第八单元课文译文 计算机英语 吕云翔

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资料:Unit 8 课文详解及译文

资料:Unit 8 课文详解及译文

Unit 8 课文详解及译文附录一Activity 1 译文佛朗哥:你不能在卧室或厨房里吸烟,但可以在客厅和花园里面吸。

晓燕:那么,我能带朋友回来吗?佛朗哥:当然可以,不过恐怕你们不能大声喧哗,(因为)邻居们都上年纪了。

你业余时间一般喜欢做什么?晓燕:嗯,我喜欢做饭。

我能用厨房的炊具吗?佛朗哥:能用。

你可以把你所有用品放到一个橱柜里。

你喜欢听音乐吗?晓燕:不,不怎么喜欢。

佛朗哥:那好,不过你可以用客厅的CD机。

晓燕:谢谢。

我可以用门厅的吗?佛朗哥:恐怕不行。

那是我工作用的传真机。

你可以用客厅的。

晓燕:好的。

我可以把自行车放在门厅吗?佛朗哥:当然可以。

晓燕:我可以粉刷我的房间吗?佛朗哥:可以,你想做什么都行。

你可以粉刷,贴招贴画……附录二Activity 1课文详解内容简介:Xiaoyan看过Mary的公寓后,决定租Franco的公寓。

Xiaoyan和Franco在Franco 的公寓里见面了。

我们来学习如何表述允许做某事及不允许做某事。

1. You can’t smoke in the bedroom or in the kitchen.你不能在卧室里或厨房里抽烟。

“can not do sth”表示不允许做某事,可以写成cannot或者can’t.类似结构:You can’t be noisy. 你不能大声喧哗。

2. But you can smoke in the living room or in the garden.但你可以在起居室或花园里抽烟。

情态动词can可以用在主语是第二、三人称的肯定句中,表示“允许”。

例如:You can go with me. 你可以和我一起去。

She can smoke in the garden. 她可以在花园里吸烟。

3. Can I bring friends back?我可以带朋友来吗?情态动词can还可用在主语是第一、第三人称的疑问句中,用以征求他人的同意。

《计算机英语》Unit 8

《计算机英语》Unit 8

1.1 Web 2.0
• II. Choose the best answer to each of the following questions.
D
– 2.What does Tim Berners-Lee’s description about Web 2.0 mean? – A.“Web 2.0” is a very popular now – B.“Web 2.0” is not defined clearly – C.“Web 2.0” is an entireey new concept – D.“Web 2.0” is an revotutoom in the World Wide Web
1.2 Social Networking Service
• II. Choose the best answer to each of the following questions.
D
– 3.Which of the following Websites was launched latest in the development of social networking service? – A.MySpace B.Friendster – C. D.Facebook
Unit 8 The Internet
计算机英语教程 教学课件
Contents
• Part 1 Reading and Translating
– Section A: Web 2.0
– Section B: Social Networking Service – Section C: Microblogging
1.2 Social Networking Service

计算机英语(第4版)--刘艺--课文参考译文

计算机英语(第4版)--刘艺--课文参考译文

《计算机英语(第4版)》参考译文第一单元:计算机与计算机科学课文A:计算机概览一、引言计算机是一种电子设备,它能接收一套指令或一个程序,然后通过对数字数据进行运算或对其他形式的信息进行处理来执行该程序。

要不是由于计算机的发展,现代的高科技世界是不可能产生的。

不同类型和大小的计算机在整个社会被用于存储和处理各种数据,从保密政府文件、银行交易到私人家庭账目。

计算机通过自动化技术开辟了制造业的新纪元,而且它们也增强了现代通信系统的性能。

在几乎每一个研究和应用技术领域,从构建宇宙模型到产生明天的气象报告,计算机都是必要的工具,并且它们的应用本身就开辟了人们推测的新领域。

数据库服务和计算机网络使各种各样的信息源可供使用。

同样的先进技术也使侵犯个人隐私和商业秘密成为可能。

计算机犯罪已经成为作为现代技术代价组成部分的许多风险之一。

二、历史第一台加法机是法国科学家、数学家和哲学家布莱斯•帕斯卡于1642年设计的,它是数字计算机的先驱。

这个装置使用了一系列带有10个齿的轮子,每个齿代表从0到9的一个数字。

轮子互相连接,从而通过按照正确的齿数向前转动轮子,就可以将数字彼此相加。

17世纪70年代,德国哲学家和数学家戈特弗里德•威廉•莱布尼兹对这台机器进行了改良,设计了一台也能做乘法的机器。

法国发明家约瑟夫―玛丽•雅卡尔,在设计自动织机时,使用了穿孔的薄木板来控制复杂图案的编织。

在19世纪80年代期间,美国统计学家赫尔曼•何勒里斯,想出了使用类似雅卡尔的木板那样的穿孔卡片来处理数据的主意。

通过使用一种将穿孔卡片从电触点上移过的系统,他得以为1890年的美国人口普查汇编统计信息。

1、分析机也是在19世纪,英国数学家和发明家查尔斯•巴比奇,提出了现代数字计算机的原理。

他构想出旨在处理复杂数学题的若干机器,如差分机。

许多历史学家认为,巴比奇及其合伙人,数学家奥古斯塔•埃达•拜伦,是现代数字计算机的真正先驱。

巴比奇的设计之一,分析机,具有现代计算机的许多特征。

五年级下册鲁湘版英语第八单元的课文汉语

五年级下册鲁湘版英语第八单元的课文汉语

五年级下册鲁湘版英语第八单元的课文汉语全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1Unit 8: The Solar SystemThe solar system is so cool! It's the system that includes the Sun and everything that orbits around it like planets, moons, asteroids and comets. There are 8 planets in our solar system - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.Earth is the planet we live on. It's the third planet from the Sun. Earth is kind of like a big round ball made up of land with oceans of water covering about 71% of its surface. It has an atmosphere that gives us the air we breathe. Earth is the only planet we know of that has life on it! It takes Earth about 365 days to orbit or go all the way around the Sun one time. We call that a year.Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun. It's a rocky little planet that has a lot of craters from being hit by asteroids and comets over the years. It has no atmosphere and is basically just a big hot rock! One year on Mercury is only 88 Earth days.Venus is often called Earth's twin because it's almost the same size as Earth. But it sure doesn't look like Earth! Venus has a thick atmosphere of carbon dioxide and sulfuric acid that traps heat. That makes it the hottest planet in our solar system with surface temperatures over 450°C! Too hot for life as we know it. One Venusian year is about 225 Earth days.Mars is known as the Red Planet because of itsreddish-brown color caused by iron in its soil. It's a rocky planet like Earth but much colder since it has a very thin atmosphere. Scientists are really interested in Mars because there are signs it may have had water and primitive life forms a long time ago. A year on Mars is about 687 Earth days.Jupiter is the biggest planet in our solar system. In fact, it's so big that over 1,300 Earths could fit inside it! Jupiter is a gas giant made mostly of hydrogen and helium gases. Its most famous features are its Great Red Spot, which is a giant storm bigger than Earth, and its many moons. Jupiter takes almost 12 Earth years to orbit the Sun.Saturn is famous for its beautiful rings. These rings are made up of chunks of ice and rock orbiting Saturn. Saturn is also a gas giant, but a little smaller than Jupiter. With its rings, Saturn is oneof the most gorgeous planets to see through a telescope. A year on Saturn is equal to about 29 Earth years.Uranus gets its blue-green color from methane gas in its atmosphere. It's an ice giant planet that is extremely cold, with temperatures as low as -224°C! Uranus is also a bit of an oddball because it seems to roll on its side as it orbits the Sun. A Uranian year equals 84 Earth years.Neptune is another ice giant that is very cold, with winds blowing at over 2,000 km/hr! It gets its blue color from methane and other gases. Neptune has some very large storm systems including the Great Dark Spot. A year on Neptune is almost 165 Earth years long.Those are the 8 major planets of our solar system. There are also many dwarf planets, like Pluto which was reclassified as a dwarf planet in 2006. The solar system is full of other objects too like asteroids, comets, meteoroids, and lots of fascinating moons orbiting the planets.Our Sun is a star at the center of the solar system. It's a hot ball of glowing gases with a surface temperature of about5,500°C. The Sun's gravity holds the whole solar system togeth er and its heat and light make life possible on Earth. Without theSun, Earth would just be a frozen ball of rock and ice floating in space.There is still so much more to learn about our amazing solar system! I can't wait until we're able to explore the planets with robotic rovers and future human missions. Who knows what other incredible discoveries we'll make? Living in the age of space exploration is awesome!篇2Unit 8 - Going GreenThis unit was all about protecting the environment and living an eco-friendly lifestyle. It taught us the importance of conserving natural resources and reducing pollution and waste.The first text was a story called "Mike's Green Life." It was about a boy named Mike who learned to "go green" by making some simple changes in his daily habits. In the beginning, Mike was pretty wasteful. He left lights and electronics on when not in use, wasted food and water, and didn't recycle. But then he had a dream where he saw how his careless actions were hurting the planet.When Mike woke up, he decided to change his ways. He started turning off unused lights and unplugging chargers whennot in use to save electricity. He took shorter showers to save water. He also started carrying a reusable water bottle instead of buying plastic bottles all the time. For lunch, Mike used reusable containers instead of disposable baggies and bottles. He composted his fruit and veggie scraps to reduce food waste going into landfills.At school, Mike encouraged his classmates to recycle paper, cans and bottles. He even got permission to start a recycling program and collection bins around the school. On weekends, Mike and his family would go pick up litter in the park or around the neighborhood. Slowly but surely, Mike got his whole family and community to adopt greener habits.The moral of the story is that even small, simple acts can make a big difference for the environment when we all pitch in and work together. Going green doesn't have to be difficult or require huge sacrifices. Just making thoughtful choices in our daily lives can really help reduce our environmental footprint.After the story, we learned lots of useful vocabulary related to conservation, recycling, pollution, and environmental protection. Words like "renewable, biodegradable, compost, emissions, sustainable, carbon footprint" and more. Wepracticed using these words in sentences and conversations about eco-friendly habits.Next, we read a few short articles about inspiring kids and teens who started projects and organizations to tackle issues like plastic pollution, deforestation, and climate change. It was amazing to read about young people being so passionate and proactive about protecting the planet we all share.We learned about some of the biggest environmental threats facing the world, like climate change, habitat loss, air and water pollution, and overflowing landfills. It was sobering to realize how much damage human activities have caused, but also motivating to learn what we can do to reduce our impact.The articles gave examples of simple "green tips" that anyone can follow, like:Reducing, reusing, and recycling as much as possibleUsing energy efficient lightbulbs and appliancesWalking, biking, or using public transportation instead of drivingEating more plant-based foods and less meatTurning off lights/electronics when not in useTaking shorter showersBuying items with less packagingSupporting companies with eco-friendly practicesWe had some fun activities where we got to make recycled crafts and art projects out of items that would otherwise get thrown away. It felt good to get creative while also reducing waste.For the unit project, we had to make posters or videos to educate others on why environmental protection is important and share green tips on how people can live more sustainably. I made a poster showing the difference between items that can be recycled, composted, or reused versus things that end up in landfills. I hope it inspires my family and friends to be more mindful about properly sorting their waste.Overall, this unit really opened my eyes to how much humans negatively impact the planet through things like pollution, deforestation, and overconsumption of resources. It was kind of scary learning about environmental issues like climate change, habitat loss, plastic pollution etc.But I also feel empowered knowing that even kids like me can make a difference by adopting simple green habits at home,school and in our communities. If we all make an effort to reduce, reuse, recycle and make eco-friendly choices, we can protect the Earth for future generations. I'm going to do my part to spread awareness and encourage everyone around me to go green!篇3Unit 8 is all about seasons and weather. The unit starts by teaching us the four seasons - spring, summer, fall, and winter. Each season has different weather patterns and temperatures.In spring, the weather gets warmer after the cold winter months. Trees grow new leaves and flowers bloom again after being dormant in winter. Baby animals like chicks, lambs, and calves are born in the spring. It's a season of rebirth and new beginnings. Some typical spring weather includes rain showers, mild temperatures, and breezy days.Summer is the hottest season. The days are long and sunny. Summer brings very warm and humid weather in most places. Kids are out of school for summer vacation. Many families go on trips or spend time at the beach, pool, or park during the summer months when it's hot outside. There are summer thunderstorms with heavy rain, lightning, and thunder.Fall is when the leaves change colors and fall off the trees. The weather cools down from the heat of summer. Crisp, cool air and cloudy skies are common in fall. Animals prepare for winter by storing food and growing thick fur coats. It's fall harvest time when farmers pick crops like pumpkins, squash, and apples. Kids go back to school after summer break ends.In winter, it's very cold and the days are short. There is often snow, freezing rain, or icy conditions in winter in many places. Trees are bare without leaves. Many animals hibernate or migrate to warmer areas during the cold winter months. Winter brings holidays like Christmas and New Year's that kids get time off from school. We can have fun playing in the snow by sledding, building snowmen, and having snowball fights.The textbook also teaches vocabulary words for different types of weather conditions like sunny, cloudy, windy, rainy, snowy, foggy, stormy, and icy. Some weather adjectives we learned are hot, warm, cool, mild, and freezing. Natural phenomena like rainbows, thunder, lightning, and hail are covered too.There are pictures showing typical clothing and activities for each season. In spring, you dress in light jackets and play games like hopscotch. Summer calls for shorts, t-shirts, sandals,swimming, picnicking, and outdoor fun. When fall arrives, we wear sweaters and jackets and do activities like raking leaves and carving pumpkins. Wintertime means bundling up in heavy coats, scarves, hats, and mittens then going sledding, making snow angels, or ice skating.The readings describe how weather affects daily life in different ways each season. For example, in spring we open windows to let in fresh air, but in winter we heat our homes and dress warmly to brace against the cold. In summer, we try to stay cool by using fans, air conditioning, or going for a swim. But in fall, we close up homes to keep heat inside as the days get chilly.There are practice exercises asking us to describe the weather for each season using vocabulary words. We also match pictures to their corresponding seasons and describe seasonal customs and traditions observed where we live. At the end, there are short dialogues where characters discuss their favorite season and reasons why based on preferred weather and activities.Overall, this unit does a great job explaining why the four seasons occur and how the changing weather impacts our behavior and surroundings throughout the year. We learned lots of useful weather words and got practice describing each seasonin detail. I really enjoyed this unit as the topics are easy to relate to based on my own experiences with seasonal changes and typical weather where I live.。

冀教版八年级上册英语第八单元课文翻译

冀教版八年级上册英语第八单元课文翻译

UNIT 8 Celebrating Me! Lesson 57:Help!][0:00.738]UNIT 8 第八单元[0:02.496]Celebrating Me! 赞美我![0:05.388]Lesson 57: 第57课:[0:07.202]Help! 求助![0:09.300]THINK ABOUT IT![0:10.888]What do you think of yourself?[0:13.723]How are you unique?[0:16.105]Are you proud of yourself?[0:18.487]Why or why not?[0:20.642]What makes Li Ming a good student?[0:24.498]From: 来自:[0:25.405]Li-Ming@[0:28.297]To: 到:[0:29.261]jenny@compmail.ca jenny@compmail. ca[0:31.473]Subject: 主题:[0:32.777]My report for school 为全校作报告[0:34.818]Date: 日期:[0:35.612]08/12 9:03 AM 12月8日上午9点03[0:39.071]Dear Jenny, 亲爱的珍妮:[0:40.489]I hope you can help me with my English project this week. 这周我希望你可以帮助我完成英语课的任务。

[0:44.061]We are describing ourselves in a report. 我们要在报告中描述自己。

[0:46.500]I don't know what to write about myself. 我不知道写我自己什么。

[0:49.392]We are writing about what makes us unique - our special talents, our personal strengths. 我们要写的是是什么使我们独一无二——我们特殊的才能,我们个人的长处。

Unit_8_SectionA_The_Internet

Unit_8_SectionA_The_Internet
最著名的互联网例子是因特网(Internet,注意大写的I)。因特网 起源于20世纪60年代初的研究项目。其目标是发展一种能力,将各 种计算机网络连接起来,使它们能够作为一个不会因局部灾难而瓦解 的互联系统运行。
Unit 8 The Internet
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Most of this original work was sponsored by the U.S. government through the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA-pronounced "DAR-pa").
最初的工作大多是由美国政府通过国防部高级研究计划局 (DARPA——读作“DAR-pa”)发起的。
Unit 8 The Internet
8/52
Over the years, the development of the lnternet shifted from a defense project to an academic research project, and today it is 定语从句 largely a commercial undertaking that links a worldwide combination of WANs, MANs, and LANs involving millions of computers.
随着岁月的推移,因特网的开发从一个国防项目转变成一个学术研 究项目。如今,它在很大程度上是一个商业项目,连接着全世界的 广域网、城域网和局域网,涉及数百万台计算机。
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Unit 8 The Internet
I. Internet Architecture

计算机专业英语第八章课文翻译

计算机专业英语第八章课文翻译

计算机专业英语第八章课文翻译CHAPTER 8 SECONDARY STORAGEP213IntroductionSecondary storage devices are used to save, to back up, and even to tran sport files consisting of data or programs from one location or computer to another. Not long ago, almost all files contained only numbers and lett ers. The demands for saving these files were easily met with low-capacity floppy disk drives and hard-disk drives.Data storage has expanded from text and numeric files to include digita l music files, photographic files, video files, and much more. These new ty pes of files require secondary storage devices that have much greater cap acity.Secondary storage devices have always been an indispensable element i n any computer system. They have similarities to output and input device s. Like output devices, secondary storage devices receive information from the system unit in the form of the machine language of 0s and Is. Rathe r than translating the information, however, secondary storage devices sav e the information in machine language for later use. Like input devices, s econdary storage devices send information to the system unit for processi ng. However, the information, since it is already in machine form, does n ot need to be translated. It is sent directly to memory (RAM), where it c an be accessed and processed by the CPU.Competent end users need to be aware of the different types of second ary storage. They need to know the capabilities, limitations, and uses of fl oppy disks, hard disks, optical discs, andother types of secondary storage. Additionally, they need to be aware of specialty storage devices for porta ble computers and to be knowledgeable about how large organizations ma nage their extensive data resources.辅助存储设备被用来保存,备份,甚至把数据或程序从一个位置或计算机传送到另一个地方。

英语第八单元课文翻译

英语第八单元课文翻译

从业场所犹如猎偶战场埃丝特∙维勒许多妇女在如今的工作场所都占有一席之地:有的当秘书,有的当售货员,有的当工人,有的当服务员——更不用说居住在大学校园里的那些无数热情洋溢的年轻女子,其数量还在不断增加。

你甚至可能获得这样的印象:女人的本性已在过去的二十年里发生了巨大变化;如今的年轻女子似乎不像她们的母辈那样不讲公平。

她们似乎已经决定——也许出于对其受害者的怜悯之心——不再利用男人,而是真心成为他们的伴侣。

这种印象是靠不住的。

任何女人唯一的终生大事,不过是选择一个称心如意的伴侣,而她在其它方面即使选择失误也能承担得起。

于是,她要在男人工作或学习的场所找个丈夫。

在那种地方,她可以仔细观察和判断她所注重的男性必备的那些品质。

对她来说,机关、工厂和大学只不过是一个巨大的婚姻市场而已。

年轻女子选择某一特定领域作为猎偶场所时,在很大程度上取决于曾是她奴隶的那个男人,换句话说,就是她父亲的收入标准。

高收入阶层男人的女儿会选择大学。

这种地方提供了最好的机会,能让她们捕获到赚大钱的男人,从而维持她们曾经享受过的那种生活标准。

此外,读一阵子书走走形式,要比临时就业方便得多。

家庭不太富裕的女孩子们只好到工厂、商店、公司或医院去工作一段时间——但仍抱着同样的目的。

没有一个人打算长久守着那份工作。

她们只工作到结婚为止——即使苦不堪言,最多只工作到身怀有孕。

这就给女人提供了一个重要的有利地位:如今结婚的妇女“为了自己所选择的丈夫”放弃了学业或工作——这种“牺牲”就导致了丈夫的义务。

所以,女人工作和学习时,只是在数据统计中起到充数的作用,而且比以往更加令人绝望地奴役男人,因为教育和职业对于男人和女人来说意义截然不同。

工作对于男人来说生死攸关。

通常,他生涯的最初几年具有决定意义。

任何男人到了25岁,如果在事业上尚未取得成就,几乎会被认为毫无希望。

在这个阶段,他的各种能力还正在发展之中,他与竞争对手的较量是一场殊死搏斗。

在工作友情的面具下,他时刻注视着某个同事可能会显示出优势的迹象,一旦出现这种迹象,他就会焦虑不安。

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第八单元系统交付第一部分听说A. 对话:软件部署White先生:欢迎来到酒店!感谢你们为我们四季酒店管理信息系统开发所做出的努力。

Kevin:这是我们的荣幸!今天,我们将向你们交付软件,包括所有经过测试的程序文件、数据文件和用户补充文档,例如用户指南和操作手册。

在我们的软件中还添加了超文本“帮助”文件和一个疑难问题排除指南。

White先生:听起来太棒了!那么我们可以在系统部署后马上运行了吗?Kevin:没问题。

但我建议还是首先在一个小群体的用户代表中测试软件。

在确保运行正常之后,我们可以在整个酒店中部署系统。

通过这种方式,这些用户代表可以先运行该软件并在实践中找出问题,而问题的影响将控制在一个较小范围内并且问题可以及时地得到解决。

这也是一种常见的软件部署方式。

White先生:真的吗?那么,我觉得是个好主意。

但多大的范围合适呢?我们总共有100名工作人员和20台计算机。

Sharon:在大概三分之一的酒店信息台上部署就可以。

我认为,信息台处理大部分酒店日常业务,并能有力高效地发现和揭示潜在的问题。

White先生:好的。

我完全同意这个建议,并会尽快安排设备和人员。

此外,如果发现问题时,恐怕我们还将需要一些及时支持。

Kevin:不必担心。

我们将提供安装和启动帮助,作为一个支持小组,我们将为您确保疑难问题排除帮助,直到系统正常运行半年。

Jason:这是我们的联系列表,上面有电话号码和电子邮件地址。

另外,我们也需要一份酒店负责该系统的工作人员的联系信息,以便及时联系。

White先生:没问题。

我会在2天之内将我们的联系信息发电子邮件给你们。

Kevin:关于这方面,更进一步地,我认为我们最好正式地建立问题记录和反馈机制,包括“反馈过程是什么样的?”、“你们如何记录问题并将其报告给我们?”、“使用哪种形式,纸介和/或电子的?”,等等。

这样,我们就可以收集和记录你们的反馈意见,与你们进行沟通和评估,以一起确定修改方案。

White先生:好的,那我们继续吧。

B. 短文理解:软件交付软件增量交付对于任何一个软件项目来说都是一个重要的里程碑。

不过在为此高兴以前,应注意以下重要的几点必须完成。

首先,应保证交付物已经过测试和修改并且没有bug。

其次,交付物应不止是软件本身。

也就是说,除了可执行的软件以外,支持数据文件、支持文档以及其他相关信息必须被集中起来一并提交。

必须向最终用户提供适当的指导性材料,例如培训帮助、疑难问题排除指南和“该软件增量与前交付版本相比不同之处”的描述。

并且,在软件交付之前,必须建立起一套支持体系制度。

最终用户希望在问题发生时能得到反应迅速且准确的帮助信息。

如果支持只是临时的,甚至更糟糕地,根本就没有,客户将马上变得很不满意。

应该对支持进行计划、准备好支持材料,并建立记录支持体制,以使软件团队能够对所请求的支持类型进行明确的评估。

已交付软件为最终用户提供益处和帮助,同时也为开发团队提供有用的反馈。

当一个增量投入使用后,应鼓励最终用户对软件的功能、特性以及易用性、可靠性和其他各种适当的特性做出评价。

软件开发团队应收集和记录用户的反馈,并用于对已交付增量做出及时的修改,定义要合并到下一个增量中的变更,针对这些变更相应地制定必要的修改设计,并为下一个增量修订计划以反映这些变更。

C. 听写:Bug与调试自14世纪以来,“bug”一词是用来形容“妖怪”的。

在计算机领域,人们普遍认为“bug”一词是由海军上将Grace Hopper博士创作的。

他是COBOL的发明人,在20世纪40年代发现了第一个计算机bug。

尽管不像妖怪一样会飞,但是软件中的缺陷可能会呈现出各种各样的形式,从误解需求到编码错误。

在进入计算机领域之前,“调试”一词是用于航空领域的术语,它在1952年美国计算机协会的三篇论文中首次被使用。

在评估测试结果时,软件工程师经常会遇到软件的“症状”迹象。

也就是说,这个错误的外部表现和内部原因之间可能并没有明显的联系。

能将症状与原因联系到一起的难以理解的思考过程就叫“调试”。

具体来说,在计算机领域中,调试是指找出并修复计算机程序代码中或是硬件设备中的bug的过程。

无论是商业产品还是企业或个人应用程序,在几乎任何新的软件或是硬件开发过程中,这都是一个非常必要的过程。

没有人能写出完美的软件,因此调试将会占据写软件的大部分时间。

在《调试技术》一书中,David, J Agans为找到最难捕获的软件和硬件问题提供了以下9条不可缺少的原则:理解系统、让系统失效、停止思考开始观察、分而治之、每次只修改一个地方、记录审核踪迹、检查接口、重新审视。

如果这样都没有解决,那么也就解决不了了。

第二部分阅读A. 软件维护系统开发在系统可操作时,即系统被最终用户在真实生产环境中使用时,宣告完成。

任何在系统投入使用后对系统所做的修改都被认为是维护。

许多人将软件维护视为同硬件维护一样:防止坏掉的或不正确工作的部分。

然而,软件维护并不能以同样的方式看待,让我们看看为什么。

软件工程的目标之一就是开发能准确定义问题、将系统设计为解决方案、实现正确有效的程序集并测试系统错误的技术。

这个目标与硬件开发者类似:制造出能够按照说明工作的、可靠的、无错误的产品。

在这样的一个系统中,硬件维护集中于替换坏掉的部分或是应用技术来延长系统的使用寿命。

然而,while do语句并不会在10000次循环后坏掉,分号也不会语句末尾跑掉。

与硬件不同,软件不会退化,也不需要定期维护。

因此,软件系统与硬件不同,不能把对硬件系统的维护经验完全类推用在软件工程的其他方面。

软件与硬件的最大不同在于软件系统是为融入变化而开发的。

除了最简单的情况,我们开发的系统都是进化的。

也就是说,一个或多个系统所定义的特性通常会在系统生命周期中发生变化。

软件系统可能不仅仅因为客户做出决定改变做事方式而变化,也会可能因为系统本身的性质发生变化而变化。

例如,考虑一个公司计算薪金削减和发放薪水的系统。

该系统取决于该公司所在的城市、州或省及国家的税法或规定。

如果税法变了,或者如果该公司搬到了其他地方,该系统可能就需要修改了。

因此,即使系统过去一直可接受地在工作,现在的系统也可能需要变更。

在开发系统时,我们将主要关注点放在正确实现需求并运行的编码上。

在开发的各个阶段,我们的团队不断地参照前面阶段的工作。

设计组件约束于需求规格说明,代码组件被对照和评审以遵从于设计,测试基于找出功能和约束是否依据需求和设计工作。

因此,开发需要仔细、有控地回溯。

维护就不同了。

作为维护者,我们不但要回头看开发的产品,而且要通过与用户和操作人员建立一种工作关系以找出他们是否满足于系统工作的方式。

我们也要向前看,预估可能会出现的错误,考虑因变更的业务需要而需要进行的功能变更,也要考虑因变更的硬件、软件或接口而导致的系统变更。

因此,维护的涵盖的范围更广,需要更多的追踪及控制。

让我们来仔细看看为保持系统顺畅运行所需进行的活动,并看看由谁来执行这些活动。

维护活动与开发活动相似:分析需求、评估系统和程序设计、编写并评审代码、测试变更,以及更新文档。

因此执行维护的人——分析员、程序员及设计员——扮演着类似的角色。

然而,因为变更通常需要对代码结构和内容详细了解,因此程序员通常在维护中比在开发中扮演更重要的角色。

维护通常同时关注系统进化的如下四个主要方面:(1)维护系统日常功能(2)维护系统变更(3)完善现有可接受的功能(4)防止系统运行出现不可接受的性能问题通常,彼此独立的分析员、程序员及设计员(有时包括一到两个开发团队成员)小组被选定为维护团队。

一个崭新的团队可能比原始的开发者更客观。

维护系统涉及团队全体成员。

通常,用户、程序员或客户代表带着评价或问题与维护团队接洽。

分析人员或程序员要确定代码中哪些部分将受到影响、其对于设计的影响以及可能的资源(包括时间和工作量),以做出必要更改。

团队要参与许多活动如下:(1)了解系统(2)在系统文档中查找并定位信息(3)持续更新系统文档(4)扩展现有功能以适应新或变化的需求(5)添加新的系统功能(6)找到系统失败或问题的来源。

(7)定位并改正错误(8)回答有关系统工作方式的问题(9)重构设计和代码组件(10)重写设计和代码组件(11)删除不再有用的设计及代码组件(12)管理对系统做出的变化此外,维护团队的成员与用户、程序员及客户要协同工作。

首先,他们应尽力了解使用用户语言描述的问题。

然后,将问题转换成变更请求,变更请求包括对系统现在如何工作、用户希望系统如何工作以及要实现变更所需做出哪些修改的描述。

必要的话,当设计和代码在修改并测试之后,维护团队应重新培训用户。

因此,维护涉及人、软件和硬件的交互配合。

B. 计算机安全计算机安全是一个用于保护信息技术免受未经授权访问及能够导致破坏或损失的系统故障的保护系统。

让我们考虑以下与电信安全相关的几个方面。

(1)计算机威胁:拒绝服务攻击、蠕虫、病毒和木马(2)计算机犯罪分子的破坏:黑客和骇客(3)计算机安全:杀毒软件、防火墙、密码、生物身份鉴定和加密技术拒绝服务(DoS)攻击由对计算机系统或网络进行反复请求构成,从而使其超负载,并拒绝合法用户的访问。

蠕虫、病毒和木马是三种恶意攻击计算机系统的形式。

蠕虫是一种不断地将自我复制到计算机内存或硬盘上的程序。

有时它的自我复制往往会造成计算机崩溃。

病毒是一种“不正常”的程序,它存储在计算机软盘、硬盘或光盘上,可能经常会导致意想不到的影响,例如破坏或损毁数据。

木马是伪装成一个有用程序,但却带有病毒或者破坏性指令的计算机程序,它们通常是免费的,如游戏或屏幕保护程序,在人们不知道的情况下进行破坏。

木马的一个显著恶意特征就是它会允许安装所谓的后门程序。

后门程序是一种非法的程序,它能在未经许可的情况下允许非法用户控制我们的计算机。

蠕虫、病毒和木马是通过以下几个方面传播的:通过受感染的软盘或光盘、通过打开未知的电子邮件附件,通过点击被潜入的网站,通过被潜入的Wi-Fi热点等。

黑客被定义为:(1)电脑爱好者,他们喜欢学习编程语言和计算机系统;也是(2)仅仅为了挑战的目的而非法访问计算机或网络的人。

与那些由于或多或少的积极原因而非法进入的黑客相反,骇客是怀有恶意的黑客,他们为了恶意的企图而闯入计算机——为了金钱利益获取信息、关闭硬件、盗版软件、窃取别人的信用信息或者改变或破坏数据。

有各种各样的杀毒程序可以使用。

杀毒软件可对计算机的硬盘、软盘、光盘和内存进行扫描以侦测病毒,有时会删除它们。

防火墙是一种保护电脑或网络防止入侵者的硬件或软件系统。

防火墙软件监控所有因特网和其他网络活动,寻找可疑的数据和防止未经授权的访问。

黑客或骇客可以通过猜到的或盗取的密码轻易地破坏计算机系统。

但某些形式的身份验证不能轻易伪造——如人的身体特征。

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