the introduction of P&G 宝洁公司简介
新视野大学英语3第三版Section A B3U5课件
such a striking difference in job satisfaction?
Section A
Will you be a worker or a laborer?
1
Task
Global understanding of the text
People differ in personal satisfaction they derive from their jobs. (Para. 5)
In modern times, workers and laborers spend their leisure time in different ways. (Paras. 6-8)
Partr_as_. _1-_3_) ___
The introduction part includes the first three paragraphs, providing a framework to differentiate among work, labor, and play. Part II: Body ___(P_a_ra_s._4_-8_)___
Work may serve different purposes and have different meanings to different people. The text argues, by differentiating among work, labor and play, that interest and enjoyment in work are important for the benefits of both individuals and society.
英语教材解读人教八年级上册Unit4Section B Reading(2b)
most exciting magicians, the funniest actors and so on.
All kinds of people join these shows. But who can play the
piano the best or sing the most beautifully? That’s up to you
1 Which three talent shows are mentioned ? 提及
talent shows 才艺节目
American Idol 美国偶像
America’s Got Talent China’s Got Talent
美国达人秀
中国达人秀
Talent shows are getting more and more popular.
A. The people who watch the show.
B. The judgers评委 ( play a role发挥作用)
role [rəul] 作用
Mind map（思维导图）Read paragraph 2 and fill in the blanks:
They try to look for t_h_e_b_e_s_t_s_in_g_e_r_s_,
However, not everybody enjoys watching these shows. Some think that the lives of the performers are made up. For example, some people say they are poor farmers, but in fact they are just actors. However, if you don't take these shows too seriously, they are fun to watch. And one great thing about them is that they give people a way to make their dreams come true.
电池的反相保护方法
Automotive PowerApplication Note, V 1.0, May 2005Reverse Battery Protectionby Marco PürschelTable of Content1.Abstract (1)2.Introduction (1)3.Possible Solutions (1)3.1.Reverse Battery Protection with Diode..1 3.2.Reverse Battery Protection withn-channel MOSFET (2)3.3.Reverse Battery protection withp-channel MOSFET (3)4.Conclusion (4)1.AbstractThis Application Note is intended to provide an overview of reverse battery protection in automotive applications. The pros and cons of each solution will be discussed.2.IntroductionBy changing the battery of a car or during maintenance work on the electronic system of a car, the battery has to be reconnected. During this event, it is possible that the polarity of the battery could be applied in reversal direction. Today’s battery terminals are marked with colours and the terminal post itself are mechanically different, nevertheless the possibility for reverse battery is still present, at least for short connection duration.With reverse applied voltage, shorts via diodes or transistors could occur leading to fatal errorsof the electronics of the car. This means, that the ECUs (Electronic Control Unit) have to be protected against reversal battery polarity. 3.Possible SolutionsIn this chapter three most common reverse battery protection circuits will be discussed. A solution with relay is not taken into account.3.1.Reverse Battery Protection with Diode The easiest way for reverse battery protection would be a series diode in the positive supply line of the ECU accordingly the load. By applying the battery in the wrong polarity the pn junction of the diode blocks the battery voltage and the electronic is protected.VDiodeFigure 1: Solution with diodeFrom a correctly installed battery the supply current is flowing in forward direction through the diode to the load.Power losses of the diode can be calculated easily with its forward voltage drop characteristic.1234567050100150200250P load[W]P loss[W]97.0%97.2%97.4%97.6%97.8%98.0%98.2%98.4%98.6%Efficiency[%]Figure 2: Ptot= f(Pload) for diode solutionFigure 2 shows an example of a solution using 45V rated Schottky diode(s). The total power losses as a function of the power rating of the load with the assumption of a battery voltage of 14V are shown. If the power losses at high output powers can not be handled by one diode, several devices have to be switched in parallel. Due to the diode threshold, which is a constant, switching the devices in parallel the power losses itself will stay more or less at the same level. They will be distributed only accordingly to the amount of used diodes.3.2. Reverse Battery Protection with n-channel MOSFET To lower the power losses of the reverse battery protection, a MOSFET can be used. Inserting such a device in the right direction in the positive supply line can protect the load against reversal battery as well. Note that a MOSFET has always an intrinsic anti parallel body diode.The MOSFET is fully turned on when applying the battery in the right direction. Due to the fact, that the Source is on high potential, the MOSFET is a high side switch not referring to ground. A charge pump circuit (or something equivalent) is needed to boost the Gate-voltage over the Source-voltage to turn the MOSFET on.During reverse polarity of the battery, the diode in the ground line of the charge pump blocks the voltage. No voltage supplies the Gate and the MOSFET will be switched off. The diode protects as well the charge pump against reversal battery. Otherwise a short via the two transistors would occur.V 30V n-Channel MOSFET Figure 3 shows a typical solution for reverse battery protection with an n-channel MOSFET. The power losses of an n-channel MOSFET for a reverse battery protection are determined by the R DS(on) of the device and the load current. Switching losses can be neglected because the device will be switched on once when the battery is applied and stays in on state during normal operation. The power losses and ratio of power losses versus output power are shown in Figure 4 with an example of a 30V, 3.3mOhm MOSFET (SPP100N03S2-03).0.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.8050100150200250P load [W]P l o s s [W ]99.2%99.3%99.4%99.5%99.6%99.7%99.8%99.9%100.0%100.1%P t o t / P l o a d [%]Figure 4: P tot = f(P load ) for n-channel MOSFET (1 and 2 in parallel) solutionThe power losses of the MOSFET are increasing by the power of two over the output power and decreasing linear by the size of the MOSFET. Meaning by switching two MOSFETs in parallel the power losses will be reduced by a factor of two. This means by switching n MOSFETs in parallel, the total power losses will be reduced by a factor of n and the power losses which has to be handled by eachMOSFET will be reduced by n 2.Such a solution would be feasible for high output power requirements.The drawback of this solution is the additional circuit effort which has to be spent to drive the n-channel MOSFET during normal operation. A charge pump circuit is needed to create the required offset on the Gate pin over the battery line.EMI is an issue because the oscillator of the charge pump circuit is switching the two MOSFETs alternating. But the power which will be handled by the charge pump is not a huge one because the power MOSFET is switched on only once. This means that the EMI is not as high as it is normally by dealing with such circuits.It is not useful in automotive applications to insert the MOSFET in the ground line to get rid of the high side driver. The voltage drop over the MOSFET would result in a shift of the ground level. For sensitive loads this can lead to malfunction.3.3.Reverse Battery protection with p-channel MOSFET forward direction from Drain to Source.V 30V p-channel MOSFETFigure 5: Solution with p-channel MOSFET The huge benefit by using a p-channel MOSFET belongs to the fact, that no additional high side driver circuit is needed. Compared to an n-channel MOSFET the device will be turned on by applying a negative Gate Source voltage. By referring the Gate signal to the ground line, the device is fully turned on when the battery is applied in the right polarity. For the first start up, the intrinsic body diode of the MOSFET will conduct, till the channel is switched on in parallel. The Zener diode will clamp the Gate of the MOSFET to its Zener voltage and protects it against over voltage.By reverse polarity, the MOSFET will be switched off, because the Gate Source voltage for this case will be positive (voltage drop over the Zener diode).The main difference in terms of technology between an n-channel MOSFET and a p-channel MOSFET is the inverse doping profile over the whole device as it can be seen in Figure 6.p-channel MOSFETTo switch on a p-channel MOSFET a negative Gate Source voltage has to be applied. The electrical field will push the electrons in the channel region back and will attract the holes, the “p-channel” is created and a load current can flow through the device. But this current is a hole current and not an electron current as for an n-channel MOSFET. Holes do not have the same mobility of electrons. It is much harder to push them through the device, resulting in a higher area specific on state resistance. In the past this was a blocking point for the use of a p-channel MOSFET because you have to replace an n-channel MOSFET with a two to three times larger p-channel. With today’s technologies it is possible to shrink the p-FET and the price is going down accordingly.The power losses of a p-channel MOSFET versus the output power and the efficiency are shown in Figure 7. By switching several MOSFETs in parallel the same effect is valid as for n-channel MOSFETs. The power losses of each device are decreasing with a dependencyof n 2.00.511.522.5050100150200250P load [W]P l o s s [W ]98.8%99.0%99.2%99.4%99.6%99.8%100.0%E f f i c i e n c y [%]Figure 7: P tot = f(P load ) for p-channel MOSFET solutionn-channel MOSFETp-channel MOSFET4. ConclusionThis application note points out the three most common ways to achieve reverse battery protection which are:- solution with a diode- solution with an n-channel MOSFET - solution with a p-channel MOSFETEach solution has its advantages and drawbacks.diode n-channel MOSFET p-channelMOSFETParts + - 0 EMI + - + Power losses-- ++ + Efficiency -- ++ + High power -- +++The table is summarizing the pros and cons of the three described solutions. For high power applications the diode is not feasible for reverse battery protection, since power losses are much too high.01234567050100150200250P load [W]P l o s s [W ]Figure 8: Comparison of power losses for the three solutionsFor such applications, the n-channel MOSFETsolution offers the highest efficiency with the drawback of additional circuit requirements like a charge pump circuit and EMI filter.A very simple solution still with an excellent efficiency would be the p-channel approach. Nearly no additional circuit effort compared to the diode and only a slightly worse efficiency in comparison to the n-channel MOSFET makes this solution very attractive.With the introduction of p-channel MOSFETs in a trench technology the performance of the device increased dramatically and compensates the disadvantage of the hole mobility significantly.0.970.9750.980.9850.990.9951050100150200250P load [W]E f f i c i e n c y [%]Figure 9: Comparison of efficiency for the three solutionsThe best solution for reverse battery will be determined by the requirements of the application. The designer will have to find the trade off between power losses and the effort to spend on the reverse battery protection schematic itself.Published by Infineon Technologies AG,St.-Martin-Strasse 53,81669 München© Infineon Technologies AG 2004.All Rights Reserved.Attention please!The information herein is given to describe certain components and shall not be considered as a guarantee of characteristics.Terms of delivery and rights to technical change reserved.We hereby disclaim any and all warranties, including but not limited to warranties of non-infringement, regarding circuits, descriptions and charts stated herein.InformationFor further information on technology, delivery terms and conditions and prices please contact your nearest Infineon Technologies OfficeWarningsDue to technical requirements components may contain dangerous substances. For information on the types in question please contact your nearest Infineon Technologies Office.Infineon Technologies Components may only be used in life-support devices or systems with the express written approval of Infineon Technologies, if a failure of such components can reasonably be expected to cause the failure of that life-support device or system, or to affect the safety or effectiveness of that device or system. Life support devices or systems are intended to be implanted in the human body, or to support and/or maintain and sustain and/or protect human life. If they fail, it is reasonable to assume that the health of the user or other persons may be endangered.Published by Infineon Technologies AG。
中考英语阅读理解技巧单选题40题
中考英语阅读理解技巧单选题40题1. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The history of a city.B. The introduction of a famous person.C. The benefits of doing exercise.D. The description of a natural disaster.答案：A。
解析：文章主要讲述了一个城市的发展历程，包括其建立、发展中的重要事件等。
选项B 只涉及到一个名人的介绍，并非文章重点。
选项C 侧重于锻炼的好处，与文章内容不符。
选项D 关于自然灾害的描述并非文章主旨。
2. The main purpose of the text is to _____.A. explain a scientific theoryB. describe a travel experienceC. introduce a new productD. tell a funny story答案：B。
解析：文本详细描述了一次旅行中的所见所闻、感受等。
选项A 科学理论的解释并非文章核心。
选项C 新产物的介绍并非主要内容。
选项D 有趣故事的讲述不是重点。
3. What does the passage mainly talk about?A. The ways to protect the environment.B. The importance of friendship.C. The development of technology.D. The customs of a foreign country.答案：D。
解析：文章着重介绍了一个外国国家的风俗习惯。
选项 A 环境保护的方法不是主旨。
选项 B 友谊的重要性未在文中重点体现。
选项C 技术的发展并非文章重点。
4. The main topic of this passage is _____.A. A famous artist's lifeB. A traditional festivalC. The history of a schoolD. A popular sport答案：B。
Canton Fair广交会
中国进出口商品交易会（广交会）概况 • China Import and Export Fair, also known as the Canton Fair, is held biannually [bai'ænjuəli] in Guangzhou every spring and autumn, with a history of 57 years since 1957. The Fair is a comprehensive one with the longest history, the highest [haɪɪst] level, the largest scale, the most complete exhibit variety, the broadest distribution of overseas buyers and the greatest business turnover in China.
the introduction of pavilions
广交会场馆介绍
• 流花路展馆 • The pavilion of LiuHuaLu was founded in 1974, the exhibition Space is about 170000 square meters, it is famous for the china import and export fair. • 中国进出口商品交易会流花路展馆建于1974年，展馆面积达17万平 方米，因每年举办中国进出口商品交易会而举世闻名。
• The first part: Briefing Profiles ['profail] of Canton Fair
• The second part: the introduction of pavilions [pə'viljən] • The third part: the range of products • The fourth part: the important influence on China
学术写作2
Letters for Publishing Papers
Publication is the goal of almost all academic research.
Communication for publishing papers becomes essential for researchers and scholars.
3
Lessons from Steve Jobs
佛教中有一句话：初学者的心态；拥有初学 者的心态是件了不起的事情。 There’s a phrase in Buddhism, “Beginner’s mind.” It’s wonderful to have a beginner’s mind. 成为卓越的代名词，很多人并不能适合需要 杰出素质的环境。 Be a yardstick of quality. Some people aren’t used to an environment where excellence is expected.
Letters for submitting a paper Letters about review and modification Letters about acceptance and copyright
8
Cover letter for submission (p. 230)
I enclose two copies of my paper entitled “Model-Based Automatic Programming for Plant Control”. I should like to have it published in your journal. Thank you for your consideration.
中图分类号_H313
正文 字体：Times New Roman 字号：四号， 固定行距：26 磅 首行缩进：2 字符（即四个英语字母） 英文摘要的内容必须与汉语摘要对照。
III
目录汉字 字体：宋体 字号：四号
Contents
一级标题
字体：Times New Roman； 字号：三号，加粗，居中； 下与正文空一行。
两行的话，必须悬挂缩进，
2.4 Summary of Key L即ea两rn行in的g文P字rin部c分ip对le齐s ，..数.................................... 23 3. Some Critical Issues in Pr字im空a出ry来E。FL Instruction in Chinese Context... 25
By Zhang Sanfeng
1. 黑色碳素笔，亲笔签 名，不可打印。 2. 名字为两个汉字的， 仅第一个汉字大写。
Supervisor：
Acknowledgements
一级标题
字体：Times New Roman ； 字号：三号，加粗,居中； 下与正文空一行。
I would like to thank all those who have given me their generous help,
毕业论文
1. 填写论文汉语标题。如果标 题太长，可适当分行；
2. 不可改变本表格的大小和格 式；
3. 格式：宋体；20 号字；加粗； 居中
作 者：
黑色碳素笔，亲笔 签名，不可打印
指导教师：
黑色碳素笔，亲笔 签名，不可打印
The Use of Linking Adverbials by Chinese College English Learners
高考英语一轮选择性必修第四册Unit6Spaceandbeyond外研版
[构织连脉词汇]
1.__h_a_z_a_rd_o_u_s___adj.危险的,不安全的→____h_a_z_ar_d____n.危险,冒险的事 2._u_n_e_x_c_ep_t_i_o_n_al_adj.平常的→_e_x_c_e_p_t_io_n_a_l__adj.异常的,例外的 →__e_x_c_e_p_ti_o_n___n.例外,异议 3.__t_ra_g_i_c_a_ll_y___adv.悲惨地,不幸地→___t_ra_g_e_d_y____n. 悲剧 4.__s_u_s_p_e_n_d____v. 暂停,中止→__su_s_p_e_n_s_io_n___n. 暂停;暂缓,延期 5.___s_u_b_m_i_t ____vt.提交;呈递(文件等)→__su_b_m__i_ss_i_o_n__n.提交(物);呈递(书) 6.__i_n_v_is_i_b_le____adj.看不见的→___v_i_s_ib_l_e____adj.看得见的 →____v_is_io_n_____n.视力;视觉;想象
3.The sacrifice of the Challenger calls to us,reminding us that we must continue to reach for the stars,no matter how distant they might seem. 【尝试翻译】 “挑战者”号的失事召唤着我们,提醒我们必须继续向星空进军,不管它们看 起来有多遥远。 【考点凝练】“no matter+疑问词”引导让步状语从句 4.So great was the distance from Earth that it would need to travel for almost six years to reach its destination. 【尝试翻译】 它与地球的距离是如此之远,以至于它要走将近6年才能到达目的地。 【考点凝练】so...that...句型的倒装结构
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