕食假说。
捕食者杀死了海獭后，会很快地吃掉它，那么我们也就不会再岸上发现海獭尸体了。
Second, although orcas may prefer to hunt whales, whales have essentially disappeared from the area because of human hunters. That means that orcas have had to change their diet to survive and since only smaller sea mammals are now available, orcas have probably started hunting those. So, it probably is the orcas that are causing the decline of all the smaller sea mammals mentioned in the passage - the seals, the sea lions, and the sea otters.中文：第二，尽管逆戟鲸喜欢捕食鲸类，但是鲸类的数量却由于人类的捕猎活动而剧烈减少。
这意味着逆戟鲸不得不为了生存而更改捕食习惯。
目前来看只有一些小型海洋哺乳动物还可以捕捉，逆戟鲸很可能开始以它们为食了。
所以，很可能是逆戟鲸的捕食导致了文中提到的诸如海豹、海狮和海獭等小型哺乳动物的数量减少。
And third, the uneven pattern of otter decline is better explained by the orca predation theory than by the pollution theory. What happens to otters seems to depend on whether the location where they live is accessible to orcas or not. In those locations that orcas can access easily, the number of sea otters has declined greatly. However, because orcas are so large, they can’t access shallow or rocky locations. And shallow and rocky locations are precisely the types of locations where sea otter populations have not declined.中文：第三，海獭数量变化的不均衡性恰好表明了逆戟鲸捕食理论比污染理论更合理。