Drilling Fluid.ppt
Types of Drilling Fluids
➢ Air ➢ Water ➢ Water based mud ➢ Oil based mud ➢ Synthetic based mud
Types of Drilling Fluids
➢ Air Drills faster than any other drilling fluid Can only be used in harder rock with
Functions of drilling fluid
➢ Number two is to prevent blowouts ➢ Blowouts can be catastrophic with
loss of life, equipment and environmental damage ➢ The most common additive for density is barite
1470 1819 1680
BaSO4 FeO.Fe2Co2 TiO2Fe2O
Functions of drilling fluid
➢ Hematite and Ilmenite are not used very often in drilling fluids
➢ Only for very high density drilling fluids ➢ Bottomhole cleaning is primarily performed
Functions of drilling fluids
➢ Remove cuttings from the hole ➢ Clean bottom of the hole (below bit) ➢ Prevent flow of formation fluids ➢ Control torque (reduce friction) ➢ Retard corrosion ➢ Deposit a thin filter cake
Functions of drilling fluid
➢ H2S and CO2 are acid gases - When mixed with water based mud, they lower the pH and promote corrosion - H2S is deadly in small quantities and should be treated immediately - H2S can cause hydrogen embrittlement in high strength carbon steel - CO2 can cause severe viscosity problems
Types of Drilling Fluids
➢ Most salt muds are sodium chloride, potassium, potassium chloride or calcium chloride
➢ Bentonite will not yield or hydrate very well in salt water
you can not drill
Functions of drilling fluids
➢ Symptoms of poor hole cleaning -Excessive torque and drag -Tight hole and bridges on trips -Fill on bottom
Functions of drilling fluid
➢ Formations that will be cased, cemented, perforated and fracture stimulated may not present a problem with formation damage
Types of Drilling Fluids
➢ Water based muds can be broken down into fresh water or brine systems
➢ Fresh water muds are by far the most common drilling fluids in the world
lower production rates No control of formation pressure
Types of Drilling Fluids
➢ Water Water drills better than drilling fluids
with solids Low density, no solids, low viscosity Not all formations can be drilled with
➢ If bentonite is used, it is premixed in fresh water to a high viscosity and then blended into the salt water system
Types of Drilling Fluids
➢ Oil based muds can be formulated to weigh as little as 7.5 ppg with mostly oil
water
Types of Drilling Fluids
➢ Water based muds Clay for viscosity Barite for density Chemicals and polymers to get
desired properties Drill solids as a contaminant
➢ It does become critical in extended reach directional wells and horizontal wells
➢ A good bentonite content and low drill solids content will yield lower friction coefficients
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Functions of drilling fluid
➢ Retard corrosion - Corrosion is reduced by maintaining a pH above 8.5-9.0 - A common additive to increase the pH is caustic (NaOH) - Potassium hydroxide can also be used (KOH) - Corrosion inhibitors or oxygen scavengers can be used to improve corrosion resistance
Drilling Fluid
The drilling fluid is a large and important part of drilling operation
Historical perspective
➢ 1901-The Sprindletop well introduced rotary drilling methods and drilling fluid
Functions of drilling fluids
➢ Drilling fluids cannot do everything
➢ Must decide on priorities ➢ Number one function is to
clean hole ➢ If you do not clean the hole,
Functions of drilling fluids
➢ Transmit MWD information ➢ Prevent change in hole size ➢ Aid in cement placement ➢ Prevent lost circulation ➢ Minimize formation damage ➢ Assist in formation evaluation
➢ Oil based muds are used to drill - Highly reactive shale formations - Extended reach drilling for low friction coefficient - Deep, high pressure, high temperature H2S wells
➢ They can be anything from water and drill solids to complex muds
Types of Drilling Fluids
➢ Salt water muds are specialty muds used to obtain a specifc objective
by the hydraulics and not the mud ➢ Mud additives generally reduce
bottomhole cleaning
Functions of drilling fluid
➢ In most instances, hole lubrication is not a requirement
➢ All drilling fluids are damaging to some extent, if not, it is called lost circulation
➢ The question is whether the damage can be reversed or limited to near the well bore
➢ Oil and synthetic muds will usually yield the lowest friction coefficients but not always
钻井液技术.ppt
概论——钻井液的分类
钙处理钻井液(Calcium treated drilling fluids)
定义:体系中同时含有一定浓度的Ca2+ 和分散剂。 特点
抗盐、钙污染的能力强 抑制粘土的水化分散作用,控制页岩坍塌和井径扩大,减
少对油气层的损害
盐水钻井液(saltwater drilling fluid)
Keep the newly drilled wellbore open untill steel casing can be cemented in the hole.
Cool and lubricate the rotating drillstring and bit.
概论——钻井液不应具有
有利于抑制地层造浆和保持井壁稳定。
概论——钻井液的分类
钾基聚合物钻井液(ium-base polymer DF)
定义:以各种聚合物的钾(或铵、钙)盐和KCl为 主处理剂的防塌钻井液体系
特点
在各种无机盐中,以KCl抑制粘土水化的效果最好。聚合 物处理剂的存在使该钻井液体系具有聚合物钻井液的各种 优良特性。
geological information. Find and protect payzones.
概论——钻井液的分类
分散钻井液(dispersed Drilling Fluids)
定义:用淡水、膨润土和各种对粘土与钻屑起分 散作用的处理剂配制而成的水基钻井液
特点 可容纳较多的固相,适合于配制较高密度的 钻井液 容易在井壁上形成较致密的泥饼,失水较低 某些分散钻井液具有较强的抗温能力,适合 于深井和超深井使用。
既不能伤害钻井人员,又不能损害或污染环境 对所设计的地层评估有不利的性能 对产层产生伤害 对钻井设备和管材造成较大腐蚀 Detrimental to the operators and environment. Detrimental to the formation evaluation . Cause any formation damage. Cause any corrosion of the drilling equipment
钻井液课件 10-11-MMH and HT Drilling Fluids
M3+: A13+ , Cr3+, Mn3+, Fe3+, Co3+, Ni3+, La3+
A: anion with “n” valence number, Cl-,OH-, NO3x: the number of M3+
m: the number of water molecule
MMH in commom use in oil fields(油田常用MMH):
V. Positive Charge (MMH) drilling fluid 第五节正电胶钻井液
➢Mixed Metal Layered Hydroxide Compounds(混合金属层状氢氧化物MMH): Developed in 80’s last century: sol, thick colloid and colloid powder. Thick colloid and colloid powder could be dispersed into sol in water rapidly. ➢Colloid particle with positive charge
➢Exchangeable Anion(可交换阴离子): Anionic Clay(阴离子黏土)
1.2 Electrical property (正电胶的电性)
1) The charge of MMH(正电胶的电荷): IS, pH, adsorption ✓ Permanent Charge (永久电荷), "+": Isomorphic Substitution ✓ 可变电荷(Variable Charge):
Table 6-38 Compositions of Hydrotalcite-likes
12钻井液及完井液drillingandcompletionfluid
12钻井液及完井液drillingandcompletionfluid12 钻井液及完井液drilling and completion fluid12.1 钻井液(钻井流体;泥浆) drilling fluid:用于钻井作业的循环流体。
12.2 钻井液分类drilling fluid classification:根据钻井液连续相的相态而划分;有以水为连续相的水基钻井液(泡沫除外)、以油为连续相的油基钻井液和以气体为基本介质(气体可为连续相或分散相)的三大类流体。
12.3 钻井液体系drilling fluid system:为满足钻井工艺要求及适应地层特性而设计的一类钻井液配方及维护工艺。
12.3.1 不分散钻井液体系non-dispersed drilling fluid system:未经分散处理,或只轻轻微处理的粘土水基钻井液;其中的粘土大多处于未分散(未解胶)状态。
如开钻泥浆、天然泥浆及粘土原浆等。
12.3.2 分散钻井液体系dispersed drilling fluid system:用木素磺酸盐或类似的分散剂及降滤失剂等处理过的粘土水基钻井液。
12.3.3 钙处理钻井液体系calcium treated drilling fluid system:经熟石灰、石膏或氯化钙等处理剂处理,能抑制粘土及页岩水化膨胀的水基钻井液;体系中的粘土粒子大多以微小聚集体形式分散于水相中。
12.3.4 聚合物钻井液体系polymer drilling fluid system:用水溶性高分子聚合物调整流变性,降滤失,具有抑制性能的水基钻井液。
这种体系的粘土含量低,一般具有较好的“剪切降粘”性能。
12.3.4.1 常规聚合物钻井液conventional polymer drilling fluid:通常使用阴离子型或非离子型聚合物作为处理剂的水基钻井液。
12.3.4.2 阳离子聚合物钻井液cationic polymer drilling fluid:以阳离子型聚合物或两性聚电解质为处理剂或主要处理剂的水基钻井液。
钻井液课件 9-Water Based Drilling Fluids
2. Salt-polymer fluids(KCl-聚合物钻井液)
I. Finely Dispersed Drilling Fluid 分散钻井液
• Filtration reducers: CMC and Polyanionic cellulose
• pH: NaOH along with dispersion
Discuss the thinning mechanism of polyphosphate referring to the right fig.
2. Saline (sodium chloride) fluids(盐水钻井液 ) • Sea-water fluids a. Salt fluids b. Saturated salt fluids
3. Calcium treated fluids(钙处理钻井液 ) a. Lime b. Gypsum c. CaCl2
V V m w
mm
c ✓ Vw– volume of required water,m3
1.2 Typical composition of dispersed drilling mud(分散钻井液的典型组成):
• Thinners: dispersant, such as polyphosphate, tannin lye, ferrochrome lignosulfonate, lignite and modified lignite, etc.
Yield Point and Gel Strength Reduction and
钻井液课件 Rheology of drilling fluids
➢ 1:1 Kaollinite and 2:1 montmorillonite and illite ➢ O-OH hydrogen bonding Kaollinite & O-O
vanderWaalsforce montmorillonite and illite ➢ Few Kaollinte & more montmorillonite and illite
and Al-O montmorillonite & Si-O illite Isomorphic Substitution ➢ Few Kaollinte & more montmorillonite and illite negative charge ➢ Ca2+ or Na+ montmorillonite & K+ illite exchangeable cation ➢ No swelling Kaollinte & illite swelling and montmorilloniteHydration-swelling (水化膨胀)
① 携带岩屑,保证井底和井眼的清洁; ② 悬浮岩屑与重晶石; ③ 提高机械钻速; ④ 保持井眼规则和保证井下安全。 ⑤ 此外,钻井液的某些流变参数还直接用于钻井环
空水力学的有关计算。 ➢ 因此,对钻井液流变性的深入研究,以及对每口油气
井钻井液流变参数的优化设计和有效调控是钻井液工 艺技术的一个重要方面。
② 钻井液的流变曲线:剪切速率和剪切应力之间的关系 ③ 流变参数:塑性粘度(Plastic Viscosity)、动切力(Yield
Point)、静切力(Gel Strength)、表观粘度(Apparent Viscosity) ➢ 钻井液流变性是钻井液的一项基本性能,它在解决下 列钻井问题时起着十分重要的作用:
《钻井用化学剂》PPT课件
HO
OH
Al粘土片Al
HO
OH
OH
COONa
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拆散和削弱了网状结构,释放出包裹的自由 水,同时也减小了粘土颗粒运动时相互之间 的摩擦力,从而起到稀释作用。
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CH2 CHm CH
CH n
COONa COONa
SO3Na
磺化苯乙烯顺酐共聚物
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SSMA在粘土颗粒边缘上吸附,拆散网状结构 与体系中的水解聚丙烯酰胺形成聚合物络合物
稳定胶体颗粒作用---护胶作用 提高滤液粘度 降滤失剂的堵孔作用
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2、常用的降滤失剂
A:羧甲基纤维素---Na-CMC
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相对分子质量越高,水溶液粘度越大 取代度的高低是决定CMC水溶性的主要因素 CMC是一种抗盐、抗温能力较强的降滤失剂,
也有一定的抗钙能力
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五倍子酸
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3、常用的稀释剂
丹宁碱液----抗盐能力较差 栲胶碱液
----温度高易发酵,引起钻井液发泡, 只适用浅井和中深井
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3、常用的稀释剂
丹宁碱液----抗盐能力较差 栲胶碱液 磺甲基丹宁----热稳定性好,适用于高温、深井
但抗盐性较差 铁铬木质素磺酸盐
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复习:
钻井液:钻井时用来清洗井底并把岩屑携带到 地面,维持钻井操作正常进行的流体
钻井液的功能:携带和悬浮钻屑;稳定井壁; 冷却和清洗钻头、净化井底;平衡地层压力; 获取井下信息
钻井液的类型:水基钻井液、油基钻井液
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钻井液课件 11-Oil base drilling fluids
non-soluble addtives)0.03;5-High density solid, 0.09 (Fraction in volume)
性不易控制,易着火,使用范围仅限于 100℃以内浅井
全油基钻井液
柴油、沥青、乳化剂及少 量水(7%以内)
1939年
具有油基钻井液的各种优点,可抗 200~250℃高温,但配制成本高,较易着火, 钻速较低
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油包水乳化钻 井液
柴油、乳化剂、润湿剂、
亲油胶体、乳化水 (10%~60%)
1950 年 前后
通过水相活度控制有利于井壁稳定,与全
1.1 Composition 1) Base Oil(基油): Diesel (0# Diesel) and mineral oil with low
toxicity. Diesel: • (1) Flash point(闪点)>82℃ and Flash point(燃点)>93℃ • (2) Aniline point (苯胺点:等体积油和苯胺互溶的最低温
➢Water in Oil emulsion(油包水乳状液): water( dispersed phase)+ oil (continuous phase)+ emulsifier(乳化 剂), wetting agent(润湿剂) and oleophylic colloid(亲油胶体) and weighting agents(加重剂). ρ=1.32g/cm3.
第五章 钻井液
第五章钻井液钻井液(Drilling fluids)是在旋转钻井时循环使用的流体,包括水基、油基、气基三种类型。
由于绝大多数使用的是液体,少量使用气体或泡沫,因此称之为“钻井液”,又由于最初的钻井液主要是由水和粘土组成,而且粘土一直是钻井液的主要配制材料,因此习惯称之为“泥浆”。
尽管目前钻井液的成本仅占钻井总成本的5~10%左右,但它却是影响钻井工程成败的主要因素之一,井愈深,其重要性愈突出,因此,人们形象地把泥浆比喻为“钻井的血液”。
第一节钻井液性能一.钻井液性能钻井液性能测试与计算的技术指标总共有40多项,但对一种钻井液体系,一般要求测定和相适应的指标常常只是几项或十几项。
测试钻井液性能的方法可参见1993年版API RP 13 B-l《水基钻井液现场测试程序推荐作法》和B-2《油基钻井液现场测试程序推荐作法》以及我国行业标准ZB/TE 13004《钻井液测试程序》。
各项性能的代号及单位见表5-1。
二.钻井液性能的控制1.密度(MW)(1)钻井液密度是单位体积钻井液所含物质的质量,法定计量单位为克/厘米3(g/cm3)或千克/米3(kg/m3),钻井现场也常用其他非法定计量单位,如磅/加仑(1b/gal)或磅/英尺3(fo/f t3),有时则用压力梯度表示,如磅/英寸2/英尺(1b/in2/f t)、磅/英寸2/1000英尺(1b/in2/1000f t)、千帕/米(kPa/m)或者是公斤/厘米2/米(kg/cm2/m)等。
它们之间的换算关系见单位换算表。
(2)钻井液密度的设计应控制在合适的数值上。
一般而言,钻井液密度提高有利于支承井壁,保证井眼的稳定,阻止地层流体流入井筒污染钻井液及引发井涌与井喷,但密度高不利于提高钻进速度。
(3)钻井液密度降低有利于避免井漏,提高钻进速度和减少压差卡钻机率,也有利于产层保护,但密度降低容易引发井涌或井喷。
(4)钻井液密度升高的可能因素是:①加入加重材料。
