adjective & adverb (1)
adjectives 形容词介绍
Classification of adjectives
big, small, bad, good, hot, cold
One-word adjectives
unkind, impossible, lovely voiceless a.+ a. bitter-sweet, light-blue a./ad. + ing participle good-looking
Central adjectives
used as modifier in a noun phrase subject/object complement
cannot satisfy both these requirements
Peripheral adjectives
Dynamic adjectives
a well-known German medical school an interesting little red French oil painting his first two interesting little red French oil painting
Adjectives denoting health conditions: well, ill Predicative adjectives
Non-gradable adjectives
perfect, excellent, extreme…
Adjectives and participles
Adjectives derived from –ing participles
alarming, boring, convincing, disappointing, encouraging, fascinating, heartening, inviting, lasting, missing, obliging, puzzling, refreshing, satisfying, tiring, vexing, worrying… Adjectives derived from –ed participles alarmed, bored, conceited, distinguished, educated, fascinated, hurried, interested, limited, noted, offended, pleased, reserved, tired, undecided, worried… badly-behaved, far-fetched, half-baked, highly-developed, newlyborn, newly-invented…
Adjective
2、以-ful、-ous、-some结尾的形容词，这类形容 词往往有主动意义。 dangerous感到危险的 serious严峻的 harmful有危害的 helpful有帮助的 troublesome令人烦恼的 tiresome令人厌倦的
3、以-able、-ible结尾的形容词，这类形容词往 往具有被动意义。 incredible不可靠的 credible可靠的 respectable值得尊敬的 desirable期望得到的
• 一支英国产的漂亮的长的黑色塑料新钢笔
Practice
• 1. Li Bai was ( Chinese, • famous, ancient, a,) poet.
• 2. (old, beautiful, big, this, • wooden, Chinese, red) table • was my grandmother’s
• 4. 某些描述性的名词加–ly构成形容词。如： lovely, likely, lively, lonely, sickly等。如： • What lovely flowers those are!
• 5. 某些词尾为–ly的固有单词，如： early, silly, ugly等。除early可作副词外， silly, ugly只能做形容词。如： • You were very silly to trust him.
按词汇意义可分为：动态形容词与静态形容词 。 静态形容词：描写人或物的静态特征。 eg: tall、blue、suspicious(怀疑的）、witty（诙 谐的）、obstinate（固执的）、impudent(鲁 莽的）、irritating(刺激的）、tactful（机智 的)、unscrupulous(肆无忌惮的）、 complacent(满足的）、jealous(妒忌的）、 wicked(邪恶的）
形容词 Adjective
形容词Adjective(adj)一．形容词的定义、用法表示人或事物的属性或特征的词叫形容词（Adjective）。
形容词修饰名词为名词提供更多的信息，一般放在所修饰的名词之前。
但是如果形容词修饰something, anything, nothing 等不定代词时，要放在这些词之后。
表示意思“。
的”。
二.形容词的功能1.形容词用作定语，修饰名词Li Mei is a beautiful city girl.The new student comes from Japan.2.形容词用在be动词、系动词后，作表语系动词有：is(was) am(was) are(were)感觉类的feel taste smell sound look变化类的get turn become go come . grow表像类的appear seem表存在的.remain keepMy father’s car is very expensive.The mooncake looks delicious.3.形容词用作宾语补足语Don’t keep the door open.His success made him happy.4.“the+形容词”用作主语及宾语The old often think of old things.The new always take the place of the old.5.形容词有时也可用作状语或补语Please speak loud and clear.These soldiers spent three days in the cold weather,cold and hungry. 。
6.少数形容词只能作表语这些形容词包括ill,asleep,awake,alone,well,worth,glad,unable,afraid，alive等，只能作表语，不能作定语,描述人物状态，又称叙述性形容词。
形容词adjective-教师专用
语法点: 形容词1. 形容词的用法及位置(1)做定语，放在名词之前，不定代词之后。
如: The strong man is my uncle.这个强壮的男人是我的叔叔。
I have something important to tell you.我有一些重要的事情要告诉你。
(2) 做表语，放在系动词之后。
如: He looks very happy.他看起来很开心。
(3) 做宾补，放在宾语之后，常与make, leave, keep等动词连用。
如: You must keep your room clean.你必须保持房间整洁。
2. 形容词的名词化某些形容词放在定冠词之后，变成名词，表示一类人，常见的有good/bad, rich/poor，young/old, deaf/blind，black/white等。
如: The young should be polite to the old.年轻人应该对老人有礼貌。
3. 常见名词变形容词的方法(1) 表示天气的名词, 一般在词尾加y，如: cloud-cloudy多云的，wind-windy有风的。
(2) 表示方位的名词, —般在词尾加ern，如：west- westem西方的，east- eastem东方的(3) 表示称谓的名词, 一艘在词尾加ly，如：friend- friendly友好的，mother-motherly 慈母般的。
(4) 表示时间的名词, 一般在词尾加ly，如：week-weekly每周的，month-monthly每月的。
(5)表示抽象意义的名词，—般在词尾加ful，y，less;如：care-careful认真的, luck-lucky幸运的, hope-hopeless绝望的(6)表示各大洲与国家的名词, 一般在词尾加n，如: Asia-Asian亚洲的，America-American美国的。
4. 形容词比较级和最高级变化规则5. 形容词比较级的用法(1)形容词的原级形容词原级用于两个人或事物的比较，二者相比“等于”时用原级。
Adjetive & Adverb
4. 当形容词后面接着一个介词短语时，要后置。 He is a man greedy for knowledge.
5.
同表示数量的词组连用时，形容词要后置。 It's a well 12 metres deep.
6. 某些通常用作表语的形容词如afraid, alive, alone, asleep, else等， 作定语时，形容词要后置。 Man alone has the gift of speech.
（一）形容词的种类及句法作用
1.
性质形容词 这类形容词是直接说明人或事物的性质、特征的形容词， 它们有等级变化，也可以用程度副词来修饰，在句中可作 定语、表语和宾语补足语。大部分形容词都是性质形容词。
The sweater is very beautiful. （作表语） I have a busy day. （作定语） We'll try our best to make our class more interesting. （作宾补）
（一）副词的种类
1. 时间副词如：now, usually, often, always, sometimes等。 2. 地点副词如：here, there，out, everywhere等。 3. 方式副词如：hard, well, fast, slowly等。 4. 程度副词如：very，much，still, almost等。 5. 疑问副词如：how，when，why, where等。 6. 连接副词如：whether, when, how等。
My father works hard. Tom speaks Chinese very well. Mr. Wang wrote carefully some letters to his friends.
形容词作后置定语
B．个别词也可单独作前置定语。如：aloof（孤零的）、alert（明智的）等。可以说：
a. an aloof building /church /character
孤零零的大楼/教堂/ 孤独的性格
b. an alert manner 明智的行为
现有的雇员人数
b. ① The girl responsible (= who can be blamed) was expelled.
负有责任的那个姑娘被开除了。
② Janet is a responsible girl (= she has a sense of duty).
（6）Anyone intelligent can do it. 任何一个聪明的人都能做到。
二．形容词与介词短语、动词不定式短语或其他附加词连用作定语时，需放在所修饰的词之后,作后置定语。这类词 有：easy（容易的）、difficult（困难的）、impossible（不可能）、different（不同的）、similar（类似的）、 equal（相等的）、responsible（负责的）、suitable（合适的）、sufficient（充足的）等。如：
（6） We are building a socialist country, prosperous and flourishing.
我们正在建设一个繁荣的社会主义国家。
五. 一些特定意义的形容词作定语时，需放在所修饰的词之后, 作后置定语。这类词有：
present （出席的）、absent（缺席的）、proper（适当的、纯粹的）、necessary（必要的）、general（首席的）、 concerned（有关的、焦急的）、involved（有关的、复杂的）、opposite（相对的）、nearby（附近的）、elect（当选 的）、enough (充足的)等。如：
Adjectives全英解析
AdjectivesWe use adjectives to describe nouns.Most adjectives can be used in front of a noun…:They have a beautiful house.We saw a very exciting film last night.Their house is beautiful.That film looks interesting.adjectives: -ed and -ingA lot of adjectives are made from verbs by adding -ing or -ed: -ing adjectives:The commonest -ing adjectives are:If you call something interesting you mean it interests you.If you call something frightening you mean it frightens you.I read a very interesting article in the newspaper today.That Dracula film was absolutely terrifying.-ed adjectives:The commonest –ed adjectives are:If something annoys you, you can say you feel annoyed. If something interests you, you can say you are interested.The children had nothing to do. They were bored.order of adjectivesSometimes we use more than one adjective in front of a noun:Opinion adjectives:Some adjectives give a general opinion. We can use these adjectives to describe almost any noun:Some adjectives give a specific opinion. We only use these adjectives to describe particular kinds of noun:Food: tasty; deliciousFurniture, buildings: comfortable; uncomfortablePeople, animals: clever; intelligent; friendlyWe usually put a general opinion in front of a specific opinion:Usually we put an adjective that gives an opinion in front of an adjective that is descriptive:a nice red dress; a silly old man; those horrible yellow curtainsWe often have two adjectives in front of a noun:a handsome young man; a big black car; that horrible big dogSometimes we have three adjectives, but this is unusual:It is very unusual to have more than three adjectives.Adjectives usually come in this order:We use some adjectives only after a link verb:Some of the commonest -ed adjectives are normally used only after a link verb: annoyed; finished; bored; pleased; thrilledWe say:Our teacher was ill.My uncle was very glad when he heard the news.The policeman seemed to be very annoyedbut we do not say:A few adjectives are used only in front of a noun:We say:He lives in the eastern district.There were countless problems with the new machinery.but we do not say:intensifiersWe use words like very; really and extremely to make adjectives stronger:It’s a very interesting storyEveryone was very excited.It’s a really interesting story.Everyone was extremely excitedWe call these words intensifiers. Other intensifiers are:amazingly - exceptionally - incredibly - remarkably - particularlyWe also use enough as an intensifier, but enough comes after its adjective:If you are seventeen you are old enough to drive a car.I can’t wear those shoes. They’re not big enough.Intensifiers with strong adjectives:When we want to describe something or someone as exceptional you can use a strong adjective. Strong adjectives are words like:Enormous; huge = very bigTiny = very smallBrilliant = very cleverAwful; terrible; disgusting; dreadful = very badCertain = very sureExcellent; perfect; ideal; wonderful; splendid = very goodDelicious = very tastyWe do not use very with these adjectives. We do not say something is "very enormous" or someone is "very brilliant". With strong adjectives, for intensifiers we normally use:absolutely - exceptionally - particularly - really - quiteThe film was absolutely awful.He was an exceptionally brilliant child.The food smelled really disgusting.We use much and far as intensifiers with comparative adjectives in front of a noun:France is a much bigger country than Britain.He is a far better player than Ronaldo.We use these words as intensifiers with superlatives:easily - by far - farThe blue whale is easily the biggest animal in the world.This car was by far the most expensive.mitigatorsMitigators are the opposite of intensifiers. When we want to make an adjective less strong we use these words:fairly - rather - quiteBy the end of the day we were rather tired. The film wasn’t great but it was quite exciting. and in informal English: prettyWe had a pretty good time at the party.We call these words mitigators.absolutetotal - completeutter - perfectrealWe say:He’s a complete idiot.They were talking utter nonsense.We can use noun modifiers to show what something is made of:a gold watch; a leather purse; a metal boxWe often use noun modifiers with nouns ending in -er and -ing:an office worker; a jewellery maker; a potato peeler; a shopping list; a swimming lesson; a walking holiday.We use measurements, age or value as noun modifiers:a thirty kilogram suitcase; a two minute rest; a five thousand euro platinum watch; a fiftykilometre journey;We often put two nouns together and readers/listeners have work out what they mean. So:•an ice bucket = a bucket to keep ice in•an ice cube = a cube made of ice•an ice breaker = a ship which breaks ice•the ice age = the time when much of the Earth was covered in ice.Sometimes we find more than two nouns together:London office workers; grammar practice exercisesPosition of noun modifiersNoun modifiers come after adjectives:The old newspaper sellerA tiring fifty kilometre journey。
Adjectives&Adverbs
Practice
• Is there _________________in the film?
电影里有什么有趣的内容吗?
• There is _________________ here.
这儿一点都不危险。
• Mr. Fat doesn’t have _______to buy a car. But he is
• the+序数词+最高级+in • The Yangtz River is the second longest one in China.
Confusing 'the'
• This is the most intersting book of all. • The book is most interesting.
Adjectives&Adverbs
Definition of Adjective
• • • • • Adjectives are describing words. articulate literate co-operative ignorant
Adjectives Modify Nouns
More and more
• The city is becoming more and more beautiful. • That femal singer is getting fatter and fatter. • As winter approaches, the days seem shorter and shorter.
Comparative sentences: than
• A+比较级+than+B • This question is less difficult than that one. • Since it has been repaired, the machine works more efficiently than it did before. • She works harder than any other students in her class.
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
golden(金子般的) elder(年长的) right(右边的) daily(每天的) weekly(每周的)
（3）还有少数形容词，作表语和作定语时意义不一样。 ）还有少数形容词，作表语和作定语时意义不一样。 作表语 作定语 ill 生病的 邪恶的 hard 严厉的 努力的 certain 有把握的 某(一)个 present 出席的 当前的 Cf. Her aunt was ill. She has an ill aunt. Thirty guests were present at the ceremony. the present leader
副词
• 副词的作用则是修饰动词、形容词或另一副词， 副词的作用则是修饰动词、形容词或另一副词， 的作用则是修饰动词 在句子中作状语。 在句子中作状语。
1. 副词的种类 方式副词：修饰动词，表示动作进行的方式。 ① 方式副词：修饰动词，表示动作进行的方式。 hard, well, badly, fast, slowly… 可用于回答“ 一类的问题。 可用于回答“In what way …?”一类的问题。 一类的问题 一般以-ly结尾 结尾。 一般以 结尾。 程度副词：修饰形容词、副词，表示程度。 ② 程度副词：修饰形容词、副词，表示程度。 very, quite, much, still, almost … 可用于回答“ 一类的问题。 可用于回答“To what extent …?”一类的问题。 一类的问题 时间副词：表示动作发生的时间范围。 ③ 时间副词：表示动作发生的时间范围。 already, before, now, recently, soon, finally … 常用于回答“When …?”一类的问题。 常用于回答“ 一类的问题。 一类的问题 频度副词：修饰动词，表示动作发生的频率程度。 ④ 频度副词：修饰动词，表示动作发生的频率程度。 often, always, usually, early, never … 可用于回答“ 一类的问题。 可用于回答“How often …?”一类的问题。 一类的问题
形容词(adjective)和 和 形容词 副词(adverb)（1） 副词 （ ）
形容词
• 形容词用于修饰名词或代词，表示人或事物的性 形容词用于修饰名词或代词， 用于修饰名词或代词 质和特征，在句子中可作定语、表语或补语。 质和特征，在句子中可作定语、表语或补语。
1. 形容词的句法功能 形容词在句子中可作定语、表语和补语。 形容词在句子中可作定语、表语和补语。 This is a tough task. This task is tough. They consider this job tough. 【注】1）有时，形容词加一个定冠词，起名词作用，表一类人 ）有时，形容词加一个定冠词，起名词作用， 或事物。 或事物。 The rich should help the poor. 其数的意义要根据该词所代表的情况而定。 其数的意义要根据该词所代表的情况而定。 The wounded were taken to the hospital. The good in him outweighs the bad. 2）形容词修饰形容词的固定搭配 ） icy cold (冰冷的） wide open red hot (赤热的） deathly pale
4. 形、义相近形容词的区别 (1) sleepy, asleep (2) healthy, healthful (3) industrial, industrious (4) historic, historical (5) continual, continuous (6) economic, economical (7) distinct, distinctive (8) live, lively, alive (9) like, alike, likely (10) dead, deadly, deathly (11) sensitive, sensible, sensory (12) efficient, proficient, sufficient
1. 副词的种类 地点副词：表示动作或状态发生的场所或方位。 ⑤ 地点副词：表示动作或状态发生的场所或方位。 here, there, above, below, outside … 常回答“ 一类的问题。 常回答“Where …?”一类的问题。 一类的问题 逻辑）连接副词：修饰整个句子， ⑥ （逻辑）连接副词：修饰整个句子，表示该句与上下文 的逻辑关系。 的逻辑关系。 therefore, however, moreover, thus 解说副词：起着联系上下文，或连接并列子句的作用。 ⑦ 解说副词：起着联系上下文，或连接并列子句的作用。 as, namely 评注性副词：修饰整个句子，表示说话者的态度。 ⑧ 评注性副词：修饰整个句子，表示说话者的态度。 frankly, briefly, clearly e.g.: Frankly, I can do nothing about it.
排列下列顺序: 排列下列顺序 a. Chinese, glass, a, beautiful, table a beautiful Chinese glass table b. wonderful, my, garden, new, large my wonderful large new garden c. 那个饥饿的、疲倦的、瞌睡的、卖火柴的小女孩 那个饥饿的、疲倦的、瞌睡的、 the hungry, tired, sleepy, little match girl （4）同一类的形容词排列时，通常将较短的词放在前面。 ）同一类的形容词排列时，通常将较短的词放在前面。 一个和蔼、 一个和蔼、慷慨的老人 a kind, generous old man
县
官
行
令
杀
国
才
限 定 词
主 观 感 觉
形 状、 大 小
年 龄、 新 旧
颜 色
国 别 、 地 区
材 料、 质 地
用途、 用途、类别
名词中心词
这是一条指导性很强的原则。 这是一条指导性很强的原则。
• --- It was great. We visited some friends，and spent ， the ___days at the seaside. • A. few last sunny B. last few sunny • C. last sunny few D. few sunny last • Tony is going camping with ___ boys. • A. little two other B. two little other • C. two other little D. little other two • 我们伟大的社会主义祖国 • our great socialist motherland. • 那个饥饿的、疲倦的、瞌睡的、卖火柴的小女孩。 那个饥饿的、疲倦的、瞌睡的、卖火柴的小女孩。 • that hungry, tired, sleepy, little match girl • 一间阴森的、灰色的木屋 一间阴森的、 • a gloomy-looking, gray, wooden house
3. 形容词在句中的位置 （1）形容词作定语通常为前置修饰语，即：放在被修饰名词 ）形容词作定语通常为前置修饰语， 的前面。 的前面。 （2）在以下两种情况下，形容词为后置修饰语，即：放在被 ）在以下两种情况下，形容词为后置修饰语， 修饰语的后面。 修饰语的后面。 形容词短语作定语。 ① 形容词短语作定语。 English is a language easy to learn but difficult to master. Have you got all the instruments necessary for the experiment? 形容词作定语修饰some,any,no和body,thing, ② 形容词作定语修饰 和 where等构成的复合代词。 等构成的复合代词。 等构成的复合代词 There is nothing important in today’s newspaper. Let’s go somewhere quiet.
2. 形容词的种类 （PP 259-261) 按照句法功能，形容词可以分为通用形容词 通用形容词（common 通用形容词 adjective) 、表语形容词 表语形容词（predicative adjective) 和定语 表语形容词 定语 形容词（attributive adjective）。大部分形容词属于通用 形容词 形容词 （1）常见只用作表语的形容词： ）常见只用作表语的形容词： asleep afraid aware awake glad alone alike content sorry ashamed alive unable well(健康的) （2）常见只用作定语的形容词： ）常见只用作定语的形容词： wooden(木制的) woolen(羊毛的) live(鲜活的) little(小的) only(唯一的) spare(空闲的） inner(内部的) outer(外部的) former(以前的) latter(后面的)
(3) 形容词修饰名词的排列顺序 One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace. A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone C. old stone Chinese. D. Chinese stone old 当几个形容词同时修饰一个名词，需按一定的顺序排列。 当几个形容词同时修饰一个名词，需按一定的顺序排列。 一般来说，意义较具体的， 一般来说，意义较具体的，或与名词关系较密切的形容词 通常放得更靠近被修饰的名词。 通常放得更靠近被修饰的名词。它们的顺序为：
【注】1）此外，英语中还有疑问副词、连接副词和关系副词。 ）此外，英语中还有疑问副词、连接副词和关系副词。 如：when, where, why, how, whenever。 。 它们分别用于引出疑问句、 它们分别用于引出疑问句、名词性从句和定语从句等 语法结构。 语法结构。