联合国宪章the Charter

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联合国宪章

联合国宪章序言我联合国人民同兹决心欲免后世再遭今代人类两度身历惨不堪言之战祸，重申基本人权，人格尊严与价值，以及男女与大小各国平等权利之信念，创造适当环境，俾克维持正义，尊重由条约与国际法其他渊源而起之义务，久而弗懈，促成大自由中之社会进步及较善之民生，并为达此目的力行容恕，彼此以善邻之道，和睦相处，集中力量，以维持国际和平及安全，接受原则，确立方法，以保证非为公共利益，不得使用武力，运用国际机构，以促成全球人民经济及社会之进展，用是发愤立志，务当同心协力，以竟厥功。

爰由我各本国政府，经齐集金山市之代表各将所奉全权证书，互相校阅，均属妥善，议定本联合国宪章，并设立国际组织，定名联合国。

第一章：宗旨及原则第一条联合国之宗旨为：一、维持国际和平及安全；并为此目的：采取有效集体办法，以防止且消除对于和平之威胁，制止侵略行为或其他和平之破坏；并以和平方法且依正义及国际法之原则，调整或解决足以破坏和平之国际争端或情势。

二、发展国际间以尊重人民平等权利及自决原则为根据之友好关系，并采取其他适当办法，以增强普遍和平。

三、促成国际合作，以解决国际间属于经济、社会、文化及人类福利性质之国际问题，且不分种族、性别、语言或宗教，增进并激励对于全体人类之人权及基本自由之尊重。

四、构成一协调各国行动之中心，以达成上述共同目的。

第二条为求实现第一条所述各宗旨起见，本组织及其会员国应遵行下列原则：一、本组织系基于备会员国主权平等之原则。

二、各会员国应一秉善意，履行其依本宪章所担负之义务，以保证全体会员国由加入本组织而发生之权益。

三、各会员国应以和平方法解决其国际争端，俾免危及国际和平、安全及正义。

四、各会员国在其国际关系上不得使用威胁或武力，或以与联合国宗旨不符之任何其他方法，侵害任何会员国或国家之领土完整或政治独立。

五、各会员国对于联合国依本宪章规定而采取之行动，应尽力予以协助，联合国对于任何国家正在采取防止或执行行动时，各会员国对该国不得给予协助。

关于联合国宪章建立友好关系及合作之国际法原则之宣言english

DECLARATION ON PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW FRIENDLY RELATIONS AND CO-OPERATION AMONG STATES IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONSThe General Assembly,Recalling its resolutions 1815 (XVII) of 18 December 1962, 1966 (XVIII) of 16 December 1963, 2103 (XX) of 20 December 1965, 2181 (XXI) of 12 December 1966, 2327 (XXII) of 18 December 1967, 2463 (XXIII) of 20 December 1968 and 2533 (XXIV) of 8 December 1969, in which it affirmed the importance of the progressive development and codificationof the principles of international law concerning friendly relations and co-operation among States,Having considered the report of the Special Committee on Principles of International Law concerning FriendlyRelations and Co-operation among States, which met in Geneva from 31 March to 1 May 1970,Emphasizing the paramount importance of the Charter of the United Nations for the maintenance of international peace and security and for the development of Friendly relations and Co-operation among States, Deeply convinced that the adoption of the Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations on the occasion of the twenty-fifth anniversary of theUnited Nations would contribute to the strengthening ofworld peace and constitute a landmark in the development of international law and of relations among States, inpromoting the rule of law among nations and particularly the universal application of the principles embodied in the Charter,Considering the desirability of the wide dissemination ofthe text of the Declaration,1. Approves the Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, the text of which is annexed to the present resolution;2. Expresses its appreciation to the Special Committee on Principles of International Law concerning FriendlyRelations and Co-operation among States for its workresulting in the elaboration of the Declaration;3. Recommends that all efforts be made so that theDeclaration becomes generally known.1883rd plenary meeting, 24 October 1970ANNEXDECLARATION ON PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW CONCERNING FRIENDLY RELATIONS AND CO-OPERATION AMONG STATES IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONSPREAMBLEThe General Assembly,Reaffirming in the terms of the Charter of the UnitedNations that the maintenance of international peace and security and the development of friendly relations and co-operation between nations are among the fundamental purposes of the United Nations,Recalling that the peoples of the United Nations are determined to practise tolerance and live together in peace with one another as good neighbours,Bearing in mind the importance of maintaining and strengthening international peace founded upon freedom, equality, justice and respect for fundamental human rights and of developing friendly relations among nationsirrespective of their political, economic and social systems or the levels of their development,Bearing in mind also the paramount importance of the Charter of the United Nations in the promotion of the rule of law among nations,Considering that the faithful observance of the principlesof international law concerning friendly relations and co-operation among States and the fulfillment in good faith of the obligations assumed by States, in accordance with the Charter, is of the greatest importance for the maintenanceof international peace and security and for theimplementation of the other purposes of the United Nations,Noting that the great political, economic and social changes and scientific progress which have taken place in the world since the adoption of the Charter give increased importance to these principles and to the need for their more effective application in the conduct of States wherever carried on,Recalling the established principle that outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, is notsubject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means, and mindful of the fact that consideration is being given in theUnited Nations to the question of establishing other appropriate provisions similarly inspired,Convinced that the strict observance by States of the obligation not to intervene in the affairs of any otherState is an essential condition to ensure that nations live together in peace with one another, since the practice of any form of intervention not only violates the spirit and letter of the Charter, but also leads to the creation of situations which threaten international peace and security,Recalling the duty of States to refrain in theirinternational relations from military, political, economicor any other form of coercion aimed against the political independence or territorial integrity of any State,Considering it essential that all States shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use offorce against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State, or in any other mannerinconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations,Considering it equally essential that all States shallsettle their international disputes by peaceful means in accordance with the Charter,Reaffirming, in accordance with the Charter, the basic importance of sovereign equality and stressing that the purposes of the United Nations can be implemented only if States enjoy sovereign equality and comply fully with the requirements of this principle in their international relations,Convinced that the subjection of peoples to alien subjugation, domination and exploitation constitutes a major obstacle to the promotion of international peace and security, Convinced that the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples constitutes a significant contribution to contemporary international law, and that its effective application is of paramount importance for the promotion of friendly relations among States, based on respect for the principle of sovereign equality,Convinced in consequence that any attempt aimed at thepartial or total disruption of the national unity and territorial integrity of a State or country or at itspolitical independence is incompatible with the purposes and principles of the Charter,Considering the provisions of the Charter as a whole and taking into account the role of relevant resolutions adoptedby the competent organs of the United Nations relating tothe content of the principles,Considering that the progressive development andcodification of the following principles:(a) The principle that States shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independenceof any State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations,(b) The principle that States shall settle theirinternational disputes by peaceful means in such a mannerthat international peace and security and justice are not endangered,(c) The duty not to intervene in matters within the domestic jurisdiction of any State, in accordance with the Charter,(d) The duty of States to co-operate with one another in accordance with the Charter,(e) The principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples,(f) The principle of sovereign equality of States,(g) The principle that States shall fulfil in good faith the obligations assumed by them in accordance with the Charter,so as to secure their more effective application within the international community, would promote the realization ofthe purposes of the United Nations,Having considered the principles of international lawrelating to friendly relations and co-operation among States,1. Solemnly proclaims the following principles:The principle that States shall refrain in theirinternational ~ relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independenceof any State or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United NationsEvery State has the duty to refrain in its international relations from the threat or use of force against theterritorial integrity or political independence of any State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations. Such a threat or use of force constitutes aviolation of international law and the Charter of the United Nations and shall never be employed as a means of settling international issues.A war of aggression constitutes a crime against the peace, for which there is responsibility under international law.In accordance with the purposes and principles of the United Nations, States have the duty to refrain from propaganda for wars of aggression.Every State has the duty to refrain from the threat or useof force to violate the existing international boundaries of another State or as a means of solving international disputes, including territorial disputes and problems concerning frontiers of States.Every State likewise has the duty to refrain from the threat or use of force to violate international lines of demarcation, such as armistice lines, established by or pursuant to an international agreement to which it is aparty or which it is otherwise bound to respect. Nothing in the foregoing shall be construed as prejudicing thepositions of the parties concerned with regard to the status and effects of such lines under their special regimes or as affecting their temporary character.States have a duty to refrain from acts of reprisalinvolving the use of force.Every State has the duty to refrain from any forcible action which deprives peoples referred to in the elaboration of the principle of equal rights and self-determination of their right to self-determination and freedom and independence.Every State has the duty to refrain from organizing or encouraging the organization of irregular forces or armed bands including mercenaries, for incursion into theterritory of another State.Every State has the duty to refrain from organizing, instigating, assisting or participating in acts of civil strife or terrorist acts in another State or acquiescing in organized activities within its territory directed towards the commission of such acts, when the acts referred to inthe present paragraph involve a threat or use of force.The territory of a State shall not be the object of military occupation resulting from the use of force in contravention of the provisions of the Charter. The territory of a State shall not be the object of acquisition by another State resulting from the threat or use of force. No territorialacquisition resulting from the threat or use of force shall be recognized as legal. Nothing in the foregoing shall be construed as affecting:(a) Provisions of the Charter or any international agreement prior to the Charter regime and valid under international law; or(b) The powers of the Security Council under the Charter.All States shall pursue in good faith negotiations for the early conclusion of a universal treaty on general and complete disarmament under effective international control and strive to adopt appropriate measures to reduce international tensions and strengthen confidence among States.All States shall comply in good faith with their obligations under the generally recognized principles and rules of international law with respect to the maintenance of international peace and security, and shall endeavour to make the United Nations security system based on the Charter more effective.Nothing in the foregoing paragraphs shall be construed as enlarging or diminishing in any way the scope of the provisions of the Charter concerning cases in which the use of force is lawful.The principle that States shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner thatinternational peace and security and justice are not endangeredEvery State shall settle its international disputes with other States by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security and justice are not endangered.States shall accordingly seek early and just settlement of their international disputes by negotiation, inquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, resort to regional agencies or arrangements or otherpeaceful means of their choice. In seeking such a settlement the parties shall agree upon such peaceful means as may be appropriate to the circumstances and nature of the dispute.The parties to a dispute have the duty, in the event of failure to reach a solution by any one of the above peaceful means, to continue to seek a settlement of the dispute by other peaceful means agreed upon by them.States parties to an international dispute, as well as other States shall refrain from any action which may aggravate the Situation so as to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security, and shall act in accordance with the purposes and principles of the United Nations.International disputes shall be settled on the basis of the Sovereign equality of States and in accordance with the Principle of free choice of means. Recourse to, oracceptance of, a settlement procedure freely agreed to by States with regard to existing or future disputes to which they are parties shall not be regarded as incompatible with sovereign equality.Nothing in the foregoing paragraphs prejudices or derogates from the applicable provisions of the Charter, in particular those relating to the pacific settlement of international disputes.The principle concerning the duty not to intervene inmatters within the domestic jurisdiction of any State, in accordance with the CharterNo State or group of States has the right to intervene, directly or indirectly, for any reason whatever, in the internal or external affairs of any other State. Consequently, armed intervention and all other forms of interference or attempted threats against the personality of the State or against its political, economic and cultural elements, are in violation of international law.No State may use or encourage the use of economic politicalor any other type of measures to coerce another State inorder to obtain from it the subordination of the exercise of its sovereign rights and to secure from it advantages of any kind. Also, no State shall organize, assist, foment, finance, incite or tolerate subversive, terrorist or armed activities directed towards the violent overthrow of the regime of another State, or interfere in civil strife in another State.The use of force to deprive peoples of their nationalidentity constitutes a violation of their inalienable rights and of the principle of non-intervention.Every State has an inalienable right to choose its political, economic, social and cultural systems, without interferencein any form by another State.Nothing in the foregoing paragraphs shall be construed as reflecting the relevant provisions of the Charter relatingto the maintenance of international peace and security.The duty of States to co-operate with one another in accordance with the CharterStates have the duty to co-operate with one another, irrespective of the differences in their political, economic and social systems, in the various spheres of international relations, in order to maintain international peace and security and to promote international economic stability and progress, the general welfare of nations and internationalco-operation free from discrimination based on such differences.To this end:(a) States shall co-operate with other States in the maintenance of international peace and security;(b) States shall co-operate in the promotion of universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, and in the elimination of all forms ofracial discrimination and all forms of religious intolerance;(c) States shall conduct their international relations inthe economic, social, cultural, technical and trade fieldsin accordance with the principles of sovereign equality and non-intervention;(d) States Members of the United Nations have the duty totake joint and separate action in co-operation with theUnited Nations in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Charter.States should co-operate in the economic, social andcultural fields as well as in the field of science and technology and for the promotion of international cultural and educational progress. States should co-operate in the promotion of economic growth throughout the world,especially that of the developing countries.The principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoplesBy virtue of the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, all peoples have the right freely to determine, without external interference, their political status and to pursue their economic, social and cultural development, and every State has the duty to respect thisright in accordance with the provisions of the Charter.Every State has the duty to promote, through joint and separate action, realization of the principle of equalrights and self-determination of peoples, in accordance with the provisions of the Charter, and to render assistance to the United Nations in carrying out the responsibilities entrusted to it by the Charter regarding the implementation of the principle, in order:(a) To promote friendly relations and co-operation among States; and(b) To bring a speedy end to colonialism, having due regard to the freely expressed will of the peoples concerned;and bearing in mind that subjection of peoples to alien subjugation, domination and exploitation constitutes a violation of the principle, as well as a denial of fundamental human rights, and is contrary to the Charter.Every State has the duty to promote through joint and separate action universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms in accordance with the Charter.The establishment of a sovereign and independent State, the free association or integration with an independent State or the emergence into any other political status freely determined by a people constitute modes of implementing the right of self-determination by that people.Every State has the duty to refrain from any forcible action which deprives peoples referred to above in the elaboration of the present principle of their right to self-determination and freedom and independence. In their actions against, and resistance to, such forcible action in pursuit of the exercise of their right to self-determination, such peoples are entitled to seek and to receive support in accordance with the purposes and principles of the Charter.The territory of a colony or other Non-Self-Governing Territory has, under the Charter, a status separate and distinct from the territory of the State administering it; and such separate and distinct status under the Chartershall exist until the people of the colony or Non-Self-Governing Territory have exercised their right of self-determination in accordance with the Charter, andparticularly its purposes and principles.Nothing in the foregoing paragraphs shall be construed as authorizing or encouraging any action which would dismember or impair, totally or in part, the territorial integrity or political unity of sovereign and independent States conducting themselves in compliance with the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples as describedabove and thus possessed of a government representing the whole people belonging to the territory without distinction as to race, creed or colour.Every State shall refrain from any action aimed at thepartial or total disruption of the national unity and territorial integrity of any other State or country.The principle of sovereign equality of StatesAll States enjoy sovereign equality. They have equal rights and duties and are equal members of the international community, notwithstanding differences of an economic, social, political or other nature.In particular, sovereign equality includes the following elements:(a) States are judicially equal;(b) Each State enjoys the rights inherent in full sovereignty;(c) Each State has the duty to respect the personality of other States;(d) The territorial integrity and political independence of the State are inviolable;(e) Each State has the right freely to choose and developits political, social, economic and cultural systems;(f) Each State has the duty to comply fully and in goodfaith with its international obligations and to live in peace with other States.The principle that States shall fulfil in good faith the obligations assumed by them in accordance with the Charter-:Every State has the duty to fulfil in good faith the obligations assumed by it in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations.Every State has the duty to fulfil in good faith its obligations under the generally recognized principles and rules of international law.Every State has the duty to fulfil in good faith its obligations under international agreements valid under the generally recognized principles and rules of international law.Where obligations arising under international agreements are in conflict with the obligations of Members of the United Nations under the Charter of the United Nations, the obligations under the Charter shall prevail.GENERAL PART2. Declares that:In their interpretation and application the above principles are interrelated and each principle should be construed in the context of the other principles. Nothing in this Declaration shall be construed as prejudicing in any manner the provisions of the Charter or the rights and duties of Member States under the Charter or the rights of peoples under the Charter, taking into account the elaboration of these rights in this Declaration.;3. Declares further that: The principles of the Charterwhich are embodied in this Declaration constitute basic principles of international law, and consequently appeals to all States to be guided by these principles in their international conduct and to develop their mutual relations on the basis of the strict observance of these principles.。

联合国宪章

第 19 條凡拖欠本組織躡政款項之會員國，其拖欠數目如等於或超過前兩年所應繳納之數目時，即喪失其在大會投票權。大會如認拖欠
原因，確由於該會員國無滕控之情形者，得准許該會員國投票。第 20 條程序
大會每年應舉行常會，並於必要時，舉行特別會議。特別會議應由秘書長經安全理事會或聯合國會員國過半數之請湂召集之。第 21 條
向關係機關提出建議。第 18 條投票
一、大會之每一會員國，應有一個投票權。二、大會帍於重要問題之湺議應以到會及投票之會員國三分之二多數湺定之。此項問題應包括：關於維持國際和平及安全之建議，安全理事會非常任理事國之選舉，經濟暨社會理事會理事國之選舉，依§86第八十六條第一項 (寅) 款所規定託管理事會理事國之選舉，帍於新會員國加入聯合國之准許，會員國權利及特權之停止，會員國之除名，關於施行託管制度之問題，以及預算問題。三、關於其他問題之湺議，包括另有何種事項應以三分之二多數湺定之問題，應以到會及投票之會員國半數湺定之。
行之辦滕之陳述。二、大會應收受並審查聯合國其機關所送之報告。第 16 條大會應執行第十二章及第十三章所授予關於國際託管制度之職務，包括關於非戰略防區託管協定之核准。第 17 條一、大會應審核本組織之預算。
二、本組織之經躻應由各會員國依照大會分配限額擔躠之。三、大會應審核經與§57第五十七條所指各種师門機關訂定之任何躡政及預算辦滕，並應審查該項师門機關之行政預算，以便
第 10 條職權大會得討論本憲章範圍內之任何問題或事項，或關於本憲章所規定任何機關之職權；並除§12第十二條所規定外，得向聯合國會
員國或安全理事會或兼向兩者，提出帍各該問題或事項之建議。第 11 條
一、大會得考慮關於維持國際和平及安全之合作之普通原則，包括軍縮及軍備管制之原則；並得向會員國或安全理事會或兼向兩者提出帍於該項原則之建議。

联合国的规章制度

联合国的规章制度一、联合国的背景和目标1.1 背景介绍联合国（United Nations）成立于1945年，是世界上最大的国际组织之一。

它的前身是同盟国联盟，该联盟在二战后为维护世界和平和国际安全制定了规章制度。

1.2 目标联合国的主要目标是维持国际和平与安全、促进国际合作、保护人权，以及促进社会进步和提高生活水平。

为实现这些目标，联合国制定了一系列规章制度，以确保各成员国的遵守和履行。

二、联合国的主要规章制度2.1 联合国宪章联合国宪章（Charter of the United Nations）是联合国的最高文件，也是其规章制度的基础。

宪章确立了联合国的原则和目标，规定了成员国的权力和义务，以及机构的组织和职责。

2.2 国际法联合国通过国际法（International law）来规范国与国之间的行为。

国际法包括国际公约、国际判例、国际习惯法等。

联合国通过制定和监督国际法的执行，维护国际关系的稳定和公正。

2.3 安全理事会决议安全理事会决议（Security Council resolutions）是联合国安全理事会根据宪章授权，对国际和平与安全问题做出的具有法律约束力的决定。

决议内容涵盖军事行动、制裁措施、停火协议等，其执行需要各成员国的共同支持和配合。

2.4 经济与社会理事会决议经济与社会理事会决议（Economic and Social Council resolutions）涉及到经济、社会和文化等方面的问题。

这些决议旨在促进各国之间的合作与发展，推动全球经济和社会的可持续发展。

2.5 大会决议大会决议（General Assembly resolutions）是联合国大会所做出的决策，其具有政治意义和指导性作用，但没有法律约束力。

大会决议涉及到广泛的议题，如维护国际和平、推进可持续发展、加强人权保护等。

三、联合国的规章制度的重要性3.1 维护国际秩序和和平联合国的规章制度通过确立行为准则和法律框架，维护了国际秩序和和平。

联合国宪章- Charter of the United Nations -(1)

联合国宪章- Charter of the UnitedNations -(1)联合国宪章- Charter of the United Nations作为联合国最基础、最重要的构成文件，联合国宪章规定了联合国的目标、原则、组织架构、职能、会议制度、决策程序、成员国义务等内容，为维护国际和平与安全、促进国际合作与发展提供了重要的制度保障。

本文将从宪章的基本结构、原则、组织架构和职能等角度探究联合国宪章的体系和精神内涵。

基本结构联合国宪章共包含8章，每章包含若干条款和附则。

其中，第一章和第二章分别确定了联合国的目的和原则，第三章至第六章规定了联合国的组织、职能、会议制度和决策程序，第七章规定了联合国国际法体系，第八章则规定了宪章的修订程序和效力范围。

原则联合国宪章的原则包括主权平等、非干涉原则、和平解决争端、不使用武力、纯洁的国际关系、发展合作等。

这些原则以及「所有国家的人民的福利」是联合国宪章的核心，为国际社会共同维护国际和平、促进国际发展提供了准则和行动指南，在实现国际和平与安全、防范和化解冲突、促进经济和社会进步、保护人权等方面发挥了重要作用。

组织架构联合国宪章规定了联合国的组织架构，包括成员国、大会、安全理事会、秘书处、国际法院等。

联合国成员国总共193个，大会是联合国的最高决策机关，安全理事会则负责维护国际和平与安全，秘书处则是联合国的执行机构，由秘书长领导。

职能联合国宪章赋予联合国一系列职能和使命，包括维护国际和平与安全、化解和预防冲突、促进经济和社会进步、保护人权和基本自由、推广国际合作与发展等。

这些职能在联合国的三大支柱框架（和平与安全、发展和人权）下得到体现，成为联合国进行多双边合作和协调的重要指导原则。

总之，联合国宪章是联合国最基础、最重要的构成文件，是维护国际和平与安全、促进国际合作与发展、共建人类命运共同体的重要法律基础和道义支撑，应得到全球人民的珍视和尊重。

联合国体系

（1）国际法院的组成
由15名不同国籍的法官组成。条件：法官个人应是品格高尚，并在各本国具有最高司法职位之任命资格或公认为国际法之法学家” 。注意务使法官全体确能代表世界各大文化及各主要法系” 。
（2）国际法院的诉讼主体
法院的诉讼管辖权依照主权原则，以争端各当事国的同意为基础，而不是强制的。只有国家得为法院的诉讼当事者，个人和国际组织都不能为诉讼当事者。
关于“维持和平行动”问题：
宪章无明文规定，一般是安理会决定并经当事国同意的一种“冷却”措施；可分为两个类型：一类为军事观察团（military observer missions）；一类为维持和平部队（peace-keeping forces）；非强制性和中立是维和部队在法律上的基本特征。
6、秘书处（secretariat）
其任务是为联合国其他机关服务，并执行这些机关制定的计划和政策。秘书处由秘书长（the secretarygeneral）一人和办事人员若干人组成，是“国际公务员”。
思考题：
1、阐述《联合国宪章》的宗旨和原则，说明联合国法律制度在现代国际法中的地位。 2、比较联合国大会与安理会的职权的不同。
联合国的原则：
会员国主权平等之原则；善意履行宪章义务原则；和平方法解决国际争端原则；不使用武力原则；集体协助原则；不干涉内政原则；应保证非会员国遵行上述原则。
三、联合国的会员国
创始会员国（original members）；接纳会员国（elective members）；条件：凡爱好和平的国家，接受宪章所载的义务，经联合国组织认为确能并愿意履行这些义务的，都可以成为联合国的会员国。
《联合国宪章》（Charter of the United Nations）是联合国的组织章程，在宪章的第一条和第二条规定了联合国的宗旨和原则。

常用机构英文缩写

常用机构英文缩写UN the United Nations 联合国UNSG United Nations Secretary General联合国秘书长CUN The Charter of the United Nations联合国宪章UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS 联合国艾滋病规划署UNDP United nations Development programme 联合国开发计划署UNEP United Nations Environment Programme联合国环境署UNSC United Nations Security Council 联合国安全理事会UNCF United Nations Children's Fund 联合国儿童基金会UNCA TD United nations conference on trade and development联合国贸易和发展大会CSD Commission on Sustainable Development 联合国可持续发展委员会UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development联合国环境与发展大会UNESCO Unitde Nations Education ,Scientific and Culutral Organization 联合国教科文组织FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 联合国粮农组织UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization联合国工业发展组织UNFPA United Nations Fund for Population Activities联合国人口活动基金WFUNA World Federation of United Nations Associations 联合国协会世界联合会UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe联合国欧洲经济委员会UNOG United Nations Office in Geneva联合国日内瓦办事处UNSF United Nations Special Fund联合国特别基金UNCDF United Nations Capital Development Fund联合国资本开发基金会UNCITRAL United Nations Commission on International Trade Law联合国国际贸易法委员会UNSF United Nations Security Force 联合国和平军队WHO World Health Organization 世界卫生组织WMO World Meteorological Organization 世界气象组织WEO World Environmental Organization世界环境组织WEO World Energy Outlook：世界能源展望WTO World Trade Organization 世界贸易组织WTO World Toilet Organisation世界厕所组织WTO World Telecommunications Organization世界电信组织WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization 世界知识产权组织WPC World Peace Council 世界和平理事会WAIPA World Association of Investment Promotion Agencies世界投资促进机构协会WCED World Commission on Environment and Development世界环境与发展委员会WCO World Customs Organization世界海关组织WEF World Education Fellowship：世界教育联谊会WB World Bank世界银行ACWW Associated Country Women of the World世界农村妇女协会ITC International Trade Center世界贸易中心IMF International Monetary Fund 国际货币基金组织ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross 国际红十字会ISO International Standards Organization 国际标准化组织ITU International Telecommunication Union 国际电信联盟ICAO International Civil A viation Organization 国际民用航空组织IDA International Development Association 国际开发协会IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency 国际原子能机构IOC International Olympic Committee 国际奥委会IOJ International Organization of Journalists 国际新闻工作者协会ILO International Labour Organization 国际劳工组织IFC International Finance Corporation 国际金融公司IMO International Maritime Organization 国际海事组织IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development 国际农业发展基金会ICC International Chamber of Commerce国际商会UEA Universal Esperanto Association国际世界语协会INTELSAT International telecommunications Satellitic国际通信卫星机构IRTO International Radio and Television Organization国际广播电视组织IEC International Electrotechnical Commission 国际电工委员会IOCU International Organization of Consumers Unions 国际消费者联盟组织CPWC Co-operation Programme on Water and Climate国际气候及水合作计划组织IAAF International Association of Athletics Federations国际田联EU European Union 欧洲联盟CIS Common Wealth of Independent States 独立国家联合体EEC European Economic Community 欧洲经济共同体NA TO North Atlantic Treaty Organization 北大西洋公约组织APEC the Asia—Pacific Economic Cooperation 亚太经合组织ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations 东南亚国家联盟OSCE Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe 欧洲安全与合作组织EEC Organization for European Economic Cooperation 欧洲经济合作组织IPU Inter—Parliamentary Union 各国议会联盟UPU Universal Postal Union 万国邮政联盟OAU Organization of African Unity 非洲统一组织PLO Palestine Liberation Organization 巴勒斯坦解放组织OIC Organization of the Islamic Conference 伊斯兰会议组织OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries 石油输出国组织NAM the Non—Aligned Movement 不结盟运动GCC Gulf Cooperation Council 海湾合作委员会APG Asia/Pacific Group 亚太组织ABC Agriculture Bank of China 中国农业银行ICBC Industry and Commercial Bank of China 中国工商银行BC Bank of China 中国银行PBOC The People's Bank of China 中国人民银行ED Education Department 教育署PLA People’s Liberation Army 中国人民解放军FBI Federal Bureau of investigation 美国联邦调查局HKSAR Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 香港特别行政区NBA National Basketball Association 美国国家篮球协会RCS Red Cross Society 红十字会UPS United Parcel Service 全球特快专递USMC United States Military Company 海军陆战队NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration美国航天太空总署FDA Food and Drug Administration美国食品药物管理局USDA United States Department of Agriculture美国农业部IRS Internal Revenue Service美国税务局NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Color People 全国黑人权益促进会AARP American Association of Retired People美国退休人员协会AAUP American Association of University Professors 美国大学教授协会CIA Central Intelligence Agence 美国中央情报局FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation联邦调查局DC Washington D ．C 华盛顿特区NY New Y ork 纽约SFC San Francisco City 三藩市（美国）ABS：American Bureau of Shipping 美国船运局ACC：American Chamber of Commerce 美国商会（又简称Amcham）A.E.A：American Economic Association 美国经济协会AGM：annual general meeting（公司股东）年度大会AID：Agency for International Development（美国）国际开发署AMA：American Management Association 美国管理协会ASA：American Standards Association 美国标准协会Amex：American Stock Exchange 美国证券交易所CFTC Commodity Futures Trading Commission期货交易管理委员会EPA Environmental Protection Agency联邦环境保护局。

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WE THE PEOPLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS DETERMINEDto save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind, andto reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small, andto establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, andto promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,AND FOR THESE ENDSto practice tolerance and live together in peace with one another as good neighbors, andto unite our strength to maintain international peace and security, andto ensure, by the acceptance of principles and the institution of methods, that armed force shall not be used, save in the common interest, andto employ international machinery for the promotion of the economic and social advancement of all peoples,CHAPTER IPURPOSES AND PRINCIPLESArticle 1The Purposes of the United Nations are:1. To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace;2. To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace;3. To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting andencouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion; and4. To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common ends.CHAPTER IVTHE GENERAL ASSEMBLYCOMPOSITIONArticle 91. The General Assembly shall consist of all the Members of the United Nations.2. Each Member shall have not more than five representatives in the General Assembly.FUNCTIONS AND POWERSArticle 10The General Assembly may discuss any questions or any matters within the scope of the present Charter or relating to the powers and functions of any organs provided for in the present Charter, and, except as provided in Article 12, may make recommendations to the Members of the United Nationsor to the Security Council or to both on any such questions or matters.Article 111. The General Assembly may consider the general principles of co-operation in the maintenance of international peace and security, including the principles governing disarmament and the regulation of armaments, and may make recommendations with regard to such principles to the Members or to the Security Council or to both.2. The General Assembly may discuss any questions relating to the maintenance of international peace and security brought before it by any Member of the United Nations, or by the Security Council, or by a state which is not a Member of the United Nations in accordance with Article 35, paragraph 2, and, except as provided in Article 12, may make recommendations with regard to any such questions to the state or states concerned or to the Security Council or to both. Any such question on which action is necessary shall be referred to the Security Council by the General Assembly either before or after discussion.3. The General Assembly may call the attention of the Security Council to situations which are likely to endanger international peace and security.4. The powers of the General Assembly set forth in this Article shall not limit the general scope of Article 10.Article 121. While the Security Council is exercising in respect of any dispute or situation the functions assigned to it in the present Charter, the General Assembly shall not make any recommendation with regard to that dispute or situation unless the Security Council so requests.2. The Secretary-General, with the consent of the Security Council, shall notify the General Assembly at each session of any matters relative to the maintenance of international peace and security which are being dealt with by the Security Council and shall similarly notify the General Assembly, or the Members of the United Nations if the General Assembly is not in session, immediately the Security Council ceases to deal with suchmatters.Article 131. The General Assembly shall initiate studies and make recommendations for the purpose of:a. promoting international co-operation in the political field and encouraging the progressive development of international law and its codification;b. promoting international co-operation in the economic, social, cultural,educational, and health fields, and assisting in the realization of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race,sex, language, or religion.2. The further responsibilities, functions and powers of the General Assembly with respect to matters mentioned in paragraph 1 (b) above are set forth in Chapters IX and X.Article 14Subject to the provisions of Article 12, the General Assembly may recommend measures for the peaceful adjustment of any situation,regardless of origin, which it deems likely to impair the general welfare or friendly relations among nations, including situations resulting from a violation of the provisions of the present Charter setting forth the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations.Article 151. The General Assembly shall receive and consider annual and special reports from the Security Council; these reports shall include an account of the measures that the Security Council has decided upon or taken to maintain international peace and security.2. The General Assembly shall receive and consider reports from the other organs of the United Nations.Article 16The General Assembly shall perform such functions with respect to the internationaltrusteeship system as are assigned to it under Chapters XII and XIII, including the approval of the trusteeship agreements for areasnot designated as strategic. Article 171. The General Assembly shall consider and approve the budget of the Organization.2. The expenses of the Organization shall be borne by the Members as apportioned by the General Assembly.3. The General Assembly shall consider and approve any financial and budgetary arrangements with specialized agencies referred to in Article 57 and shall examine the administrative budgets of such specialized agencies with a view to making recommendations to the agencies concerned.。