大众媒体新媒体外文翻译文献综述
大众媒介变化的英语作文
大众媒介变化的英语作文The Evolving Landscape of Mass MediaThe world of mass media has undergone a profound transformation in recent decades, driven by the rapid advancements in technology and the ever-changing preferences of consumers. From the traditional print media to the digital realm, the landscape of mass communication has been reshaped, presenting both challenges and opportunities for individuals, businesses, and society as a whole.One of the most significant shifts in mass media has been the rise of digital platforms. The internet has revolutionized the way information is accessed, shared, and consumed. Social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram have become powerful tools for individuals to express their thoughts, share their experiences, and engage with a global audience. These platforms have democratized the dissemination of information, allowing anyone with an internet connection to become a content creator and influencer.The proliferation of digital media has also had a profound impact on traditional forms of mass media. Newspapers and magazines, oncethe primary sources of news and information, have had to adapt to the digital age. Many have transitioned to online platforms, offering a more interactive and multimedia-rich experience for their readers. The speed and accessibility of digital news have challenged the traditional news cycle, with breaking news and real-time updates becoming the norm.Moreover, the rise of streaming services and on-demand content has transformed the entertainment industry. Platforms like Netflix, Hulu, and Amazon Prime have disrupted the traditional television model, allowing viewers to consume content at their own convenience and on a variety of devices. This shift has led to the development of high-quality, binge-worthy content that caters to the diverse preferences of viewers.The changes in mass media have also had a significant impact on the way businesses and organizations communicate with their target audience. Digital marketing and social media have become essential tools for brands to reach and engage with their customers. Platforms like YouTube, Instagram, and TikTok have become powerful channels for businesses to showcase their products, share their brand stories, and build strong relationships with their audience.However, the evolving landscape of mass media is not without its challenges. The abundance of information available online has led tothe spread of misinformation and fake news, which can have serious consequences for individuals and society. The need for media literacy and critical thinking skills has become increasingly important, as consumers must navigate the vast array of information sources and discern fact from fiction.Additionally, the shift towards digital media has raised concerns about data privacy and the ethical use of personal information. Consumers are becoming more aware of the ways in which their data is collected and used by tech companies and digital platforms, leading to a growing demand for greater transparency and accountability.In conclusion, the evolution of mass media has transformed the way we access, consume, and share information. The rise of digital platforms has democratized communication, offering new opportunities for individuals and businesses to connect and engage with their audiences. However, this transformation has also brought about challenges, such as the spread of misinformation and the need for greater data privacy protections. As we navigate this ever-changing landscape, it is crucial that we embrace the positive aspects of mass media while addressing the emerging challenges to ensure a more informed and responsible society.。
大众媒体 英文作文
大众媒体英文作文The mass media is everywhere in our daily lives. From newspapers to TV shows, from social media to advertising, we are constantly bombarded with information and entertainment. It's hard to escape the influence of the media, and it shapes our opinions and beliefs in ways we may not even realize.We are often told that the media is a powerful tool for shaping public opinion, and this is certainly true. Whether it's through biased reporting, sensationalist headlines, or carefully crafted advertising campaigns, the media has the ability to sway public opinion and influence our behavior.But the media is also a reflection of society, and it can be a force for good. It can shine a light on important issues, give a voice to the marginalized, and hold those in power accountable. It can also bring people together, creating a sense of community and shared experience.At the same time, the media can also be a source of division and conflict. It can spread misinformation and perpetuate stereotypes, creating fear and mistrust. It can also be a platform for hate speech and extremism, amplifying the voices of those who seek to divide us.In conclusion, the mass media is a complex and powerful force in our lives. It has the ability to shape public opinion, reflect society, and both unite and divide us.It's important to be critical consumers of media, to seek out diverse perspectives, and to use the media as a force for positive change.。
大众媒体对社会的影响英语作文
大众媒体对社会的影响英语作文The Impact of Mass Media on SocietyMass media plays an essential role in our modern society. It has the power to shape our perceptions, influence our beliefs, and impact our behavior. The influence of mass media on society is profound and multifaceted, affecting various aspects of our lives.Firstly, mass media serves as a primary source of information. Through newspapers, television, radio, and the internet, media outlets provide us with news and updates about local and global events. This constant flow of information helps us stay informed and aware of the world around us. However, it also means that the media has the power to control the narrative and influence public opinion.Secondly, mass media has a significant impact on shaping cultural norms and values. T elevision shows, movies, and music videos often portrayal certain lifestyles, behaviors, and beliefs, which can influence societal standards. For instance, the portrayal of unrealistic body images in the media can lead to body dissatisfaction and low self-esteem among individuals.Furthermore, mass media plays a crucial role in shaping political discourse. It provides a platform for political candidates to express their views, and it also influences public opinion through biased reporting and commentary. The media's influence on political elections and policy-making cannot be underestimated.Moreover, mass media has transformed the way we communicate and interact with one another. Social media platforms have created virtual communities, allowing people to connect globally and share their thoughts and experiences. While this has many positive aspects, such as promoting social awareness and activism, it also has negative consequences, such as online bullying and the spread of misinformation.In addition, mass media has a profound impact on consumer behavior. Advertising and marketing strategies influence our purchasing decisions, often manipulating our desires and creating false needs. This can lead to materialism and excessive consumption, which have negative environmental and social implications.Lastly, mass media can both reflect and perpetuate societal inequalities. It has the power to reinforce stereotypes and biases, thereby contributing to discrimination and social divisions. Representation matters, and the media should strive for diversity and inclusivity to promote a more equitable society.In conclusion, the influence of mass media on society is undeniable. It shapes our perceptions, beliefs, and behavior, and has both positive and negative consequences. As consumers of media, it is crucial to be critical and discerning, while also advocating for responsible and ethical media practices. Only through awareness and action can we harness thepotential of mass media to create a better and more inclusive society.。
社交网络和大众媒体新媒体外文文献翻译2013年译文3000多字
文献出处：DAVID A. SIEGEL.Social Networks and the Mass Media[J] American Political Science Review.2013,107,(04) pp 786-805原文Social Networks and the Mass MediaSIEGELAbstract:How do global sources of information such as mass media outlets, state propaganda, NGOs, and national party leadership affect aggregate behavior? Prior work on this question has insufficiently considered the complex interaction between social network and mass media influences on individual behavior. By explicitly modeling this interaction, I show that social network structure conditions media's impact. Empirical studies of media effects that fail to consider this risk bias. Further, social network interactions can amplify media bias, leading to large swings in aggregate behavior made more severe when individuals can select into media matching their preferences. Countervailing media outlets and social elites with unified preferences can mitigate the effect of bias; however, media outlets promulgating antistatic quo bias have an advantage. Theoretical results such as these generate numerous testable hypotheses; I provide guidelines for deriving and testing hypotheses from the model and discuss several such hypotheses.Keywords: Business Models, Cloud Computing, Electronic Markets, Resource Sharing, Social networkEMERGENCE OF SOCIAL NETWORKS AND CLOUD COMPUTINGSocial networking has become an every day part of many peoples’ lives as evidenced by the huge user communities that are part of such networks. Facebook, for instance, was launched in February 2004 by Harvard under graduate students as an alternative to the traditional student directory. In tended to cover interaction between students at Universities–Facebook enables individuals to encourage others to joint he network through personalized invitations, friend suggestions and creation of specialist groups. Today Facebook has a much wider take up than just students at Universities. Facebook now facilitates interaction between people by enabling sharing of common interests, videos, photos, etc.Some social network populations exceed that of large countries, for example Facebook has over 350 million active users. Social networks provide a platform to facilitate communication and sharing between users, in an attempt to model real world relationships. Social networking has now also extended beyond communication between friends; for instance, there are a multitude of integrated applications that are now made available by companies, and some organizations use such applications, such as Facebook Connect to authenticate users, i.e. they utilize a user’s Facebook credentials rather than requiring their own credentials(for example the Calgary Airport authority in Canada uses Facebook Connect to grant access to their WiFi network). This ability to combine a third party application (including its local data) to authenticate users demonstrates the service-oriented approach to application development. By tapping into an already established community around a particular social networking platform, it becomes unnecessary to require users to register with another system.The structure of a Social Network is essentially the formation of a dynamic virtual community with inherent trust relationships between friends. (Szmigin et al., 2006) identify how “relationship marketing” (identified as referring to all marketing activities directed towards establishing, developing and maintaining successful relational exchanges) can be facilitated through the creation of on-line communities. They discuss how on-line communities can be used to facilitate interaction and bonding between consumer and suppliers, intermediate parties and specific brands. Similarly, (Shang et al., 2006) discuss how brand loyalty can be achieved through various types of participation within an on-line community (focusing specifically on the –a virtual community of Apple users in Taiwan). They discuss the motivation for individuals to promote certain products during on-line discussions (active participants) and for others to remain as lurkers (passive participants). The study particularly focuses on the incentives for participants to contribute to an on-line community, based on the perception of a user about the degree of relevance towards an object that is being discussed –focusing on both cognitive (based on utilitarian motive –concerning an individual’s concern with the cost and benefit of the product or service) and affective (a value-expressive motive, referring to an indiv idual’s interest in enhancing self-esteem or self-conception, and in projecting his/her desired self-image to the outside world through the product or service).It is also useful to understand, for instance, how such trust relationships could be used as a foundation for resource (information, hardware, services) sharing. Cloud environments aretypically focused on providing low level abstractions of computation or storage. Using this approach, a user is able to access (on a short term/rental basis) capacity that is owned by another person or business (generally over a computer network). In this way, a user is able to outsource their computing requirements to an external provider – limiting their exposure to cost associated with systems management and energy use. Computation and Storage Clouds are complementary and act as building blocks from which applications can be constructed –using a technique referred to as “mash-ups”. Storage Clouds are gaining popularity as a way to extend the capabilities of storage-limited devices such as phones and other mobile devices. There are also a multitude of commercial Cloud providers such as Amazon EC2/S3, Google App Engine, Microsoft Azure and also many smaller scale open clouds like Nimbus (Keahey et al., 2005) and Eucalyptus (Nurmi et al., 2009). A Social Cloud (Chard et al., 2010), on the other hand, is a scalable computing model in which virtualized resources contributed by users are dynamically provisioned amongst a group of friends. Compensation for use is optional as users may wish to share resources without payment, and rather utilize a reciprocal credit (or barter) based model (Andrade et al., 2010). In both cases guarantees are offered through customized Service Level Agreements (SLAs). In a sense, this model is similar to a Volunteer computing approach, in that friends share resources amongst each other for little to no gain. However, unlike Volunteer models there is inherent accountability through existing friend relationships. There are a number of advantages gained by leveraging social networking platforms, in particular one can gain access to huge user communities, can exploit existing user management functionality, and rely on pre-established trust formed through existing user relationships.The author thanks Jason Barabas, Jon Bendor, Ted Carmines, Jamie Druckman, John Freeman, Matt Golder, Sona Golder, Bob Jackson, Jenn Jerit, Kris Kanthak, Özge Kemahlioglu, Charlotte Lee, Valerie Martinez-Ebers, Adam Meirowitz, Scott McClurg, Will Moore, Chris Reenock, John Ryan, John Scholz, Jake Shapiro, Anand Sokhey, Jeff Staton, Jim Stimson, Craig Volden, Jon Woon, four very helpful anonymous reviewers, and audiences in the Political Economics group at the Stanford GSB, Political Science departments at FSU, GWU, Minnesota, Pittsburgh, and Stony Brook, and the Frank Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy at UVa. Any errors are my own.To begin to answer this question, I develop a novel theory of aggregate opinion andbehavior. The theory considers a heterogeneous population of individuals who must choose between dichotomous options. It incorporates the interaction of social network and mass media influences at the individual level; its key assumption is that the more others choose an option, the more one is apt to do so as well. In the theory, social networks provide information about the choices of those to whom one is directly connected, while the mass media provide (potentially biased) information about aggregate choice. The theory thus applies to, for example, voter turnout and political participation (e.g., Gerber, Green, and Larimer 2008; Lake and Huckfeldt 1998; Leighley 1990; McClurg 2003; Rolfe 2012), opinion formation (e.g., Beck et al. 2002; Druckman and Nelson 2003; Huckfeldt and Sprague 1995), protests and social movements (e.g., Kuran 1991; McAdam 1986), and vote choice (e.g., Beck 2002; Huckfeldt and Sprague 1995; Ryan 2011; Sinclair 2012; Sokhey and McClurg 2012).Three major results follow from this theory. All hold both when individuals treat media identically and when they select into media in line with their preferences. First, understanding the aggregate effect of the media generally requires considering social networks, because social network structure conditions media's impact. For example, additional weak ties between disparate social groups can reduce the media's impact, and the presence of unified social elites can eliminate the media's impact entirely in the aggregate. Empirical studies of media impact that fail to consider media's interaction with social networks risk bias.Second, social networks can amplify the effect of media bias. A biased media outlet that systematically under- or over-reports a poll of the population by a only a few percentage points can in some cases swing aggregate behavior (e.g., turnout or vote share) by over 20% in either direction due to positive feedback within the network. Open advocates in the media can have a yet larger impact even when not comparatively influential. Unified social elites limit the effect of media bias, but cannot fully counter an advocate; selection into media, made ever easier with technological improvements, tends to enhance the effect of bias. We should therefore expect media bias to become increasingly important to aggregate behavior.AN INDIVIDUAL-LEVEL THEORY OF AGGREGATE BEHAVIORThough I present a theory of aggregate behavior, it is based on individual-level assumptions informed by what we know about the way personal characteristics, social networks, and mass media outlets affect individual behavior. Due to this, the theory can explore the effect that interactions between these three factors have on aggregate behavior. As importantly, the theory incorporates empirically realistic heterogeneity across people in allthree factors.Additionally, people are exposed to individuals, groups, and organizations external to one's network, such as mass media outlets, state propaganda, national party leaders, NGOs, and Internet personalities. These outlets can provide information, increasing political knowledge.As this small sampling of large literatures indicates, individuals' decisions are influenced by the information they obtain via both local social networks and global media outlets. However, comparatively little scholarship has explored the three-way interaction of personal characteristics, social networks, and mediaIn the second type of bias, which I call advocacy, the media outlet simply states a preference for one of the options, providing no information about aggregate support. The goal in advocacy is to sway the population toward one or the other option. As before, many goals could underlie advocacy beyond just the support of a biased media outlet's preferences. Advocacy represents the editorial power of the media or the influence of an external actor; it is a "one-message" model (Zaller 1992).I focus my analysis in all three sections on the case in which one of the two options is the status quo, and all individuals begin supporting it. For political participation and social movements, the status quo is not participating. For opinion formation and vote choice, the status quo is an existing option such as a policy in place or an incumbent politician, as contrasted with an alternative such as a newly proposed policy or a challenging politician. For simplicity I subsequently call participation the option that is not the status quo; this should be read as "participation in support of" the option that is not the status quo in contexts other than political participation or social movements.In my analysis I simultaneously vary media strength, network properties, media bias, and, for two outlets, the strength of the L outlet. Though I keep my analysis to two biased outlets, it can easily be extended to multiple biased outlets with the addition of parameters dictating their relative strengths.译文社交网络和大众媒体西格尔摘要：大众媒体，有很多种类，比如有国家宣传、非政府组织和国家党领导等，诸如此类的环球资源等信息是如何影响聚合行为的呢?之前在这个问题上的一些探索研究，特别是关于社交网络之间的复杂的相互作用和大众媒体对个人行为的影响研究显得不够深入。
大众传媒导论英语作文
大众传媒导论英语作文The rise of mass media has been a transformative force in modern society, shaping the way we communicate, consume information, and interact with the world around us. Mass media encompasses a diverse range of platforms, from traditional print and broadcast media to the ever-evolving digital landscape of the internet and social media. Understanding the fundamental principles and impact of mass media is crucial in navigating the complex and rapidly changing information landscape of the 21st century.At its core, mass media refers to the various channels and technologies used to disseminate information, entertainment, and advertising to a large, often geographically dispersed audience. This includes newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and the internet, each with its own unique characteristics and capabilities. The key distinguishing feature of mass media is its ability to reach a vast number of people simultaneously, breaking down the traditional barriers of time and space that once constrained the flow of information.One of the primary functions of mass media is to inform the public. News outlets, whether print, broadcast, or digital, play a crucial role in shaping our understanding of current events, political developments, and social issues. By gathering and disseminating information from a variety of sources, mass media serves as a vital link between the public and the institutions, organizations, and individuals that shape our world. The power of mass media to influence public opinion and set the agenda for public discourse cannot be overstated, and this responsibility carries with it an ethical obligation to uphold principles of accuracy, fairness, and objectivity.In addition to its informative role, mass media also serves as a platform for entertainment and cultural expression. Television, film, music, and the arts have all found a home within the mass media landscape, providing audiences with a diverse array of content that caters to a wide range of interests and tastes. The entertainment industry, in particular, has become increasingly intertwined with mass media, leveraging its reach and influence to shape popular culture and influence consumer behavior.The rise of digital media, spearheaded by the internet and the proliferation of social media platforms, has radically transformed the landscape of mass communication. The internet has democratized the means of content creation and distribution, empowering individuals and communities to share their stories, ideas, andperspectives with a global audience. Social media, in turn, has facilitated the rapid dissemination of information, the formation of online communities, and the emergence of new forms of social and political engagement.However, the digital revolution has also brought with it a host of challenges and ethical considerations. The ease with which information can be shared online has given rise to the phenomenon of "fake news," where misinformation and disinformation can spread rapidly and undermine the credibility of traditional media sources. The personalization of content algorithms on social media platforms has the potential to create echo chambers and filter bubbles, reinforcing existing biases and limiting exposure to diverse perspectives.Moreover, the collection and use of personal data by digital media companies has raised significant concerns about privacy, surveillance, and the manipulation of consumer behavior. The power wielded by tech giants in shaping the flow of information and the public discourse has led to calls for greater regulation and accountability within the digital media landscape.Despite these challenges, the transformative potential of mass media remains undeniable. The democratization of content creation and the global reach of digital platforms have empowered marginalizedvoices and fostered greater diversity and representation in the media landscape. The ability of mass media to facilitate cross-cultural exchange, promote social and political activism, and drive technological innovation has the power to shape the course of human progress.In conclusion, the study of mass media is essential in understanding the complex and rapidly evolving information landscape of the 21st century. By exploring the historical development, technological advancements, and societal impact of mass media, we can better navigate the opportunities and challenges presented by this dynamic and influential field. As the role of mass media continues to evolve, it is incumbent upon us to engage critically and ethically with the power it wields, ensuring that it remains a force for positive change and the betterment of humanity.。
新媒体社交媒体营销外文翻译文献
文献信息：文献标题：Elements of strategic social media marketing: A holisticframework（战略性社交媒体营销要素：整体框架）国外作者：Reto Felix, Philipp A. Rauschnabel, Chris Hinsch文献出处：《Journal of Business Research》,2017,70:118-126字数统计：英文2632单词，15772字符；中文5082汉字外文文献：Elements of strategic social media marketing:A holistic frameworkAbstract Social media marketing is an integral element of 21st-centurybusiness. However, the literature on social media marketing remains fragmented and is focused on isolated issues, such as tactics for effective communication. The curr research a pplies a qualitative,theory-building a pproach to develop a strategicfour generic dimensions of strategic social m ediaframework that articulatesmarketing. Social m edia marketing scope represents a range from defenders t osocial media marketing c ulture includes the poles o f conservatism andexplorers,modernism, social media marketing structures fall between hierarchies and networks, and social m edia marketing governance ranges from autocracy t o anarchy. B yproviding a comprehensive conceptualization and definition of strategic social mediaframework that e xpands beyondmarketing, this r esearch proposes a n integrativeextant marketing theory. Furthermore, managers can apply the framework to position their organizations on these four dimensions in a manner consistent with their overa corporate mission and objectives.Key Words: Strategic social media marketing; Holistic framework; New media; Definition of social media marketing; Social media strategy; Digital marketing1.IntroductionUnderstanding the role of social media in the context of marketing is critical f both researchers and managers (e.g. Fong & Burton, 2008; Kumar, Bezawada,2013). Most existingRishika, Janakiraman, &Kannan, 2016; Schultz &Peltier,studies focus on particular issues, such as purchase behavior (Chang, Yu, & Lu, 2015 Kumar et al., 2016; Relling, S chnittka, Sattler, & Johnen, 2016), customerrelationshipmanagement (Trainor, Andzulis, R app, & Agnihotri, 2014), brandmanagement (Asmussen, Harridge-March, Occhiocupo, & Farquhar, 2013),innovation management (Gebauer, Füller, & Pezzei, 2013), and employee recruitment (Sivertzen,Nilsen, & Olafsen, 2013). W hile these s tudies detail advancements inspecialized areas of social media knowledge in a marketing and management context, extant literature does not provide a holistic framework for social media marketing the strategic level. This deficiency is surprising because both academics (Labrecqu vor dem Esche, Mathwick, Novak, & Hofacker, 2013; Schultz & Peltier, 2013; Yadav& Pavlou, 2014) and practitioners (Divol, Edelman, & Sarrazin, 2012) acknowledge new complexities accompanying these m edia and agree that r esearch into s ocialsocial mediastrategicmedia marketing n eeds to be reconceptualized.In a nutshell,marketing remains an untested user interaction paradigm (Naylor, Lamberton, & West, 2012) with little published academic research.The current article aims to address this theoretically and managerially importan research gap by exploring the following two research questions: How is strategicsocial m edia marketing defined a nd conceptualized? and What factors demandsocial media marketing s trategy?an organization'swhen constructingconsiderationSpecifically, this research attempts to define the continua on which critical strat social media marketing decisions lie and to integrate them into a holistic framewor2.MethodologyThe study e mployed a two-stage r esearch design. The first stage c onsisted ofin-depth interviews (Fontana & Frey, 1998) with seven European social m ediaexperience in socialmarketing e xperts who possess b oth national and internationalmedia marketing. Following a purposive sampling strategy (Lincoln & Guba, 1985), experts were recruited according to their job position, experience, and direct expos to social media marketing practices in real industry settings. Seeking depth rather tthe qualitative research breadth, the sample size instage 1 was commensurate with-richparadigm in which relatively small sample sizes are used to generate informationdata (Patton, 1990). A ll informants agreed t o audiotape the i nterviews (between 25and 60 min), which resulted in 117 pages of double-spaced, verbatim transcripts.procedure c onsisted of a qualitative The second stage o f the data collectionsurvey of social media marketing experts (Miles & Huberman, 1994). The survey data were used not for confirmation but as a new and independent qualitative data source with a focus on triangulating the information obtained through the depth interview and online surveys (Jack & Raturi, 2006). Respondents came from a list of 265 social media marketing experts identified through managerially focused magazines, through interviews in business magazines, or because they were mentioned as knowledgeable and experienced experts in personal communication. E-mail requests were sent to allexperts along with two reminders, which resulted in 50 returned surveys (responserate = 18.9%). Seven data s ets w ere eliminated because o f incomplete a nswers orbecause social media marketing plays a minor role in the respondents' daily work. The final sample consisted of 43 respondents (age: m = 37; SD = 9 years; 74% male; 88% European) with various backgrounds in their position and/or industry.Table 1 Summary of stage 2 informantsCompany size (employees)< 50 14 (32.6%)50–99 5 (11.6%)100–499 3 (7.0%)500–9998 (18.6%)1000–4999 6 (14.0%)5000–10,000 3 (7.0%)>10,000 4 (9.3%)Social media marketing experience (in years)Average: 6.4 years1–2 5 (11.6%)3–519 (44.2%)6–812 (27.9%)9 and more 7 (16.3%)Percentage of working time associated with social mediaAverage: 52.8%<20%7 (16.3%)20–3910 (23.3%)40–59 6 (14.0%)60–79 3 (7%)80–10015 (34.9%)n/a 2 (4.7%)Age (in years)Average: 37< 30 9 (20.9%)30–3919 (44.2%)40–4910 (23.3%)50–59 5 (11.6%)Self-reported experience in…Means aSocial Media 6.2Social Media Marketing 5.9Marketing 5.7Customer Management 4.7Advertising 5.2Communications/Public Relations 5.6How much experience do you have in the following areas? (1 = no experience at aall; 7 = highly experienced)Respondents were asked to (1) define s ocial m edia marketing, (2) discussself-selected best and worst practice examples of social media marketing, (3) discusssuccess factors and success m etrics, and (4) d escribe their ideal implementation of-selected organization. The survey employed commonsocial media marketing in a self& Mcbride, 2009), s uch as addingdesign t echniques (Smyth, Dillman, C hristian,large answer fields and asking respondents to be as specific as possible, to increrespondents' motivation to provide detail.3.FindingsFig. 1 shows the strategic social media marketing framework with its four central dimensions.Fig. 1. Strategic social media marketing framework.social media marketing s cope addresses the question whether companies First,use social media marketing p redominantly for communication with one or a fewstakeholders or comprehensively (both externally and internally) as a genuine tool f Defenders use social m edia marketing primarily a s a one-waycollaboration.rather than communication tool t o entertainconsumers or to inform stakeholders,groups. Conversely, explorers are interested in integrating employees or communityan authentic social media marketing c ollaborationinteractionsbased on reciprocalwith many different stakeholders such as clients, employees, suppliers, andgovernment agents.between conservatism, Second, social media marketing c ulture distinguishesapproach t owhich is represented by an encapsulated,mass advertisingtraditional,social media marketing, and modernism, which is characterized by a more permeable,open, and flexible social media marketing culture.Third, social media marketing structure addresses the organization and departmentalization of the social media marketing assignment in the firm. Hierarchieapproach with a clearly defined s ocial media marketingstand for a centralizedassignee. Networks represent an organizational structure in which all employees are responsible for social media marketing, and thus a dedicated social media marketing director is no longer necessary.Fourth, social m edia marketing governance refers t o how the companyestablishes rules and guidelines and how social media marketing responsibilities ar controlledin the company. The extreme position of autocracy describes a situationwith precise regulations on who in the company is allowed to interact on social medi platforms. Conversely, anarchy represents a situation without any such rules o rguidelines.The current research focuses on the extremes of each continuum, but, in general, firms likely choose (intentionally or unintentionally) a position somewhere between the poles o n each dimension. For example, c ompanies need to find a position onsocial media marketing g overnance t hat neither regulates everything employees areallowed to say nor leaves t hem without any guidance on which to base their responsibilitiesor behaviors. Fig. 1 also suggests that d ecisions on social mediageneral(e.g.,marketing s hould i ndeed b e guided by the firm's internalinfluencersvision, mission, corporate goals, corporate culture, available resources), which in should be in line with external i nfluencers (e.g., communities, competition,government regulation).4.Discussion and implicationsThis research addresses the absence of a holistic framework for strategicsocialreveals several approachesmedia marketing. A review of the marketing l iteraturemanagementregarding aspects of strategicmarketing s uch as customer r elationship(e.g., Payne & Frow, 2005) or marketing organization (Workman, Homburg, &Gruner, 1998). However, few articles address the strategic marketing of social mediaand none put forth a holistic social media marketing framework.While extant research related to social media marketing investigates social media mostly through the lens of a particular marketing problem (e.g. Fong & Burton, 2008; Kim & Ko, 2012; Kumar et al., 2016) or witha focus on customers and communication (e.g., Chang et al., 2015), t he findings of this s tudy reveal f ourgeneral social m edia marketing dimensions that firms should address when conceptualizing or managing their strategic social media marketing approach. As the findings indicate, these dimensions are interdependent, and companies should strive position themselves on the four dimensions in an integrated way, rather than treati them as isolated, independent decisions.4.1.A new definition of social media marketingThis research suggests a new definition of social media marketing: Social media-functional concept that uses social media marketing is an interdisciplinary and cross(often in combination with other communications channels) to achieve organizational goals by creating value for stakeholders. On a strategic level, social media marketi covers an organization's decisions about social media marketing scope (ranging from defenders to explorers), culture (ranging from conservatism to modernism), structurto networks), and governance (ranging from autocracy to(ranging from hierarchiesanarchy).4.2.Implications for social media marketing scopeSocial media marketing provides firms with an opportunity to use social media to with customers, employees, communities, and other stakeholdersbuild relationships(i.e., when they act as explorers). At the same time, firms may choose to view soci media as simply another c ommunications channel through which they can pushwhen they act as defenders). Though potentiallyinformation to customers (i.e.,approach does nottake advantage of thefor c ustomers, the defendercreating valuewithin the network of customers,opportunitiesfor building r eal relationshipsemployees, interest groups, the government, and other stakeholders, as propagated by modern relationshipmarketing (Payne & Frow, 2005). However, the explorerstakeholders in theapproach may require firms to redefine the role o f differentorganization.4.3.Implications for social media marketing cultureManagement and organizational behavior researchers (Zheng et al., 2010) as well as marketing academics and practitioners (Deshpandé & Farley, 2004) recognize the-financial firmimportance of culture and organizational climate for financial and non performance. The current research emphasizes t he importance o f culture for s ocialmedia marketing. Companies engaging in social media marketing must acknowledgethat stakeholders can take control of and manipulate social media content (Labrecque et al., 2013). Thus, companies should contemplate t he trade-offs between anwhich provides m oreencapsulated social media marketing c ulture (conservatism),connect a nd engageand consumers' desire tobrand constructs,control of importantwith firms displaying a more progressive, permeable culture (i.e., modernism).4.4.Implications for social media marketing structureExtant marketing research investigates how the elements of marketing should besuch as formalization,characteristics,organized a ccording t o a firm's structural(e.g.,Olson, S later, & Hult, 2005). C onsequently,and specializationcentralization,and organizationalsocial m edia marketing structure focuses on responsibilitiesemployed to configure social media marketing. Whereas social mediahierarchiesmarketing governance pertains to who can or should say what in social media, social media marketing structure focuses on who has the responsibility to post and interac in these m edia. A s the informants emphasized, firms s hould i ntegratesocial mediaThe informantsmarketing in a way that fits with their o verarching strategies.or asets o f benefits that c an emerge from either a hierarchicalidentifieddifferentnetworked structure. However, they recommended that specific decisions about who has the responsibility to interact online with customers, activists, and pundits sh be formally discussed in the organization.4.5.Implications for social media marketing governancerights, and Research on governance usually investigates the structures,responsibilities among different employees in organizations (Freeman & Reed, 1983).-discipline of corporate governance, Information technology (IT) governance, as a subfocuses on specifying which individuals have the responsibility for making decisions on the use of IT (Brown & Grant, 2005). Whereas IT governance traditionally focuses-related purposes, social media can potentially be used byon the use of IT for work(company-granted a ccess) or unofficial(personalany employee in either officialaccount access) capacities. Therefore, the applicability of IT governance research is limited u se when extended to social m edia marketing. S ome companies havedeveloped the idea of educating e mployees about the personal a nd firm-related consequences of “undesirable” social media use through social mediamarketingguidelines andguidelines(Linke &Zerfass, 2013). However, building social mediagovernance into a holistic framework for social media marketing is novel. The role o employees in promoting brands in other contexts (and thus increasing firm value) is(Morhart, Herzog, & Tomczak, 2009).well represented in the academic literatureWeber Shandwick's (2014) recent s tudy reveals a n emerging movement termed“employee activism” in which one-third of the surveyed respondentswere socialwho defended their employers and advocated f or the firm online.media activistsEmployees may be better able to understand the needs of consumers and products that can meet those needs, and they can effectively advocate and promote the firm online. These technologiesall employees to champion the firm. Forhave allowed v irtuallyNordstrom has policies to provide e mployees withexample, the fashion r etailerof social media marketingThis applicationand expectations.knowledge, d irection,governance can increase the overall social media marketing s uccess o f the firm (Nordstrom, 2015; Ross, Beath, & Sebastian, 2015).5.Limitations and future researchavenues forfruitfulSeveral limitationsto the current study s uggest p otentiallyapproach r eveals four d imensions o f strategicfuture research. First, the qualitativesocial media marketing and identifies the extreme points of each dimension. However,of differentto identify the impactfuture researchcould u se quantitative approachespositions on each of these dimensions. Research could also investigate the influenc of each dimension on firm or social media marketing p erformance. For example,studies could try to isolate the effect of each dimension on outcome variables such2013) or, m ore specifically,newconsumer–brand engagement (Schultz & Peltier,is themedia brand engagement (Hennig-Thurau et al., 2010). A second limitationover-representation of European (especially German) informants in the analyses. Prior research d iscusses cross-cultural differences in consumers' u se of social m edia(Bernoff &Li, 2008; World Newsmedia Network, 2015). Furthermore, extantresearch advocates for the adaptation of social media content to the targeted cult(Tsai &Men, 2012). T hus, caution should b ebased on differingconsumer profilestaken in extrapolating the framework to other cultural contexts. Future research mig determine w hether aspects of cultural or economic context add dimensions t o theapproaches r egardingproposed f ramework or whether they simply require differentthe four dimensions.Future research should also investigate how other characteristics, such as cultur the type of firm (e.g., B2B vs. B2C), the industry (e.g., financial services vs.“idealadvertising agency), company size, or available resources, influence a firm'ssocial media marketing. Finally,position” on each of the dimensions o f strategic-regulatory bodies (e.g.,future research could investigate the role of regulatory or selfon social media marketing g overnance a ndWord of Mouth Marketing A ssociation)how firms can create v alue and form core competencies b y superseding t hese requirements.6.ConclusionThis study sheds light on the complex nature of strategic social media marketingis too complex to be managed and executedSocial m edia marketing, in practice,-functional collaborations exclusively by a single individual or even department. Crossalong the four d imensions o f social media marketing a re necessary to successfullynavigate in this dynamic arena.中文译文：战略性社交媒体营销要素：整体框架 摘要 社交媒体营销是21世纪商业的一个组成部分。
关于大众媒体的总结英语作文
关于大众媒体的总结英语作文In today's society, mass media plays a crucial role in shaping public opinion, disseminating information, and influencing social and cultural trends. From traditional forms of media such as newspapers, radio, and television to the modern digital platforms like social media and online news outlets, the impact of mass media on our daily lives is undeniable. In this article, we will explore the various aspects of mass media and its significance in contemporary society.First and foremost, mass media serves as a powerful tool for communication and information dissemination. Through newspapers, magazines, television, and the internet, people can access a wide range of news, entertainment, and educational content. This not only keeps the public informed about current events and developments but also allows for the exchange of ideas and opinions on various issues. Furthermore, mass media provides a platform for individuals and organizations to voice their concerns, advocate for social change, and raise awareness about important issues.In addition to its role in communication, mass media also influences public opinion and shapes societal norms. The portrayal of certain groups or individuals in the media can impact how they are perceived by the public, leading to changes in attitudes and behaviors. Moreover, mass media has the power to set the agenda for public discourse by highlighting certain topics and downplaying others. This ability to frame discussions and influence public opinion gives mass media a significant role in shaping cultural and social norms.Furthermore, mass media serves as a vehicle for entertainment and cultural expression. Through television shows, films, music, and online content, mass media provides a source of leisure and enjoyment for people of all ages. It also allows for the sharing of diverse cultural perspectives and artistic creations, contributing to the richness and diversity of global culture.However, it is important to recognize that mass media also has its limitations and potential drawbacks. The rise of fake news, misinformation, and sensationalized contenthas raised concerns about the credibility and reliability of media sources. Additionally, the power of mass media to shape public opinion and influence societal norms can be used for unethical purposes, such as promoting biased or discriminatory narratives.In conclusion, mass media plays a multifaceted and influential role in contemporary society. It serves as a vital means of communication, information dissemination, and cultural expression, while also influencing public opinion and societal norms. However, it is essential to critically evaluate the content and sources of mass media to ensure that it serves the public interest and upholds ethical standards. As technology continues to evolve, the impact of mass media will undoubtedly continue to shape our world in profound ways.。
新媒体中英文对照外文翻译文献
文献信息：文献标题：The effect of new media on consumer media usage: An empirical study in South Korea（新媒体对消费者媒体使用的影响：韩国的实证研究）国外作者：ongRoul Woo，Jae Young Choi，Jungwoo Shin，Jongsu Lee 文献出处：《Technological Forecasting and Social Change》,2014,89(1):3-11 字数统计：英文 2191 单词，12445 字符；中文 4024 汉字外文文献：The effect of new media on consumer media usage:An empirical study in South KoreaAbstract The advent and proliferation of the Internet (a form of new media) have heavily influenced consumers' media usage behavior and a number of other social, political, cultural, and economic outcomes. The recent introduction of smart mobile media, including smartphones and tablets, is expected to similarly affect these issues. This study empirically analyzes how the advent of the Internet and smart mobile media affects Korean consumers' media usage behavior, seeking to provide a means to anticipate the ripple effect to societal outcomes related to the evolution of new media in Korea. We modeled consumers' media usage behavior and conducted preference and simulation analyses using data gleaned from a survey of consumers' media behavior and a Multiple Discrete-Continuous Extreme Values (MDCEV) model. The results of the analyses illustrate how consumer preferences regarding old and new media differ in terms of sociodemographic variables. Moreover, the analysesrevealed that whereas the advent of the Internet has negatively influenced consumers' use of old media, the arrival of smart mobile media has had a synergistic effect on television use. As a result, the advent of mobile media increased the use of television, but decreased use of other forms of old media.Keywords: New media; Media usage behavior; Preference analysis; Scenario analysis; Multiple Discrete-Continuous Extreme Value model1.IntroductionMedia are continuously evolving (Stöber, 2004). Although early forms of media (e.g., mail, telegram, telephone) were used primarily to exchange simple messages, the advent of mass media like newspapers and magazines allowed media to be used to deliver vast amounts of information to a large and unspecified audience. When electronic media like radio and TV became popular during the early 20th century, they were used to deliver a substantial amount of information to recipients in real time. Most recently, however, digital media (e.g., the Internet, mobile technology) have fundamentally altered the media environment. Specifically, the advent of digital media has facilitated the fast and easy consumption, retention, and sharing of a significant amount of information between multiple users.To differentiate these from analog media, such as newspapers, magazines, radio, and television, many scholars and professionals have referred to digital media as “new media.” Although researchers have defined new media in a wide variety of ways, we define new media as digital media capable of saving, handling, delivering, and exchanging information through digital binary codes (Negroponte, 1996; Flew, 2002; Manovich, 2003; Jenkins, 2006). The emergence of new media has become institutionalized in our society, fundamentally changing our methods of exchanging information and the consumer behaviors of media usage. It has also had a significant effect on many social, political, cultural, and economic activities (Stöber, 2004).Researchers have long-studied the influence of media evolution on societal outcomes, with a particular emphasis on the advent and proliferation of the Internet. Some of the most notable studies in this domain have explored the influence of the Internet on traditional media usage (Bromley and Bowles, 1995; Mokhtari et al., 2009), social relations (Haythornthwaite, 2002; Brignall and Van Valey, 2005; Amichai-Hamburger and Hayat, 2011), the economy (Litan and Rivlin, 2001; Lucas and Sylla, 2003), politics (Farrell, 2012), education (Agarwal and Day, 1998; Arsham, 2002), and corporate marketing (Avlonitis and Karayanni, 2000; Hennig-Thurau et al., 2010).The arrival and development of new media in the 21st century have put pressure on companies and governments to understand the Internet and use it in accordance with their specific objectives. For example, companies largely sought to leverage the Internet to maximize the effectiveness of their marketing efforts. Similarly, governments sought to use the Internet to efficiently publicize policies. Given the extent to which organizations in both the private and public sectors have used the Internet to achieve specific objectives, many researchers have worked to identify the implications of their Internet usage. For example, Bhatnagar and Ghose (2004) found that Internet retailers could use customers' Internet search patterns according to demographic characteristics and product types to cultivate store loyalty among those customers. Naik and Peters (2009) also illustrated Internet use for marketing purposes, empirically showing that the development of a marketing scheme that is comprised of the appropriate mix of print-, television-, radio-, and Internetbased messages can efficiently build customer loyalty. In a similar vein, Lin et al. (2013) analyzed consumers' simultaneous usage of these four media types and found that media campaigns that leverage both old and new media are most effective.Similar to the Internet, the recent introduction of personal mobile smart devices has contributed to the evolution of media usage. This is particularly notable, given that smart device usage is spreading at a faster rate than older media (MIT Technology Review, 2012). This proliferation of new media will allow people toeasily access and share massive amounts of digitized information anywhere and at any time.Despite these developments, most research in this domain has been focused on predicting and measuring the preference and demand for smart media products and services (Chen and Hsieh, 2012; Choi et al., 2013; Park et al., 2013; Lee, 2014). Though useful in its own right, this line of research has failed to consider the ways in which the development of new media has affected a number of salient socioeconomic outcomes. To address this gap, we analyze the ways in which Internetbased new media, digital media broadcasting (DMB), and older forms of media (e.g., magazines, television) affect certain societal outcomes. Specifically, in this paper, we use a Multiple Discrete-Continuous Extreme Value (MDCEV) model and scenario simulations to investigate Korean consumers' media usage, designed to forecast the socioeconomic effects related to the evolution of new media.In addition, we explore how the emergence of new media affects the use of old media. Jenkins (2006) argued that new media has a tendency to incite drastic changes. For example, when new media emerge, they tend to displace old media, changing consumers' media consumption habits. Therefore, before it is possible to understand the socio-economic effects of new media emergence, it is first necessary to explore and understand changes in consumers' media usage behavior resulting from the advent of the Internet and other digital media.2.Background2.1.Definition and classification of new mediaResearchers have defined new media in a number of different ways, so there is currently no consensus with regard to how to conceptualize new media. For the purposes of the current study, we define new media as digital media capable of saving, handling, delivering, and exchanging information through digital binary codes. Thisdefinition suggests that new media facilitate not only the free exchange of digitalized information in compressed form, but also user interaction. Using this definition as a guide, and in accordance with definitions proposed by Jenkins (2006), we can categorize computers, the Internet, and smart mobile devices as new media. Comparatively, we can categorize print, television, and radio as old media. For the purposes of this research, we will analyze consumers' usage behavior for seven forms of media: newspapers, magazines, radio, television, computer-based Internet, mobile Internet, and DMB. Using these definitions, we categorize newspapers, magazines, radio, and television as old media; and the Internet, mobile Internet, and DMB as new media.2.2.New media usage in KoreaAccording to the International Telecommunication Union (2013), Korea ranks first in the world in information and communication technology readiness, usage, and capability as of 2013. In addition, other organizations reported that Korea also ranked first in terms of Internet penetration (97.2%; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2012), and second in terms of smartphone penetration (73.0%; Our Mobile Planet, 2013). These figures indicate that Korea is characterized by the most widespread and pervasive use of the Internet, smart devices, and other new media globally. As such, Korean consumers represent the most active group in terms of new media use. Given the degree to which the Korean population uses new media, new media-related industries experience continuous growth with the support of policies developed by the Korean government. The Korean case allows an illustration of the changes in media usage following the diffusion of new media, therefore facilitating a forecast of changes in the social, political, cultural, and economic dynamics of the country.3.Model specificationsThis study uses Bhat's (2005, 2008) Multiple DiscreteContinuous Extreme Value (MDCEV) to analyze consumers' media usage behavior. The MDCEV model consists of the utility according to the consumers' choice and its corresponding usage in combination under random utility theory. The MDCEV model considers both product choice and usage behavior simultaneously, and is used in various fields. Its use is especially widespread in the transportation field to model household vehicle type holdings and its mileage (e.g., Bhat and Sen, 2006; Ahn et al., 2008; Shin et al., 2012). This study uses the MDCEV model to analyze consumer's media choice and usage time together. More specifically, we leveraged a mixed MDCEV model, which reflects heterogeneity among consumers' media preferences and usage through distribution to each parameter (Bhat, 2005, 2008; Ahn et al., 2008; Shin et al., 2012).The mixed MDCEV is difficult to estimate with classical maximum likelihood methods. Therefore, we used a Bayesian estimation method to accommodate the computational complexity of the estimation process associated with the mixed MDCEV. The advantage of the Bayesian estimation method is that it is capable of solving local optimal solution problems using the initial value. In contrast, the maximum likelihood estimation method is a classical estimation method (Allenby and Rossi, 1998; Huber and Train, 2001; Edwards and Allenby, 2003; Train, 2003). Bhat (2005, 2008) published detailed information about the MDCEV model.4.Concluding remarksThe introduction of new media has affected consumer media usage behavior in a number of ways. In addition, the recent emergence of smart mobile media has significantly affected the dynamics of the current media market. Given these effects, we sought to provide a means for forecasting the effects of introducing new media into an existing media market as well as how the introduction of new media could affect the ways in which communication technologies evolve. Specifically, we leveraged MCR data in an MDCEV model to analyze (a) consumer preferences forold and new media alternatives, and (b) the ripple effect of the introduction of new media on the existing media market.Our results revealed that generally, consumers are more interested in emergent mobile media (e.g., mobile Internet and DMB) than other forms of media. More specifically, our results showed that younger consumers tend to gravitate towards mobile Internet, DMB, and radio because they are familiar with mobile devices. Given this, when the Korean government or companies promote new policies or products/services to younger consumers, it may be useful for them to use mobile media as the primary communication channel. Our results also showed that consumers with more education tended to prefer Internet and print media, indicating that these channels are important conduits for circulating information for the educated. In addition, consumers with higher household incomes tended to report a preference for using the Internet and mobile Internet media. Similarly, early adopters indicated that they preferred to use, in order of decreasing preference, mobile Internet, traditional Internet, and television. Consumers with higher levels of brand-loving tendency reported a preference for mobile Internet, television, traditional Internet, print media, and DMB. Taken together, these results provide useful guidance for companies to effectively engage with target audiences in the era of new media. Finally, our estimation of satiation parameters indicated that mobile media alternatives have greater market potential than those that cannot be used in a mobile sense.Further, our scenario analyses showed that the introduction of the Internet and mobile media generally negatively affects consumer usage of television, radio, and print media. Although they both have this effect, the introduction of the Internet into an extant media market has more substantial effects than the introduction of mobile media. Interestingly, our analyses suggested that when mobile media are introduced, the likelihood of a consumer choosing or using traditional Internet, radio, and print media decreases, but the probability of choice and usage for television increases. This result may indicate that Internet usage patterns have partially shifted from the personal computer context to the mobile context. This result may also suggest thatthere exists a synergistic effect between mobile media and television, as high-quality content can be used on these two media in concert.Although our results provide a wealth of useful information for government organizations and companies related to targeted marketing and media usage, this study is subject to a few limitations. First, the introduction of new media into extant media markets can generate substitution and complementary relationships between old and new media. However, the MDCEV model employed to perform the analyses was unable to account for these relationships directly. Moreover, our scenario analyses only evaluate substitution and complementary relationships between old and new media indirectly. Second, although Korean mobile media consumption has grown exponentially since 2011, we were unable to account for this growth in our analysis due to the lack of current data. In spite of these shortcomings, the results of this study can be used effectively to establish government policies or market products and services in countries in which new media are pervasive.中文译文：新媒体对消费者媒体使用的影响：韩国的实证研究摘要互联网的出现和传播（一种新媒体的形式）严重影响了消费者的媒体使用行为和其他一些社会、政治、文化和经济成果。
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大众媒体新媒体外文翻译文献综述(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)微信公众号后台设计下面来介绍一下本系统的总体设计思路。
1 总体结构首先是结构图如图5-1-1所示。
图5-1-1 总体结构图1.1 功能分配通过对上面功能需求的分析总结得出，各项功能需求的实现同各块程序的分配关系如表5-1-2所示。
表5-1-2 功能分配表2 数据结构设计数据结构是代码实现的先决条件，一个良好的数据设计可以使各部分功能实现起来更加轻松。
2.1 逻辑结构设计数据库的逻辑设计是将各局部的结构图进行分解、合并后重新组织起来形成数据库全局逻辑结构，包括所确定的关键字和属性、重新确定的记录结构、所建立的各个数据之间的相互关系。
根据本系统需求分析,系统的数据库包括了身份验证、管理员身份、用户身份、数据同居和论坛检索等几个部分。
2.2 物理结构设计此处只列举出部分数据库表的设计数据结构和程序关系数据结构为关系型数据库，所以，在程序中可以通过标准的SQL语句与数据结构进行交互，交互过程中采用通用的数据库访问接口。
为了保持良好的程序架构，对数据库访问采用DAO设计模式实现，提高维护性及扩展性。
物理数据结构主要用于各模块之间信息的传递，借口传递的信息将是以数据结构封装了得数据，以参数传递或返回值的形式在各模块之间传输。
3 运行设计运行设计包括运行模块组合、运行控制和运行时间。
3.1 运行模块组合本程序主要是以一个网页为模块，一般一个网页完成一个特定的功能，主网页通过打开另一个子网页来实现各个模块之间不同的功能的连接和组合。
各个模块之间相对独立，程序的可移植性好。
各个模块之间主要以传递数据项的引用来实现模块之间的合作和数据共享。
运行控制只要符合操作说明书，用户可以自由控制，不额外限定用户输入，异常程序内部进行处理，给出相应的提示信息。
3.2 运行时间由用户决定，但每次操作的响应时间上限控制在3s以内4 出错处理设计我认为，只要是人做出来的系统是不可能没有出错的时候，更何况是我这样刚毕业的新手。
所以我还设计了出错处理，主要是对我能想到的可能出现的错误或者说bug进行的分析和处理。
4.1 数据库连接错误这类错误主要是数据库设置不正确引起的，我们只要取消本次操作，提醒维护人员自己检查数据库问题即可。
4.2 输入错误主要是用户输入不规范造成的，我们在尽量减少用户出错的条件的情况下对用户进行提醒，然后再次操作。
4.3 乱码主要发生在提交汉字信息的情况下，这是我们只需要对提交的汉字从新进行编码即可。
4.4 操作错误对于用户的不正当操作，有可能是程序发生错误。
我们主要是种植操作，并提醒用户种植的原因和操作规范。
4.5 不可预知错误程序也会有一些我们无法预知或没有考虑完全的错误，我们对此不可能做出完全的异常处理，为了保证数据的安全，要经常对数据库进行备份。
然后犯规错误信息，以逐步完善程序。
5 安全保密设计5.1 系统安全常见的系统安全有网络蠕虫侵害，系统漏洞与补丁，以及客户信息丢失等。
应对知识库进行安全的开发与管理。
以及定时发布安全信息警告。
常用的系统安全措施有：1.安装安全工具，在使用论坛时，一定要为电脑安装安全工具，同时把效验码放到安全的地方，以便日后对系统进行检查。
2.配置防火墙对网络进行预防。
3.根据CERT的UNIX/NT配置指南检查系统的安全性。
CERT的UNIX/NT配置指南可以帮助你检查系统中容易被入侵者利用的配置问题。
5.2 数据安全数据安全主要包括以下几个方面：1.对数据用户进行身份鉴别。
2.访问主体、访问对象的控制策略和实现方法。
3.数据加密方法。
6 维护设计A.基础数据维护：对于一些基础数据，安排管理员进行维护B.数据库备份和恢复:利用Navicat for MySQL自身提供的备份和恢复功能实现。
C.系统升级维护：根据用户使用效果调查表，筛选用户提出的功能要求，对于合理的要求予以采纳，并安排人员对系统进行修改和完善。
D.定期建立数据库备份，一旦服务器数据库被破坏，可以使用最近的一份数据库副本进行还原。
E.为防止服务器故障，预备另外一台服务器，主要主服务器出现故障，可以迅速启动预备服务器运行系统。
F.恢复及再启动技术说明将使用的恢复再启动技术，使软件从故障点恢复执行或使软件从头开始重新运行的方法。
WeChat public No. background design1 system designTo introduce the following design ideas of the system.1.1 overall structureThe first is the structure diagram as shown in figure 5-1-1.Figure 5-1-1 schematic structure1.2 distribution functionThrough the analysis of the functional requirements of the above are summarized, the functional requirements to achieve table 5-1-2 shown with each block distribution relationship.Table 5-1-2 function allocation table2 data structure designData structure is the code to achieve the prerequisites, a good data design can make the function of each part can be more easily.2.1 Logical structure designLogic design of the database is decomposition, merger and re organized into global database logic structure of the various parts of the structure, including the relationship between the determined keywords and attributes, to determine the record structure, the establishment of various data. According to the system demand analysis, system database includes authentication, administrator, user identity, cohabitation data and forum retrieval several parts.2.2 Physical structure designHere only to enumerate part of the design of data structure and program database tablerelationshipData structure for the relational database, so in the program can interact via standard SQL statements and data structure, interaction process in the general database access interface.In order to maintain a good program structure, access to the database using DAO designmode, improve the maintainability and scalability. Physical structure of the data is mainly used for the information transfer between each module, an excuse to deliver the information will be encapsulated in the data structure of terrible data, to pass parameters or return values of transmission between the modules.3 Operation designThe operation design includes the operation module combination, operation control and operation time.3.1 operation moduleThis procedure is mainly to a web page module, general a web page complete a specific function, the main page through open another sub page to realize each module between different functional connections and combinations. Each module is independent, programportability. Each module between the main reference to the data item to achieve data sharingand cooperation between modules. Operation controlAs long as it meets the operating instructions, the user can control the free, no extra limited user input, internal program exception processing are the corresponding message.3.2 Run timeThe decision by the user, but the response time limit of each operation within 3S.4 Design of the errorI believe that as long as people make it out to the system is not possible without error when, not to mention I just graduated from the novice. So I designed the error handling, mainly is to I can think of possible error or bug analysis and processing.4.1 database connection errorThis type of error is mainly database settings incorrect caused, we just cancel the operation remind maintenance personnel to check their database can be.4.2 input errorIs mainly user input caused by irregular, we in minimizing the error to the user for reminding a user, and then retry the operation again.4.3 GarbledMainly occurs in the case of information submitted Chinese characters, this is we only need tosubmit the code to the new Chinese characters.4.4 Operation errorThe improper operation of the user, there may be an error program. We are planting, reasonsand operating rules and alerts the user of the plant.4.5 unpredictable errorProcedures will be some we can not predict or not considered completely wrong, we this could make a complete exception handling, often make a backup copy of the database to ensure data security. Then foul error information, in order to gradually improve the program.5 Security design5.1 system securityCommon system security network worm infringement, system vulnerabilities and patches, and the loss of customer information etc.. To deal with the knowledge base for the development and management of safety. Safety warning information and timed release. System securitymeasures are commonly used:installation security tools, in the use of the forum, be sure to install security tools for computer, at the same time, the checksum into a safe place, for the future of the system are examined.configure the firewall to network prevention.according to the UNIX/NT security configuration guide inspection system of CERT. UNIX/NT configuration guide CERT can help you to check the system configuration to intruders use.5.2 data securityData security mainly includes the following several aspects:of the data user identification.the main access control strategy and realization method of access object.data encryption method.6 maintenance designA. basic data maintenance: for some of the basic data, arrange the maintenance administratorB. database backup and recovery: using Navicat for MySQL to provide its backup and recovery functions.C. system upgrade and maintenance: according to the user the use effectiveness questionnaire, screening the user functional requirements, for the reasonable requirements should be adopted, and arrange to amend and perfect the system.D. regular establishment of database backup, once the database server is destroyed, can use a recent copy of the database to restore.E. in order to prevent the server failure, prepare another one server, the main serverfailure, can quickly start the backup server operating system.F. recovery and restart technology that will use the recovery restart technique, the software execution or make the software from scratch re run the recovery from the point of failure.。