怎么区别动词非谓语动词的时态

怎么区别动词非谓语动词的时态非谓语动词非谓语动词（不能作谓语用）包括不定式、分词及动名词。

动词不定式1．常用形式：一般主动式to do, 一般被动式to be done完成主动式to have done, 完成被动式to have been done进行式to be doing2．语法功能：可作主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语和状语（即除谓语之外的各种成分）。

例如：1）主语：To master a foreign language is very important.2）表语：My job is to drive them to the company every day.3）宾语：Do you want to visit the Great Wall?Can you give us some advice on what to do next?宾补：The teacher advised us to have a rest first.I didn´t notice them come in.注：see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等动词后作宾补的动词不定式不带to, 但变为被动语态以后（即不定式作主补时）要带to, （其中let sb. do sth. 变为被动式为sb. is let do sth.）help（帮助）后作宾补的动词不定式可带to，也可不带to. 即help sb.(to)do sth. 定语：不定式位于所修饰的名词，代词之后，如：Who was the first one to set to the top of the hill yesterday? /He is the man to depend on/to believe in.6）状语：in order toA．目的状语：She reads China Daily every day so as to improve her English. to注：in order to 可以位于句首或句中，so as to 不能位于句首。

B．原因状语：I’m glad to see you . 注：这种“be＋形容词＋不定式”结构，其不定式有时也可视为宾语，如：He is eager to go to college./ She is sure to come here.C．结果状语：They lived to see the liberation of their home town.他们一直活到见到家乡解放。

△在“too…to…”结构中表“太…结果不能”，如：He is too weak to do the work. 注：too之前如果有only, only too 表“非常”、“很”意，此时不定式不再表否定意，而表肯定意。

如：They are only too lucky to go abroad for a visit. 他们很幸运去国外访问。

另外，too后如果是happy, glad之类形容词时，不定式也表肯定意，如：She was too happy to meet her old friend in the street.△在“形容词/副词＋enough＋不定式”结构中表“足以能…”，如：He is strong enough to do the work.3．复合结构不定式（for sb. to do sth.），可作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。

for 本身无意义，sb.可称之为不定式的逻辑主语。

例如：I think it necessary for him to go there at once.（复合结构不定式作宾语）注：当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时，不用for, 而用of,如：It is kind of you to help me .（相当于You are kind to help me .）这类形容词有good, nice, kind, wise, clever, foolish, silly, stupid, careless, impolite（不礼貌）等。

right, wrong既可用于for sb. to do sth. 也可用于of sb. to do sth. 例如：It’s right/wrong for him to do the work alone.4．疑问词＋不定式：可作主语、表语或宾语。

如：How to finish the work in time is a problem.（主语）We don´t know when and where to go.（宾语）5．动词不定式的否定式（not to do sth.），语法功能同不定式肯定式。

6．不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系：1）一般式：表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，或在谓语动作之后，或没有时间限制。

例如：They often watch us play table tennis.（与谓语动作同时）She hopes to go there again.（在谓语动作之后）It is necessary and important to read English every day.（无时间限制）The factory to make radios is over there.（无时间限制）2）完成式：表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。

如：I´m sorry to have kept you waiting. /She seems to have been a teacher for many years.3）进行式：表示正在发生的动作且与谓语动作同时发生。

例如：She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I come in.7．不定式的被动式：名词、代词为不定式的逻辑宾语时，一般用不定式被动式，例如：What is to be done is unknown. /The bridge to be built there is very long. 注：关于不定式的主动式表被动义用法参见《动词时态、语态》一讲。

二、分词1．分词形式：有现在分词和过去分词两种。

过去分词只有一种形式，现在分词则有：一般主动式doing, 一般被动式being done, 完成主动式having done,完成被动式having been done2．语法功能：在句中作定语、表语、宾补、状语。

3．现在分词和过去分词的区别：1）语态不同：现在分词表示主动概念，及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念。

例如：the moving film 动人的电影，the moved girl 受感动的姑娘，a running machine 一台转动的机器，a stolen car 一辆被盗的汽车注：关于心理状态动词的－ing形式表主动意，－ed形式表被动意。

2）时间关系上不同：现在分词表正在进行的动作，过去分词往往表已经完成的动作。

例如：a developing country 发展中的国家，a developed country发达的国家4．现在分词的基本用法：一般主动式用法：A．作定语：The sleeping child is only five years old.(＝The child who is sleeping is…)/The girl writing a letter there can speak English very well.(＝The girl who is writing a letter can…)The factory making TV sets is very large.(＝The factory which makes TV sets is very large.)B．作表语：The story sounds very interesting./The news is very exciting. C．作宾补：学用于see, watch, hear, feel, find, have, keep等动词之后。

例如：We can see steam rising from the wet clothes. /I saw Tom coming out of the house. /Don´t keep the students doing homework all day.注：上述动词后跟不定式作宾补表示动作的过程，而不是正在进行中的动作，而现在分词作宾补则表示正在进行中的动作。

例如：I heard them singing in the roomwhen I passed it.(singing不可改为sing) Do you often hear them sing in the room ?(sing不可改为singing)have sb. do sth. 与have sb. doing sth. 的区别：前者have＝let, 后者have 有时表“keep”意，有时表“employ（雇用）”意。

如：I’ll have him go with me.我将让他和我一块去。

I’ll have him working in my company.我将雇用他在我的公司里工作。

Don’t have the machine working all day .不要让机器整天工作。

D．作状语：①时间状语：Reading the letter, I couldn’t help thinking of my school life.②原因状语：Being ill, I didn’t go to school yesterday.③方式或伴随状语：Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty.2）完成主动式用法：这种分词所表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前，一般在句中作时间或原因状语用，不能作定语用。

例如：Having finished her homework, she went to bed. /Not having received his letter, she wrote to him again.3）一般被动式用法：表示正在发生的被动动作，在句中作定语或状语。

例如：The car being repaired is mine.(＝The car which is being repaired is mine.) /Being repaired, the car can’t be used.(＝As/Because it is being repaired, the car can´t be used.)4）完成被动式用法：表示发生在谓语动作之前的被动动作，在句中多作状语，不能作定语。