Thinking Pattern East and West中西方思维方式 PPT
中西思维方式差异英语作文
中西思维方式差异英语作文英文回答：In terms of thinking styles, there are indeed differences between the East and the West. One major difference lies in the emphasis on individualism versus collectivism. In Western cultures, individualism is highly valued, and people are encouraged to express their own opinions and pursue their own goals. This can be seen in the emphasis on personal freedom and independence. On the other hand, Eastern cultures tend to prioritize collectivism, where the needs and goals of the group are given more importance than individual desires. This can be seen in the strong sense of community and the emphasis on harmonious relationships.Another difference is the approach to problem-solving. Western thinking tends to be more analytical and logical, focusing on breaking down complex issues into smaller parts and finding rational solutions. This can be seen in thescientific method and the emphasis on critical thinking. In contrast, Eastern thinking tends to be more holistic and intuitive, taking into account various factors and considering the bigger picture. This can be seen in practices such as traditional Chinese medicine, which emphasizes the balance of Yin and Yang.Furthermore, there are also differences in communication styles. Western cultures tend to be more direct and explicit in their communication, often stating their opinions and intentions clearly. This can be seen in phrases like "I think" or "I want." In contrast, Eastern cultures tend to be more indirect and implicit, using subtle cues and non-verbal communication to convey their messages. This can be seen in phrases like "Maybe" or "It would be nice if."To sum up, the differences in thinking styles between the East and the West can be attributed to cultural values and historical influences. While Western thinking emphasizes individualism, analytical thinking, and direct communication, Eastern thinking prioritizes collectivism,holistic thinking, and indirect communication.中文回答：中西思维方式的差异确实存在。
东西方思维方式的差异
东西方思维方法的差异东西方思维方法的差异主要表达在辩证思维与逻辑思维上：学者们常常用辩证思维来描述东方人，尤其是中国人的思维方法；用逻辑思维或者分析思维来描述西方人，尤其是欧美人的思维方法。
在他们看来，中国人的辩证思维包含着三个原理：变化论、矛盾论及中和论。
变化论认为世界永远处于变化之中，没有永恒的对与错；矛盾论则认为万事万物都是由对立面构成的矛盾统一体，没有矛盾就没有事物本身；中和论则表达在中庸之道上，认为任何事物都存在着适度的合理性。
对中国人来说，“中庸之道〞经过数千年的历史积淀，甚至内化成了自己的性格特征。
与中国人的辩证思维不同，西方人的思维是一种逻辑思维。
这种思维强调世界的同一性、非矛盾性和排中性。
同一性认为事物的本质不会发生变化，一个事物永远是它自己；非矛盾性信任一个命题不可能同时对或错；排中性强调一个事物要么对，要么错，无中间性。
西方人的思维方法也叫分析思维，他们在考虑问题的时候不像中国人那样追求折衷与和谐，而是喜欢从一个整体中把事物别离出来，对事物的本质特性进行逻辑分析。
正是因为思维方法取向的不同，在不少情况下，东方人和西方人在对人的行为归因上往往正好相反：美国人强调个人的作用，而中国人强调环境和他人的作用。
1.整体性和个体性中西方文化的开展有着各自的轨迹：中国文化建立在深受儒教和道教影响的东方传统之上，在思维方法上以辩证和整体思维为主要特征。
而西方文明建立在古希腊的传统之上，在思维方法上以逻辑和个体思维为特征。
中国人的整体观念根源于对自然界的朴素认识，按照自然界的本来面目把它当作一个整体来观察。
人与自然，个体与社会不可分割，互相影响，互相对应，把一切都放在关系网中从整体上综合考察其有机联系。
这种整体性和综合性，其渊源可追溯到《周易》。
《周易》以代表大地天地二卦作为起始，将象征万事万物的其余六十四卦置于其后，以天地位准则，将天地间的道理普遍包容在内，从整体上把握宇宙和万事万物，形成了概括天地间的世界体系，表达了一种系统的整体观。
A Comparative Study on the Eastern and Western Thought Patterns中西方思维方式对比研究
A Comparative Study on the Eastern and Western ThoughtPatterns——On the Differences between Eastern Collectivism and WesternIndividualismAbstractThere are obvious differences between eastern and western culture and thought patterns. This thesis will compare the differences between eastern collectivism and western individualism. First, I will show the definition of the eastern collectivism and the western individualism. And then, some reasons that cause the eastern collectivism and the western individualism will be discussed. Actually, the differences between eastern collectivism and western individualism appear in many aspects, including education, family, privacy, and so on. It is necessary for us to master the differences when we are faced with the world which is full of cross-culture communication.Key words: Thought patterns collectivism individualismI. The Respective Definition of the Eastern Collectivism and the Western IndividualismCollectivism pertains to societies in which people from birth onwards are integrated into strong cohesive in-groups, which throughout people's lifetime continue to protect them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty. While Individualism pertains to societies in which the ties between individuals are loose. Everyone is expected to look after himself or herself and his or her immediate family. Generally speaking, the values, norms and beliefs associated with Individualism emphasize that every individual is unique. Accordingly, popular comments about individuals tend to be mainly based on their personal achievements, status and other features. By contrast, societies organized along collectivist lines prefer to characterize an individual according to his family, social class, and group. Individualism indicates that a society is a loosely knit social framework while Collectivism indicates a tight social network.II. The Historical Reason of Collectivism and IndividualismThe eastern collectivism and western individualism can be traced back to their histories respectively. Collectivism is always popular in eastern countries, especially in China, and no matter in ancient times or in modern society. Confucianism has great influence on the development of China. His thoughts deeply rooted in people’ mind, and take far-reaching effect on people’ behavior. In Confucius words: “If one wants to establish himself, he should help others to establish themselves at first.” However, in western countries, at that time, nomadic economy developed rapidly with the manorial economy developme nt. The “expansivity” of nomadic economy had become more distinct, which determined that “dispute” inevitably became the key point in western culture. Additionally, the later Renaissance of Europe produced the determined and key influences on the westerner s’ thoughts. Since than, the thoughts of freedom and humanity had impressed on people’s heart deeply. So, individualism has been advocated in western countries.III. The Comparison between Collectivism and Individuals in Many AspectsA.Collectivism and Individualism in terms of EducationIn Chinese education pattern, our parents and teachers told us that we should learn to collaborate with our companies. If we act like that, we will find it easy to finish our tasks. But if we don’t act like that, we will find it difficult to handle the problems. However, people in western countries tend to believe that people should rely on themselves as much as possible, and they usually expect other people to do the same. They are told that they must finish a task by themselves without others’ help. They have an open environment of them own. So when they are faced with problem, they are bound to handle it on their own first instead of asking others for help. They have a sense of individual thinking.B.Collectivism and Individualism in terms of FamilyTake china as an example. Compared to western countries, the divorce rate in China remains at a low level and much lower than that in western countries. Chinese care more about the unity of their families and the relationship of relatives. Besides, in China, there is a common phenomenon that “four generations under one roof”. The children are expected to stay at the parents .As the proverb says “the fallen leaves return to the root” .But in western countries, usually children move out of the parents house by age 20-22. If parents pressure their grown children to continue living at home ,people may say that they are not allowing their children to grow up .And parents in America usually live by themselves rather than move in with their children .Even when one parent dies ,the other may live alone .Many elderly people eventually move to retirement communities or homes where support services are provided them, so they have fewer responsibilities and feel more secure and comfortable .A significant number of retirees move to south where the weather is warm throughout the year .The most popular state for retirees is Florida.C.Collectivism and Individualism in terms of PrivacyIn china, it is seemed to be common that your parents may look up your dairy or listen to your phone by keeping you in the dark in china. But in America, the parents will respect the children. When the young come into their own bedrooms, without their permission, their parents can not enter their bedrooms either. Compared to china, western countries pay much attention to privacy. Privacy is much respected in the United States in terms of social contacts and daily activities. Americans avoid asking questions concerning others’ income, age especially for women and some other sensitive issues when it seems not to be the appropriate time for raising such questions. For instance one won’t ask his friend’s marital or job-seeking developments when his friend is apparently in a very embarrassing or unpleasant mood. Right of Privacy is the right claimed by individuals to control the disclosure of personal information about themselves. It also covers people’s freedom to make their own decisions about their private lives in the face of government attempts to regulate behavior. The Constitution of the United States guarantees a number of privacy rights. The Fifth Amendment, for example, upholds the right to refuse to testify against oneself in a criminal case. The Fourth Amendment protects a person against unreasonable searches and seizures by government officials. The Supreme Court of the United States has ruled that the Constitution also protects privacy in certain matters relating to marriage, reproduction, birth control, family relationships, and child rearing and education. However, compared to the days in the past, Chinese sense of privacy has been increasing in recent years.D.Collectivism and Individualism in terms of warWhat are worth of being taken notice of soldier different attitudes towards surrender and people different attitudes towards prisoners of war from their countries. For an American, it is natural andunderstandable to yield when he fights to the bitter end and has no bullet .But for Chinese ,to lay down his arms and surrender seems more disgraced than to die ,especially when the enemies are from other countries. In history, countless national heroes at the critical moment of national development abandoned individual interest even disregarded their own lives and families to go through fire and water for the cardinal principle of national interest .The spirit rose and spread by them has adored generation after generation, which has finally been considered into the spiritual tower of Chinese. The patriotism spirit is the chore and soul of our nation.E. Rights of Collectivities and IndividualsIn west, the rights of individuals should not be subordinated to the needs of a larger group, or at least that individuals should have the right to decide for themselves whether to sacrifice their personal benefit for the sake of the group. American people feel that the best way to ensure the well-being of the group is to protect the rights of individuals. In contrast, people in east are generally more willing to accept the idea that individuals should sacrifice for the benefit of the group. When a group of people who comes from China and West make a decision, the Chinese will decide it by raising hands. There is a principle that the minority always subordinates to the majority. In this condition, Western people will make a decision what he want to make, despite of others minds.IV. ConclusionCollectivism and individualism based on different thought patterns have their own features. The differences between collectivism and individualism are related to different features of histories. In collective societies like China, a “we” consciousness prevails and identity is based on the social system. The individual is emotionally dependent on organizations and institutions. Individuals trust a group rather than themselves. They are accustomed to a group to help them make a decision, complete his goal and enhance his confidence. In thought patterns that tend toward individualism, like America, an “I” consciousness prevails and competition rather than cooperation is encouraged. Personal goals take precedence over group goals. people tend not to be emotionally dependent on organizations and institutions, and every individual has the right to his or her private property, thoughts, and opinions. To conclusion, being familiar with the different thought patterns in east and west will benefit us a lot in cross-culture communication.Bibliography:[1] 胡文仲.跨文化交际学概论[M].外语教学与研究出版社.1999[2] 高晨阳.中国传统思维方式研究[M].山东大学出版.1998[3] 林大津.跨文化交际研究与英美人交往指南[J].福建人民出版社.2008[4] 许光华.中国文化概要[M].汉语大词典出版.2002[5] Larry A.Samovar, Richard E.Porter. Communication Between Cultures. 1995[6] Linell Davis. Doing Culture –Cross-cultural Communication in Action. 外语教学与研究出版社.2001。
中西思维方式对比
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Group members: 张 莹
王晓楠 尹张源 柳载锐 王诗露
Differences between Chinese and Western Ways of Thinking
Westerners spend 1000 dollars going to the gym, 100 dollars buying health care products, 10 dollars seeing a doctor, and one dollar for rescue; Chinese people go to the gym with one dollar, buy health care products with 10 dollars, take medicine with 100 dollars, and 1000 dollars for rescue. The majority of the Chinese people in the last days of their lives, spend their life savings and leave with extreme pain.
Ji Xianlin once said:In a word, the thinking mode of Oriental culture system is integrated, and the west is the analytical. In general ,Eastern and western ways of thinking have different characteristics. The east lay particular stress on humanities and pay attention to ethics, morality, while westerners lay particular stress on the natural, pay attention to science and technology.
第二讲 中西思维方式之比较ppt课件
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◆汉字起源于图画，是一种象形文字。虽然经过 几千年的演变和简化，象形的特色已经减色不少， 但是今天的一些汉字依然有象形的特征，汉字的形 象作用在今天仍在发挥作用。举例 ◆汉字是形、音、义的统一体，且音同形异的字 多，字形和字义有着密切的关系。因此，汉字的形、 义之间的联系强于音、义之间的联系，这是有别于 拼音文字的显著特点。拼音文字中形、义之间没有 直接的联系，又存在着严重的形、音分离现象。 ◆右脑是负责形象思维的；由于汉字是右脑优势， 促进了右脑的发展。左脑是负责逻辑思维的；拼音 文字是左脑优势，促进了左脑的发展。
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两位篮坛巨星国度不同，文化背景不同，思维方式不同，但为 了体现人类崇高的体育精神走在一起，求同存异，沟通合作。
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一、何谓思维方式？
◆思维方式是精神产品的生产方式，是 主体在反映客体的思维过程中，定型化了的 思维方法和思维程序的有机综合。 ◆思维方式主要由知识、观念、方法、智 力、情感、意志、语言、习惯等八大要素组 成。这些要素相互联系，相互作用，形成一 个动态、有机、复杂的系统。正是这些要素 各自的特征及其结构，规定着思维方式的性 质、类型和特征，产生思维方式的差异。
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◆在英美人中，姓名的结构形 式一般有两种： 一是名字•姓，如英国剧作家 William Shakespeare（威廉•莎士比 亚）；二是名字•中间名•姓，如英 国19世纪浪漫主义诗人George Gordon Byron（乔治•戈登•拜伦）。
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◆中间名有的是采用父亲的名，有的 采用的是母亲的姓，还有的采用亲戚或 至交的姓，可谓五花八门。拜伦的中间 名“戈登”是父名；马克· 吐温（Mark Twain）原名为萨缪尔· 朗赫恩· 克列门 斯（Samuel Langhorne Clemens）, 其中 间名“朗赫恩”也是父名；美国前总统 里根的全名为罗纳德· 威尔逊· 里根 （Ronald Wilson Regan），其中间名 “威尔逊”系里根母亲的娘家姓。
中西方思维模式对比
从宇宙观到认识论
• 尽人事，听天命”， • “谋事在人，成事在天”， • “天作孽，尤可为，人作孽，不可活” • 成了脚踏实地的农业民族的行动信条。由 此，它引导中国文化理性趋于实用，它使 中华民族不虚妄，不狂噪，它指导了一个 较少宗教情结的乐观坚定的民族，一个关 注热爱现实生活的文化。
【安分守命】 【安贫知命【安之若命】 【薄命佳人】【达官知命】【达人知命】 【福轻命薄】【红颜薄命】 【佳人薄命】 【命薄相穷】【命薄缘悭】【命舛数奇】 【命蹇时乖】 【命途多舛】【命与仇谋】 【命运多舛】 【命中注定】【乐天安命】 【乐天任命】【乐天知命】 【穷通皆命】 【生死有命，富贵在天】【顺天应命】 【听天安命】 【【听天委命】
直觉思维与逻辑推理
• 一、主观联系的直觉思维 • 直觉思维：体验、领悟、个体经验、主观情志、 心理事实等，它的主观性和感悟性的意向已呈 现出来。 • 事实上，直觉思维是一种很独特的思维方式， 它以个体经验与智慧直接切入事物本质。我们 不能因为具有形象和感知认识的特点，或因为 它缺乏逻辑的表述，而简单地把它理解为粗浅。 直觉思维因为强烈的主观色彩而带有模糊性， 让人难以把握，但直觉思维的一些特征却是显 见的。
从宇宙观到认识论
• 《朱子语类》日：“天人一物，内外一理；流通贯彻，初 无间隔。” • 禅宗讲：“默默与天行，默默与天语。” • 孔子说：“天何言哉，四时行焉，百物生焉，天何言哉。 ” • 陆九渊说：“宇宙便是吾心，吾心即是宇宙。” • 孟子日：“万物皆备于我矣，反身而诚，乐莫大焉。” • 儒家讲去欲去私以达无我，忘我之境界； • 庄子讲心斋坐忘， • 老子要人回到婴孩的无知无觉状态， • 佛家则只管悟空，“会理知无我，观空厌有形”，“水将 空合色，云与我无心。”
中西方思维模式差异
参与国际交流活动
参加国际交流活动能够亲身感受不同文化背 景下的思维方式，提高跨文化交际能力。
通过与外国人交流、参加国际会议、出国留 学等方式，可以深入了解不同文化背景下的
思维方式，培养自己的跨文化思维能力。
THANKS
感谢观看
解决问题的方式
西方思维模式在解决问题时更注重实验和实践，强调创新和 变革，善于运用科学技术和创新方法来解决问题。
中国思维模式在解决问题时则更注重经验和传统，强调稳定 和和谐，善于运用经验和传统的方法来解决问题。
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CATALOGUE
中西方思维模式差异的影响
对文化的影响
文化表达方式
艺术表现形式
中西方思维模式的不同导致文化表达 方式的差异，西方文化更倾向于直接 、明确地表达观点，而中国文化则更 倾向于委婉、含蓄的表达。
人而言，需要适应对方的思维方式才能更好地进行交流和合作。
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CATALOGUE
中西方思维模式的融合与借鉴
中西方思维模式的融合
文化交流与融合
随着全球化的推进，中西方文化交流 日益频繁，思维模式也在相互融合。 这种融合有助于增进相互理解，促进 跨文化交流与合作。
互相学习与借鉴
中西方思维模式各有优劣，通过互相 学习与借鉴，可以取长补短，不断完 善各自的思维方式。这种融合有助于 推动创新与发展。
VS
培养文化敏感度需要主动学习和体验 ，可以通过阅读、观看影视作品、参 加文化活动等方式了解不同文化。
学习不同思维方式
中西方思维方式存在显著差异，了解这些差异有助于更好地进行跨文化交流。
学习不同思维方式需要深入了解西方哲学、文学、艺术等领域，以及中国传统文化和现代思维方式，从而培养自己的跨文化 思维能力。
东西方思维方式比较与翻译
• 可是我们已经说到故事的后面去了。 • But we are getting ahead of the story .
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• 中国：东西南北： • 转战南北；南征北战； • 西方：North, south, east or west 北南东西 • 转战南北： • fight north and south • 一桥飞架南北： • A bridge will fly to span the north and
• 1. The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.
• 我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步声也没 有。
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• 2. Memoranda were prepared in advance of private meetings on matters to be discussed.
that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.(J. Austen, Pride and prejudice)
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• 译文一： • 有一条举世公认的真理，那就是，凡是有
钱的单身汉，总是想娶为太太。 • 译文二： • 凡是有钱的单身汉，总是想娶为太太，这
• 这个惨痛的历史教训，我们全党同志一定
要永远记取，引以为鉴。
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二）反说正译
• Hardly a day passes without him getting scratched or bruised as he scrambles for a place on a bus.
• 在举行个别交谈之前， 我已经就所要讨论 的问题预先拟好了备忘录。
中西方思维方式
孙二喜的转帖┊孙二喜的首页思维方式是思维活动的形式、框架、模式或类型。
思维方式理解为在一定条件下，思考问题的相对稳定的思维结构、思维方法、思维习惯、思维程序、思维定势等构成的思维运行模式的总和。
东西方思维方式的差异主要体现在辩证思维与逻辑思维上：学者们常常用辩证思维来描述东方人，尤其是中国人的思维方式；用逻辑思维或者分析思维来描述西方人，尤其是欧美人的思维方式。
西方人的思维是一种逻辑思维。
这种思维强调世界的同一性、非矛盾性和排中性。
同一性认为事物的本质不会发生变化，一个事物永远是它自己；非矛盾性相信一个命题不可能同时对或错；排中性强调一个事物要么对，要么错，无中间性。
西方人的思维方式也叫分析思维，他们在考虑问题的时候不像中国人那样追求折衷与和谐，而是喜欢从一个整体中把事物分离出来，对事物的本质特性进行逻辑分析。
西方的思维方式何以为今日之态，与西方哲学的发展是分不开的。
西方哲学起源于古希腊，经历过古希腊哲学、基督教哲学、近代哲学、现代哲学等阶段，它的特点决定了西方思维方式。
西方哲学承继了古希腊的哲学精神——都表现为对各种现象之后的原因的关注和对确定性的追求，因而，西方人的思维以科学为标准；西方哲学强调理性认知，因此，西方人擅长理性逻辑思维，其思维轨迹是直线的，而其思维模式也是多元的；在人与自然的关系上，西方哲学主张人应是主体，自然是客体，是人类认识和征服的对象，人类可以通过自身的能力认识自然，进而改造自然，因此，西方人更注重个体。
西方的思维方式还与科技革命有关。
科技革命引发了人们的思维方式的变革；思维方式的变革也有助于科技的发展。
西方的科学发展经历了四个阶段，而思维方式，在科技革命的影响下，也随之变革，从而形成了相应的思维方式。
从经验科学－认识自然界的现象中不但产生了古代经验科学，还衍生出直观和思辨的思维方式；从实验科学－认识必然性规律中，产生近代实验科学，同时，西方人还找到了实证和逻辑的思维方式；在理论科学－或然性规律中，产生现代理论自然科学，西方人更学会了概率和统计的思维方式；未来科学－非线形规律的诞生，又使西方人不但拥有耗散结构理论、自组织理论、混沌理论等未来科学，同时，开放性和非线性的思维方式也随之产生。
中西思维方式及其差异(优秀)
由此，它引导中国文化理性趋于实用，它指导了 一个较少宗教情结的乐观坚定的民族，一个关注 热爱现实生活的文化。
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“ 天人合 —” 成为中国哲学最基本最重要的命题，它构造 了一个阴阳、天人、形神、理物、道器、内外等重大范畴统 一的宇宙；它培育起“溥天之下，莫非王土，率土之滨，莫 非王臣”的广土大众的文化；它向往大同社会，四海为家， 中央集权，一统天下；它崇尚秩序，追求和谐，反对战争， 痛恶分裂，也不尚竞争；它倡导“知行合一”的实践原则， 要求理论的实际效用，要求言行一致，为人师表；它反对空 谈玄想，憎恶口是心非，也造成了对纯理论和纯思辨的轻视。 它铸成“礼之用，和为贵”的大众行为模式，它包含对家人 的关怀和责任，对乡土的眷恋与归依，也有老道圆滑的一团 和气和息事宁人的柔顺。它也是“文以载道”，情景交融， 文质彬彬的艺术追求和人的精神与九天的同流贯通。
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二元对立 自然观 认识论 社会观 宗教观
与所有其他文明一样， 西方文化中也出现过早 期人类与自然混沌一体 的认识。但随着文明的 发展，他们逐渐形成了 人与自然分离的哲学认 识，确立了一个物我分 离，主客对立的二元世 界。 二元对立表现为人与自 然的对立，人与他人及 社会的对立，人自身的 分裂。
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中国：天人合一
自然观
中国人的观念，明知物我、 人我之间的种种矛盾，但 力求避免强化对立，希望 相融和合一，追求对称、 平衡、和谐 。
中国文化的三种平衡：人 与自然界的平衡（天人平 衡）、社会内部人与人的 平衡（人伦平衡）、人心 内部的平衡（身心平衡）。
认识论
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WHY
Some studies
Steven Heine at the University of British Columbia performed similar transcultural studies. He recruited Canadian and Chinese students and he gave them a bogus “creativity” task after which the students were told they had done well in some parts of the task and poorly in others. When a similar test was administered, Canadian student worked harder on the items they were told they had excelled, while the Chinese students insisted more on the areas they thought they did poorly in the first attempt.
Thinking Pattern East and West
报告人：段建威 小组成员：夏正亮、李慧、李明明
Thinking Pattern East and West
In the 13th century, Marco Polo was among the first ones to hint at the fact that the people from the East behave and think differently than the Europeans.
The British writer Rudyard Kipling thought that the Eastern and Western mind could not be reconciled.
In The Ballad of East and West he wrote:“Oh, East is East, and West is West, and never the two shall meet, Till Earth and Sky stand presently at God’s great Judgment Seat”
The“focused vs. holistic” approach of these students was described by Heine as follows: “if you show an Easterner and a Westerner a photograph and you track their eye movements, you notice something curious. Both subjects fix on some focal point in the picture for about a second. After that, things change. The Westerner continues to gaze at that spot, on that central tree in the forest of possible places to look, while the Eastern eye is all over the place, scanning hither-thither, trying to take in the whole feality
Asian mind Western mind
How Asians and Westerners Think Differently...and Why ?
HOW
When you have a diverse group of people from different cultures, you get not just different beliefs about the world, but different ways of perceiving it and reasoning about it, each with its own strengths and weaknesses.
大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流
可以互相讨论下，但要小声点
Differences in information processing between East and West
References