功能性语言

1. Talking About Personal Habits2. Expressing Likes and Dislikes3. Expressing Reasons for Likes and Dislikes4. Expressing a Preference5. Comparing6. Talking About Recent Changes7. Contrasting8. Suggesting9. Expressing Opinions10. Giving Reasons for Opinions11. Explaining12. Speculating ( = Guessing When You Don't Know)13. Speculating ( = guessing) About the Future14. Expressing Plans, Intentions and Hopes for the Future15. Clarifying16. Explaining a Word When you have Forgotten (or don't know) the Word17. Speaking in GeneralExample question:What do you usually do in the evenings?1.I usually ...2.I often ...3.While I'm studying I usually ...4.Sometimes I ....5.As a rule, I ...6.Whenever I can I ...**************************************************************************Example question:What kinds of music do you like?1.My favourite ... is ...2.I like ...3.I enjoy ...4.I'm (quite/rather) keen on ...5.I just love ...6.I absolutely adore ....7.I'm crazy about ...8.I'm addicted to ...9.I'm really into ...10.I don't mind ...11.As far as .... is concerned, I can take it or leave it.12.I don't care too much for ... = I'm not really into ...13.My least favourite .... is ...14.I dislike ...15.I can't stand ...16.I hate ... (extreme language)17.I find ...*************************************************************************1.... because ...2.... since ...3.The main reason I like...... is that it's ......4.What I like best about ..... is .....5.The thing I like best about ..... is ......6.The best/worst thing about ... is ...7.I don't like that very much because it's too ......8.That's because I find it ......*************************************************************************Example question:Do you (or, would you) prefer to travel alone or with others? (e.g., a friend)1.I prefer ... because2.My preference is ... because ...3.I prefer A to B because ...4.If I had the choice, I'd + V ... because ... (假设的话)5.If I had the choice, I'd rather + V... because ... (假设的话)6.If I have the choice, I'll + V .... (a real possibility for the future)*************************************************************************Example question:What are the differences between modern art in China and traditional Chinese art?1. A is bigger than B.2. B is not as big as A.You can also use some of these:∙Use “much” as in, “A is much better / worse than B”.∙“A is not nearly as good as B.”∙“B is nowhere near as big as A”∙“A is not quite as important as B.”∙“A is almost as important as B, but not quite.”∙“In comparison to B,A is quite big.”Or, “A is quite big in comparison to B”.∙“Compared to B, A is a lot bigger.”*************************************************************************Example question:Has your hometown changed much in the past few years? (e.g. 20 years)Yes, it has. For example, ...1.Today there are many more cars on the roads than there were thirty years ago.( ... there are/is more_____ than there were/was ....)2.The air pollution is much worse/much better than it used to be.( ______ is more ____ than it used to be.)pared to thirty years ago, the population of the city has increased by about twomillion.(Compared to thirty years ago, _______ has + 过去分词)4.The population of the city has increased by about two million people in the last thirtyyears.(______ has + 过去分词in the last thirty years)5.More people today own a car than was the case thirty years ago.(More _________ today + present tense than was the case thirty years ago.)6.Today, more and more people are living in high-rise apartment buildings whereas thirtyyears ago, we had very few high-rise apartments buildings in our city.(Today ______ are + 现在分词whereas thirty years ago + past tense)7.More and more large-scale supermarkets are being built nowadays but there were veryfew of them in my hometown thirty years ago(More and more ________ are being + 过去分词nowadays but + past tense thirty years ago.)*************************************************************************The question is usually 'a compare question'. When you answer one of these questions, you can use a contrasting statement. However, since the grammar of the comparing answers (see above) is more difficult, you will impress the examiner more by mostly using that, rather than by using contrasting statements.Example: "A is big but B is small."(____ is _____ but _____ is ____)∙ A contrasting statement has two parts and the second part basically repeats the first part in grammatical form but the idea expressed in the second part is the opposite idea to the first part.In the example above, the two ideas expressed are the adjectives 'big' and 'small' but you can use adverbs or phrases as well. (The yellow words are given extra stress because they are words in contrast.) For example, "He works quite slowly whereas I work quite fast" or, "I was on myway to work but he was on his way home."∙Of course, it's much better to add words such as 'quite'. For example, "A is quite big while B is rather small."∙Instead of 'but' you can use, 'while' or 'whereas'. It's possible but not necessary to include the expression, "on the other hand". For example, "A is quite big but, on the other hand, B israther small."∙The verb form doesn't have to be present tense – any suitable verb form is possible.∙When you speak a sentence with a contrasting statement, it is important to stress the words that are in contrast. (The examiners are looking for these stressed words. Examiners use contraststatements as part of their assessment of your pronunciation score, not so much your grammarscore.) For example: "A is quite big while B is rather small." The words 'big' and 'small' have the greatest sentence stress but 'A' and 'B' are also stressed.Example questions:What would you suggest a visitor to your country see and do?What do you think the government could/shoulddo?1.I'd .... (suggest, recommend, say, tell him/her/them) ....2.Maybe/perhaps/possibly ... + could / should ...3.It might/may help if ....+ past tense form of verb4.It would probably + (be a good idea, be useful, help) if + past tense formof verb5.I .... (suggest, recommend, say) ....************************************************************** ************9.Example question:Do you think that children should always be offered an incentive (a reward of some kind) when parents ask their children to do something?1.I think ...2.I believe ...3.I feel ...4.Personally, I (think, believe, feel) ...5.I tend to + (think, feel, believe) that ...6.In my opinion, ...7.In my view, ...8.I've always + (thought/believed/felt) that ...9.I maintain that ...10.I've always maintained that ...11.It seems to me that ...12.I'm convinced that ...13.As far as I'm concerned, ...14.My view is that ...15.From my point of view, ...16.To my mind, ...17.The way I see it, ...18.As I see it, ...∙Don't say, "personally in my opinion".∙Don't say, "In my eyes". Use, "In my view", instead.********************************************************************* *****10.1.... because ...2.... since ...3.The main reason I say that is because ...4.One of the reasons I say that is because ... (One reason I say that isbecause ... )∙Don't use, 'as' or, 'for' to mean 因为when speaking; they are too formal-sounding and unnatural when speaking.******************************************************************** ******11.Example question: Why are many older people reluctant to learn computer skills?1.The reason why ... is because / is that ...2.The main reason why ... is because / is that ...3.One reason why ... is because / is that ...4.One possible explanation (for that) is ...5.To understand why ....., you first need to ..... (understand, know, be awarethat)6.Well, it's like this: ....7.You could look at it this way: ...******************************************************************** ******(When talking about the present or the past)Example question: Do old people in China have opportunities to attend any forms of1.Well, I'm not sure but ...2.Well, I've never thought about that before but ...3.I imagine ...4.I guess ...5.I suppose ...6.I'd say ...∙ Since you're not sure, you can also use words such as, "maybe", "perhaps", "possibly", "probably", "it's quite likely that ...", "it's quite possible that ...","it's quite probable that ...", "may +V", "might +V", "could + V". (V = 动词原形)******************************************************************** ******13.(Most commonly, how the future will change, compared to now.)How do you think the tourist industry (in China) will develop in1.I predict ... + a noun2.I (can) foresee ... + [a noun + 现在分词] or + a noun3.I imagine / suppose / guess ...4.... will + adverb (or, adverb + will)5.... be (present tense) likely to ...6.... be (present tense) bound to ...7.... be (present tense) + going to + V (原形动词) = "will" + V (原形动词)8.There’ll probably / possibly be ...9.We might see / have ...10.... will be + 现在分词 ...11. ... might be + 现在分词 ...12.I'd be surprised if + past tense/past continuous tense13.I'll be very surprised if + present tense/past continuous tense14.I expect ...∙…Adverb‟ = …adverb of certainty‟ = definitely / certainly / probably / possibly.********************************************************************* *****14.Example question: What are your future work plans? (after you graduate)1.I plan to ...2.My plan is to ...3.I plan on + Ving (动名词)4.I intend to ...5.I hope to ...6.I'm going to ...7.My ambition is to ...8.My immediate goal is to ...9.My ultimate (= final) goal is to ...10.Ultimately, ...11.Hopefully, ...12.Ideally, ...13.I expect to ...14.I’d like to ...= I want to ..15.As an alternative, I might ...16.If all goes well, I'll / I should ...17.If everything goes according to plan, I'll / I should ...18.My dream is to ...19.It's always been my hope/plan/ambition/dream to ...20.My heart is set on + Ving (动名词)******************************************************************** ******15.1.What I mean is ..2.My meaning is ....3.In other words,4.That is to say, ...5.Let me put that another way.6.To put that another way, ...7.What I'm trying to say is ..8.My point is that ...9.More specifically, ...10.Forexample, ...11.Forinstance, ...Using "That is to say, ..." is a little formal-sounding. It is best to only use that when speaking quite seriously about something in Part 3 (or when answering a Part 1 question that is a "Part 3-style" question).******************************************************************** ******16."I can't remember the word but .....1.it's a thing that ...2.it's a type of ...3.it's something you ...4.he's a person who ...5.it's something like ...6.it's similar to ...7.it's kind of like a ..."8.**************************************************************************17.1.On the whole, ..2.As a rule, ...3.In general,4.Generally, ...5.Generally speaking, ..6.For the most part, ...7.Typically,ually,。